CN101903199B - 用于混合动力车辆的驱动*** - Google Patents

用于混合动力车辆的驱动*** Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101903199B
CN101903199B CN200880121421.2A CN200880121421A CN101903199B CN 101903199 B CN101903199 B CN 101903199B CN 200880121421 A CN200880121421 A CN 200880121421A CN 101903199 B CN101903199 B CN 101903199B
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power
path
drive system
motor
mechanical
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CN101903199A (zh
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达雷恩·利·福斯特
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Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO
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Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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    • B60K6/445—Differential gearing distribution type
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
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    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2009—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed for braking
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    • F16H37/08—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing
    • F16H37/0833—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts, i.e. with two or more internal power paths
    • F16H37/084—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts, i.e. with two or more internal power paths at least one power path being a continuously variable transmission, i.e. CVT
    • F16H2037/088—Power split variators with summing differentials, with the input of the CVT connected or connectable to the input shaft
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种驱动***，特别用于混合动力车辆，其包括具有相关驱动路径(I，IIa，IIb)的功率分流装置(12)，其中至少一个驱动路径包括两个机械连接的电机，它们形成了具有机械驱动路径(IIa)和电力驱动路径(IIb)的级联功率分流装置。本发明还涉及一种混合动力车辆、一种用于在驱动***中传递功率的方法，以及涉及双气隙电机在具有功率分流装置的驱动***的驱动路径中的应用。

