CN101971458A - 平面型电池充电*** - Google Patents

平面型电池充电*** Download PDF

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CN101971458A
CN101971458A CN2008801242960A CN200880124296A CN101971458A CN 101971458 A CN101971458 A CN 101971458A CN 2008801242960 A CN2008801242960 A CN 2008801242960A CN 200880124296 A CN200880124296 A CN 200880124296A CN 101971458 A CN101971458 A CN 101971458A
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converter
batter
elementary winding
charghing system
inverter
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CN101971458B (zh
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何永财
许树源
李志群
钟树鸿
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City University of Hong Kong CityU
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/10—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
    • H02J50/12—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling of the resonant type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
    • H02M1/007—Plural converter units in cascade
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/01—Resonant DC/DC converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33571—Half-bridge at primary side of an isolation transformer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33573—Full-bridge at primary side of an isolation transformer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/20—Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
    • H02M1/4208—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input
    • H02M1/4258—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input using a single converter stage both for correction of AC input power factor and generation of a regulated and galvanically isolated DC output voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/44—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for electromagnetic interference in converters or inverters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/06—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes without control electrode or semiconductor devices without control electrode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/4815—Resonant converters

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)

Abstract

一种平面型电池充电***，包括：一个初级功率发射侧，包括一个用于产生与一充电平面基本相垂直磁通的初级绕组阵列(1)；和一个次级功率接收侧，包括一个用于与待充电电池相连的次级绕组，次级绕组放在充电表面上时能够接收所述磁通，其中，一个包括第一级变换器和一个第二级逆变器的控制电路可激励其中一个初级绕组，第一级变换器提供一个可变的DC母线电压(Vdc)，而第二级逆变器依照该DC母线电压(Vdc)产生一个固定频率恒值AC电流输入到该初级绕组中(1)。

