CN102131550B - 强化塑料船中的防火布置结构 - Google Patents

强化塑料船中的防火布置结构 Download PDF

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CN102131550B
CN102131550B CN2008801306604A CN200880130660A CN102131550B CN 102131550 B CN102131550 B CN 102131550B CN 2008801306604 A CN2008801306604 A CN 2008801306604A CN 200880130660 A CN200880130660 A CN 200880130660A CN 102131550 B CN102131550 B CN 102131550B
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约尔格·恩瑞克·塞利斯·马林
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Abstract

用于强化塑料船的防火布置结构，它可以是以下两种之一：1.1实体叠层布置结构，其由具有阻燃添加剂的多个强化塑料层形成，并带有泡沸油漆涂层；或者，1.2夹层式叠层布置结构，其由以下形成：a)芯部材料(1)，它是由金属、木头或结构泡沫制成的、压实或网状的低重量防火材料；b)具有阻燃添加剂的由强化塑料制成的两个膜(2)，它具有泡沸油漆涂层，位于所述芯部(1)的两侧；以及c)粘合剂(3)，该粘合剂(3)将两个膜(2)粘到所述芯部(1)上。

Description

强化塑料船中的防火布置结构
技术领域
本发明涉及强化塑料船上的、用于防火结构保护的防火布置结构。
发明的目的
本发明的目的之一是生产这样一种客船：该客船符合获得A1+级无限航区商用客轮所需的结构保护要求。
另一个目的是使得用于建造具有防火结构保护的船舶的材料不会因受热而变形，从而避免该材料随后失去结构稳定性。
发明的描述
IACS(国际船级社协会)是集合了世界上对船只进行分级的10个主要船级社的国际团体，即：ABS、BV、CCS、DNV、GL、KR、LR、NK、RINA、RS。从船只能够航行的地理区域的角度来看，其可以分类为：有限航区或无限航区，后者的等级较高，因为这种船舶能够在各个海区航行。因此，在船只为客船的特定情况下，从那些船级社能够获得的最高船级是A1+级无限航区商用客轮。
为了获得无限航区型的船级，这些船级社所要求的最重要的一条就是防火结构保护，它的意思是：在船舶的建造过程中使用的材料或材料组应是耐火的。在IACS的协会成员所接受的四个标准中记录了保证该材料是耐火的基本原则，这四个标准是：1974年SOLAS公约、高速船安全规则(HSCS规则，第7.4节)、防火测试程序规则、以及防火安全***规则。
对于本身不可燃的材料(例如钢铁)来说，要符合在上述每一标准中规定的要求，则需要保证一些参数不超过所设立的某些极限值，这些参数例如是：温度、不可燃性、有害气体排放、易燃性、以及温度变化情况下的机械稳定性。
对于本身可燃的材料(例如复合聚合物材料)，要符合这些标准则复杂得多，因为这涉及能够被归类为防火布置结构的材料的布置结构设计，它的意思是：这涉及将一组材料以适当的量进行组合，以获得能够被归类为防火产品的最终产品，用于建造船舶。
术语“耐火”是指符合以下要求的任何材料或材料组或布置结构：
1)它不可燃或是防火的；
2)它可以在上述标准中规定的时间内保护着火区域附近的区域；
3)它在着火的情况下具有承担载荷的能力。
因此，要符合的第一点是具有不可燃或防火材料或布置结构。如果一种材料符合MSC.40(64)号决议，则它是防火的，这意味着在ISO9705标准：角落火试验(Corner Fire Essay)下测试材料。
被认为是防火材料的、用于建造船舶的强化塑料需要在加入阻燃添加剂并且涂覆有牺牲材料的情况下使用，该牺牲材料在强化塑料点燃之前先遭到点燃，在此情况下，该材料是泡沸油漆。
强化塑料能够由具有热稳定聚合物基质和结构纤维强化物的任何复合材料制成。对于海上应用，该热稳定聚合物是不饱和树脂，例如聚酯树脂、乙烯基酯树脂、环氧树脂及其它树脂；结构纤维强化物例如是玻璃纤维、凯夫拉尔(Kevlar)纤维、碳纤维及其它纤维。
具有有机性质的热稳定聚合物材料是可燃的，这意味着它们易燃并促进着火。为了减低此类材料的易燃性，一种可行的解决方案是使用随着火势膨胀的牺牲材料，以在给定时间内防止受保护的基材燃烧。很明显，一个基本要求是该牺牲材料应与所述基材相容。
该表面牺牲材料是泡沸油漆，它在强化塑料点燃之前先遭到点燃。泡沸油漆在火或火焰的作用下产生保护性绝热泡沫，其具有低的导热性，由此保护基材不受火的影响，从而防止了热量和有害气体的扩散。这意味着该油漆随着火势而膨胀，从而在给定时间内防止火烧到所述基材(在此情况下该基材是强化塑料)，所述给定时间取决于油漆层的厚度。该油漆在燃烧时不释放有害气体，并且，通过刮掉被烧部分然后进行区域涂覆的过程，可以轻易地更换该油漆。
阻燃添加剂的使用大大减小了火势蔓延的问题，这意味着：对于点状火源来说，在材料区域没有因热量影响而恶化之前，该材料不传播火。作为结构防火问题的解决方案的一部分，阻燃添加剂是必要的，但这还不够，因为它们并未降低材料在燃点处的可燃性，不能保证热变形情况下的结构稳定性，并且没有减少从暴露侧到未暴露侧的热传递。它们做的唯一事情是减少了不饱和树脂的不期望的性质，以免火势显著蔓延。
已经证明，该材料或材料组能够在给定时间内使着火点附近区域的温度保持低于上述标准规定的特定极限。例如，在高速客轮的情况下，未暴露壁面上的温度极限是140℃，并且该时间根据所需的保护等级而变化：
-高：60分钟
-中：30分钟
-中低：15分钟
-低：0分钟
使未暴露侧的温度保持得越低，时间越长，则认为该防火布置结构越有效。
存在三个与此有关的变量，即：
-泡沸油漆层的厚度。这种油漆在土木建设行业中是众人皆知的，其尤其用于金属和木质基材。在建造强化塑料船的情形中，根据该船舶的每个部分的要求和在HSCS规则中阐明的规定，已经针对具有结构纤维强化物的热稳定树脂设立了油漆厚度。
-强化塑料的厚度。根据热传导的简单法则，强化塑料越厚，未暴露侧的温度就越低。
-芯部型材料的存在与否。对于船舶来说，所述船级社主要允许两种使用强化塑料的结构：整块叠层(massive lamination)和夹层式叠层。
整块叠层是在不饱和树脂基质上由多层结构纤维构成。
夹层式叠层由三个元件组成，即：被称为芯部(1)的材料，它可耐受剪切力，位于两个膜(2)之间，所述两个膜(2)可耐受弯曲力；以及粘合剂(3)。
所述膜(2)由强化塑料制成。
芯部(1)是位于两个膜之间的元件。
该芯部材料是金属或木质或结构泡沫型的不可燃材料，其具有良好的耐锈性，良好的机械性质和低重量。它可以是压实的或网状的。从绝热的角度来看，使用芯部尤其方便，因为它意味着比具有相同耐受特性的整块叠层的厚度更大的厚度，这意味着热传递的减小，相对于所述膜之一来说，无论何时，该芯部材料的导热率都不会太高。
这些耐火材料或布置结构的最后一个特性是：在着火情况下的承载能力。它涉及在温度升高之前保持机械性质的能力。在HSCS规则的第MSC.45(65)决议下对这种能力进行评估。该性质中涉及的变量是：
-对于夹层式：芯部的材料、密度和几何构造。
-对于整块和夹层式：强化塑料膜的结构纤维层的厚度和种类。
-对于夹层式：所采用的粘合剂的种类。

