CN101836069A - Hollow charge - Google Patents

Abstract

A kind of hollow charge has open housing type housing (1); Be placed on the explosive (2) with accumulation formula depression in the housing, this depression is arranged in the open portion of housing (1); Be arranged in the flip flop equipment (3) of the enclosure portion of housing (1); With with accumulation formula depression covering (4) that adjoin mutually, that have the projection that forms by out-of-flatness place (5), out-of-flatness place (5) is relevant with the fluctuation of obducent shape and thickness.Inboard in housing (1) can layering not be had the compartment of terrain and is laid one or more seals (6).These seals can be partially or even wholly separate the explosive (2) of blast charging with housing (1).Covering (4) can be understood as and abuts in the solids that accumulation formula depression is upward limited by two surfaces, compares with other aspects of this hollow charge, and the thickness of this solid is less, and at this, obducent thickness is variable under normal conditions.If projection is consistent on obducent two surfaces, then the waveform covering can be considered as protruding obducent special circumstances.The Optimal Distribution of the distance between the striped of projection is passed through material, its thickness in zones of different of covering (4), and determines by the pressure that employed explosive (2) explosion time produces.Cut center line when the waveform of covering (4) and be positioned at zone (0.3 ÷ 0.7) h along the wave length that projection generates line _Verkl.Reach the best result of puncture in the time of among the L/H.

Description

Hollow charge

Technical field

The present invention relates to a kind of the utilization and concentrate the device that medium produces detonation, this device can be used for: the secondary development of oil-gas Layer when the digging oil and natural gas; In hard material, form hole and passage; Metal and other fixing materials are carried out the explosion cutting; Drilling big gun hole when running into hard igneous rock

Broken superhuge object; The in kind destruction and execution fault dismounting work, geophysics and seismic work, building operation and other work.

Background technology

The known accumulation formula demolition set of the overwhelming majority pushes away (Explosionsabdr ü cken) based on the blast to conical covering (perhaps similar sphere, dish-shaped, coverings such as " bell ", " tulip shape ").Known " bump shell " (Sto β kugel) and various " protecting skirt shape blast charging " are very little with traditional blast charging difference in principle.All known hollow charges all have identical shortcoming: compare with the energy in being present in used explosive, functioning efficiency on the target lower (after having deducted all thermal losses and other losses); And the working result of blast charging has bigger deviation-unstability.

When design hollow charge (kumulative Ladung), obducent shape and thickness distribution have been poured into more notice.At this, people want to improve the efficient of blast charging and enlarge its working range.Also can use the covering of two-layer or multilayer.This covering does not strengthen the dielectric force of hollow charge substantially

But make and produce the cost that becomes difficult and improved hollow charge.

Consider efficient, feasibility and familiarity, using is the copper covering especially widely.When the manufactured copper covering, to note the isotropic of metal, fineness, the accuracy of manufacture and other the technical characterictic on surface especially.

Use noble metal or alloy: tungsten, depleted uranium etc., might improve the efficient of hollow charge.Also can use complicated treatment process to change the structure of metal and the alloy that is obtained: lattice, particle diameter etc.

Use above-mentioned metal, alloy and treatment process not to solve the formation problem of pestle (Pistills) in traditional hollow charge effect.This has very big meaning when digging oilhole and natural pore.In order to address this problem, can use powder body material to constitute covering.It also is very expensive using powder body material to make covering.In addition, the stability with the obducent blast charging of powder is lower than the blast charging with metal covering at work.

It is effective especially using covering in hollow charge, and covering has with the given initial disturbance of the form of the inhomogeneities of shape, thickness and other parameters.

Known a kind of hollow charge, it has the housing of open covering shape.Explosive is placed in this housing.Flip flop equipment is arranged in the enclosure portion of this housing.A discoideus throwing element (Schleuderelement) is arranged in the open portion of this housing.The direction of edge circle forms the contiguous area, edge with plate unevenly, and this zone becomes 5-20 ° to front curve (Russ P document RU 2253830,2005) with the plane with respect to the central area.

For the initial disturbance of the throwing element that occurs with forms such as wavy edge, variable thickness (Staerke) and variable densities, proposed how to reduce the growth of this mixed and disorderly disturbance in the literary composition, but do not eliminated disturbance fully at explosion time.The weak point of this blast charging is: because inevitably spontaneous shortwave unstability, acceleration unstability and lack clear and definite hole and handle (Lochstiel), the consequently loss of the explosive energy of blast charging, hole are handled to form at engagement point and are close to columniform passage.

Known a kind of hollow charge, it has the housing of open covering shape.Explosive is placed in this housing.Flip flop equipment is arranged in the enclosure portion of this housing.Covering is the overcoat that density surpasses 7g/cm3.On one or two surface, form three limits or hexagon curved element.Distance between these curved element centers totals over obducent 4 average thickness.The height of curved element should be no more than obducent average thickness (Russ P document RU 2277167,2006).

During blast throwing covering, the formation of above-mentioned projection (Relief) causes forming orderly triple wave structures, and forms more effective cumulative function on obstacle.At this, can energy not disperseed to be reduced to minimum degree.The shortcoming of this blast charging is that the utilization ratio of explosive energy is relatively low.

Especially approach a kind of hollow charge of blast charging of the present invention, it has the housing of open covering shape.Place the explosive with accumulation formula depression in housing, described depression is arranged in the open portion of housing.Flip flop equipment then is arranged in the enclosure portion of housing.Covering is adjacent with accumulation formula covering.In the projection that the form that is embodied as deposit or striped depression is arranged on the surface of explosive, they constitute polygon (Russ P document RU 2303232 announces prototype on July 20th, 2007).Under the situation of the concrete enforcement of above-mentioned projection, can produce line.Can form the cutting (Schnitt) with waveform center line and the cutting of non-waveform center line along these lines.At this, the waveform center line can be steplessly or step-like (to see Fig. 2 of above-mentioned specification-Fig. 4).If the striped of above-mentioned projection aligns along obducent parallel lines, then can on perpendicular to the plane of obducent axis, form same center line.

