CN101886301B - Device for twisting nanometer fibers prepared by electrostatic spinning into stranded wires - Google Patents
Device for twisting nanometer fibers prepared by electrostatic spinning into stranded wires Download PDFInfo
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- CN101886301B CN101886301B CN2009100840094A CN200910084009A CN101886301B CN 101886301 B CN101886301 B CN 101886301B CN 2009100840094 A CN2009100840094 A CN 2009100840094A CN 200910084009 A CN200910084009 A CN 200910084009A CN 101886301 B CN101886301 B CN 101886301B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a device for twisting nanometer fibers prepared by electrostatic spinning into stranded wires. The device comprises a circular grounded metal ring, a collecting pipe and a guide pipe, wherein the circular grounded metal ring is arranged on the end part of a motor shaft of a first motor; the collecting pipe is arranged on the end part of a motor shaft of a second motor; the guide pipe is arranged on the end part of a motor shaft of a third motor; the circular grounded metal ring, the collecting pipe and the guide pipe are positioned in an electro-spinning collecting region; the collecting pipe and the guide pipe vertically intersect at a point A; the collecting pipe is positioned on the outer side of the guide pipe, which is away from the grounded metal ring; the diameter of the guide pipe is the same as that of the collecting pipe; the connecting line between the axle center of the motor shaft of the first motor and the point A is vertical to the collecting pipe and the guide pipe at the same time; the point A and the outer edge of the grounded metal ring form a taper angle of between 20 and 120 degrees; the collecting pipe and the guide pipe rotate relatively in relation to the point A at the same time or rotate towards each other away from the point A at the same time; the linear speeds of the collecting pipe and the guide pipe are the same at the point A; and the rotating speed of the first motor is more than that of the third motor. The device expands the application of electrostatic spinning in biology, spinning, materials and electrons and the like.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the electrostatic spinning technique field, particularly a kind of nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made is twisted into the device of twisted wire.
Background technology
The electrospinning silk is a kind of new technology for preparing diameter at the macromolecular fibre and the composite fiber thereof of submicron-scale.Up to the present, about 100 kinds of polymer that have of having reported utilize electrostatic spinning technique to prepare ultra-fine or nanofiber, researcher also studied polymer electrospun influence factor, aggregate of fibers pattern and discharge and the potential application in field such as membrane filtration material at bioengineered tissue, medicament slow release.Wherein, nanofiber aggregate structure form has significant effects to the performance and the application of nanofiber.Preparing the orderly micron twisted wire of micro-structural by electrostatic spinning technique is the important intermediate step that realizes that nanofiber is used in fields such as weavings, and therefore, having prepared widely of twisted wire paid close attention in recent years.Compare with the twisted wire that traditional fibre is formed, the micron twisted wire that is made of nanofiber has extraordinary pliability, characteristics such as light weight, high surface area are particularly suitable for the technical need of the fabric textile material of multiple function application demands such as lightweight, softness, warming, waterproof.Because the small scale structures characteristics of nanofiber, traditional twisting apparatus can cause structural deterioration to nanofiber.Therefore, it is extremely important to invent the micron twisted wire that new square law device prepares that micro-structural is orderly, length is continuous, can expand the application prospect of method of electrostatic spinning greatly.How to prepare continuous, the structurally ordered micron twisted wire of length is the emphasis that electrostatic spinning research is paid close attention to always.The visible document Electrospinning of report the earliest with dual rings Polym.Commun.46 (2005) 611 and One-step electrospunnanofiber-based composite ropes, Applied Physics Letters 90, (2007) 083108, though method has wherein obtained the high micron twisted wire of the degree of order, the preparation of twisted wire can't realize continuous preparation technically.At document Continuous polymer nanofiber yarns prepared by self-bundling electrospinningmethod, among Polymer 49 (2008) 2755-2761, the length of single twisted wire can have been accomplished more than 10 meters, but the order of the micro-structural of twisted wire is very poor, and the electrical conductivity of used electrostatic spinning solvent is had comparatively harsh restriction.Document Novel mechanism for spinning continuous twisted composite nanofiberyarns, the proposition of European Polymer Journal 44 (2008) 1-12 the new approaches of preparation nanofiber twisted wire, the degree of order of nanofiber has obtained certain raising in the twisted wire, and can guarantee its continuity.But fiber windup-degree in twisted wire is uncontrollable; And the fiber of structural disorder can collect simultaneously, and causes twisted wire further to separate from gathering-device.
