CN101825737A - The fiber amplifier that comprises nanostructured - Google Patents

The fiber amplifier that comprises nanostructured Download PDF

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CN101825737A
CN101825737A CN201010110125A CN201010110125A CN101825737A CN 101825737 A CN101825737 A CN 101825737A CN 201010110125 A CN201010110125 A CN 201010110125A CN 201010110125 A CN201010110125 A CN 201010110125A CN 101825737 A CN101825737 A CN 101825737A
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optical fiber
core
nano structure
raman
metal nano
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CN101825737B (en
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叶卡捷琳娜·波罗夫
阿兰·帕斯特瑞特
塞德里克·贡内特
克里斯缇·克莱特
奥利弗·卡瓦尼
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Draka Comteq BV
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/30—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range using scattering effects, e.g. stimulated Brillouin or Raman effects
    • H01S3/302—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range using scattering effects, e.g. stimulated Brillouin or Raman effects in an optical fibre
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C13/00—Fibre or filament compositions
    • C03C13/04—Fibre optics, e.g. core and clad fibre compositions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C14/00—Glass compositions containing a non-glass component, e.g. compositions containing fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like, dispersed in a glass matrix
    • C03C14/006—Glass compositions containing a non-glass component, e.g. compositions containing fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like, dispersed in a glass matrix the non-glass component being in the form of microcrystallites, e.g. of optically or electrically active material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C4/00—Compositions for glass with special properties
    • C03C4/0071—Compositions for glass with special properties for laserable glass
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/06754—Fibre amplifiers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/0229—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating characterised by nanostructures, i.e. structures of size less than 100 nm, e.g. quantum dots
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/06708—Constructional details of the fibre, e.g. compositions, cross-section, shape or tapering
    • H01S3/06716—Fibre compositions or doping with active elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/14—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range characterised by the material used as the active medium
    • H01S3/16—Solid materials
    • H01S3/169—Nanoparticles, e.g. doped nanoparticles acting as a gain material

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Abstract

A kind of excited Raman effect amplifying fiber comprises by can be under the effect of pump signal, in given frequencies omega RamanThe core that constitutes by the insulating medium matrix of vibration.This optical fiber comprises the metal Nano structure that can produce surface plasma body resonant vibration in optical fiber of at least a type, and the shape of described metal Nano structure and form makes the frequencies omega of its surface plasma body resonant vibration PlasmonFrequencies omega corresponding to pump signal PumpAnd/or the frequencies omega of the light signal that in optical fiber, transmits SignalAt least one dimension of described metal Nano structure is between 1nm and 20nm, and the cumulative volume of metal Nano structure is less than 2% of fiber core cumulative volume.This optical fiber has increased Raman figure of merit.

Description

The fiber amplifier that comprises nanostructured
Technical field
The present invention relates to field fiber, or rather, relate to the fiber amplifier of the light signal that can amplify transmission.Fiber amplifier can be particularly useful as high-speed transfer circuit amplifier.
Background technology
Fiber amplifier can be the optical fiber that is doped with the such rare earth element of erbium for example.This optical fiber is used to EDFAs or Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) (Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifiers), and have one by the silica substrate that comprises the erbium doped chemical constitute center core, consider and improve gain, combine with other doped chemical probably.In a kind of known mode own, the light amplification in the EDFA type optical fiber excites the ion (Er of (excite) doped chemical by injection one in optical fiber 3+) pump signal (pump signal) come into force.When a light signal passed this part of optical fiber, it made ion deexcitation (de-excite) by laser effect, the identical photon of photon of generation one and incident.Therefore light signal has increased by one times.
Fiber amplifier also can utilize Raman (Raman) effect.It is not the atomic transition of utilizing Doped Rare Earth ion in the optical fiber that Raman amplifies, and is based on the energy exchange by Raman scattering.