The projection that utilization is proposed in this information source and the covering realized has played a kind of effect of space adjuster of uniqueness on the path, side of the high pressure wave that explosion time produced.Form standing wave on covering, standing wave has reduced spontaneous vibration and energy dispersive, and final result is the dielectric force that has improved blast charging.The shortcoming of above-mentioned blast charging is, can only reduce the energy dispersive relevant with the increase of vibration and initial disturbance in its work lessly, and its result is exactly to improve efficient, accuracy and the stability of blast throwing lessly.Simultaneously, can not guarantee to form the uniform hole with optimum (spherical) configuration handles.

Summary of the invention

The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is to propose a kind of resulting structure of hollow charge, and the explosive payload (Arsenal) that enlarges hollow charge.

Guarantee that the technique effect that reaches the purpose that is proposed is, improved the efficient and the dielectric force of blast charging by the elimination energy loss relevant, and handled accuracy and the stability that has improved covering blast throwing by the hole that formation has an optimum ball configuration with the increase of vibration and initial disturbance.Endorse to form and be close to columniform passage at engagement point.This can be by optimization specifically created on obducent corresponding surface inhomogeneous (projection) and obtain by the out-of-flatness that for example is positioned on the housing side explosive surface that forms by seal.Reduce manufacturing cost simultaneously and guaranteed to use result's stability.

Basic point of the present invention is that hollow charge has the housing of open housing type.Place the explosive with accumulation formula depression in housing, described depression is arranged in the open portion of housing.Flip flop equipment is arranged in the enclosure portion of housing.Projection covering (Reliefverkleidung) is adjacent with accumulation formula covering, this covering is implemented as, this obducent cutting center line along protruding generation line, and this obducent with and the center line of the cutting on the perpendicular plane of this obducent axis, show as waveform line or non-waveform line.At this, the waveform center line can be stepless or step-like.At this, projection or be implemented on the surface of open portion of obducent aligning housing perhaps is implemented on obducent two surfaces.

If when projection was consistent on two surfaces, covering may be embodied as corrugated.At this, the depression that is positioned at a lip-deep projection of vault of projection should conform to the depression on being positioned at obducent apparent surface.

In preferred distortion, obducent waveform cutting center line generates line along projection and has the scope of being positioned at (0.3 ÷ 0.7) h _VerklWave length among the L/H, wherein:

Obducent average thickness when hVerkl.-considers wave length,

The wavelength of the initial disturbance that the increase of L-plate is very fast, the thickness H of this plate is at scope (0.5 ÷ 1.5) h _VerklIn, this plate is used with the covering identical materials and is made, and can rule of thumb determine this wavelength according to the darkest funnel (Trichter) at the engagement point place.With after described plate throwing is to the plate that meets (Treffplatte), utilize employed explosive formation funnel in hollow charge, the distance of meeting between plate and the described plate is 20H-50H.The initial disturbance of plate causes by corrugated shape or by projection.Under latter event, on the surface of the plate that adjoins with the explosive main body, form projection.

In order to improve the work of blast charging, on the obducent edge that is positioned on the open portion side of housing, forming length along covering is (0.5 ÷ 1.5) h _VerklThe bending of L/H.

Under concrete condition, form the covering of side view projection, truncated cone with depression and deposit shape.Distance between the center of distance between the center of adjacent recessed and deposited adjacent thing remains on scope (0.3 ÷ 0.7) h _VerklAmong the L, these two distances can calculate along the bus of cone.Under the simplest situation, covering realizes that by coiling the projection on the member then realizes by the hammering (Schmieden) on smooth ring-type die by smooth annular sector member.

Covering can be that the sheet material of 0.4 ÷ 4.0mm is made by the thickness of copper or copper alloy manufacturing, and ratio L/H becomes big along with the raising of sheet material hardness in scope 11 ÷ 15, and diminishes along with the reduction of hardness.

For the side of the blast wave on the housing that interrupts acting on blast charging, on the side of housing, form the surface of explosive with curved element or depression assembly.Under concrete condition, explosive can be filled in out-of-flatness place that forms on shell inner surface.

Can be equipped with one or more seals for hollow charge.These seals are between explosive and housing.They separate the housing of explosive with blast charging partially or completely.At this, the seal that is close on the inner surface is made by the material than case material softness.The seal that is close on the explosive has hole or depression, explosive can be filled in the seal these holes or the depression in.The hole in the preferred seal or the size of depression are (0.5 ÷ 2) d _Kr, the distance between hole in the seal or the depression is (1 ÷ 5) d _Kr, wherein, d _KrBlast cut off diameter for the explosive that in blast charging, uses.

Description of drawings

The diagram of hollow charge has been shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2:

Fig. 1 shows overall schematic,

Fig. 2 shows the sectional view of blast charging.

Fig. 3-Figure 10 shows the possible embodiment of covering projection.For the sake of clarity, show the projection that is positioned on the conical obducent outer surface, conical covering abuts on the explosive afterwards in being installed to blast charging.On inner surface, form same projection; It is emphasized that on the outer surface and can not have projection.

Figure 11 and Figure 12 show the experimental result that is used for determining by the initial disturbance of the quick increase of the plate of blast institute throwing.

Figure 13-Figure 15 shows for example along projection and generates the obducent cutting of line and be labeled as white center line accordingly.

Figure 16 shows the conical obducent exploring figure at 60 ° of angles of being made by copper coin.

Figure 17 shows the conical obducent 3D-image that is made of copper, and has projection on this covering inner surface, and has bending on the next door of circular cone bottom surface.

Figure 18 shows the same conical obducent 3D-image of being made by lead; The generation line of shown obducent projection conforms to the bus of cone, and is straight line.

Figure 19-Figure 22 shows the enforcement distortion of hollow charge, wherein:

In Figure 19, do not have seal and have rough explosive surface on the housing side;

In Figure 20, there is not seal, the inner surface of housing has curved surface or recess member, and explosive is filled in above-mentioned out-of-flatness place;

Figure 21 shows the seal and the rough explosive surface of individual layer softness;

Figure 22 shows the hole seal of individual layer softness, and explosive is filled in the hole.

