CN101910355A - 粘弹性表面活性剂基的井筒流体和使用方法 - Google Patents
粘弹性表面活性剂基的井筒流体和使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101910355A CN101910355A CN200980101920XA CN200980101920A CN101910355A CN 101910355 A CN101910355 A CN 101910355A CN 200980101920X A CN200980101920X A CN 200980101920XA CN 200980101920 A CN200980101920 A CN 200980101920A CN 101910355 A CN101910355 A CN 101910355A
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种井筒流体,所述井筒流体包含水基流体;两性的粘弹性表面活性剂;和改性淀粉。还公开了钻地下井的方法,减少流体从地下井漏失的方法,以及使用含两性的粘弹性表面活性剂和改性淀粉的水基流体将井筒完井的方法。
Description
发明背景
发明领域
本文公开的实施方案主要涉及井筒流体。尤其是本文公开的实施方案涉及水基井筒流体,该水基井筒流体可以在钻穿过地层的生产层段的井筒中找到特殊应用。
背景技术
在钻井筒的过程中,典型地将各种流体用于井中作各种功用。所述流体可以通过钻杆和钻头循环流到井筒中,然后接着可以通过井筒向上流到地面。在这一循环中,钻井流体可能起的作用有:将钻井切屑从孔底移除到地面;当循环被阻断时使切屑和加重材料悬浮;控制地下压力;保持井筒的完整性,一直到井部分被下套管(cased)并用水泥粘合;通过提供充分的流体静压力将流体与地层分离,从而防止地层流体流入到井筒中;冷却并且润滑钻柱和钻头;和/或使渗透速率最大。
然而,在钻井操作之后用于井筒中的另一井筒流体是完井液。完井液泛指在钻井操作已经完成后泵到井下的任何流体,包括在酸化,射孔,压裂,修井操作等中引入的流体。钻开油层用钻井液(drill-in fluid)是特殊类型的钻井液,其设计用于钻井和完井裸眼中的井的储层部,即,地层的“开采”部分。这样的流体设计用于平衡储层钻井和完井工艺的需求。尤其,适宜的是保护地层防止损坏和滤失(fluid loss),并且不阻碍将来的开采。大多数钻开油层用钻井液含有几种固体材料,包括增粘剂、钻屑和添加剂,所述添加剂用作桥堵剂以防止循环液漏失和作为重晶石加重材料控制压力形成。
在钻井过程中,滤饼随着不同大小和类型的粒子的累积而逐渐增长。这种滤饼在开采的开始状态过程中必须通过物理方法或化学方法(即,经由酸,氧化剂,和/或酶)移除。钻屑的量和类型影响这些净化处理的效力。在开采前还影响井筒净化效力的是聚合物添加剂的存在,其可能抵抗使用常规破胶剂的降解。
设计可以保证最小入侵储层岩石的钻开油层用钻井液对于裸眼完井的井是必需的。行业中已经提出了几种处理该问题的想法,它们中大多数基于向流体配方中添加桥堵剂。这样的试剂将堵塞井筒附近的孔,因而防止另外的流体侵入岩石。
其中经常造成问题的地层的实例是高度渗透和/或固结差的地层,因此可以采用称作“管下扩眼”的技术。在进行管下扩眼工艺时,使用常规技术将井筒钻进至穿透含烃层。通常将套管在井筒中设置在恰在含烃层之上的点。然后含烃层可以被再钻井至更宽的直径,例如,使用增加井筒直径的可膨胀管下扩眼器。管下扩眼通常使用这种特殊的“净化”钻井液,即钻开油层用钻井液进行。典型地,管下扩眼中使用的钻开油层用钻井液是含水的稠密盐水,其用胶凝和/或交联的聚合物增粘以帮助移除地层切屑。然而,这种流体的费用限制了它们在钻井操作中的广泛使用。
在目标地下地层具有高渗透性时,显著量的钻井液可能漏失到地层中。一旦钻井液漏失到地层中,其变得难以移除。移除水基井流体对于将地层中烃的开采最大化是适宜的。本领域中众所周知,溴化钙和溴化锌盐水当与地层岩石本身反应或者与地层中含有的物质反应时可以形成高度稳定的不溶于酸的化合物。这些反应经常可以显著地降低地层对任何随后流出的所需烃的渗透性。如本领域应周知的,广泛和通常接受的是,防止这种对地层的损坏的最有效的方式是限制滤失到地层中。因此,提供有效的滤失控制对于防止损坏含烃地层是高度适宜的。例如,这种损坏可能在完井、钻井、钻开油层、置换、水力压裂、修井、封隔液安置或维护、井处理或测试操作过程中发生。