Raman scattering is the inelastic scatter of incident light in material, and it causes the atomic vibration interaction with matrix.Every kind of material all has a spontaneous Raman emission spectrum at setted wavelength, that is to say that its behavior is just as the oscillator network at given frequency vibration.The Raman spectrum of glass as unordered non-crystalline material, is to characterize by forming a large amount of wavelength that covered very wide band continuous spectrum.The intensity of Raman emission increases with the power input that is applied to material, and becomes remarkable at a given power place.This phenomenon is called as stimulated Raman scattering (SRS).Therefore can utilize the Raman emission of material, come amplifying optical signals significantly through the material that optically pumped signal excites in advance by making it.In this class A amplifier A, pump photon is converted into the more low-energy photon that another and signal are in same wavelength.
Use has than desiring the low pump signal of amplifying signal frequency, and the difference on the frequency between pump signal and the signal that is transmitted approximates the vibration frequency (to silicon dioxide, being generally 13.2THz) of medium, to guarantee the amplifying optical signals by SRS.Therefore, for the Raman that excites 1550nm amplifies, in silica optical fiber, inject the pump signal of 1450nm.
Raman amplification gain G represents with dB, can be expressed as follows:
G = 10 ln 10 C R P P L eff
C wherein R(is unit with 1/km*W) is the Raman coefficient of optical fiber.
C R = g R A eff
Wherein, g R(is unit with km/W) is the intrinsic Raman gain of material, A Eff(with km 2Being unit, is the useful area at pumping wave strong point optical fiber;
Wherein
P p(is unit with the watt) is pump signal power,
L Eff(is unit with km) is the effective length of optical fiber in the pumping wave strong point, can be determined by following equation:
L eff = ( 1 α p ) · ( 1 - e - α p L )
Wherein, α pBe linear attenuation coefficient (is unit with 1/km).
Therefore, for increasing the efficient (for example, the gain G that Raman amplifies) that Raman amplifies, both can improve material intrinsic Raman gain g R, also reduce the useful area A of optical fiber Eff, the two can make the Raman coefficient C of raising RIncrease the optical loss α that perhaps also can reduce in the pumping wave strong point pIt is a linear attenuation coefficient, is unit with 1/km), or increase pump power P p
Improve the power (P of pumping P) relate to and use expensive laser instrument, this solution is left out when seeking complete cheaply optical system.Intrinsic Raman gain g RRaising can be by optimizing optical fiber the composition of core realize, for example Ge-doped, or for example have tellurium but not the optical fiber of silicon dioxide core by production by increasing for the silicon dioxide core.But this scheme will cause optical transmission loss to increase, caused with same optical system in the compatibility issue of other optical fiber of use standard fiber.
Equally, the useful area (Aeff) that reduces optical fiber improves raman amplification gain (G) and can cause with the consistency problem of existing optical transmission system standard and cause increase at optical transmission loss.
Also the someone advises that adding rare-earth dopant by the core to optical fiber improves raman amplification gain (G), but owing to the absorption of rare earth ion to signal, this method does not produce gratifying effect.
Finally, to be based on be Raman coefficient (C on the one hand in the production of Raman Fiber Amplifier R) and be compromise between the optical loss of optical fiber on the other hand.It is in the literature, this that compromise often (Figure of Merit FOM) estimates, with W by quality factor -1.dB -1Expression, it has been represented in the pumping wave strong point, with W -1.km -1Raman coefficient (the C of the optical fiber of expression R) and with dB.km -1Optical loss (α in the optical fiber of expression p) between ratio.Typically, (the silicon dioxide core contains the Ge that is less than 5wt%, useful area 80 μ m for the standard single mode fiber that is intended to the Raman amplification 2), Raman FOM is limited in 3.2W -1.dB -1
Therefore, for fiber amplifier, need have the Raman FOM of improvement and be compatible still with the optical fiber of other standard.
For this purpose, the present invention proposes to utilize surface plasma body resonant vibration (SPR) phenomenon of the metal Nano structure of arranging on the insulating medium to be used for fiber amplifier.