Figure 23 and Figure 24 show the plane exploring of the seal with different holes.

The specific embodiment

(Fig. 1 Fig. 2) has described hollow charge: open crustose housing 1; Be placed in the explosive 2 with accumulation formula depression (not shown) in the housing, this depression is arranged in the open portion of housing 1; Flip flop equipment 3 is arranged in the enclosure portion of housing 1; With the lobed covering 4 that adjoins mutually with accumulation formula depression, described projection is formed by out-of-flatness place 5, and out-of-flatness place 5 is relevant with the fluctuation of obducent shape and thickness.In the inboard of housing 1, can not have the compartment of terrain layering and lay one or more seals 6.These seals separate the explosive 2 of blast charging partially or completely with housing 1.

Here and among the following figure, covering 4 is interpreted as solid, this solid is limited by two faces, compares with other aspects, and this solid has less thickness, and at this, obducent thickness is variable under normal conditions.

The projection of implementing on obducent one or two surface for example can cause the change of mantle thickness.If projection is consistent on two surfaces, then the waveform covering can be considered as protruding obducent special circumstances.At this, be positioned at projection the lip-deep projection of vault depression be positioned at depression on the obducent apparent surface be complementary (Figure 15).

In order to describe the projection of covering 4, used the notion of protruding generation line.This notion is equal to the notion of the bus of plane of rotation to the full extent.

Plane of rotation forms around a fixedly straight line rotation that is called as the plane of rotation axis by line.This line is called as bus, just as all lines by generating around described axis rotation.The bus of plane of rotation can be space curve or plane curve (this curve is positioned on the plane), and for trochoidal surface, bus is a straight line.

The generation line of projection is the line that is positioned at blanket surface, forms projection along these lines.These lines can be the space or the plane.At this, projection generates line can change its shape when rotating about obducent axis, and forms wave along the direction of circle.In plane of rotation, such round wire is called parallel lines and they do not have the shape of wave.

The bus and the projection generation line on surface should be distinguished.For same plane of rotation (or its bus), can form different projectioies and generate line, not planar line usually.For example, in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, covering is conical, and the bus of cone is straight line (not drawing), and the bus of projection is a helix, and they in the opposite direction.

Under concrete condition, it is to utilize the plane that is positioned on the obducent axis to cross the line of blanket surface that projection generates line.In plane of rotation, these lines are called as warp.

The all warps or the set description of parallel lines the continual skeleton of plane of rotation.Parallel lines and warp pass each point on surface.For protruding covering also is identical: the set of the set of all projection generation lines or all protruding parallel lines forms crowning.But under the prerequisite of considering projection, obducent surface is not a plane of rotation, and even is not the axial symmetry face under normal conditions.At this, covering can have axis, when rotating around axis, forms projection on obducent one or two surface.

Obducent cutting along described line is the part on surface, the surface be positioned on the given line and described line have a few all perpendicular to covering, in these surfaces by making the open portion of front surface towards blast charging, the rear surface abuts on the explosive, defines obducent surface thus.

The center line of covering cutting is the line that is positioned in the cutting, and this line equates with the distance on obducent inside and outside surface on all points.

The fluctuation of line is understood to be in the alternately deviation that has line on and another direction.Wave length is exactly the distance between two maximum deviations in one direction.Wave can be stepless or step-like.

To be covering generate line or along the extension of parallel lines, in its cutting, center line is identical along projection to the striped of projection.According to the cutting center line, can form wavy or do not have the convex stripe of wave.

There is not of the wave disconnection of the convex stripe of wave with the lateral alignment striped of obducent shape and thickness.Do not have the convex stripe of wave to be classified clearly visiblely, and figuratively speaking understand the configuration of projection: in Fig. 3-Figure 10, do not have the convex stripe of wave to mark with bright color.

Preferred projection generates the shape generation of line with crepe cord, to be used for the blast charging of rotary work during flying.At this, should utilize rotation direction, longitudinal velocity and the velocity of rotation of blast charging and utilize the detonation velocity of explosive to coordinate the direction and the degree of the rotation of blast charging.

Meaningfully, in the concentrated type hollow charge of working under stable condition (for example at Figure 17, among Figure 18), covering has the projection that forms by the plane that is positioned on the covering axis and generates line.

Realized on the surface in Fig. 8-Figure 10 that two kinds of opposite projectioies generate line families, realized two kinds in other words along obducent convex stripe family.

The optimization of the distance between the convex stripe distribute can be by covering 4 material, at the thickness of zones of different, and determine by the pressure that is produced at employed explosive 2 explosion times that depend on degree of mixing and density.The best result that punctures will realize in the following cases, promptly, if the waveform of covering 4 cutting center line is arranged in zone (0.3 ÷ 0.7) hVerkl.L/H along the wave length that projection generates line, the average thickness of covering 4 when wherein hVerkl. is for consideration wave length.Ratio L/H can determine according to method described below before the embodiment of the projection of calculating covering 4.

Use make with the covering identical materials, thickness H is at scope (0.5 ÷ 1.5) h _VerklIn a plurality of plates on, can produce the initial disturbance that wavelength is L.The initial disturbance of plate is caused by corrugated shape or projection.Under latter event, on the surface of the plate of being close to explosive, form projection.The simplest method that realizes initial disturbance is that the lip-deep suitable striped of explosion time being close to the plate of explosive pierces through (for example by milling).

Every block of plate all is placed on the top end face of destructor of the identical explosive that uses in the hollow charge, have equal averag density.By the blast of destructor, plate is by throwing (for example steel plate) to the plate that meets, and plate and the distance of meeting between the plate are 20H ÷ 50H.

Need carry out repeatedly above-mentioned test, wherein, can change the length L of the initial disturbance that is caused during for constant, perhaps change H during for constant at L at thickness H.After this,, utilize thickness H, select the wave length L of the initial disturbance that increases fast, in other words, select nondimensional ratio L/H according to the darkest position of formed funnel onboard.

