CN102025598A - Method for updating local mapping table of access router, and local access router - Google Patents

Method for updating local mapping table of access router, and local access router Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102025598A
CN102025598A CN2009101742525A CN200910174252A CN102025598A CN 102025598 A CN102025598 A CN 102025598A CN 2009101742525 A CN2009101742525 A CN 2009101742525A CN 200910174252 A CN200910174252 A CN 200910174252A CN 102025598 A CN102025598 A CN 102025598A
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user
router
couple
packet
source
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CN2009101742525A
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CN102025598B (en
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刘韫晖
黄兵
江华
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Anmengxin Jiangsu Office Supplies Co ltd
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ZTE Corp
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Priority to CN200910174252.5A priority Critical patent/CN102025598B/en
Priority to PCT/CN2010/076890 priority patent/WO2011032487A1/en
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/02Topology update or discovery
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/74Address processing for routing
    • H04L45/742Route cache; Operation thereof

Abstract

A method for updating the local mapping table of an access router includes: a step of sending data packet, wherein a source access router sends a data packet to a destination access router, the source and destination addresses are identified by route identifiers, and the content encapsulated in the sent data packet includes the user index corresponding to the user identifier of the destination terminal in the local mapping table of the source access router; a step of receiving data packet, wherein the source access router receives the data packet sent by the destination access router, the source and destination addresses are identified by route identifiers, and the content encapsulated in the received data packet includes the user index; and a step of updating local mapping table, wherein the source access router analyzes the received data packet, then directly locates and updates the mapping relationship between the user identifier and the route identifier of the destination terminal according to the user index. The present invention can optimize the process of updating the mapping relationship between the user identifier and the route identifier.

Description

Local mapping table update method of couple in router and local-access router
Technical field
The present invention relates to the identity locator separation network, especially local mapping table update method of the couple in router of identity locator separation network and local-access router
Background technology
Along with the development of information technology, be that the information network of representative has played more and more important effect with the Internet in economy and social development.But the Internet has also in use exposed increasing problem.At the beginning of the Internet design, only considered fixing terminal trusty, the support terminal mobility does not have inherent Security Assurance Mechanism yet.Along with the development of wireless technologys such as 3G, back 3G, 4G, the Internet becomes more and more urgent subject to the support of portable terminal.Simultaneously, along with the expansion of internet, applications scope, safety problem is also more outstanding, and these problems have been difficult to solve under existing Internet technology framework.
ICP/IP protocol is the basis of the Internet.The IP address has the double attribute of identity, position, is that ambulant root can't be supported in the Internet.As the identity attribute of terminal, the IP address can not change in the terminal moving process, otherwise upper-layer service connection meetings such as TCP, UDP are interrupted along with the change of address; As the position attribution of terminal, the IP address must change (address must have the subnet prefix at current place) in the terminal moving process, otherwise router can't correctly be forwarded to terminal to packet.Simultaneously, the double attribute of IP address also is that the fail safe of the Internet can not get the basic reason place that solves.Because the IP address must comprise the position attribution of terminal,, therefore can't determine assailants' such as hacker identity on the internet according to the IP address so portable terminal can't be assigned to fixed IP addresses.This is the basic reason that safety problems such as attack on the current internet, swindle, abuse can not get solving.
Have the defective of double attribute at the IP agreement, industry is at the multiple next generation network technology that separates based on identity, position of research, as LISP, HIP, integrated network or the like.The common feature of these technology is to have introduced two space encoders, the identity of a GC group connector, the position of a GC group connector.The all existing identity coding of each terminal, also have one position encoded.Upper-layer service such as TCP, UDP connects that the identity coding be based on terminal and opposite end establish a communications link.When terminal moves, its position encoded change thereupon, but its identity coding remains unchanged.Therefore the mobile interruption that can not cause upper-layer service of terminal.
The identity coding of terminal and position encoded after separating just can be given fixing identity coding of each terminal distribution, identify label when communicating by letter as terminal room.So just realized user's true identity online.
Next Generation Internet (hereinafter to be referred as new net) based on identity, position separation, identity and the station location marker transfer approach in network is a very important key technology, it has determined new net to implement the influence degree to existing network, and new net transmission efficiency.