Claims (4)

1.用于具有强化塑料的船舶的防火布置结构，其中，所述布置结构能够是以下两种之一：
1.1整块叠层布置结构，所述整块叠层布置结构由具有阻燃添加剂的数个强化塑料层组成，带有泡沸油漆涂层；或者
1.2夹层式叠层布置结构，所述夹层式叠层布置结构由以下组成：
a)被称作芯部(1)的材料，其是压实或网状的、金属或木质或结构泡沫型的、不可燃的低重量材料；
b)具有阻燃添加剂的由强化塑料制成的两个膜(2)，所述两个膜(2)带有泡沸油漆涂层，位于所述芯部(1)的两侧；以及
c)粘合剂(3)，所述粘合剂(3)将两个膜(2)粘到所述芯部(1)上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于具有强化塑料的船舶的防火布置结构，其中，叠层的厚度、膜(2)的厚度以及芯部(1)取决于该布置结构所要求的耐火性。
3.根据权利要求1所述的用于具有强化塑料的船舶的防火布置结构，其中，所述强化塑料由热稳定聚合物基质和结构纤维强化物组成的任何材料制成；其中，热稳定聚合物是不饱和树脂；而所述结构纤维强化物是玻璃纤维、凯夫拉尔纤维或碳纤维。
4.根据权利要求3所述的用于具有强化塑料的船舶的防火布置结构，其中，所述不饱和树脂是聚酯树脂、乙烯基酯树脂或环氧树脂。
CN2008801306604A 2008-07-31 2008-07-31 强化塑料船中的防火布置结构 Expired - Fee Related CN102131550B (zh)

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US20160016381A1 (en) * 2014-07-17 2016-01-21 Jorge Enrique Celis Marin Fire Restrictive Material
US10745920B2 (en) 2015-10-28 2020-08-18 Awi Licensing Llc Fire performance for wood veneer laminated ceiling tile
IT201600098057A1 (it) * 2016-09-30 2018-03-30 Everet Duklair S R L Dispositivo antincendio
CN106741595A (zh) * 2016-12-20 2017-05-31 武汉理工大学 一种夹层防御纵壁
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EP2319588A1 (en) 2011-05-11
HK1154363A1 (en) 2012-04-20
KR20110052662A (ko) 2011-05-18
AU2008359915A1 (en) 2010-02-04
MX2011001143A (es) 2011-06-09
CA2732230A1 (en) 2010-02-04
EP2319588A4 (en) 2014-10-15
CN102131550A (zh) 2011-07-20
AU2008359915B2 (en) 2013-04-04
WO2010013085A1 (es) 2010-02-04
US20110268960A1 (en) 2011-11-03
TR201100913T1 (tr) 2011-06-21
ECSP11010792A (es) 2011-03-31
BRPI0822618A2 (pt) 2015-06-16

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