Figure 11 and Figure 12 show the experimental result that is used for determining by the initial disturbance of the quick growth of the plate of blast institute throwing.In the test, on the circular slab that diameter D=45mm and thickness H do not wait in scope 1-2mm, form 6 fan-shaped, these 6 fan-shaped three groups of relative dark 0.2-0.5mm, the stripeds of wide 2-5mm of being milled into.Relative with plate is the cylindrical destructor that explosive is housed, and the density of explosive is 1.6g/cm3 and has been lowered sensitiveness, uses the 80g explosive can the different distance of throwing: from 20 to 100mm.When H=1.5mm, can observe the darkest position that is positioned at the funnel on the armour plate (Figure 11), be about 20mm (Figure 12).In this position, L=1/2Dcos (π/6), ratio L/H ≈ 13.

For other the sheet material of making by copper and alloy thereof, according to the composition of sheet material and the hardness that is obtained when making sheet material, ratio L/H changes in scope 11 ÷ 15, wherein, ratio L/H becomes along with the raising of material hardness greatly, diminishes along with the reduction of material hardness.

If consider that the above-mentioned ratio L/H that quotes is an approximation,, need carry out 5-10 test then in order to determine specific sheet material and employed explosive.Certainly, the number of times of test is many more, and determined parameter is just accurate more.For the side of blast wave in the destructor of aiming at explosive, can use camera lens or screen.

Find that the above-mentioned ratio of stereotype is less than copper coin in the experiment to the blast throwing of the metallic plate that is different from copper coin, the above-mentioned ratio of steel plate and tungsten plate is then greater than copper coin.

The blast characteristics of explosive depends on the pressure of detonation velocity and explosion product, and the pressure of detonation velocity and explosion product then depends on the composition and the density of the maximum part of explosive.Obducent kinetic characteristic is meant the characteristics that quality and kinetic energy transmit, and this is kinetic by the obducent particle at different time: act on the covering from blast wave, handle up to the hole that is completed into the given shape with velocity gradient.

After the obducent kinetic characteristic of the blast characteristics of having determined used explosive and specific hollow charge, the multistage theoretic solution of target (vielfaktorielle Aufgabe) of taking advantage of still has bigger difficulty.But it is also noted that formed specific bending helps the actual solution of above-mentioned target basically on the obducent edge that is positioned on the open portion side of housing.When bending length is (0.5 ÷ 1.5) h _VerklDuring L/H, can obtain the best effort effect of hollow charge along covering.

Figure 13-Figure 15 show along projection generate line obducent cutting for example: in Figure 13, be stair-stepping center line of waveform and the obducent bending that is used to have one-sided projection, center line in Figure 14 does not have wave but bending is arranged, and is the stair-stepping center line of waveform and with respect to the obducent bending of the waveform with both sides projection in Figure 15.In the ordinary course of things, change along the wave length l n of cutting center line, n=1,2,3 ..., N, the ln 0.3h that satisfies condition in the preferred case _VerklL/H≤ln≤0.7h _VerklL/H.N=9 in Figure 13 and Figure 15, for other covering, N can be a positive integer arbitrarily, especially commonly N 5≤N≤15 that satisfy condition.

Aptly, covering 4 has the shape of the side of truncated cone, and truncated cone is made by the annular sector member coiling of level.Then by on the ring-type die of level, for example the hammering of Ao Xian annular section realizes projection on the member, can have the zone of constant thickness and width to substitute the ring-type die by apparatus, as shown in figure 16.

Figure 17 and Figure 18 show by copper and the plumbous conical obducent 3D-image of making, and have projection on obducent inner surface, and have bending on the next door of circular cone bottom surface.This is preferred fabrication scheme.Also may make the covering of other rotary body shapes: spherical crown, the part of revolution ellipsoid, or the like.

Quantitative analysis and the test of having implemented prove, can cause more effective obducent throwing to the support of longer time of higher blast pressure, and improve the efficient of blast charging.

When utilizing curved element or depression assembly on the housing side, to implement explosive 2 surperficial, can produce the effect that is orientated along housing 1.Consequently reduced effect, this feasible integrality that can in the longer time, keep the housing 1 of blast charging to housing by access normal orientation.

If utilize curved element or depression assembly to implement the inner surface of housing 1, and during the assembling blast charging, on explosive 2, above-mentioned out-of-flatness place be set, then can reach identical effect.

When forming the rough surface of explosive in the housing side, cooperative effect can be utilized, and on the inner surface of housing, seal can be placed, seal is used than the material of case material softness and is made.In this case, can alleviate blast wave and the shock wave that acts on the housing better.

If seal 6 has less hole of a large amount of diameters or depression, then at explosion time, owing to from different holes or the interference of the shock wave that leaks of depression, can form face shield (Schleier), it has reduced ripple-" the blast face shield " that acts on the housing.

Determine the optimal size of hole or depression according to the blast ability of used explosive.Tolerance to this is the minimum diameter of the cylindrical blast charging of cut off diameter dkr.-of blast, and wherein, although material can be from the reaction zone scattering, blast still can spread.The blast ability of explosive is big more, and cut off diameter dkr. is just more little.For the volatility explosive in modern times, dkr. is generally several millimeters.

Experiment showed, if the size of the hole of seal or depression is (0.5 ÷ 2) dkr. and the distance between them to be (1 ÷ 5) dkr., the face shield that then explodes is effective.

Figure 23 shows the horizontal exploring (member) that the angle with different holes and annular sector is 108 ° a seal with Figure 24.Described member forms by coiling that to have the truncated cone angle be 35 ° seal 6.

Inventive principle

The covering of hollow charge is a kind of functional entity

Utilize covering the energy of explosive can be transferred in the performed work.Most interested is the metal covering that approaches, because the kinetic energy transmission that can on covering, produce better blast products during throwing, also because of realizing higher throwing speed based on less surface density.At this, in order to puncture barrier effectively, the density of the neck that is generated (Stiel) (density of material therefor) is higher relatively.

There are two possibilities usually in calculating for thin obducent explosion imprint.First kind may be supposition: obducent harder material is converted into liquid immediately under the influence of bigger pressure reduction, this imagination is used for desirable incompressible model.On the contrary, another kind may be: although in fact pressure reduction is still impliedly set basically greater than the plastic limit of material, and the not mobile completely variation of experience of material

This imagination then is used for showing as with the material under the normal condition numerical method on basis.