Description

用于混合动力车辆的驱动***
技术领域
本发明涉及一种驱动***，特别涉及一种用于混合动力车辆的驱动***，所述驱动***配备有发动机和电机。发动机和电机均为动力来源，它们各自具有不同的特性，并且它们的驱动力用于使车辆行驶。
背景技术
近年来混合动力车辆被开发出来并投入实际应用。在这样的混合动力车辆中，通过以最适合于驱动环境的组合方式使用来自两种类型功率源的驱动功率，每一功率源的功率被用于补偿另一功率源的不足。因此，充分确保了车辆的功率性能并大幅改进了耗油率和尾气排放性能。
已经针对待用于混合动力车辆中的驱动***提出了多种建议。一种建议包括内燃机的使用，该内燃机的输出轴连接至功率分流装置，功率分流装置例如是将发动机的转矩分成两个驱动路径的行星齿轮。第一路径包括仅传送机械功率的机械路径。第二路径包括两个电机。在这些电机之间，该路径只传送电力。这两个驱动路径例如使用机械减速装置电机的下游机械地连接。连接的路径通向最后的驱动器。第一个电机用作发电机，第二个电机用作发动机，反过来也可以。发动机和发电机通过变换器连接。变换器连接至电池。
目前，阻碍其在广阔市场畅销的原因是这种混合驱动***的相对较高的成本，其形成了制造商的投资壁垒同时也减少了利润。在这种混合***中两个主要的成本部件是电机，具体是变换器部件和电池部件。特别地，如果经由第二路径传送的电功率较高，则需要相对较大的变换器，同时在电零件的冷却***上也承受较高的应力。实际上，为了控制成本，传动比范围受到限制，从而将车辆性能限制在较低的车速上。特别地，低速驱动力矩会产生负面影响，其限制了拖车牵引能力。
发明内容
本发明的目标是减少上述缺点。因此，本发明提供了一种驱动***，尤其是用于混合动力车辆的驱动***，其包括具有相关驱动路径的功率分流装置，其中驱动路径中至少一个包括两个机械连接的电机，这些电机构成了同时具有机械驱动路径和电驱动路径的级联功率分流装置。
通过使用机械连接(优选地是机械结合)的电机构成级联功率分流装置，可以在电机方面实现较多的成本削减。特别地，由于连接的电机构成了级联功率分流装置，机械驱动路径可用于在具有电机的驱动路径内传递功率。这样的话，所安装的电功率和变换器级别可以大幅减小。而且，由于电机的整合，***的质量、体积和复杂性都将降低。
通过使用双气隙电机作为机械连接电机，可以使用紧凑却相对简单的机械整合设计。优选地，双气隙电机包括转子、内转子和定子，它们一起构成了两个机械整合的电机。这种电机的例子在US5917248、WO 0034066、EP1154551A2、WO03051660以及在徐隆亚的“A new breed of electric machines-basic analysis andapplications of dual mechanical port electric machines，”Proc.8th Int.Conf.Electrical Machines and Systems，南京，2005，24-29页中公开。机械连接的电机可以用作电变换器，即用作加强带有电机的驱动路径的输入和输出轴的给定速度差的单元。
有利地，这两个电机还可以磁耦合，并且最好是如申请人在WO 03/075437中公开的电动无级变速器的一部分。这种电机例如特征在于，一种包括机电变换器的电动无级变速器，该机电变换器具有：主轴，转子安装在主轴上；副轴，内转子安装在副轴上；以及牢固地安装在机电变换器的壳体内的定子，其中，沿径向从主轴看去，转子、内转子和定子彼此同心地设置，并且其中转子和定子被设计为带有一个或多个单相或多相电力可接入绕组，其中内转子机械和电磁地构成一个整体，并且其被设置为用作切向和径向上的磁通量的导体，并且其中内转子的至少一侧上的磁通量传导材料中的磁极的模式(pattern)是自由的并可以在运行中改变。
驱动***中的功率分流装置可以是输入分流式、输出分流式、复合分流式或上述几种的组合。优选地，功率分流装置是输出分流式装置，其被设置为用于在变速器输出端组合功率路径。另一种选择是输入分流式，其中功率分流发生在变速器的输入端。还有一种选择是复合分流结构，其中功率在变速器输入端被分流，然后由第二功率分流装置在变速器输出端被再次组合。功率分流装置可以包括行星齿轮，但也可以包括适当结构的液压转矩变换器。
本发明还涉及一种混合动力车辆，其包括驱动***，该驱动***可以是上述任何变型中的驱动***，此外本发明还涉及双气隙电机(特别是电动无级变速器)在具有功率分流装置的驱动***的驱动路径中的应用。本发明还涉及一种用于在驱动***中传送功率的方法，其中驱动功率被分流至驱动路径，并且其中使用两个机械耦合(特别是机械整合的且优选也电磁耦合的)电机使得在驱动路径之一中的功率再次分流。这样，分流路径可以被再分为电力驱动和机械驱动路径，从而减少了电驱动路径中的部件的功率要求。
附图说明
根据下面的示例，本发明的其它特点和方面将显而易见，其中示例仅作为非限制性的实施例给出。其中：
图1示出了包括电动无级变速器的驱动***的简图；
图2示出了表示为级联功率分流的图1变速器的简图；
图3示出了包括电动无级变速器的驱动***的另一实施例的简图；
图4示出了表示为级联功率分流的图3变速器的简图；
图5示出了电动无级变速器的示意图；
图6示出了比较功率分流特征的曲线图；
图7示出了包括电动无级变速器的驱动***的功率分流比-传动比的图；
图8示出了比较不同驱动***的机器转矩的表。
这些图仅是本发明的优选示例性实施例的示意图。而且，应当指出的是类似或对应的部分均由相同的参考标号标示。
具体实施方式
图1示出了用于混合动力车辆的驱动***1。混合动力车辆例如可以是组合了两种功率源(如内燃机和电动机)的车辆。驱动***1包括功率分流装置2。在该实施例中，功率分流装置体现为行星齿轮系。
功率分流装置2在这里体现为输入分流装置，其被设置为用于分流输入的功率。在这种输入分流结构中，传送路径在变速器入口处被分开然后在变速器出口处连接。
这里，由内燃机3产生用于功率分流装置2的输入功率。这种内燃机例如可以是诸如柴油发动机或四冲程汽油发动机的内燃机。功率分流装置2将发动机所产生的转矩分流至两个驱动路径，这两个驱动路径在差动齿轮17前面的接合点16处相互汇合。在图的最上面示出的第一路径I仅传送机械功率。附图中示出在第一路径下面的第二路径II包括两个整体的、机械地(且最好也磁性地)连接的电机4。电机4形成具有机械路径和电力路径的级联功率分流装置。图2示出了这种情况。第二路径II包括平行的机械子路径IIa和电力子路径IIb。
在该实例中，两个机械地和磁性地连接的电机被作为电动无级变速器(E.V.T.)的一部分提供。这种电动无级变速器在本申请人名下的WO 03/075437中进行了详细描述。特别地，参照图5，这种电动无级变速器包括机电变换器，该机电变换器具有安装有转子8的主轴5，安装有内转子15的副轴7，以及牢固地安装至机电变换器的壳体3的定子10。沿径向从主轴5看过去，转子8、内转子15和定子10彼此同心地设置。转子8和定子10可被设计成具有一个或多个单相或多相电力可接入绕组。内转子15机械且电磁地形成一个整体，并且被设置成用作用于切向和径向上的磁通量的导体。内转子的至少一侧上的磁通量传导材料的磁极的模式(pattern)是自由的，并且可在运行期间改变。电动无级变速器的更具体的描述参见WO 03/075437，特别是参照WO 03/075437的图3中示出的示范性实施例的描述。
主轴5例如可以通过具有固定比率的齿轮传动与分流装置2连接。副轴7例如可以通过具有固定比率的齿轮传动10在接合点16处与形成机械路径I的驱动轴耦合。
图3示出了替代实施例的驱动***1’，其中功率分流装置2’体现为输出分流装置，其被设置为用于分流输出的功率。在该实施例中，传送路径I’和II’通过接合点16’在变速器入口处接合，并且通过位于变速器出口处的功率分流装置2在变速器出口处分流。图4中示出的也是该实施例，其中电机4’形成具有机械驱动路径和电力驱动路径的级联功率分流装置。第二路径II’包括平行的机械子路径IIa’和电力子路径IIb’。
本申请的图6示出了曲线图，其中例如在US 5 991 683中公开的具有用于混合动力车辆的传统驱动***中的输入分流装置的驱动***的功率分流特征曲线与根据本发明的包括电动无级变速器(E.V.T.)的驱动***的功率分流特征曲线进行比较。在图中，传动比TR(输出转矩/输入转矩)表示在横轴上，W/win(电分流功率/输入轴功率)表示在竖轴上。US 5 991 683中公开的***与E.V.T.具有类似的特征曲线，但机械分流功率的零值点位于不同的位置。通过提供包括两个通过机械传动(这里机械传动为在所连接的电机的输入端和输出端分别具有固定传动比的齿轮传动9、10)而机械整合且磁耦合的电机，电分流功率的零值点可以相对彼此移动。通过以这种方式正确“调谐”，可以实现图7所示的特征曲线。从图中可容易地看出，给定比率范围内所需的分流功率大幅减少。在图7的图表中，传动比表示在横轴上，而功率分流比表示在竖轴上。
在图8的表中，给出了为了达到与传统混合变速器等效性能所需的机器转矩的概况。表中示出了用于E.V.T.结构的内、外气隙所需的“气隙转矩”，以及US 5 991 683类型的***中每个电机所需的转矩。在这两个例子中，变速器输入转矩和变速器输出转矩是相同的。对于给定类型和特征曲线的电机，转矩比与机器物理尺寸成比例。在总安装转矩图中可以看出，级联功率分流***中的E.V.T对于电机体积的要求相较于US 5 991 683的***有所减少。这导致更加紧凑的包装。可以通过控制电动无级变速器而对传动进行控制。在一般的使用中，对电动无级变速器的输入轴进行速度控制。这种方式控制了通常与发动机相连接的变速器的输入轴速度。对输出则采用转矩控制。在电动无级变速器的控制中，可能有多种选项，如再生中断、发动机启停、急充电等。
对于技术人员来说应当明白的是，本发明不限于本文所描述的实施例。在由所附权利要求限定的本发明的范围内可以进行多种修改。