The transmission problem in network at identity and station location marker, the Chinese patent application that is disclosed on July 12nd, 2006 discloses CN1801764 number provides " a kind of internet access method that separates with the position based on identity ", this method adopts " inserting sign " expression subscriber identity information, " exchange Route Distinguisher " expression customer position information; Finish the mapping that inserts between sign and the exchange Route Distinguisher by inserting switch router, as shown in Figure 1, the process that this method sends packet comprises:
Step 1: user terminal sends with access and is designated the packet of source/destination address to inserting switch router;
Step 2: insert switch router and search corresponding exchange Route Distinguisher according to the sign of the access in the packet;
Step 3: insert and send to key subnetwork after switch router replaces with the exchange Route Distinguisher with the sign of the access in the packet
Step 4: it is the packet of source/destination address that key subnetwork transmits with the exchange Route Distinguisher
Step 5: after purpose access switch router receives packet, search corresponding access sign according to exchange Route Distinguisher in the packet;
Step 6: purpose inserts and sends to the purpose user terminal after switch router replaces with the access sign with the exchange Route Distinguisher in the packet.
Can see by above process, in the transport process of packet, source/purpose couple in router all needs to search the corresponding relation of AID and RID, and after moving, user terminal needs to upgrade the corresponding relation of AID and RID, this is after new net large-scale application, the quantity of AID and RID sharply increases, and needs to consume a large amount of resource of couple in router and carries out searching of mapping relations.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention provides local mapping table update method of a kind of couple in router and local-access router, to optimize the renewal process of user ID and Route Distinguisher mapping relations.
For solving above technical problem, the invention provides the local mapping table update method of a kind of couple in router, this method comprises:
The packet forwarding step, the packet that the source couple in router sends to the purpose couple in router, wherein source, destination address adopt Route Distinguisher to represent that described packet encapsulation content comprises the user index of purpose user ID in the local mapping table correspondence of source couple in router;
Packet receiving step, described source couple in router receive the packet that described purpose couple in router sends, and wherein source, destination address adopt Route Distinguisher to represent that described packet encapsulation content comprises described user index;
Local mapping table step of updating, described source couple in router is resolved the packet that receives, and directly locatees and upgrades the user ID of described purpose terminal and the mapping relations of Route Distinguisher according to described user index.
Further, the described user index in the described packet receiving step is to write down after described purpose couple in router receives packet in the packet forwarding step.
Further, in the described packet forwarding step, described packet encapsulation content also comprises source, purpose user ID, and described purpose couple in router identifies the mapping relations of setting up user index, user ID and Route Distinguisher with the corresponding relation of source routing sign at the local mapping table of described purpose couple in router according to the source user that receives in the packet.
Further, also comprise before the described packet forwarding step:
The packet that A, described source couple in router reception sources terminal send, wherein source, destination address are source, purpose user ID;
B, described source couple in router obtain the purpose Route Distinguisher of purpose user ID correspondence according to described purpose user ID query mappings server, and set up the mapping relations of user index, purpose user ID and purpose Route Distinguisher;
C, described source couple in router encapsulated data packet, wherein the packet encapsulation content also comprises source, purpose user ID.
Further, among the described step B, described source couple in router is before the described mapping server of inquiry, and the described local mapping table of inquiry is not inquired about described mapping server again as if finding at described local mapping table when correspondence mappings concerns earlier.
For solving above technical problem, the present invention also provides a kind of couple in router, and described couple in router comprises:
Receiver module is used to receive the packet that described opposite end couple in router sends, and wherein source, destination address adopt Route Distinguisher to represent that described packet encapsulation content comprises the user index of described opposite end user ID in local mapping table correspondence;
Decapsulation module is connected with described receiver module, is used for the packet that the described receiver module of decapsulation receives;
Update module, be connected with described decapsulation module, the described opposite end user ID that is used for obtaining according to decapsulation is in the user ID of opposite end described in direct location of the user index of local mapping table correspondence and the local mapping table of renewal and the mapping relations of Route Distinguisher;
Described local mapping table is connected with described update module, is used to preserve the mapping relations of user index, user ID and Route Distinguisher.