Description

平面型电池充电***
技术领域
本发明涉及一种平面型电池充电***控制方法和装置。
背景技术
移动电话、MP3播放器和PDA之类的便携式消费电子产品日益普及，已使人们各式各样所需电池充电器的巨大种类数量感到担忧。式样繁多不仅对使用者不方便，而且还会最终导致电子废品问题。现已提出了能对至少一种电子产品充电的感应式或者无线式充电装置，提出了两种不同的思路来产生交变磁通，即“卧式磁通”方法和“立式磁通”方法。
现有技术
已经开发出感应式电子充电器用于某些类型的电子设备，如电动牙刷。有些现有技术文献，如US6,356,049，US6,301,128和US6,118,249就提出过感应式充电器。然而，这些感应式充电器采用的是在铁磁芯上缠绕组的传统变压器式设计。在初级(能量发送)绕组和次级(能量接收)绕组之间的主磁通必须通过所述磁芯材料。另一种非接触式充电器[Chang-Gyun Kim；Dong-Hyun Seo；Jung-Sik You；Jong-Hu Park；Cho，B.H.，′Design of a contactless battery charger for cellular phone′，IEEE Transactionson Industrial Electronics，Volume：48，Issue：6，Dec.2001 Page(s)：1238-1247.]也使用铁芯作为耦合的变压器绕组的主体结构。然而，这些电池充电器不是采用平面结构，而且每个充电器在某一时刻只能为一个电子负载充电。
近期对平面磁技术和平面变压器技术的研究推动了对便携式电子设备所用的平面型非接触式电池充电***的开发。其中有两个特别有意义的方案，因为该两项方案允许在充电表面上放置一件或多件电子产品而同时为其充电，而不管这些电子产品的位向如何。
第一种平面型电池充电器，通过把圆形电机变薄为“煎饼”状而改进了旋转机器的概念，如GB2399225A、GB2398176A、WO2004/038888A、GB2388716A、US2003-210106-A1、GB2392024A和GB2399230A所述。其磁力线沿着(或大体平行于)平的充电表面卧式流动。待充电的电子设备则需要一个最好缠绕在一个软磁芯上的次级绕组。在该次级绕组中就会感应出一个AC电压通过一个电池充电电路为电池充电。
对这种电池充电器的本质性和固有性限制在于：充电装置必须有一个好的电磁通导，以将磁通沿着下表面限制住。否则，一旦该充电器放置在一个金属或导电平面上时，感生电流就会在金属或导电表面循环，由此产生能量损失和发热。解决这个问题有一个不完美的方法，那就是在下表面下方放置一块软磁材料(例如一块铁片、无定型软磁合金等)作为一个磁通导。然而，若该电磁通量较大，就要用一块相当厚的金属软磁材料，不仅难于设计成为一个薄充电盘，而且还由于需用大量的软磁材料而增大了成本。另外，利用一层软磁性材料所产生的电池屏蔽效果可能达不到电磁兼容(EMC)要求，仍会有某些磁通穿透软磁层而在充电盘下面的导电表面中感生出电流来。
屏蔽下表面磁场更好的方案是使用软磁材料和导电材料组合层。如US2003-95027-A1所述。值得注意的是，增加一薄层导电材料可显著增强屏蔽效果，参见US2003-95027-A1，US6,501,364和Tang S.C.，Hui S.Y.R and Chung H.，′Evaluation of the Shielding Effects on Printed-Circuit-Board Transformers using Ferrite Plates and Copper Sheets′，IEEE Transactionson Power Electronics，Vol.17，No.6，Nov.2002，pp.1080-1088。
如WO03/105308A、GB2389720A、GB2399446A、GB2389767A、GB2389767A和WO2007/019806所述，第二种方案是创造一个磁场，其磁力线沿大体竖直方向即沿垂直于充电盘平面的方向流出平面型充电表面。由于磁力线沿竖直方向进入和离开，就可以用一个很薄的线圈来收集其磁通。这样，就可能在便携式电子负载中设计和装入一个纤巧的次级接收单元。
发明内容
本发明提供一种平面型电池充电***，包括：一个初级功率发射侧，包括一个用于产生与一充电平面基本相垂直磁通的初级绕组阵列；和一个次级功率接收侧，包括一个用于与待充电电池相连的次级绕组，次级绕组放在充电表面上时能够接收所述磁通，其中，一个包括第一级变换器和一个第二级逆变器的控制电路可激励其中一个初级绕组，第一级变换器提供一个可变的DC母线电压，而第二级逆变器产生一个固定频率恒值AC电流输入到该初级绕组中。
第一级变换器可以是电流控制式的，也可以是电压控制式的。
最好监测馈送给初级绕组的电流，以反馈控制所述的可变DC母线电压。
在本发明某些实施例中，在第二级逆变器的输出端和初级绕组之间设置一个降压变压器。
所述第二级逆变器最好包括一个谐振电路，后者设定向初级绕组供给的AC电流频率。最好以与谐振电路频率相等的恒定频率切换第二级逆变器。
最好，次级侧适于在初级绕组激磁频率点接收能量。