As can be seen, present various electrostatic spinning apparatus also can't prepare the orderly micron twisted wire of micro-structural continuous, that be made up of nanofiber by one-step method.The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of inventive method and device, make it can realize preparing continuously the micron twisted wire of new polymers and compound thereof, expand the application of method of electrostatic spinning in industry such as biology, weaving, material, electronics.
The invention still further relates to and a kind ofly prepare the device of continuous micron twisted wire by in electric field, carrying out electrostatic spinning.Use two composition motors to replace traditional grounding plate.Be connected the bundles of nanofibers twisting that circular circular grounded metal ring 4 usefulness on the motor 1 are opposed and formed, the nanofiber twisted wire after the twisting is wound to collecting pipe 5 on the motor 2 through the guiding tube on the motor 36, realizes the preparation of continuous twisted wire.Behind the device working stability, settle protective cover 9, to reduce the introducing of unordered fiber as far as possible.After preparation finishes, can obtain the micron twisted wire of continuous structure from the collecting pipe 5 that unloads.
Because use composition motor to replace traditional grounding plate, change has taken place in the shape of electric field, between the grounded metal pipe and guiding tube that are deposited on rotation that nanometer electrospinning silk is continuous.When the rotating speed of composition motor was arranged in pairs or groups relatively, the nanofiber aggregation was twisted with the fingers into twisted wire and is collected.
Summary of the invention
The nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made that the purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of micron twisted wire of being made up of nanofiber for preparing that length is continuous, micro-structural is limited is twisted into the device of twisted wire.
Technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
The nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made provided by the invention is twisted into the device of twisted wire, and it comprises:
One first motor;
Be installed on the circular circular grounded metal ring of the motor shaft end of described first motor, described circular ground connection gold
The annular end face that belongs to circle is perpendicular to horizontal plane, and by lead ground connection;
One second motor;
Be installed on the collecting pipe of the motor shaft end of described second motor;
One the 3rd motor;
Be installed on the guiding tube of the motor shaft end of described the 3rd motor;
Described circular circular grounded metal ring, described collecting pipe and described guiding tube are positioned at the spun filametntary collecting region of electrostatic spinning apparatus; The top edge of described circular circular grounded metal ring is 7~12cm apart from the distance of the electrode of electrostatic spinning apparatus;
Described collecting pipe and described guiding tube are vertically intersected on the A point, and described collecting pipe is positioned at the outside away from the guiding tube of described circular circular grounded metal ring;
Described guide tube diameter is identical with the collecting pipe diameter;
The line that described first motor motor shaft axle center and described A are ordered is simultaneously perpendicular to described collecting pipe and described guiding tube;
The outer rim of described A point and circular circular grounded metal ring is 20-120 ° of cone angle;
The rotation in opposite directions that described collecting pipe and guiding tube are done the relative rotation of ordering with respect to A simultaneously or done simultaneously to order away from A; Described collecting pipe is identical in the linear velocity at described A point place with guiding tube;
The rotary speed of described first motor is greater than the rotary speed of described the 3rd motor.
The nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made of the present invention is twisted into the device of twisted wire, can comprise that also one covers in protective cover under it with described collecting pipe and guiding tube.Described protective cover is the protective cover of epoxy resin material or glass material.
Described first rotating speed of motor is that 1000rpm is to 6000rpm.
Described collecting pipe and guiding tube are 10cm/min~100cm/min in the linear velocity at described A point place.
The diameter of described circular circular grounded metal ring is 4~6cm.
Described circular circular grounded metal ring is 5~25mm at a distance of the distance of guiding tube.
Described guide tube diameter and collecting pipe diameter are 1~2cm.
Described second motor speed and the 3rd motor speed are 0.5~8rpm.