Further, described receiver module also is used for receiving the packet encapsulation content and comprises the packet of local terminal user ID at the corresponding user index of the local mapping table of opposite end couple in router; Described update module also is used for corresponding user index in the local mapping table of local terminal user ID at the opposite end couple in router that the described decapsulation module of local mapping table record obtains.
Further, described packet encapsulation content also comprises local terminal and opposite end user ID, and described update module also is used for setting up at local mapping table according to the corresponding relation of opposite end user ID that receives packet and opposite end Route Distinguisher the mapping relations of user index, user ID and Route Distinguisher.
Further, described couple in router also comprises enquiry module, package module and sending module, and described receiver module also is used to receive the packet that local terminal sends, and wherein source, destination address adopt user ID to represent; Described enquiry module, be connected with described decapsulation module, be used for obtaining the opposite end Route Distinguisher of opposite end user ID correspondence, and notify described update module in local mapping table, to set up the mapping relations of user index, opposite end user ID and opposite end Route Distinguisher according to described opposite end user ID query mappings server; Described update module also is used for setting up at described local mapping table the mapping relations of user index, purpose user ID and purpose Route Distinguisher; Described package module is connected with described decapsulation module, is used for encapsulated data packet; Sending module, be connected with described package module, be used for the packet after the described package module encapsulation that the opposite end couple in router sends, wherein source, destination address adopt Route Distinguisher to represent, described packet encapsulation content comprises described opposite end user ID corresponding user index in the user index of local mapping table correspondence or the local mapping table of described local terminal user ID at the opposite end couple in router.
Further, described enquiry module also is connected with described local mapping table, also is used to inquire about described local mapping table, does not find at described local mapping table and inquires about described mapping server when correspondence mappings concerns again.
The present invention is in the existing Ipv4 agreement of compatibility, pass through packaged type, between couple in router, transmit user ID and user index, after the user index of source and destination end couple in router is set up, after couple in router receives packet, can in local mapping table, directly navigate to the respective items of user ID and Route Distinguisher according to the user index in the packet, check and upgrade the corresponding relation of user ID and Route Distinguisher; Can improve user ID and Route Distinguisher mapping relations search efficiency, optimize the renewal process of user ID and Route Distinguisher mapping relations, avoid repeatedly searching the process of mapping table at couple in router.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the Organization Chart of prior art identity and locator separation network.
Fig. 2 is the configuration diagram on identity of the present invention and locator separation road.
Fig. 3 is the local mapping table update method of a couple in router of the present invention schematic diagram.
Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram of the embodiment of the local mapping table renewal of couple in router of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is the frame format of the tcp data bag that adopts of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is the frame format of the UDP message bag that adopts of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is the modular structure schematic diagram of couple in router of the present invention.
Embodiment
The network architecture of identity and locator separation network as shown in Figure 2, in general, mapping server has been preserved the mapping relations of interior each terminal user identification of service area and Route Distinguisher in real time, in order to inquire about conveniently, generally can be in the local mapping table of couple in router with the outcome record of inquiring about at every turn, each like this when needing query mappings to concern, can inquire about local mapping table query mappings server more earlier, thereby raising search efficiency, but when mapping relations change, and user ID in the local mapping table and Route Distinguisher mapping relations may cause data transmission fault when can not get upgrading in time.
Main thought of the present invention is, at the packet between the couple in router, with the Route Distinguisher of source, purpose couple in router source and destination address as packet, source, purpose user ID encapsulate as packet content, and user index is transmitted in the lump as encapsulated content, according to user index local mapping table is upgraded in time, thereby can optimize Route Distinguisher and user ID corresponding relation renewal speed.