But new theory and practice research can confirm following conclusion.Act at blast wave under the situation of blanket surface and ensuing shock wave endlessly and back wave, obducent material repeatedly peels off, and consequently obducent material is disintegrated from level to level.Its structure is the liquid crystal structure of equality.(therefore, equality means that liquid crystal does not have harder lattice, but has the segment space order of molecule along several directions).

In this case, in order to develop and to estimate that hollow charge to realize the best techniques effect, uses weak flexible model to suit.In this model, suppose: in the phase I of obducent acceleration, elastic-plastic material generates new characteristic, promptly has the longitudinal elasticity of springform (elastischen Modul), and springform is proportional with the detonation pressure that is applied.

Calculate the covering particle cross route the time can use the completely inelastic collision model.That is, suppose: in the impact to the covering parts, particle adsorbs mutually, forms neck, ring or nuclear thus.For the edge wave of ignoring the possible air inlet on the covering front surface and not analyzing consequent rarefaction, set: covering is placed in the passage with respective shapes, that is, and by a deformable bulb (Kolben).

The experimental study that carries out proves, exists and the irrelevant material constant of standard elastic mould, and this material constant has shown above-mentioned weak flexible feature-weak elastic constant.Determine this based on the constant that destroys power (peeling off) be difficulty with irrational.This constant not only depends on obducent material and institute's applied pressure, also depend on production process (for example, copper coin can be in firmly, in hard and soft state).This constant is not only to depend on thickness (needs are paid close attention to relatively thin covering certainly, for example when copper is lower than 4mm).Can carry out a series of experiment at an easy rate,, determine the weak elastic constant of given material and used explosive so that by means of statistical disposition to experimental result.

For the mathematical description of the above-mentioned fact, we can draw cartesian coordinate system from Xi (i=1,2,3), represent to have the covering particle position vector of Euler's component (Eulerkomponenten) Xi here with r.The equation of motion of weak resilient coverings is

$\mathrm{\σ}{r}_u=p_{0}n+{\▿}_{\mathrm{\α}}\left(\mathrm{\σ}{c}^2{a}_0^{\mathrm{\α\β}}{r}_{\mathrm{\β}}\right).$

Here, σ is obducent surface density, and n is for pointing to standard unit (Einheitnormal) vector of insufficient pressure direction.In constant Largrangian coordinates, utilization index t is designated as ξ with time-derivative ^α(α=1,2), utilization index β is designated as ξ with time-derivative ^βSymbol

Expression is along the covariant derivative on surface.

In addition, pressure p ₀Be constant, value c2 represents the feature of the longitudinal elasticity of cover stock material.C2 is by formula

Calculate, wherein, p (ξ ^α) be the density of cover stock material (it is incompressible that cover stock material is considered to);

Being weak elastic constant, is dimensionless group for the single order metal covering; Value c2 can be called velocity of sound square conditionally in obducent material.Also can derive obducent thickness h=σ/p.

Attention:, then will obtain the model of pure inertia throwing (Inertionsschleuderung) if establish c=0.

If represent the component of the metric tensor of blanket surface with a α β, then

$a_{\mathrm{\α\β}}={\mathrm{\δ}}_{\mathrm{ij}}{x}_{\mathrm{\α}}^i{x}_{\mathrm{\β}}^j,$ $x_{\mathrm{\α}}^i=\∂x^i/\∂{\mathrm{\ξ}}^{\mathrm{\α}}.$

Here, δ ij is a kronecker delta, x _α ⁱBe the positive tangential component of the vectorial r α in surface, therefore

n＝r ₁×r ₂/|r ₁×r ₂|，

Wherein, $|{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="r"\; filenames="HPA00001106713200012.png,HPA00001106713200041.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">r</figure-callout>}}_1\&times;{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="r"\; filenames="HPA00001106713200012.png,HPA00001106713200041.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">r</figure-callout>}}_2|={\left(\det \left(a_{\mathrm{\&alpha;\&beta;}}\right)\right)}^{1/2}\&equiv;\sqrt{a}$

Symbol a _o ^{α β}The initial component of the inversion of the metric tensor of presentation surface (Anfangskomponenten), as the component of the specific tensor of elastic constant, the initial component of this inversion has coefficient c2 in use.

We emphasize that though in last result, the component of elasticity of stress tensor is linear, and the linearisation of the theoretical key element of all obducent final distortion does not here take in all the time.In fact, according to mass conservation law, following correct lagrange formula is arranged

$\mathrm{\&sigma;}={\mathrm{\&sigma;}}_0\frac{\sqrt{a_0}}{\sqrt{a}}.$

As mentioned above, with the corresponding initial value of zero exponent (Nullindex) mark-function ξ α.At last, we obtain vector equation

${\mathrm{\&sigma;}}_0\sqrt{a_0}{r}_u=p_0{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="r"\; filenames="HPA00001106713200012.png,HPA00001106713200041.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">r</figure-callout>}}_1\&times;{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="r"\; filenames="HPA00001106713200012.png,HPA00001106713200041.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">r</figure-callout>}}_2+\left(\sqrt{a_0}{\mathrm{\&sigma;}}_0{c}^2{a}_0^{\mathrm{\&alpha;\&beta;}}{r}_{\mathrm{\&beta;}}\right).$

Suppose that in plane problem x3=ξ 2, every other variable-function ξ 1 and t are arranged.By z=x1+ix2, we can obtain complicated euler variable, and for reduced equation, and we use following quality variable (Massenvariable) as Largrangian coordinates:

$\mathrm{\&mu;}=\&Integral;\frac{{\mathrm{\&sigma;}}_0{a}_0^{1/2}}{p_0}d{\mathrm{\&xi;}}^1.$

At this, δ=p ₀/ | z μ |.The dimension of variable μ equals dimension t2.