最好，第一级变换器是一个升压变换器、降压变换器、回扫变换器、CUK变换器或Sepic变换器。第二级逆变器可以是一个全桥式、半桥式、D级型或者Z源型逆变器。
最好，各初级绕组的激磁频率相同，并产生同样大小的AC磁通。供给初级绕组的电流最好是正弦波。
附图说明
现参照附图举例说明本发明的具体实施方式，其中：
图1是本发明实施例的控制方法示意图；
图2是一个升压变换器示意图；
图3是一个回扫型AC-DC变换器；
图4是一个带有初级绕组和隔直流电容器的全桥逆变器；
图5是一个带有初级绕组和隔直流电容器的半桥逆变器；
图6示出一个平面型电池充电台中的典型绕组阵列；
图7示出一个AC-DC电压控制式第一级回扫变换器向一个第二级全桥固定频率逆变器供给恒流源；
图8示出一个AC-DC电流控制式第一级回扫变换器向一个第二级全桥固定频率逆变器供给恒流源；
图9示出一个AC-DC电压控制式第一级升压变换器向一个第二级全桥固定频率逆变器供给恒流源；
图10示出一个AC-DC电流控制式第一级升压变换器向一个第二级全桥固定频率逆变器供给恒流源；
图11示出一个AC-DC电流控制式第一级回扫变换器向一个全桥逆变器供电，后者通过一个变压器提供一个降压电流源；和
图12示出一个AC-DC电压控制式第一级回扫变换器向一个全桥逆变器供电，后者通过一个变压器提供一个降压电流源。
具体实施方式
对于平面型电池充电***来说，重要的是能用一个标准的充电盘对品种广泛的便携式电子产品进行感应式充电。为了达到这一要求，最好要满足几项条件：
(1)充电盘的受激绕组要能够产生充足的能量来为这些电子产品充电。
(2)由于感应式充电法依赖于充电盘(初级能量发送电路或简称为初级电路)和电子产品中的能量接收单元(次级电路)之间的近场磁耦合，充电盘必须要产生一个可控幅度的AC磁通，来实现对品种广泛的电子负载予以充电。
(3)由于可在同一个充电盘上对一定品种范围的电子负载充电，应有一个标准的工作频率和一套基本的次级电路设计参数。也就是说，品种广泛的电子产品之中的次级电路必须与充电盘产生的磁通匹配。
下面描述感应式充电盘所用的电控和AC磁控装置和方法。为了达到上述要求，设定下列设计和工作条件，以便使充电盘能用于给品种广泛的电子负载充电并能够控制受激绕组产生的磁通。
(1)充电盘的一个或多个绕组受到激励，可将之称为一个“主动组”。可为充电盘上的各个绕组绕圈设定一个共同幅度的AC磁通，则由各个线圈产生的AC磁场就会是相同的。无论在充电盘的充电表面上的任何位置，都可为电子产品同样充电。
(2)磁通必须产生充足的能量为电子产品充电。
(3)必须为充电盘产生的AC磁通设定一个确定的频率。必须将电子负载的次级能量接收电路设计成以相同的频率来拾取磁通。这确保了这些次级电路与充电盘相互匹配。
(4)由于磁通是主动组之绕组中激励电流的函数，驱动充电盘中绕组的逆变器应该是电流控制式的。
(5)为了控制提供给逆变器而后到主动组绕组的功率，前级变换器应具有一个可控的输出电压。由于低二级逆变器受控向主动组的绕组注入一个恒定的AC电流，第一级变换器的输出电压控制可用于控制主动组的功率；
(6)为了降低绕组的谐波损耗和EMI辐射，初级绕组中的电流要确保是正弦波。因此，在初级绕组上加上一个电容器以形成一个谐振电路。第二级逆变器应在该谐振频率下工作以确保绕组中的电流正弦波。
图1示出一个用于感应式充电盘(初级***)的电子控制***实施例，其两级功率电路驱动充电盘主动组的初级绕组，前级或第一级变换器与输入电源的性质有关；如果输入电源是一个AC源，该第一级变换器应是一个AC-DC变换器；如果是一个DC源，该第一级变换器应是DC-DC变换器。在任何情况下，输出电压(即图1的DC母线电压Vdc)应该是可控改变的。
如果输入电源是一个DC电压源，前级DC-DC变换器可以是但并不限于是回扫变换器、升压变换器、降压变换器、Cuk变换器和Sepis变换器。图2示例出一个升压变换器。如输入电源是一个AC电压源(即AC电源)，前级变换器可采用一个AC-DC变换器，后者可具有或不具有功率因数校正。一个AC-DC变换器通常有一个二极管整流器和一个DC-DC变换器构成。图3示例出一个回扫型AC-DC变换器。第二级逆变器可以是一个全桥逆变器(图4)、半桥逆变器或Z源型逆变器。
如图6所示，充电盘的初级绕组可以包括一单个线圈，或一个阵列的串联线圈1，图示例为六边形线圈。线圈阵列可以是单层或多层结构，线圈阵列可以成组配置来实现定点充电，以便按需要激励应传输能量的线圈。
现参照图1解释控制原理，前级变换器通过改变其变换器开关的占空比来控制其输出电压Vdc。通常采用脉宽调制(PWM)技术控制转换器开关的占空比，进而控制变换器的输出电压。在图1中占空比函数表示为M(d)。要么以“电压控制”模式要么以“电流控制”模式控制第一级变换器，由其提供一个可控的DC母线电压Vdc。
第二级逆变器采用固定频率控制。通常，全桥逆变器相对边的开关一起开关，其两对开关交替通断，由此在逆变器的输出端可产生一个AC电压。若需要，在同一逆变器支路中两个开关切换时刻可***一个短的死区时间，以实现软切换，由此降低开关损耗和EMI辐射。逆变器以固定频率切换，该频率最好与初级电路中谐振电路的谐振频率相同。由于从第一级变换器馈入的电流保持恒值，第二级逆变器产生一个固定频率的恒流AC进入主动组绕组。该固定频率是很重要的，因为电子负载内的次级电路设计成在此频率下接收能量。应将此频率选择为辐射电磁干扰(EMI)不违反国际电磁兼容(EMC)要求。