Below the notion among the present invention is described:
User ID: the sign that each user terminal is unique, the whole network unified distribution (number format is seen other relevant patents) does not change with moving of terminal, represents with AID;
Route Distinguisher: the IPv4 address of couple in router, continue to continue to use the existing network addressing, represent with RID; Route Distinguisher can corresponding a plurality of user ID, have saved the IP address, and after Route Distinguisher changed, user ID can remain unchanged
The local mapping table of couple in router: the table of record user identifications and Route Distinguisher corresponding relation in the couple in router;
User index: the inlet index of the local mapping table list item of couple in router;
As shown in Figure 3, the local mapping table update method of couple in router of the present invention comprises:
Step 301: packet forwarding step, the packet that the source couple in router sends to the purpose couple in router, wherein source, destination address adopt Route Distinguisher to represent that described packet encapsulation content comprises the user index of purpose user ID in the local mapping table correspondence of source couple in router;
In the described packet forwarding step, described packet encapsulation content also comprises source, purpose user ID, and described purpose couple in router identifies the mapping relations of setting up user index, user ID and Route Distinguisher with the corresponding relation of source routing sign at the local mapping table of described purpose couple in router according to the source user that receives in the packet.
Step 302: packet receiving step, described source couple in router receive the packet that described purpose couple in router sends, and wherein source, destination address adopt Route Distinguisher to represent that described packet encapsulation content comprises described user index; The user index here is to write down after described purpose couple in router receives packet in the described packet forwarding step.
Step 303: the packet that local mapping table step of updating, described source couple in router resolve to receive, directly locate and upgrade the user ID of described purpose terminal and the mapping relations of Route Distinguisher according to described user index.
The source couple in router is to set up mapping relations like this before the step 301:
The packet that A, described source couple in router reception sources terminal send, wherein source, destination address are source, purpose user ID;
B, described source couple in router obtain the purpose Route Distinguisher of purpose user ID correspondence according to described purpose user ID query mappings server, and set up the mapping relations of user index, purpose user ID and purpose Route Distinguisher;
Among the described step B, described source couple in router is before the described mapping server of inquiry, and the described local mapping table of inquiry is not inquired about described mapping server again as if finding at described local mapping table when correspondence mappings concerns earlier.
C, described source couple in router encapsulated data packet, wherein the packet encapsulation content comprises source, purpose user ID.
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing the inventive method is specifically described:
As shown in Figure 4, the process of transfer of data may further comprise the steps:
Step 401: source terminal sends first packet to source ASR, and the source address of first packet is the AID (SrcAID) of source terminal, and destination address is the AID (DstAID) of purpose terminal;
Data packet format is the Ipv4 data packet format of standard.
Step 402: after source ASR receives first packet of source terminal by the transmission of access side network, inquire about local mapping table, obtain the RID (DstRID) of purpose AID correspondence, source, purpose AID and purpose user ID (are called for short the purpose user index at the user index of the local mapping table correspondence of source ASR, DstIdx) be encapsulated as the data content of second packet again with the data content of first packet, with himself RID (SrcRID) as the source address of second packet, with purpose RID as destination address;
Also showing source user among Fig. 4 is identified at the user index of the local mapping table correspondence of purpose ASR (be called for short the source user index, SrcIdx), because of source ASR obtains as yet in step 402, so this user index can be sky.
The frame format of the tcp data bag after the source ASR of Figure 5 shows that heavily encapsulates, be the Ipv4 data packet format of standard, wherein, with source RID as destination address, purpose RID as destination address, is together encapsulated source and destination AID, source and destination user index and data content.
The frame format of the UDP message bag after the source ASR of Figure 6 shows that heavily encapsulates wherein, as destination address, as destination address, together encapsulates purpose RID source RID with source and destination AID, source and destination user index and data content.
Step 403: according to purpose RID, second packet after source ASR will encapsulate again sends to purpose ASR;
Step 404: purpose ASR carries out decapsulation to second packet that receives, and obtains source and destination AID, and upgrades correspondence mappings relation in the local mapping table according to the mapping relations of source AID in the packet and source RID;
Step 405: purpose ASR sends to the purpose terminal with first packet that decapsulation obtains;
Step 406: the purpose terminal sends the packet return to purpose ASR, with himself AID as source address, with the AID of source terminal as destination address;
Step 407: purpose ASR sends to source ASR after the packet that returns of purpose terminal is heavily encapsulated;
Purpose ASR receives the packet that returns of purpose terminal, the corresponding RID of destination address inquiry according to this packet, the RID of ASR under employing purpose terminal is current is as destination address, the RID of himself is encapsulated into source, purpose AID and source, purpose user index in the packet as source address;
Here source, purpose AID also can fill out the null value into network convention.