The electromagnetic wave of in optical fiber, propagating, light for example, the electron cloud around the nanostructured of the core that is positioned at optical fiber of can polarizing, thus cause consistent collective oscillation (being called " surface plasma ").Therefore, when a wavelength under resonant condition, and be to inject with the oscillation wavelength of this polarization cloud, energy can be transferred to this wavelength.The resonant wavelength of nanostructured can be adjusted, and depends on the character of the metal of its shape and size and nanostructured.
The phenomenon of surface plasma body resonant vibration (SPR) is observed.
For example, publication " Optical Properties of Gold Nanorings ", J.Azipura et al, PhysicalReview Letters, Vol.90, No.5,7February 2003, introduced the photoresponse that is arranged in the annular golden nanometer particle on the glass basis.
Publication " Nanoengineering of optical resonances ", S.J.Oldenburg et al., ChemicalPhysics Letters, 22May 1998, pp.243-247, " A Hybridation Model for the PlasmonResponse of Complex Nanostructures ", E.Prodan et al., Science, Vol.302,17 October2003 have described the nano particle of difformity and composition and the optical resonance that causes thereof.
Publication " Symmetry breaking in individual plasmonic nanoparticles ", Hui Wang et al, PNAS, Vol.103, No.29,18July 2006, described the nano particle that is made of insulating medium core and metal shell.This publication has more specifically been described the influence of nano particle metal shell size in the surface plasma body resonant vibration conversion.
The publication of R.L.Garell " Surface-Enhanced Plasmon Raman pectroscopy ", in AnalyticalChemistry, 1989,61, pp.401-411 has described a kind of characterization of molecules technology of using the SRS amplification that has Nano silver grain in the solution.
Further, publication " Surface plasmon polariton modified emission of erbium in ametallodielectric grating ", J.Kalkman et al., Applied Physics Letters, Vol.83, No.1,7July2003, " Coupling of Er ions to surface plasmons on Ag ", J.Kalkman et al., Applied PhysicsLetters, Vol.86,2005,041113-1-3, and " Plasmon-enhanced erbium luminescence ", H.Mertens et al., Applied Physics Letters, Vol.89,2006,211107-1-3, describe the increase of the light intensity that sends by near the erbium ion that is arranged in the Nano silver grain, therefore might reduce the thermal effect in the planar waveguide.
Metal nanoparticle also is used to optical sensor.For example, file US-A-6,608,716 and US-A-7,123,359 optical sensors of describing comprise the microcavity that is made of depositing metal, semimetal and/or semiconductor atom in the insulating medium substrate, comprise also that a plurality of nano particles are arranged to form fractal structures.File US-A-6,807,323 described an optical sensor, the phenomenon of the surface plasma body resonant vibration (SPR) between the thin conductive film that it has utilized and the thin insulating deielectric-coating of mixed rare earth element or transition metal.
But surface plasma body resonant vibration (SPR) phenomenon is not used to improve the Raman gain of fiber amplifier.The restriction of production conditional request of optical fiber is to the character of the nanostructured of mixing, and size and shape are selected.
In addition, the optical fiber that comprises nano particle is known in the prior art.For example, file EP-A-1347545 or WO-A-2007/020362 have described the optical fiber that has nano particle in fiber core.Nano particle described in these files comprises a rear-earth-doped element, and at least a element improved signal amplification factor, aluminium for example, lanthanum, antimony, bismuth or other.
But these files are not described for the metal nanoparticle that causes the usefulness of surface plasma body resonant vibration (SPR) phenomenon at the core of optical fiber.
Therefore, without any the file description of prior art comprise for the metal nanoparticle that causes the usefulness of surface plasma body resonant vibration (SPR) phenomenon at the core of optical fiber, so that the optical fiber of the increase of the Raman gain of optical fiber.