一类在石油行业中普遍采用的增粘剂包含分子量为几十万至几百万克/摩尔的聚合物结构。这些大的化学结合的结构经常是交联的以进一步提高分子量和添加到流体中的每克聚合物的有效粘度。这种类型的增粘剂包括抗生物降解的聚合物添加剂,从而延长添加剂对于泥浆的使用寿命的的效用。所采用的抗生物降解聚合物添加剂的具体实例包括生物聚合物,如黄原胶类(黄原胶)和硬葡聚糖;各种丙烯酸基的聚合物,如聚丙烯酰胺和其它丙烯酰胺基的聚合物;以及纤维素衍生物,如二烷基羧甲基纤维素,羟乙基纤维素和羧甲纤维素的钠盐,瓜尔胶,磷酸甘露聚糖,硬葡聚糖,葡聚糖和右旋糖苷。
因为井流体所暴露的高温、高剪切(由泵送和安置造成)、高压和低pH(“应力条件”),用于形成滤失小段塞和使井流体增粘的聚合物材料趋向于更快地降解。尤其,对于用作增粘剂和滤失控制剂(fluid control loss agent)的许多纤维素和纤维素衍生物(如HEC),在约200°F以上的温度发生明显的降解。例如,HEC被认为对于在不超过约225°F的环境中使用是足够稳定的。同样,因为井流体所暴露的高温、高剪切、高压和低pH,黄原胶被认为对于在不超过约290至300°F的环境中使用是足够稳定的。这些大分子在地下储层中典型遇到的热条件下是相当稳定的。然而,据认为这种热稳定性起降低井生产率的作用。结果,已经设计了昂贵的并且经常腐蚀性的破胶剂来破坏这些聚合物结构的分子骨架。这些破胶剂典型地是氧化剂或酶,并且对于典型储层净化最多仅部分有效,即,完成小于80%、更通常完成远小于50%。
因此,存在对于以下这样的井筒流体的持续需求,所述井筒流体不损坏地层且容易移除,特别是在钻井穿过地层的生产层段中使用。
发明概述
在一个方面,本文公开的实施方案涉及井筒流体,所述井筒流体包含水基流体;两性的粘弹性表面活性剂;和改性淀粉。
在另一个方面,本文公开的实施方案涉及钻地下井的方法,所述方法包括:使用旋转钻机钻地下井和使井筒流体在地下井中循环,其中所述井筒流体包含水基连续相;两性的粘弹性表面活性剂;和改性淀粉。
在另一个方面,本文公开的实施方案涉及减少流体从地下井漏失的方法,所述方法包括:将井筒流体注入地下井中,所述井筒流体包含:水基连续相;两性的粘弹性表面活性剂;和改性淀粉。
在再一个方面,本文公开的实施方案涉及将井筒完井的方法,所述方法包括:采用井筒流体钻井筒以在其壁上形成滤饼,所述井筒流体包含:水基连续相;两性的粘弹性表面活性剂;和改性淀粉;安置破胶剂流体(breaker fluid)到井筒中;和关井一定时间,该时间足以破坏滤饼。
本发明的其它方面和优点将从以下的描述和后附权利要求中变得明显。
发明详述
在一个方面,本文公开的实施方案涉及井筒流体。尤其,本文公开的实施方案涉及可以在钻穿过地层的生产层段的井筒中找到特殊应用的水基井筒流体。
如上所述,当钻井筒时,流体典型地需要增粘剂,所述增粘剂可以是,例如,生物聚合物如在水基流体中的黄原胶、瓜尔胶或硬葡聚糖胶,以提供提高的粘度和粘度控制、增加的凝胶强度和/或在钻井操作中钻井切屑的悬浮和移除。此外,一些增粘剂如黄原胶除了提供流变学性质外,还可以起到滤失控制剂的作用。结果,可以在其中包含这种聚合物添加剂的井筒上形成滤饼。即使在试图在开始井的开采之前使这种滤饼破坏后,残余的聚合物仍经常残留在壁上。因此,这种残余聚合物可能对地层,并且对驻留于其中的烃的开采产生有害作用。
因此,根据本公开内容的实施方案,水基井筒流体可以配制有至少一种粘弹性表面活性剂和改性淀粉以实现组合的流变学、滤失和净化性质,而无需结合生物聚合物。本文中还公开了使用这种流体钻至少一个层段(interval)的方法以及公开了对使用这种流体钻出的井进行完井和开采的方法。此外,尽管本公开内容的流体特别适合用于钻井筒的生产层段,但是本领域技术人员将理解,不存在对本发明范围的限制。相反,这种流体可用于钻井筒的任何(和所有的)层段,无论该层段是否对应于开采或“产带(pay zone)”部。