Step 408: the source couple in router carries out decapsulation to second packet that receives, obtain purpose user index, purpose RID and purpose AID, directly in local mapping table, directly navigate to the respective items of user ID and Route Distinguisher, check and upgrade the corresponding relation of user ID and Route Distinguisher according to the purpose user index in the packet;
If source, purpose ADI have adopted the agreement null value to replace in the step 408 certainly, then can only obtain purpose user index and purpose RID, and upgrade corresponding Route Distinguisher (purpose RID).
Step 409: source ASR sends to source terminal with the packet that decapsulation obtains;
For realizing above method, the present invention also provides a kind of couple in router, and described couple in router comprises:
Sending module, be used for packet to the transmission of opposite end couple in router, wherein source, destination address adopt Route Distinguisher to represent, described packet encapsulation content comprises local terminal and opposite end user ID, also comprises opposite end user ID corresponding user index in the user index of local mapping table correspondence or the local mapping table of described local terminal user ID at the opposite end couple in router; Also be used for sending packet to local terminal, source wherein, destination address adopt user ID to represent;
Receiver module, be used to receive the packet that described opposite end couple in router sends, wherein source, destination address adopt Route Distinguisher to represent, described packet encapsulation content comprise the opposite end user ID the user index of local mapping table correspondence or or the local mapping table of local terminal user ID at the opposite end couple in router in the packet of corresponding user index; Also be used to receive the packet that local terminal sends, wherein user ID is represented;
Decapsulation module is connected with described receiver module, is used for the packet that the described receiver module of decapsulation receives;
Update module, be connected with described decapsulation module, be used for local mapping table is upgraded, comprise that the opposite end user ID that obtains according to decapsulation directly locatees and upgrade the user ID of opposite end described in the local mapping table and the mapping relations of Route Distinguisher at the user index of local mapping table correspondence; The user index of described local terminal user ID correspondence in the local mapping table of opposite end couple in router that the record decapsulation module obtains in local mapping table; Set up the mapping relations of user index, user ID and Route Distinguisher at local mapping table according to the corresponding relation of opposite end user ID in the reception packet and opposite end Route Distinguisher; In local mapping table, set up the mapping relations of user index, purpose user ID and purpose Route Distinguisher.
Local mapping table is connected with described update module, is used to preserve the mapping relations of user index, user ID and Route Distinguisher.
Enquiry module, be connected with decapsulation module and local mapping table, be used for inquiring about the opposite end Route Distinguisher of local mapping table or mapping server acquisition opposite end user ID correspondence, and notify described update module in local mapping table, to set up the mapping relations of user index, opposite end user ID and opposite end Route Distinguisher according to described opposite end user ID; Enquiry module is the local mapping table of inquiry earlier, does not find at local mapping table and inquires about described mapping server when correspondence mappings concerns again.
Package module, be connected with described sending module, be used for encapsulated data packet, the packet encapsulation content that sends to the opposite end couple in router comprises that described packet encapsulation content comprises opposite end user ID corresponding user index in the user index of local mapping table correspondence or the local mapping table of described local terminal user ID at the opposite end couple in router.
The present invention is in the existing Ipv4 agreement of compatibility, pass through packaged type, between couple in router, transmit user ID and user index, after the user index of source and destination end couple in router is set up, after couple in router receives packet, can in local mapping table, directly navigate to the respective items of user ID and Route Distinguisher according to the user index in the packet, check and upgrade the corresponding relation of user ID and Route Distinguisher; Can improve user ID and Route Distinguisher mapping relations search efficiency, optimize the renewal process of user ID and Route Distinguisher mapping relations, avoid repeatedly searching the process of mapping table at couple in router.

Claims (10)

1. the local mapping table update method of a couple in router is characterized in that this method comprises:
The packet forwarding step, the packet that the source couple in router sends to the purpose couple in router, wherein source, destination address adopt Route Distinguisher to represent that described packet encapsulation content comprises the user index of purpose user ID in the local mapping table correspondence of source couple in router;
Packet receiving step, described source couple in router receive the packet that described purpose couple in router sends, and wherein source, destination address adopt Route Distinguisher to represent that described packet encapsulation content comprises described user index;
Local mapping table step of updating, described source couple in router is resolved the packet that receives, and directly locatees and upgrades the user ID of described purpose terminal and the mapping relations of Route Distinguisher according to described user index.