Mechanism of the present invention is: replaced traditional being used to of electrostatic spinning apparatus to collect the grounding plate of electrospinning silk with two orthogonal motors of rotation direction, the spun nanometer electrospinning of electrostatic spinning apparatus silk is deposited between the circular circular grounded metal ring and guiding tube of rotation continuously; When the linear velocity of circular circular grounded metal ring during greater than pilot line speed, nanometer electricity spinning poly is twisted into twisted wire and is collected on the collecting pipe.
The structure of electrospun fibers and twisted wire can be regulated by the running parameter of this device: the ratio (or ratio of first motor, 1 rotating speed and the 3rd motor speed) of establishing first motor, 1 rotating speed and second motor, 2 rotating speeds is r; When distance one timing of circular circular grounded metal ring 4 with guiding tube 6, r is big more, and the windup-degree of twisted wire is big more, otherwise more little; The diameter of twisted wire is by the speed control of syringe 10, and speed is fast more, and the diameter of twisted wire is big more, otherwise more little.
The device that the nanofiber that the present invention makes electrostatic spinning is twisted into twisted wire compared with prior art has following advantage:
The nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made of the present invention is twisted into the device of twisted wire, is actually a kind of electrostatic spinning gathering-device, uses composition motor to replace traditional grounding plate, thereby can prepare the continuous micron twisted wire of being made up of nanometer electrospinning silk; Expanded the extensive use of electrostatic spinning in industry such as biology, weaving, material, electronics.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a structural representation of the present invention;
Electron microscope (SEM) photo of the PVA nanofiber twisted wire that the device that Fig. 2 is twisted into twisted wire for the nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made of the present invention is prepared.
The specific embodiment
Fig. 1 is a structural representation of the present invention, and as shown in Figure 1, the nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made provided by the invention is twisted into the device of twisted wire, and it comprises:
One first motor 1;
Be installed on the circular circular grounded metal ring 4 of the motor shaft end of described first motor 1, described circular ground connection
The annular end face of quoit 4 is perpendicular to horizontal plane, and by lead ground connection;
One second motor 2;
Be installed on the collecting pipe 5 of the motor shaft end of described second motor 2;
One the 3rd motor 3;
Be installed on the guiding tube 6 of the motor shaft end of described the 3rd motor 3;
Described circular circular grounded metal ring 4, described collecting pipe 5 and described guiding tube 6 are positioned at the spun filametntary collecting region of electrostatic spinning apparatus; The top edge of described circular circular grounded metal ring 4 is 7~12cm apart from the distance of the electrode of electrostatic spinning apparatus;
Described collecting pipe 5 and described guiding tube 6 are vertically intersected on the A point, and described collecting pipe 5 is positioned at the outside away from the guiding tube 6 of described circular circular grounded metal ring 4;
Described guiding tube 5 diameters are identical with collecting pipe 6 diameters;
The line that described first motor, 1 motor shaft axle center and described A are ordered is simultaneously perpendicular to described collecting pipe 5 and described guiding tube 6;
The outer rim of described A point and circular circular grounded metal ring 4 is 20-140 ° of cone angle;
The rotation in opposite directions that described collecting pipe 5 and guiding tube 6 are done the relative rotation of ordering with respect to A simultaneously or done simultaneously to order away from A; Described collecting pipe 5 is identical in the linear velocity at described A point place with guiding tube 6;
The rotary speed of described first motor 1 is greater than the rotary speed of described the 3rd motor 3.
The nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made of the present invention is twisted into the device of twisted wire, can comprise that also one covers in protective cover 9 under it with described collecting pipe 5 and guiding tube 6.Described protective cover 9 is the protective cover of epoxy resin material or glass material.
The rotating speed of described first motor 1 is that 1000rpm is to 6000rpm.
Described collecting pipe 5 and guiding tube 6 are 10cm/min~100cm/min in the linear velocity at described A point place.
The diameter of described circular circular grounded metal ring 4 is 4~6cm.
Described circular circular grounded metal ring 4 is 5~25mm at a distance of the distance of guiding tube 5.
Described guiding tube 5 diameters and collecting pipe 6 diameters are 1~2cm.
Described second motor, 2 rotating speeds and the 3rd motor 3 rotating speeds are 0.5~8rpm.