为了实现本公开内容的流体所需的流变学性质,可以将至少一种两性的粘弹性表面活性剂提供于流体中。术语“两性的”是指既可以起到酸的作用又可以起到碱的作用的化合物。通常,粘弹性表面活性剂是较小的分子,每个分子典型地为小于500克/摩尔(即,分子量小于500)。这些小分子将在一定条件下缔合,以形成组成聚合物分子的结构,但是该结构不是稳定的结构。表面活性剂的单独分子相当程度上(rather)可以缔合以形成杆状或螺旋形-圆柱体-状胶束。
通过在流体中结合粘弹性表面活性剂,可以给流体提供粘弹性。粘弹性流体是其中应力的施加引起相对缓慢地接近其平衡值的应变的那些流体。因此,粘弹性流体可以表现为粘性流体或弹性固体,这取决于体系上的应力。由表面活性剂造成的流体中的粘弹性可以以剪切速率变稀行为表明自己。例如,当这种流体被泵到井下时,流体表现出低粘度,而当剪切力减轻时,该流体回到其更粘稠的状态。这种剪切变稀效果可以由单独的表面活性剂分子的结构,和这些分子形成杆状或螺旋形圆柱体状胶束的趋势得到。因此,粘弹性表面活性剂的结合可以允许流体在低剪切下表现为粘性流体,而在更高剪切下表现为低粘度流体。粘弹性流体还具有弹性成分(elastic component),其以屈服值表明自己。这允许粘弹性流体悬浮不溶材料,例如桥堵固体或钻井切屑,其悬浮时间长于具有防止重力分离的相同表观粘度的粘性流体。另外,当钻井液是处于剪切条件下和自由流动的近流体(near-liquid)时,其必须保持足够高的粘度以将所有不必要的的粒状物从井筒底部携带到地面。
根据本公开内容的具体实施方案,粘弹性表面活性剂优选是两性的。合适的两性的表面活性剂是脂肪族季铵、鏻和锍化合物的衍生物,其中脂肪族基团含有8至18个碳原子,并且可以是直链或支链的,并且还含有阴离子水-增溶基团,如羧基、磺酸根(sulphonate)、硫酸根(sulphate)、磷酸根(phosphate)或膦酸根(phosphonate)。尤其,两性的表面活性剂可以是由以下通式结构(general structure)表示的化合物:
其中R1、R2、R3、R4和R5是碳链,所述碳链是饱和或不饱和的,直链、支链或环状的,包括芳族基团,R1含有8-26个碳,R2含有2-10个碳,并且R3、R4和R5含有1-6个碳;X是N、S或P,并且y是0或1。
在一个具体的实施方案中,两性的表面活性剂可以是烷基甜菜碱或烷基酰胺基丙基甜菜碱,其中R1可以衍生自各种脂肪酸,如丁酸(C4),己酸(C6),辛酸(C8),癸酸(C10),月桂酸(C12),肉豆蔻酸(C14),棕榈酸(C16),硬脂酸(C18)等;还可以是不饱和脂肪酸如肉豆蔻烯酸(C14),棕榈油酸(C16),油酸(C18),亚油酸(C18),α-亚油酸(C18),芥酸(C22)等,或它们的混合物。这种表面活性剂的商业实例包括由Rhodia,Inc.(Cranbury,New Jersey)以商品名销售的那些,包括BET-O-型(油酰氨基丙基(oleamidopropyl)甜菜碱)和BET-E-型(芥酰氨基丙基(eurcamidopropyl)甜菜碱)表面活性剂,其可以以在具有防冻剂(winterizing agent)如丙二醇的水中的各种活度的活性表面活性剂(例如,30-40%)商购。根据本发明的活性两性表面活性剂的量的范围可以从约0.01至约30重量%,在另一实施方案中从约0.5至约10重量%,在还另一实施方案中介于约1和约5重量%之间。然而,本领域技术人员将理解,可以使用其它的量,只要表面活性剂存在的量足以通过在井筒流体内形成胶束而赋予所需的流变学效果即可。在一个具体的实施方案中,活性两性表面活性剂的量可以基于具体应用所需的低剪切速率粘度选择。
此外,除了赋予流变学性质的粘弹性表面活性剂以外,还可以在井筒流体中提供改性淀粉以赋予所需的滤失控制性质,即使在更高的温度。本公内容的流体中使用的改性淀粉可以包括化学改性淀粉,包括用许多多官能交联剂处理的淀粉。在一个具体的实施方案中,化学改性淀粉包括其一部分羟基被酯或醚基团代替的淀粉。尤其,一部分羟基可以被环氧丙烷醚化以形成羟丙基淀粉,或用一氯乙酸醚化以形成羧甲基淀粉;然而,作为选择,可以使用其它的烷氧基化的或淀粉酯,如淀粉乙酸酯。此外,本领域技术人员将理解,还可设想其它改性。在一个具体的实施方案中,用于本公开内容的井筒流体中的改性淀粉可以包括在氢氧化钠和硫酸钠存在下使用环氧丙烷醚化的淀粉。