Summary of the invention
The present invention relates to a kind of excited Raman effect fiber amplifier, comprise: can guarantee light signal transmission core and around described core and can limit the fibre cladding that light signal transmits in described core, described core is by can be under the effect of pump signal, insulating medium matrix at given frequency vibration constitutes, so that the light signal of transmission is exaggerated by Ramam effect, it is characterized in that, described optical fiber comprises the metal Nano structure that can produce surface plasma body resonant vibration in optical fiber of at least a type, the shape of described metal Nano structure and form makes the frequency of its surface plasma body resonant vibration corresponding to the frequency of the frequency of pump signal and/or the light signal that transmits in optical fiber, at least one dimension of described metal Nano structure is between 1nm (nanometer) and 20nm (nanometer), and the cumulative volume of described metal Nano structure is less than 2% of fiber core cumulative volume.
According to an embodiment, described metal Nano structure is disposed in the core of optical fiber.The shape that metal Nano structure has and form makes the bandwidth of its surface plasma greater than the vibration frequency of fiber core insulating medium matrix.
According to an embodiment, described metal Nano structure is arranged in the ring of the described core of optical fiber; Light signal transmits in the core of optical fiber, and pump signal is transmitted in described ring.
According to an embodiment, the insulating medium matrix of fiber core is based on silicon dioxide, and the insulating medium matrix of core can be doped with and be selected from germanium (Ge), phosphorus (P), fluorine (F), boron (B), aluminium (Al), tantalum (Ta), the element of tellurium (Te) or its combination.
According to an embodiment, described metal Nano structure comprises and is selected from gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), tungsten (W), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), molybdenum (Mo), osmium (Os), the metal of platinum (Pt) or its combination.
According to an embodiment, the temperature of fusion of described metal Nano structure is more than or equal to 950 ℃, and vapourizing temperature is more than or equal to 2100 ℃.
According to an embodiment, described metal Nano structure has spherical form, and diameter is between 1nm (nanometer) and 10nm (nanometer).
According to another embodiment, described metal Nano structure has elliptical shape, and minor diameter (a) is between 1nm (nanometer) and 10nm (nanometer).Major diameter is designated as (b).According to the major diameter of this embodiment and the ratio of minor diameter (b/a) between 1 and 2000.
According to another embodiment, metal Nano structure has the insulating medium core that is surrounded by outer metal housing, outer diameter D is between 1nm (nanometer) and 20nm (nanometer), and the thickness t of betal can is less than 5nm, and the diameter of insulating medium core and the ratio of described external diameter are between 0.5 and 1.
According to another embodiment, metal Nano structure has a metal core, an interior insulating medium shell and an outer metal housing, and the outer diameter D of metal Nano structure is between 1nm (nanometer) and 20nm (nanometer), and the thickness of outer metal housing is less than 5nm.
According to an embodiment, optical fiber according to the present invention has greater than 10W for the fiber lengths less than 500m -1.dB -1Raman figure of merit (Raman Figure of Merit, FOM), described Raman figure of merit is defined as Raman coefficient (Raman the coefficient) (C of optical fiber R) with optical fiber in the ratio of loss, the Raman coefficient (C of described optical fiber R) the intrinsic Raman gain (g that is defined as at pumping wave strong point core material R) and optical fiber effective area (A Eff) ratio.According to an embodiment, for the fiber lengths less than 500m, described Raman figure of merit (FOM) is greater than 20W -1.dB -1
The present invention relates to comprise image intensifer or laser instrument according at least a portion of optical fiber of the present invention.
Further aspect of the present invention and advantage, below having read will be more clear and definite after form for example and the description, wherein with reference to the embodiment of the invention of accompanying drawing:
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 has shown surface plasma resonance;
Fig. 2 has shown that one utilizes the standard fiber amplifier of Ramam effect;
Fig. 3 has shown the embodiment according to the Raman Fiber Amplifier of invention;
Fig. 4 has shown first example according to the nanostructured in the optical fiber of invention;
Fig. 5 has shown second example according to the nanostructured in the optical fiber of invention;
Fig. 6 has shown the 3rd example according to the nanostructured in the optical fiber of invention;
Fig. 7 shows the example according to the manufacturing of optical fiber of the present invention.