在电压控制模式下，第一级变换器把DC母线电压馈送给第二级逆变器；在电流控制模式下，第一级变换器把一个DC电流馈送给第二级逆变器；在两种工作模式中，其目的是保持一个恒流馈送给第二级逆变器。也就是说，在电压控制模式下，变换器可以改变输出电压(Vdc)以将馈送给第二级逆变器的电流保持恒定。在电流控制模式下，变换器控制成向第二级逆变器提供一个所需数值的电流。
馈送给第二级逆变器的电流可以由一个电流传感器监测，该电流传感器可以是一个小电阻或者是一个霍尔电流传感器。若次级负载接收的功率上升(下降)，该电流可能会下降(上升)。将反馈电流与一个预定参考值(Vref)相比较，该参考值表征馈送给初级绕组所需的电流，可由用户设定或根据标准设定，或者由负载获知的磁通、功率或其他要求来确定。其误差信号可由一个放大器A放大，且由一个比较器C与一个固定频率的三角载波参量相比较，该固定频率确定第一级变换器的开关频率。动态调节占空比来控制DC母线电压(Vdc)，以将馈送给第二级逆变器的电流与所需的电流值相比保持在一个小的误差范围内。
图7示出本发明的一个实施例。在本实施例中，充电盘由一个AC电源供电。用一个AC-DC回扫变换器向一个DC-AC逆变器输入，由后者驱动位于充电盘主动组初级绕组。如图所示是一个由二极管2和门级驱动器3构成的、以电压控制模式工作的AC-DC回扫变换器。用一个感测电阻Rsen监测馈送给逆变器的电流。该感测的电流信号由一个阻容式滤波器滤波，然后在一个误差信号放大器4中与一个参考信号V ref相比较(该参考信号可以任意设定到2.5v，且表征逆变器所需的电流值)，放大器4在其输出端产生一个误差信号。该电流误差信号Ve然后馈送到一个比较器5并与一个确定频率的锯齿波参考信号(Vsw)相比较，该频率决定了第一级AC-DC回扫变换器的开关频率。该比较器提供PWM信号来切换逆变器，该PWM信号的占空比控制着回扫变换器的输出电压(即，DC母线电压Vdc)。控制Vdc使流进逆变器的电流与所需值相比保持在一个小的误差范围内。只需以恒定频率(初级电路的谐振电路之谐振频率)驱动第二级逆变器而向充电盘的初级电路注入一个恒定幅度的AC电流。初级电路中的谐振电路确保主动组初级绕组中的电流是正弦波，以降低谐波损耗和EMI辐射。
图8示出本发明另一个典型实施例，其中第一级变换器工作在电流控制模式。在本实施例中，用一个感测电阻Rsen监测馈送给逆变器的电流。对感测的电流信号滤波并将其在一个差分信号放大器14中与一个所需的电流参考值(Vref，任意设定为2.5V)相比较。用另一个电流传感器Rs监测回扫变换器之功率开关中的电流，该开关电流与回扫变换器中耦合电感器初级绕组中的电流相同。对感测的开关电流(Vipk)予以滤波并将其在比较器15中与Ve相比较，以产生PWM信号来驱动回扫变换器的开关，其目的是为了第一级变换器将所需数值的电流馈送给第二级逆变器。只需以恒定频率(初级电路的谐振电路之谐振频率)驱动第二级逆变器而向充电盘的初级电路注入一个恒定幅度的AC电流。初级电路中的谐振电路确保主动组初级绕组中的电流是正弦波，以降低谐波损耗和EMI辐射。
同理也可以采用一个升压变换器作为第一级电压控制式和电流控制式变换器，分别示于图9和图10。
向充电盘主动组绕组里注入正弦波电流的另一种方式是采用一个二级逆变器驱动一个用电容器和降压变压器20之初级绕组构成的谐振电路，如图11和12所示。采用降压变压器的优点在于：可将逆变器的DC母线电压设定得更高，以使注入电容器和变压器初级绕组的电流能够保持得更低。这避免了对大电流电容器等原件的需要，以便于选择电路元器件。然后把降压变压器初级绕组中的正弦电流馈送到主动组绕组中。
总之，为了开发能够与品种广泛的便携式电子产品相兼容的电池充电盘，建议采用第一级变换器直接或间接地将电流控制到所需值(在小的误差范围内)，并使之注入到在电压控制模式或电流控制模式下工作的第二级逆变器，从而由第二级逆变器注入充电盘主动组之初级绕组中的电流使在该主动组所有受激线圈中能够保持一个同样幅度的AC磁通(是电流的函数)，这样第一级变换器也就控制住了主动组的功率。
可在初级电路中采用一个谐振电路，以确保在绕组中的电流是正弦波。初级绕组中的正弦电流产生AC磁通，确保谐波损耗和EMI辐射最小。采用第二级逆变器以与初级线路之谐振电路谐振频率相等的恒定频率通断，有助于确保初级绕组中的电流是正弦波。
次级能量接收电路最好设计成在充电盘第二级逆变器中设定的工作频率下工作，以确保充电盘与所有电子负载中的次级能量接收单元相兼容。
第一级变换器可以是但并不限于是回扫变换器、升压变换器、降压变换器、Cuk变换器和Sepis变换器。第二级逆变器可以是一个全桥逆变器、半桥逆变器、D级逆变器或Z源型逆变器，但并不限于此。第二级逆变器可以采用一个降压变压器，以便用一个更高的DC母线电压达到在给定功率要求的情况下降低谐振电容中的电流之目的。