Embodiment 1:
Label 8 among Fig. 1 is an electrode, and label 7 is a power supply, and label 10 is an injector; Electrode 8, power supply 7 and injector 10 constitute traditional electrostatic spinning apparatus, and circular circular grounded metal ring 4, collecting pipe 5 and guiding tube 6 that the nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made of the present invention is twisted in the device of twisted wire are positioned at the spun filametntary collecting region of electrostatic spinning apparatus;
Compound concentration is 9wt%PVA/H
2O solution is during work, with PVA/H
2O solution is loaded in the injector 10, carries out the electrospinning silk by injector 10 ejections; Spun nanometer electrospinning silk is deposited between the circular circular grounded metal ring 4 and guiding tube 5 of rotation continuously; When the linear velocity of circular circular grounded metal ring 4 during greater than guiding tube 5 linear velocities, nanometer electrospinning silk is twisted into twisted wire and is collected on the collecting pipe;
It is as follows that the nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made of present embodiment is twisted into the running parameter of device of twisted wire:
Electrospinning operating voltage (high voltage source 7) 10~15kV;
High-field electrode 8 is 7~12cm to the distance of the top edge of circular circular grounded metal ring 4;
The diameter of circular circular grounded metal ring 4 is at 4~6cm;
Circular circular grounded metal ring 4 is at a distance of guiding tube 5~10mm;
Guiding tube 5 diameters and collecting pipe 6 are 1~2cm;
The rotating speed of first motor 1 is 5000~6000rpm;
The rotating speed of second motor 2 and the 3rd motor 3 is 6~8rpm;
Under the above-mentioned parameter condition, the nanofiber twisted wire of preparation PVA that can be continuous; The average diameter of PVA nanofiber is between 200~400nm; The diameter of made twisted wire is between 15~25 microns, and windup-degree is spent to 60 degree (for half of the cone angle that outer rim is of A point and circular circular grounded metal ring 4) 40.
Embodiment 2:
Configuration 11wt%PAN/DMF solution; During work, with PVA/H
2O solution is loaded in the injector 10, carries out the electrospinning silk by injector 10 ejections; Spun nanometer electrospinning silk is deposited between the circular circular grounded metal ring 4 and guiding tube 5 of rotation continuously; When the linear velocity of circular circular grounded metal ring 4 during greater than guiding tube 5 linear velocities, nanometer electrospinning silk is twisted into twisted wire and is collected on the collecting pipe;
Described running parameter is: electrospinning operating voltage (power supply 7) 8~11kV;
Electrode 8 is 7~12cm to the distance of the top edge of circular circular grounded metal ring 4.
The diameter of circular circular grounded metal ring 4 is at 4~6cm, and circular circular grounded metal ring 4 is 10~20mm at a distance of the distance of guiding tube 5; Guiding tube 5 is identical with the diameter of collecting pipe 6, between 1~2cm;
First motor, 1 rotating speed is 3000~4000rpm, and second motor, 2 rotating speeds and the 3rd motor 3 rotating speeds are 5~7rpm;
Under the above-mentioned parameter condition, the nanofiber twisted wire of preparation PAN that can be continuous; The average diameter of PAN nanofiber is between 400~600nm.The diameter of twisted wire is between 7~15 microns, and windup-degree is spent to (for half of the cone angle that outer rim is of A point and circular circular grounded metal ring 4) between 50 degree 30.
Embodiment 3:
Configuration 8wt%PMMA/DMF solution is during work, with PVA/H
2O solution is loaded in the injector 10, carries out the electrospinning silk by injector 10 ejections; Spun nanometer electrospinning silk is deposited between the circular circular grounded metal ring 4 and guiding tube 5 of rotation continuously; When the linear velocity of circular circular grounded metal ring 4 during greater than guiding tube 5 linear velocities, nanometer electrospinning silk is twisted into twisted wire and is collected on the collecting pipe;
Its running parameter is: electrospinning operating voltage (power supply 7) 12~16kV
Electrode 8 is 8~10cm to the distance of the top edge of circular circular grounded metal ring 4.
The diameter of circular circular grounded metal ring 4 is at 4~6cm, and the distance of the top edge of circular circular grounded metal ring 4 is at a distance of guiding tube 15~25mm; Guiding tube 5 is identical with collecting pipe 6 diameters, at 1~2cm.