Like this, the equation of motion is as follows

$z_u={\mathrm{iz}}_{\mathrm{\&mu;}}+{\left({\tilde{c}}^2\left(\mathrm{\&mu;}\right)z_{\mathrm{\&mu;}}\right)}_{\mathrm{\&mu;}},$

This complicated equation shows two Hyperbolic Equation systems, even but fixed value is arranged This equation still has strong variable, and it has shown the uncommon performance with different initial given solutions.

In fact, let us consider a kind of

Solution under the situation of=constant, the corresponding partly cylindrical distortion of this scheme.If

z＝A _oexp(λt-ikμ)， $\mathrm{\&sigma;}=\frac{p_0}{\left|A_0\right|k}\exp (-\mathrm{Re\&lambda;t}).$

Wherein, A0, λ are complex constant, and k＞0 is a real constant.Then, we obtain following variance equation

It will be in following demonstration.

Critical wave number

Corresponding to poised state λ=0.As wave number k＜k _Cr, constant λ is a real number, and no matter increases still decay, λ all conforms to the time of wave amplitude A0exp λ t.Work as k=k _Cr/ 2 o'clock, value λ 2 was positioned at unique summit.Therefore, there is quality length

(being named as " resonance length ") is Ripple, it has the amplitude of quick growth, this amplitude has shown the unstability of the maximum in the process.According to normal linear variable, relational expression is arranged

Wavelength is approximately

(briefly, be because value σ ₀a ₀ ^1/2Not constant).When k → 0, the growth rate of amplitude is reduced to 0.

As k＞k _CrThe time, parameter A is a pure imaginary number: λ=i ω, wherein, ω is the vibration frequency of the time cycle property of amplitude.

Therefore, the obducent mass property of projection in the time of can being illustrated in the blast throwing with the wavelength of initial disturbance.Initial disturbance is subjected to the restriction of obducent shape and projection.The evolution of shortwave occurs under the vibrational state.Should consider that for the utilization of this principle, actual wavelength should be far longer than the indicated thickness of covering, this has limited the frequency spectrum of wavelength from below.

If vibration frequency is converted to 0, then there is the critical wavelength of an increase.When generation had the disturbance of critical wavelength, this disturbance did not increase, and, if the amplitude of this disturbance and people are the amplitude of the disturbance that causes to be compared enough for a short time, then alleviated spontaneous disturbance in this case.

When producing wavelength greater than the initial disturbance of critical length, it is big that this disturbance becomes.In the zone with maximal increment, what have ripple is the resonance length of twice critical length.When wavelength further increased, increment dropped to 0.

Along with the development with thin obducent destructor, engineer's greatest problem is its dynamic instability (is also referred to as the Rayleigh-Tayior unstability or quickens unstability).

In the frame of reference relevant with the obducent median surface of throwing, there is inertia force in action, say roughly, (in slinger) surface before inertia force extruding is obducent, but make obducent rear surface instability.The rear surface is positioned on the explosive originally.The essential part of cover stock material can be separated from the rear surface.

Therefore, for obducent bigger distortion, suit in the surface generation initial disturbance that is positioned on the explosive.This is absolutely necessary for the resonance length of determining ripple.This resonance length is the twice of critical length.For vibration and the growth that weakens initial disturbance, should utilize convexing to form on obducent leading flank to have the covering of the shape of ripple, be essential and weaken the vibration of initial disturbance and increase for generating critical throwing pattern.

Quickening instable problem can solve by following method: for all coverings and employed explosive, all have the critical length of initial disturbance, initial disturbance does not increase under this critical length.If the amplitude of this initial disturbance and people are the amplitude of the disturbance that causes to be compared enough for a short time, then the increase of spontaneous disturbance has alleviated in this case.

The function of said apparatus

Above-mentioned hollow charge is worked as follows: when triggering flip flop equipment 3, the blast of explosive 2 and the blast throwing of protruding covering 4 can take place.When forming projection on the surface of the open portion of aiming at housing, for in obducent corresponding cutting, forming the wave center line, this is in order to produce the necessary condition of distortion behind explosive charge, this condition is favourable for reducing obducent unstability and forming the wavelength that approaches critical wavelength in the case for the increase that may remove vibration and disturbance.At this, reduced the energy dissipation relevant with the increase of vibration and disturbance.It is accurate that obducent throwing becomes, and handle in the hole that has formed the optimization shape with the parameter that calculates, and has improved the efficient and the job stability of blast charging.If people are under the prerequisite of the finiteness of considering detonation velocity, use the solution of the obducent throwing task of given shape by means of blast pressure, then when covering changes, can realize more uniform obducent distortion under the treatment state of hole.

The hole is handled and is formed hole (perforation), for example in the covering post of boring.The housing 1 of blast charging is made by steel or other firm materials usually, is used for blast charging is installed in the related device that is arranged in target next door (for example housing of card punch when punching) safely, and keeps blast pressure.Seal 6 has reduced the blast impulse to the housing 1 of blast charging, and this has caused improving the energy that is used for throwing covering 4.In order to address this problem, can use a kind of possibility of reality, that is, under the higher acceleration condition that explosion time produced, provide the optimal process of the initial disturbance increase of covering 4.Obducent acceleration static when the solution of the shape of covering 4 and throwing problem and beginning is consistent.

In this result, when changing in handle in (the referring to velocity gradient) of uniform reduction gradient, spherical hole with optimization, the material of basic covering 4 flows with higher kinetic energy.In addition, above-mentioned neck has good flow technique feature, but this advantage can't be applied because using the restrictive condition of hollow charge usually.

Except raise the efficiency with job stability, above-mentioned hollow charge also has following advantage.

There is no need to develop covering with complicated shape.Select simple and technologic shape with regard to enough (for example, angle is 39 ° a conical covering, be by angle be 120 ° copper fan reel constitute).But because the variation of obducent bore, thickness and projection can obtain essential puncture parameter (Durchschlagsparameter) in the larger context.At this, by means of traditional blast charging, with 2-2.5 explosive charge doubly, can be so that the channel volume in target surpasses the volume that punctures.Therefore improved the stability of work: from 10 times, have 7-8 successful emission (present employed blast charging) that the emission (above-mentioned blast charging) of 9 successes is arranged in 10 times.Under situation about succeeding in sending up, emission is that the degree of depth of the diameter of finger-hole and passage is lower than 10% with respect to the deviation of rated value.