2. the method for claim 1 is characterized in that: the described user index in the described packet receiving step is to write down after described purpose couple in router receives packet in the packet forwarding step.
3. the method for claim 1, it is characterized in that: in the described packet forwarding step, described packet encapsulation content also comprises source, purpose user ID, and described purpose couple in router identifies the mapping relations of setting up user index, user ID and Route Distinguisher with the corresponding relation of source routing sign at the local mapping table of described purpose couple in router according to the source user that receives in the packet.
4. the method for claim 1 is characterized in that: also comprise before the described packet forwarding step:
The packet that A, described source couple in router reception sources terminal send, wherein source, destination address are source, purpose user ID;
B, described source couple in router obtain the purpose Route Distinguisher of purpose user ID correspondence according to described purpose user ID query mappings server, and set up the mapping relations of user index, purpose user ID and purpose Route Distinguisher;
C, described source couple in router encapsulated data packet, wherein the packet encapsulation content also comprises source, purpose user ID.
5. method as claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that: among the described step B, described source couple in router is before the described mapping server of inquiry, and the described local mapping table of inquiry is not inquired about described mapping server again as if finding at described local mapping table when correspondence mappings concerns earlier.
6. a couple in router is characterized in that, described couple in router comprises:
Receiver module is used to receive the packet that described opposite end couple in router sends, and wherein source, destination address adopt Route Distinguisher to represent that described packet encapsulation content comprises the user index of described opposite end user ID in local mapping table correspondence;
Decapsulation module is connected with described receiver module, is used for the packet that the described receiver module of decapsulation receives;
Update module, be connected with described decapsulation module, the described opposite end user ID that is used for obtaining according to decapsulation is in the user ID of opposite end described in direct location of the user index of local mapping table correspondence and the local mapping table of renewal and the mapping relations of Route Distinguisher;
Described local mapping table is connected with described update module, is used to preserve the mapping relations of user index, user ID and Route Distinguisher.
7. couple in router as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that: described receiver module also is used for receiving the packet encapsulation content and comprises the packet of local terminal user ID at the corresponding user index of the local mapping table of opposite end couple in router; Described update module also is used for corresponding user index in the local mapping table of local terminal user ID at the opposite end couple in router that the described decapsulation module of local mapping table record obtains.
8. couple in router as claimed in claim 6, it is characterized in that: described packet encapsulation content also comprises local terminal and opposite end user ID, and described update module also is used for setting up at local mapping table according to the corresponding relation of opposite end user ID that receives packet and opposite end Route Distinguisher the mapping relations of user index, user ID and Route Distinguisher.
9. couple in router as claimed in claim 6, it is characterized in that: described couple in router also comprises enquiry module, package module and sending module, described receiver module also is used to receive the packet that local terminal sends, and wherein source, destination address adopt user ID to represent; Described enquiry module, be connected with described decapsulation module, be used for obtaining the opposite end Route Distinguisher of opposite end user ID correspondence, and notify described update module in local mapping table, to set up the mapping relations of user index, opposite end user ID and opposite end Route Distinguisher according to described opposite end user ID query mappings server; Described update module also is used for setting up at described local mapping table the mapping relations of user index, purpose user ID and purpose Route Distinguisher; Described package module is connected with described decapsulation module, is used for encapsulated data packet; Sending module, be connected with described package module, be used for the packet after the described package module encapsulation that the opposite end couple in router sends, wherein source, destination address adopt Route Distinguisher to represent, described packet encapsulation content comprises described opposite end user ID corresponding user index in the user index of local mapping table correspondence or the local mapping table of described local terminal user ID at the opposite end couple in router.
10. couple in router as claimed in claim 9, it is characterized in that: described enquiry module also is connected with described local mapping table, also be used to inquire about described local mapping table, do not find at described local mapping table and inquire about described mapping server when correspondence mappings concerns again.
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