First motor, 1 rotating speed is 1000~2000rpm, and second motor 2 and the 3rd motor 3 rotating speeds are 4~6rpm;
Under the above-mentioned parameter condition, the nanofiber twisted wire of preparation PMMA that can be continuous; The average diameter of PMMA nanofiber is between 400~500nm; The twisted wire diameter is between 10~20 microns, and windup-degree is spent to (for half of the cone angle that outer rim is of A point and circular circular grounded metal ring 4) between 30 degree 10.
Embodiment 4:
Configuration 42wt%PVP/5wt%SWNT/Ethnol solution; During work, with PVA/H
2O solution is loaded in the injector 10, carries out the electrospinning silk by injector 10 ejections; Spun nanometer electrospinning silk is deposited between the circular circular grounded metal ring 4 and guiding tube 5 of rotation continuously; When the linear velocity of circular circular grounded metal ring 4 during greater than guiding tube 5 linear velocities, nanometer electrospinning silk is twisted into twisted wire and is collected on the collecting pipe;
Its running parameter is: electrospinning operating voltage (power supply 7) 10~15kV;
Electrode 8 is 10~12cm to the distance of the top edge of circular circular grounded metal ring 4;
Circular circular grounded metal ring 4 diameters are at 4~6cm; Circular circular grounded metal ring 4 is at a distance of guiding tube 5~10mm; Guiding tube 5 is identical with collecting pipe 6 diameters, at 1~2cm.
First motor, 1 rotating speed is 1200~1600rpm, and second motor, 2 rotating speeds and the 3rd motor 3 rotating speeds are 0.5~5rpm;
Under the above-mentioned parameter condition, the nanofiber twisted wire of preparation PVP Single Walled Carbon Nanotube that can be continuous; The average diameter of PVP composite nano fiber is between 800~1400nm; The diameter of twisted wire is between 100~150 microns, and windup-degree is spent to (for half of the cone angle that outer rim is of A point and circular circular grounded metal ring 4) between 60 degree 10.
Embodiment 5:
Configuration 12wt%PVDF/10wt%SiO
2Nano particle/DMF solution; During work, with PVA/H
2O solution is loaded in the injector 10, carries out the electrospinning silk by injector 10 ejections; Spun nanometer electrospinning silk is deposited between the circular circular grounded metal ring 4 and guiding tube 5 of rotation continuously; When the linear velocity of circular circular grounded metal ring 4 during greater than guiding tube 5 linear velocities, nanometer electrospinning silk is twisted into twisted wire and is collected on the collecting pipe;
Its running parameter is:
Electrospinning operating voltage (power supply 7) 11~13kV;
Electrode 8 is 7~12cm to the distance of the top edge of circular circular grounded metal ring 4;
Circular circular grounded metal ring 4 diameters are at 4~6cm; Circular circular grounded metal ring 4 is 10~20mm at a distance of the distance of guiding tube 5; Guiding tube 5 diameters are identical with collecting pipe 6 diameters, at 1~2cm.
The rotating speed of first motor 1 is 3000~4000rpm; Second motor, 2 rotating speeds and the 3rd motor 3 rotating speeds are 5~7rpm;
Under the above-mentioned parameter condition, the nanofiber twisted wire of preparation PVDF that can be continuous; The average diameter of PVDF nanofiber is between 700~900nm; The diameter of twisted wire is between 20~30 microns, and windup-degree is spent to (for half of the cone angle that outer rim is of A point and circular circular grounded metal ring 4) between 50 degree 30.
The foregoing description prepares the outer light form of nanofiber twisted wire and asks for an interview electron microscope shown in Figure 2 (SEM) photo.