Can reduce requirement to the quality of production.If the obducent section that is positioned on the joint at member edge is positioned on the line of projection, then can the work of hollow charge not exerted an influence.This section that is positioned on the smooth covering then can cause passive consequence.Projection covering 4 can be made by metallic plate (band) by means of simple machining (cutting, punching press, folding and fine finishining).Smooth covering needs more complex operations (coiling, stretching etc.).

The reduction that obducent workmanship is required has reduced protruding obducent manufacturing cost, but realizes that accurately projection is very important.The tolerance of 10 μ m in projection will cause puncturing the deterioration (although still keeping the high stability of work) of parameter.The quality problems that projection constitutes can be solved by accurately calculating and make Extruding die, and under the development of active computer technology and metal-working plant, this can not produce bigger difficulty.

Under the situation of not using expensive metal and alloy, can realize the good operation result of above-mentioned blast charging.By eliminating unstability, the minimizing energy dissipation when pushing away covering and improving kinetic energy, under the prerequisite that does not improve the cover stock material cost, can increase dielectric force and stability.

In addition, can calculate and finish protruding covering like this, make when it is pushed away, thin unsettled wave beam and pestle slowly can not occur.

Commercial Application: utilizing existing equipment and using under the industrial production condition of modern industry production technology, can the described hollow charge of produced in series.Under the present situation of production development, implement this

The technological means of invention is diversified relatively.

The implementation example of said apparatus

Example 1.In order to contrast the operating efficiency and the stability of hollow charge, make a collection of hollow charge with the projection that on obducent not ipsilateral, forms.Each blast charging has the box hat of diameter 48mm, long 60mm.The shape of these housings is identical with shape among Fig. 1.Laying the 24g averag density in housing is the hexogen explosive that 1.6/cm3, susceptibility reduce.Triggering system by electric cap, be positioned at ignition fuse on the electric cap and the middle detonator (Zwischenz ü nder) of compression crystal hexogen form is formed.

Utilize thickness to make the member of 120 ° at 10 annular sector angles, external diameter 125.5mm, internal diameter 38mm for the copper coin of 0.6mm.Can on member, form identical projection by the ring-type die of beating level.This projection protruding identical with shown in Figure 16, wavelength is about 4mm.Then with half is outside in lobed side, half inwardly reels.The face relative with crowning is smooth.The angle of truncated cone is 39 °, and the bottom surface diameter is 42mm, and the end face diameter is 13mm, is 41.5mm highly, and quality is about 19g.From the cone bottom, form the bending of long 8mm, panel height 0.5mm along the bus of cone.

Each covering of making like this all is compressed in the accumulation formula depression with 39 ° of angles.This depression forms by the side of extruding housing open portion in advance.Before the compression explosive, on the inwall of blast charging, lay the hole seal of the side view of truncated cone with 35 ° of angles, this hole seal is that the copper dish of 0.8mm forms according to pattern coiling shown in Figure 23 by thickness.

Target (from bottom to top) is made up of the steel column of diameter 70mm, high 12.5mm, the steel sleeve of filling water and the steel plate of thickness 5mm.On above-mentioned target, blast charging is installed with the focus spacing of 9mm.Carry out this test and be in order to adjust the hole blast charging of the secondary development that is used for pool and natural gas reservoir, perhaps above-mentioned blast charging belongs to the hole blast charging of " macropore " shape.

By means of ruling compasses and utilize depth gauge can measure the passage that on steel column, forms.Measurement result collects in the table 1.

Table 1

The result who is quoted in the following his-and-hers watches 1 is illustrated.

If projection is positioned at the obducent outside, and after being pressed into accumulation formula depression, projection is close on the depression, then observes puncture result's lower value and bigger variance.If projection is positioned at obducent inboard, and after compression entered accumulation formula depression, projection was aimed at the open portion of blast charging housing, then observed the higher operating efficiency and the stability of blast charging.

Example 2.For the optimized theoretical analysis result of the relevant obducent initial disturbance wavelength of evidence, make the identical hollow charge of employed blast charging in a collection of and the example 1.Housing, explosive, seal and lobed covering on the front all are identical.Difference is that the obducent cutting center line that generates line along projection has different wavelength on different coverings.In interim trial, can determine, for employed obducent material and explosive in above-mentioned blast charging, L/H=13.5, h _Verkl=0.6mm.The puncture result of above-mentioned target collects in the table 2.

Table 2

The result who is quoted in the his-and-hers watches 2 does following explanation.

Surpass 0.7h if generate the wave length of the obducent cutting center line of line along projection _VerklL/H (8mm and 6mm), then the work effect of blast charging is bad, and variance is bigger.If the wavelength of projection is positioned at scope (0.3 ÷ 0.7) h _VerklAmong the L/H (5mm, 4mm, 3.5mm and 3mm), then blast charging can be effectively, stably work; For copper, be lower than 0.3h _VerklThe ripple of L/H is too short.In the wavelength of projection, can observed best result be, approaching at 0.5h _VerklOn the L/H (4mm).This has confirmed theoretic following inference: the suitability that uses the critical conduction mode of obducent blast throwing.

Example 3.For at thickness being punches on the steel plate of 300mm, the manufacturing external diameter is the blast charging of 48mm, high 80mm.The hexogen that the powder charge of blast charging reduces for the 35g susceptibility.Covering is that the copper coin of 0.6mm is made by thickness, has the truncated cone side view, and the cone angle is 19 °, and the bottom surface diameter is 40mm, and the end face diameter is 21mm, highly is 58mm, and quality is 28.5g.Has projection as shown in figure 16 in front.

After the above-mentioned blast charging blast that is arranged on the steel plate, produce the through hole that inlet diameter and outlet diameter are 15mm or 10mm onboard.