当交联的淀粉是适宜的时,合适的交联剂可以包括,例如,表氯醇,三氯氧化磷,己二酸酐-乙酸酐和三偏磷酸钠。此外,本领域技术人员将理解,用于交联的基材可以是化学改性淀粉,如其一部分羟基被酯基或醚基代替的淀粉。酯化/醚化淀粉和/或交联淀粉之间的选择可以,例如,取决于该流体所用于的具体的钻井操作(和地层)。例如,本领域技术人员将理解,取决于预期的温度(以及由此对温度稳定性的要求),交联可以对淀粉提供额外的热稳定性。
可以在改性淀粉中用作基材的淀粉包括由任何植物来源得到的淀粉,所述植物来源如玉米,小麦,稻,木薯,西米,糯玉米(waxy maize),糯米(waxy rice),高粱,马铃薯,豌豆,高淀粉含量的根等。淀粉由交联的脱水-D-葡萄糖单元组成,其具有主要直链结构(直链淀粉)或支链结构(支链淀粉)。然而,本领域技术人员将理解,单一植物物种可以存在一定比例的直链淀粉和支链淀粉,并且还可以存在具有变化比例的混合物。此外,已知“淀粉”还可以指同时含有直链淀粉和支链淀粉分子的普通淀粉,或实质上全部是支链淀粉分子的蜡质淀粉。
本公开内容的交联的淀粉可以使用已知技术通过使淀粉与合适的交联剂在水溶液中、碱性条件下反应而制备。然后,将交联的淀粉浆液干燥,例如通过加热鼓式干燥器或挤出机干燥。此外,淀粉颗粒当以已知方式干燥时,或者部分或者全部凝胶化。可以研磨产物以获得干燥产物(为所需的粒度),其然后可以在钻井部位结合到井筒流体中。
使用C.W.Brabender Visco-Amylo Graph测量交联淀粉的粘度是众所周知。使用这种测量装置,淀粉可以交联以在约92℃约40至约70分钟后产生约800至约1250,优选约920至约1150布拉本德单位的布拉本德峰值粘度。本领域技术人员将理解,用于实现这种程度的交联的交联剂的量一定程度上将取决于所采用的条件和材料而变化。典型地,所采用的交联剂的量的范围可以为淀粉重量的约0.05%至0.15%;然而,本领域技术人员将理解,该量将可以取决于例如所用试剂、反应条件、淀粉的种类和所需的交联度而变化。
本发明的交联淀粉以有效量用于地下处理流体中,以在宽的温度范围提供滤失控制和减少(educe)滤失。交联淀粉的有效量将取决于地下处理流体的其它组分以及其所用于的地下地层的地质特征和条件而变化。典型地,交联淀粉滤失控制添加剂的用量可以为每桶(bbl)地下处理流体约1磅至约10磅(lbs)淀粉,优选约3至约6磅/桶。
可以形成粘弹性流体的连续相的水性流体可以包括水和水溶性有机化合物的混合物、淡水、海水、盐水、以及上述各项的混合物中的至少一种。例如,含水流体可以用在淡水中的所需的盐的混合物配制。例如,这些盐可以包括,但不限于碱金属氯化物、氢氧化物或羧酸盐。在本文公开的钻井液的各种实施方案中,盐水可以包括海水,其中盐浓度小于海水盐浓度的水溶液,或其中盐浓度大于海水盐浓度的水溶液。可以在海水中发现的盐包括,但不限于,钠,钙,硫,铝,镁,钾,锶,硅,锂和磷的氯化物盐,溴化物盐,碳酸盐,碘化物盐,氯酸盐,溴酸盐,甲酸盐,硝酸盐,氧化物盐和氟化物盐。可以结合到盐水中的盐包括存在于天然海水中的那些盐或任何其它有机或无机溶解的盐中的一种或多种。另外,可用于本文公开的钻井液中的盐水可以是天然或合成的,其中合成盐水趋向于在构造上更简单。在一个实施方案中,可以通过增加盐水中的盐浓度(直至饱和)来控制钻井液的密度。在一个具体的实施方案中,盐水可以包括金属的一价或二价阳离子的卤化物或羧酸盐,所述金属如铯,钾,钙,锌,和/或钠。此外,当需要更大的温度稳定性时,本领域技术人员将理解,可以适宜地包含水可混溶的溶剂如各种二元醇以改善流体体系的热稳定性。
此外,在一个具体的实施方案中,在本公开内容的井筒流体中可以包含至少一种固体材料如桥堵剂或加重剂。适合用于某些实施方案的桥堵剂、加重剂或密度材料包括方铅矿,赤铁矿,磁铁矿,铁氧化物,illmenite,重晶石,菱铁矿,天青石,白云石,方解石等。作为选择,这样的材料还可以包括纤维状纤维素材料,石墨,焦炭,珍珠岩等。如果添加这种材料,则其添加量取决于最终组合物的所需密度。典型地,添加加重材料以得到至多约24磅/加仑的钻井液密度。优选添加加重材料至多达21磅/加仑和最优选至多达19.5磅/加仑。在一个具体的实施方案中,可以使用碳酸钙作为桥堵剂以形成滤饼。