Claims (9)
1. the nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made is twisted into the device of twisted wire, and it comprises:
One first motor;
Be installed on the circular circular grounded metal ring of the motor shaft end of described first motor, the annular end face of described circular circular grounded metal ring is perpendicular to horizontal plane, and by lead ground connection;
One second motor;
Be installed on the collecting pipe of the motor shaft end of described second motor;
One the 3rd motor;
Be installed on the guiding tube of the motor shaft end of described the 3rd motor;
Described circular circular grounded metal ring, described collecting pipe and described guiding tube are positioned at the spun filametntary collecting region of electrostatic spinning apparatus; The top edge of described circular circular grounded metal ring is 7~12cm apart from the distance of the electrode of electrostatic spinning apparatus;
Described collecting pipe and described guiding tube are vertically intersected on the A point, and described collecting pipe is positioned at the outside away from the guiding tube of described circular circular grounded metal ring;
Described guide tube diameter is identical with the collecting pipe diameter;
The line that described first motor motor shaft axle center and described A are ordered is simultaneously perpendicular to described collecting pipe and described guiding tube;
The outer rim of described A point and circular circular grounded metal ring is 20-120 ° of cone angle;
The rotation in opposite directions that described collecting pipe and guiding tube are done the relative rotation of ordering with respect to A simultaneously or done simultaneously to order away from A; Described collecting pipe is identical in the linear velocity at described A point place with guiding tube;
The linear velocity of described circular circular grounded metal ring is greater than pilot line speed;
The rotary speed of described first motor is greater than the rotary speed of described the 3rd motor.
2. be twisted into the device of twisted wire by the described nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made of claim 1, it is characterized in that, comprise that also one covers in protective cover under it with described collecting pipe and guiding tube.
3. be twisted into the device of twisted wire by the described nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made of claim 2, it is characterized in that described protective cover is the protective cover of epoxy resin material or glass material.
4. be twisted into the device of twisted wire by the described nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made of claim 1, it is characterized in that, described first rotating speed of motor is that 1000rpm is to 6000rpm.
5. be twisted into the device of twisted wire by the described nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made of claim 1, it is characterized in that, described collecting pipe and guiding tube are 10cm/min~100cm/min in the linear velocity at described A point place.
6. be twisted into the device of twisted wire by the described nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made of claim 1, it is characterized in that the diameter of described circular circular grounded metal ring is 4~6cm.
7. be twisted into the device of twisted wire by the described nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made of claim 1, it is characterized in that, described circular circular grounded metal ring is 5~25mm at a distance of the distance of guiding tube.
8. be twisted into the device of twisted wire by the described nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made of claim 1, it is characterized in that described guide tube diameter and collecting pipe diameter are 1~2cm.
9. be twisted into the device of twisted wire by the described nanofiber that electrostatic spinning is made of claim 1, it is characterized in that described second motor speed and the 3rd motor speed are 0.5~8rpm.
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Families Citing this family (8)
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CN102212893B (en) * | 2011-05-14 | 2013-01-02 | 青岛大学 | Device for preparing nano fiber twisted structure |
CN102212894B (en) * | 2011-05-14 | 2013-01-02 | 青岛大学 | Electrostatic spinning device with frame collecting type nanometer fiber stranded wire structure |
CN102703998B (en) * | 2012-06-21 | 2014-09-03 | 中原工学院 | Jet yarn spinning device for electrostatic spun nano fiber and preparing method |
CN104762700B (en) * | 2015-03-19 | 2017-03-29 | 上海工程技术大学 | A kind of nanoscale electrostatic Siro-spinning method |
CN104831434B (en) * | 2015-05-05 | 2017-04-26 | 东华大学 | Shear-type-drafting electrostatic-spinning micron-yarn direct-spinning device and method and use thereof |
CN104831433B (en) * | 2015-05-05 | 2017-04-26 | 东华大学 | Shear type draft electrostatic spinning direct-spinning micron yarn device and method of conducting solution, and application of conducting solution |
CN105336436A (en) * | 2015-11-19 | 2016-02-17 | 夏烬楚 | High voltage transmission line having weak electromagnetic influence on buried pipelines and production equipment thereof |
CN106591968B (en) * | 2016-12-21 | 2019-05-07 | 暨南大学 | Multi-direction rotation wire drawing device and its application apparatus and method applied to electrostatic spinning |
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CN101104970A (en) * | 2007-07-19 | 2008-01-16 | 东华大学 | Continuous preparation method for ultra-fine electrostatic spinning fibre yarn |
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US4468922A (en) * | 1983-08-29 | 1984-09-04 | Battelle Development Corporation | Apparatus for spinning textile fibers |
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