Claims (16)

1.一种驱动***，其包括具有相关驱动路径的功率分流装置，其中所述驱动路径中的至少一个包括两个机械连接且磁耦合的电机，所述电机构成具有机械驱动路径和电力驱动路径的级联功率分流装置，两个所述电机在所述机械驱动路径中为磁耦合的，且所述电力驱动路径仅传递电功率。
2.根据权利要求1所述的驱动***，其中，所述机械连接的电机包括双气隙电机。
3.根据权利要求2所述的驱动***，其中，所述双气隙电机包括转子、内转子和定子，所述转子、内转子和定子一起构成两个机械整合的电机。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的驱动***，其中，两个电力和机械连接的电机是电动无级变速器的一部分。
5.根据权利要求4所述的驱动***，其中所述电动无级变速器包括机电变换器，所述机电变换器具有安装有一转子的主轴、安装有一内转子的副轴以及牢固地安装至所述机电变换器的壳体的定子，其中，从主轴(5)沿径向看去，所述转子、所述内转子和所述定子彼此同心地设置，并且其中所述转子和所述定子被设计为具有一个或多个单相或多相电力可接入绕组，其中所述内转子机械地且电磁地构成一个整体，并且其被设置为用作用于切向和径向上的磁通量的导体，并且其中所述内转子的至少一侧上的磁通量传导材料中的磁极的模式是自由的并在运行期间能够变化。
6.根据权利要求1所述的驱动***，其中，所述功率分流装置包括行星齿轮。
7.根据权利要求3所述的驱动***，其中，所述功率分流装置是输出分流装置，其被设置为用于分流输出的功率。
8.根据权利要求3所述的驱动***，其中，由内燃机产生输入的功率。
9.根据权利要求3所述的驱动***，其中，与所述功率分流装置相关的又一驱动路径是只传递机械功率的机械驱动路径。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的驱动***，其中包括两个机械连接的电机的所述驱动路径包括磁性耦合的电机的输入端和/或输出端处的机械传动。
11.根据权利要求10所述的驱动***，其中，所述机械传动是具有固定传动比的齿轮传动。
12.一种混合动力车辆，包括根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的驱动***。
13.一种用于在驱动***中传送动力的方法，其中驱动功率被分流至驱动路径，并且其中使用两个机械连接且磁耦合的电机再次分流所述驱动路径之一中的功率，其中所述电机构成具有机械驱动路径和电力驱动路径的级联功率分流装置，两个所述电机在所述机械驱动路径中为磁耦合的，且所述电力驱动路径仅传递电功率。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其中，两个所述机械连接且磁耦合的电机是双气隙电机。
15.一种双气隙电机在具有功率分流装置的根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的驱动***的驱动路径中的应用。
16.根据权利要求15所述的应用，其中，所述双气隙电机是电动无级变速器。
CN200880121421.2A 2007-12-18 2008-12-17 用于混合动力车辆的驱动*** Expired - Fee Related CN101903199B (zh)

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