此外,在一个具体的实施方案中,可以使用可混溶的胺作为pH缓冲剂和/或热增量剂以防止流体中存在的聚合物的酸催化降解。合适的可混溶的胺可以包括三乙醇胺;然而,本领域技术人员将理解,本公开内容的流体中还可以使用其它可混溶的胺,如甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA),二甲基乙醇胺(DMEA),二乙醇胺(DEA),一乙醇胺(MEA),或其它合适的叔、仲和伯胺和氨。合适的量的范围可以为可混溶的胺的重量的0.1%至10%。
典型地包含在井筒流体中的其它添加剂包括例如,滤失控制剂,互溶剂,润湿剂,亲有机物质的粘土,增粘剂,表面活性剂,分散剂,界面张力降低剂,互溶剂,稀释剂,稀化剂(thinning agent)和清洁剂。这种试剂的添加应是配制钻井液和泥浆的技术领域中的普通技术人员熟知的。
可以使用常规方法以与通常用于制备常规的水基钻井液的那些类似的方式制备本文公开的流体。在一个实施方案中,将所需量的水基流体和适宜量的如上所述的粘弹性表面活性剂和交联的淀粉混合在一起,并且采用连续混合顺序添加流体的剩余组分。
此外,当需要滤饼的净化/移除时,可以将破胶剂流体安置在采用本公开内容的流体钻出的井筒中。可以将破胶剂选择性地安置在井筒中,例如,通过挠性管(coil tube)或通过强行压井(bullheading)定点放置流体。可以使用井下风速计或类似工具检测井下流体流动,以显示流体可能漏失到地层的地方。本领域中已知的安置小段塞的各种方法论述于,例如,美国专利4,662,448,6,325,149,6,367,548,6,790,812,6,763,888中,这些专利通过引用以其全文形式结合在此。然而,在本申请的范围中没有意在对用于安置本公开内容的破胶剂流体的技术的限制。在足以使滤饼破裂或碎裂的一段时间即几天后,可以使流体回到地面以用于收集和随后回收技术。随后用冲洗流体冲洗井筒,这对确保完全移除残留在其中的滤饼材料是适宜的。各种类型的破胶剂是本领域中已知的,并且没有意在对可用于破坏从本公开内容的井筒流体形成的滤饼的一种或多种破胶剂的类型的限制。相反,设想任何的酶,溶剂,螯合剂,酸化性,或氧化性破胶剂均可以用于破坏这种滤饼。在一个具体的实施方案中,可以适宜地包括酶/溶剂/酸破胶剂组合以破坏交联的淀粉、增粘的表面活性剂和桥堵固体。
实施例
如下面表1中所示,配制具有以下组分的示例性流体和比较样品流体(采用常规的黄原胶增粘剂配制)。具体而言,这些组分包括烷基酰胺基丙基甜菜碱ECF-975,碳酸钙桥堵固体交联的马铃薯淀粉ECF-1758,黄原胶FLOVIS PLUSTM,和淀粉衍生物FLOTROLTM,所有均可获自M-ILLC(德克萨斯州休斯顿)。通过用Hamilton Beach混合机混合10-30min以配制这些流体。
表1
使用获自Fann Instrument Company的Fann Model 35粘度计测定流变学性质。用饱和API高温、高压(HTHP)池(cell)测量滤失。结果显示在下面的表2中。
表2
初始流体1 | 热老化后的流体1 | 初始流体2 | 热老化后的流体2 | |
流变学温度(120°F) | 120 | 120 | 120 | 120 |
600rpm | 61 | 53 | 51 | 57 |
300rpm | 45 | 35 | 39 | 45 |
200rpm | 40 | 30 | 34 | 40 |
100rpm | 32 | 20 | 28 | 31 |
6rpm | 16 | 14 | 13 | 15 |
3rpm | 11 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
GELS 10”(磅/100英尺2) | 10 | 5 | 10 | 12 |
GELS 10’(磅/100英尺2) | 11 | 8 | 13 | 15 |
表观粘度(cP) | 30.5 | 26.5 | 25.5 | 28.5 |
塑性粘度(cP) | 16 | 18 | 12 | 12 |
屈服点(磅/100英尺2) | 29 | 17 | 27 | 33 |
LSRV 1min(cps) | 93980 | 52389 | 38782 | 37292 |
2min(cps) | 90381 | 51989 | 40891 | 38192 |
3min(cps) | 94382 | 49989 | 40992 | 38492 |
API滤失(mL) | - | 4.6 | - | 3.8 |
pH | 8.82 | 9.20 | 9.06 | 9.18 |