Claims (12)

1.一种平面型电池充电***，包括：
一个初级功率发射侧，包括一个用于产生与一充电平面基本相垂直磁通的初级绕组阵列；
一个次级功率接收侧，包括一个用于与待充电电池相连的次级绕组，次级绕组放在充电表面上时能够接收所述磁通，
其中，一个包括第一级变换器和一个第二级逆变器的控制电路可激励其中一个初级绕组，第一级变换器提供一个可变的DC母线电压，而第二级逆变器产生一个固定频率恒值AC电流输入到该初级绕组中。
2.如权利要求1所述电池充电***，其中，第一级变换器是电流控制式的。
3.如权利要求1所述电池充电***，其中，第一级变换器是电压控制式的。
4.如权利要求1所述电池充电***，其中，监测馈送给初级绕组的电流，以反馈控制所述的可变DC母线电压。
5.如权利要求1所述电池充电***，其中，在第二级逆变器的输出端和初级绕组之间设置一个降压变压器。
6.如权利要求1所述电池充电***，其中，所述第二级逆变器包括一个谐振电路，后者设定向初级绕组供给的AC电流频率。
7.如权利要求6所述电池充电***，其中，以与谐振电路频率相等的恒定频率切换第二级逆变器。
8.如权利要求1所述电池充电***，其中，次级侧适于在初级绕组激磁频率点接收能量。
9.如权利要求1所述电池充电***，其中，第一级变换器是一个升压变换器、降压变换器、回扫变换器、CUK变换器或Sepic变换器。
10.如权利要求1所述电池充电***，其中，第二级逆变器是一个全桥式、半桥式、D级型或者Z源型逆变器。
11.如权利要求1所述电池充电***，其中，各初级绕组的激磁频率相同，并产生同样大小的AC磁通。
12.如权利要求1所述电池充电***，其中，供给初级绕组的电流是正弦波。
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