Example 4.Use hollow charge when implementing disturbance elimination work, its shape is identical with the shape of blast charging described in the example 1.This blast charging comprises that 50g reduces the hexogen of sensitiveness, two seals (being positioned at lead-tight part and the seal that has punched that is positioned on the explosive on the housing) and the thick copper covering of 0.8mm, it is 120 ° spherical crown shape that the copper covering has angle, and the projection of the housing open portion of aiming at blanket surface is arranged in the inboard.Covering bottom surface diameter is 50mm, and the wave length of projection is about 5mm.

20 above-mentioned blast chargings on the polyethylene band with the hole that is used for blast charging are mutual to be provided with densely with being inserted in, and is fixed on thickness with circle and is about on the brick wall and cement wall of 500mm.Fixedly have the blast fuse of electric cap and metal wire in the side of the enclosure portion of blast charging, electric cap and metal wire are arranged on safe position.In blast charging blast, what form that diameter is about 500mm pierces hole (Einsteigeloch).

Example 5.Use is carried out separating of steel plate with blast charging identical described in the example 4.Blast charging is set on line of cut mutually densely, triggers by the blast fuse simultaneously.Form the cylindrical hole that diameter approaches the bore of blast charging onboard, between Kong Yukong, can produce powerful separation process (Ausplatzprozesse).The result is exactly, steel plate separate on the given line.

In order on steel, to produce the cutting of long 1m, about deeply 100mm, according to above-described method, compare with the hollow charge of lengthening, need few 5-10 explosive doubly.

Example 6.When carrying out building operation, use to have the obducent blast charging of waveform, the waveform covering is the copper one-tenth of 1.5mm by thickness, and has the shape of partial rotation ellipsoid.Quality of explosive is about 300g, and covering bottom surface diameter is 100mm, and the wave length of projection is about 10mm.After the above-mentioned blast charging blast that is arranged in admant, can form the about 50mm of diameter, deeply above the big gun hole of 1m, in the big gun hole, lay the blast charging of explosive, so that dregs are carried out blast work.

Above-mentioned example is not got rid of other use possibility of described hollow charge.

Therefore, by removing the energy loss relevant with the increase of vibration and initial disturbance, improved the efficient and the dielectric force of blast charging, the formation along with handle in the uniform hole with optimum ball configuration has also improved the accuracy and the stability of covering throwing.This can obtain by inhomogeneous (projection) of optimization specifically created on obducent corresponding surface and by out-of-flatness place that exists on the explosive surface, and out-of-flatness place for example, can form by seal.Reduce manufacturing cost simultaneously and guaranteed to use result's stability.

Claims (12)

1. hollow charge, it has: open housing type housing, in described housing, place explosive with accumulation formula depression, described depression is arranged in the open portion of described housing; Flip flop equipment, it is arranged in the enclosure portion of described housing; With the protruding covering that abuts on this accumulation formula depression, described covering is embodied as the cutting center line that generates line along projection, and has a cutting center line with the perpendicular plane of described obducent axis, show as waveform line or non-waveform line, at this, the waveform center line can be stepless or step-like, it is characterized in that, described projection is implemented in described obducent on the surface of described housing open portion, perhaps is implemented on described obducent two surfaces.

2. hollow charge as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that described covering is implemented as corrugated, promptly, two lip-deep projectioies is consistent, at this, conforms to the vault of projection on obducent apparent surface in the depression of a lip-deep projection.

3. hollow charge as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that, described obducent waveform cutting center line generates line along described projection and has the scope of being positioned at (0.3 ÷ 0.7) h _Verkl.Wave length among the L/H, wherein:

h _Verkl.-described obducent average thickness when considering described wave length,

The wavelength of the initial disturbance that the increase of L-plate is very fast, the thickness H of described plate are positioned at scope (0.5 ÷ 1.5) h _Verkl.In, described plate is used with described covering identical materials and is made, and can rule of thumb determine described wavelength according to the darkest funnel at the engagement point place.With after described plate throwing is to the plate that meets, utilization employed explosive in described hollow charge forms described funnel, described distance of meeting between plate and the described plate is 20H ÷ 50H, and the initial disturbance of described plate causes by corrugated shape or by described projection; Under latter event, described projection forms on the surface of the described plate that adjoins with the main body of explosive.

4. hollow charge as claimed in claim 3 is characterized in that, on the described obducent edge that is positioned on the open portion side of described housing, constituting length along described covering is (0.5 ÷ 1.5) h _Verkl.The bending of L/H.

5. hollow charge as claimed in claim 3, it is characterized in that, described covering has the side view of truncated cone, described projection has depression and sedimental shape, wherein, the distance between distance between the center of described adjacent depression and the described adjacent sedimental center remains on scope (0.3 ÷ 0.7) h _Verkl.Among the L/H, described two distances calculate along the bus of cone.

6. hollow charge as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that, described covering is made of by coiling smooth annular sector member, and the projection on the described member is implemented by the compacting on smooth ring-type die.

7. as the described hollow charge of one of claim 3-6, it is characterized in that, described covering is that the sheet material of 0.4 ÷ 4.0mm is made by the thickness of copper or copper alloy manufacturing, ratio L/H is in scope 11 ÷ 15, it becomes along with the raising of the hardness of sheet material greatly, diminishes along with the reduction of hardness.

8. hollow charge as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, forms the surface of described explosive on the side of the described housing with curved element or depression assembly.

9. hollow charge as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, utilize curved element or depression assembly to form the inner surface of described housing, and described explosive is filled in described out-of-flatness place.

10. hollow charge as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, described hollow charge is equipped with one or more seals, described seal is between explosive and housing, partially or completely the housing of explosive with described this blast charging separated, wherein, the seal that abuts on the inner surface is made by the material than the material softness of described housing.

11. hollow charge as claimed in claim 10 is characterized in that, the seal that abuts on the explosive has hole or depression, and explosive is filled in these holes or the depression.

12. hollow charge as claimed in claim 11 is characterized in that, in described seal, the size of described hole or depression is (0.5 ÷ 2) d _Kr., the distance between the hole of described seal or the depression is (1 ÷ 5) d _Kr., wherein, d _KrBlast cut off diameter for the explosive BB that in described blast charging, uses.

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