泥浆重量 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.73 | 9.73 |
对由上述流体积累而成的滤饼进行改进的高温高压(HTHP)过滤测试。HTHP过滤测试使用HTHP池,HTHP池配备有作为多孔介质的烧结的盘,在烧结的盘上积累形成滤饼。在该实施例中,滤饼累积在20微米的盘上。在向滤饼盘施加在180°F的500psi后,收集的流出物如下面表3所示。
表3
热老化后的流体1 | 热老化后的流体2 | |
喷射 | 4.4 | 3.8 |
1min | 2.0 | 1.6 |
4min | 3.6 | 2.6 |
9min | 4.8 | 2.6 |
16min | 6.0 | 4.6 |
25min | 6.8 | 5.8 |
30min | 7.4 | 6.4 |
36min | 7.8 | 6.8 |
30min加倍的 | 14.8 | 12.8 |
改进的HTHP滤失(Fluid Losa) | 19.2 | 16.6 |
厚度 | 1/16” | 1/16” |
此外,测试了包含润滑剂、惰性固体和粘土的流体1的污染效果。KLASTOPTM是抑制粘土水合的一种聚醚胺添加剂,可商购自M-I LLC(德克萨斯州休斯顿)。污染量显示在下面的表4中。
表4
流体1+润滑剂 | 流体1+惰性固体 | 流体1+粘土 | 流体1+粘土+KLAStop | 流体1+固体+润滑剂 | |
流体1 | 339.5/394.2 | 339.5/394.2 | 339.5/394.2 | 339.5/394.2 | 339.5/394.2 |
STARGLIDE润滑剂(3%v/v) | 10.5/9.5 | - | - | - | 10.5/9.5 |
灰尘(RevDust)(3%v/v) | - | 17 | - | - | 17 |
硅石粉(3%v/v) | - | 10.3 | - | - | 10.3 |
Hymod粘土(3%) | - | - | 27.3 | 27.3 | - |
KLAStop(3%v/v) | - | - | - | 10.5/9.5 | - |
测试污染的流体的流变学性质并且显示在下面的表5中。
表5
流体1+润滑剂 | 流体1+惰性固体 | 流体1+粘土 | 流体1+粘土+KLAStop | 流体1+固体+润滑剂 | |
流变学温度(120°F) | 120 | 120 | 120 | 120 | 120 |
600rpm | 39 | 48 | 90 | 82 | 34 |
300rpm | 25 | 30 | 62 | 59 | 20 |
200rpm | 20 | 25 | 49 | 50 | 16 |
100rpm | 13 | 17 | 34 | 40 | 10 |
6rpm | 5 | 5 | 12 | 19 | 4 |
3rpm | 3 | 4 | 10 | 16 | 3 |
GELS 10”(磅/100英尺2) | 3 | 4 | 8 | 15 | 3 |
GELS 10’(磅/100英尺2) | 4 | 5 | 15 | 18 | 4 |
表观粘度(cP) | 19.5 | 24 | 45 | 41 | 17 |
塑性粘度(cP) | 14 | 18 | 28 | 23 | 14 |
屈服点(磅/100英尺2) | 11 | 12 | 34 | 36 | 6 |
LSRV 1min(cps) | 3199 | 21095 | 82482 | - | 8398 |
2min(cps) | 3099 | 19496 | 95280 | 77983 | 8298 |
3min(cps) | 3199 | 17396 | 92381 | 71585 | 7998 |
API滤失(mL) | 2 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 2.2 |
pH | 9.24 | 9.43 | 9.23 | 9.57 | 9.06 |
泥浆重量 | 9.62 | 10.03 | 10.03 | 9.97 | 9.97 |
另外,还对污染的流体进行改进的HTHP过滤测试。结果显示在表6中。
表6
流体1+润滑剂 | 流体1+惰性固体 | 流体1+粘土 | 流体1+粘土+KLAStop | 流体1+固体+润滑剂 | |
喷射 | 9.4 | 2.0 | 32.2 | 5.4 | 1.8 |
1min | 0.4 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.6 |
4min | 1.6 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.0 |
9min | 2.2 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 5.0 | 3.4 |
16min | 2.8 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 4.2 |
25min | 3.4 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 7.4 | 4.8 |
30min | 3.8 | 6.6 | 7.4 | 8.2 | 5.0 |
36min | 4.0 | 7.0 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 5.4 |
30min加倍的 | 7.6 | 13.2 | 14.8 | 16.4 | 10.0 |
改进的HTHP滤失 | 17.0 | 15.2 | 47.0 | 21.8 | 11.8 |
厚度 | 1/16” | 2/16” | 3/16” | 2/16” | 1/16” |
如下面表7所示配制破胶剂流体。具体地,组分包括螯合剂D-SOLVERTM,酶破胶剂A,和表面活性剂D-SPERSETM,其全部可获自M-ILLC(德克萨斯州休斯顿)。
表7
按如下测试由流体1积累形成的滤饼的破坏。20微米盘用3%KCl预浸渍,装入到改进的HTHP池中,该池用3%KCl充满。将闭合的池子放入Flow Back测试器中,在此进行的时间量为在5psi的开采和注入中使200mL通过该盘的时间。滗去KCl并且用上述流体充满池子。向池子施加500psi的压力并且使温度达到180°F。在达到180°F后,进行4小时的滤失测试,并且记录滤液收集物。将过量的流体从池中滗去/移除,并且将表7中所示的破胶剂流体加入其中。施加500ps的压力30min(或直至收集30mL的流出物)。将压力降低到50psi并将池子关闭(shut in),使滤饼在50psi于180°F浸渍72小时。72小时后,从池中滗去残余的破胶剂,并且用3%KCl充满该池。在5psi测量200ml在开采和注入方向上流动所需的时间。流体1显示,开采和注入率分别返回到97.6和99.1%的流量百分比。
有利地,本公开内容的实施方案可以提供以下各项中的至少一种。本公开内容的井筒流体可以在穿过地层的生产层段的钻井中找到特殊用途,其中可以特别适宜地提高净化能力,使烃回收最大化。尤其,本公开内容的流体可以特别适宜于基于流变学性质对这种目标层段进行的钻井,容易移除,返排量(包括使井轻微增产,增加返排),并且与完井技术相容。此外,适宜的流变学性质包括1)在高剪切值的粘度足够低以保证钻井过程中的低压降,和2)在低剪切值的凝胶和粘度值足够高以在流体循环停止时将切屑保持在悬浮液中,从而避免沉积物的形成。如上所述,本发明的交联淀粉滤失添加剂提供了在宽温度范围和在经常要求盐度、剪切力和高温耐受性的环境中的良好的滤失控制。
尽管针对有限的实施方案描述了本发明,但是受益于本公开内容的本领域技术人员将理解,可以设计不偏离本文公开的本发明范围的其它实施方案。因此,本发明的范围应仅由后附权利要求书限定。
Claims (25)
1.一种井筒流体,所述井筒流体包含:
水基流体;
两性的粘弹性表面活性剂;和
改性淀粉。
2.权利要求1所述的井筒流体,所述井筒流体还包含:
桥堵剂。
3.权利要求1所述的井筒流体,其中所述两性的表面活性剂包括由以下通式结构表示的化合物:
其中R1、R2、R3、R4和R5是碳链,所述碳链是饱和或不饱和的,直链、支链或环状的,包括芳族基团,R1含有8-26个碳,R2含有2-10个碳,并且R3、R4和R5含有1-6个碳;X是N、S或P,并且y是0或1。
4.权利要求3所述的井筒流体,其中所述两性的表面活性剂包括至少一种烷基酰胺基丙基甜菜碱。
5.权利要求1所述的井筒流体,其中所述改性淀粉包括醚化、酯化、交联或它们的组合中的至少一种。
6.权利要求1所述的井筒流体,其中所述改性淀粉包括用表氯醇、三氯氧化磷、己二酸酐-乙酸酐和三偏磷酸钠中的至少一种交联的直链淀粉和/或支链淀粉。
7.权利要求1所述的井筒流体,其中所述改性淀粉包括玉米、小麦、稻、木薯、西米、糯玉米、糯米、高粱、马铃薯和豌豆中的至少一种作为淀粉源。
8.权利要求6所述的井筒流体,其中所述改性淀粉包括马铃薯作为淀粉源。
9.权利要求1所述的井筒流体,其中所述水基流体包括水和水溶性有机化合物的混合物、淡水、海水、盐水、以及上述各项的混合物。
10.权利要求1所述的井筒流体,所述井筒流体还包含:
至少一种可混溶的胺。
11.一种钻地下井的方法,所述方法包括:
使用旋转钻机钻地下井,并且使井筒流体在所述地下井中循环,其中所述井筒流体包含:
水基连续相;
两性的粘弹性表面活性剂;和
改性淀粉。
12.权利要求11所述的方法,其中使用所述井筒流体钻所述井的生产层段。
13.权利要求12所述的方法,其中使用不同的井筒流体钻所述生产层段之前的井。
15.权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述改性淀粉包括玉米、小麦、稻、木薯、西米、糯玉米、糯米、高粱、马铃薯和豌豆中的至少一种作为淀粉源。
16.一种减少流体从地下井漏失的方法,所述方法包括:
将井筒流体注入到所述地下井中,所述井筒流体包含:
水基连续相;
两性的粘弹性表面活性剂;和
改性淀粉。
18.权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述改性淀粉包括玉米、小麦、稻、木薯、西米、糯玉米、糯米、高粱、马铃薯和豌豆中的至少一种作为淀粉源。
19.一种将井筒完井的方法,所述方法包括:
采用井筒流体钻所述井筒以在其壁上形成滤饼,
所述井筒流体包含:
水基连续相;
两性的粘弹性表面活性剂;和
改性淀粉;
将破胶剂流体安置到所述井筒中;和
将所述井关闭一段时间,所述一段时间足以引发所述滤饼的破坏。
20.权利要求19所述的方法,所述方法还包括:
砾石充填所述井筒的至少一个层段。
21.权利要求19所述的方法,所述方法还包括:
在安置破胶剂流体之前和/或之后使冲洗流体循环通过所述井筒。
22.权利要求19所述的方法,所述方法还包括:
收集所述破胶剂流体,所述破胶剂流体中有至少一部分的经破坏的逆乳化滤饼在其中被乳化。
23.权利要求19所述的方法,所述方法还包括:
通过所述井筒开始地层流体的开采。
25.权利要求19所述的方法,其中所述改性淀粉包括玉米、小麦、稻、木薯、西米、糯玉米、糯米、高粱、马铃薯和豌豆中的至少一种作为淀粉源。
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EP2245105B1 (en) | 2014-05-07 |
AU2009204201B2 (en) | 2012-02-02 |
BRPI0906692A2 (pt) | 2015-06-30 |
CA2711515A1 (en) | 2009-07-16 |
AU2009204201A1 (en) | 2009-07-16 |
EA020211B1 (ru) | 2014-09-30 |
CN101910355B (zh) | 2013-06-12 |
EP2245105A4 (en) | 2011-10-12 |
WO2009089267A2 (en) | 2009-07-16 |
CA2711515C (en) | 2012-09-04 |
AR070138A1 (es) | 2010-03-17 |
EP2245105A2 (en) | 2010-11-03 |
US8937034B2 (en) | 2015-01-20 |
US20150101805A1 (en) | 2015-04-16 |
EA201070836A1 (ru) | 2011-02-28 |
US20100294498A1 (en) | 2010-11-25 |
WO2009089267A3 (en) | 2009-10-15 |
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