Embodiment
With reference to the fiber amplifier of excited Raman effect (SRS) the present invention is described below.Usually, optical fiber by have transmission and, if applicable, the fiber core of the function of amplifying optical signals and have the optics covering that light signal is limited in the function in the core and constitute.For this reason, the refractive index n of core cRefractive index n with covering gBe n c＞n gFor the Ramam effect fiber amplifier, core is made of Ge-doped silicon dioxide usually, and covering normally is made of non-doped silica.However, it should be understood that the function that needs only transmission and sealing (confinement) can guarantee, just can use other adulterant according to required optical property.
The present invention proposes hybrid metal nanostructured in optical fiber, to produce surface plasma body resonant vibration (SPR) in optical fiber.So-called " nanostructured " is meant, hundreds of is to the thousands of atoms and/or the combination of molecule, and synthetic at least one dimension is nano level object, between 1 to 100 nanometer, and has specific physical-chemical property.So-called " metal Nano structure " meaning is to comprise the nanostructured of at least one metallic atom combination.It is so-called that " " meaning is the type of nanostructured, and nanostructured has a shape, and size and forming makes its surface plasma body resonant vibration frequency (ω Plasmon) be defined and control.
Surface plasma body resonant vibration (SPR) phenomenon as shown in Figure 1.In metal, because coulomb shielding effect (Coulombshielding effect), electronic motion is very freely, and the interaction between its atomic nucleus separately is little.On the level of nanometer, the electric field of the light wave of incident can cause the polarization with respect to the electronics of the ion source daughter nucleus of described metallic atom at the metal/dielectric interface.Thereby the generation net charge, electronics can be at a frequency (ω Plasmon) (coherently) vibration coherently, this frequency depends on the character of metal and the shape and the size of nanostructured.Select when proper when nanostructured (size is formed for geometry, shape), the electron surface polarization can concentrate the mode of energy and amplification nanostructured internal field on every side to carry out.
Fig. 2 has shown the Raman Fiber Amplifier of a standard.The standard fiber amplifier comprises a core that is made of the insulating medium matrix, and this insulating medium matrix can be transmitted in given frequency (ω Signal) signal propagated, and can be at given frequency (ω Pump) down amplify this signal by Ramam effect under the effect of the pump signal of emission.Therefore, the vibration frequency (ω of core matrix Raman) form decision by it, and select in such a manner: the part from the energy of pumping is transferred to signal frequency (ω by Ramam effect (Ps) Signal).The energy that is transferred to this signal is proportional to:
P s(ω s)∝Nσ ramanI p(ω pump)
Wherein,
N is the quantity of the Raman active vibration of matrix;
σ RamanBe that (it is proportional to Raman coefficient g for effective Raman cross section of matrix R);
I P(ω Pump) be the incident intensity of pump signal.
Fig. 3 has shown according to optical fiber of the present invention.Fiber amplifier according to the present invention comprises a core that is made of the insulating medium matrix, and this insulating medium matrix can be transmitted in given frequency (ω Signal) signal propagated, and can be at given frequency (ω Pump) down amplify this signal by Ramam effect under the effect of the pump signal of emission.Therefore, the vibration frequency (ω of core matrix Raman) form decision by it, and select in such a manner: the part from the energy of pumping is transferred to signal frequency (ω by Ramam effect (Ps) Signal).According to the light signal that is exaggerated via Ramam effect of the present invention,, metal Nano structure is reinforced by being introduced in the optical fiber.This effect is owing to two phenomenons:
-because effective Raman cross section (σ of the matrix that the change of matrix internal key environment causes Raman) the increase (σ of approximate 100 times of factors SPR＞σ Raman);
Electromagnetic field concentrates near-the metal Nano structure.
In this case, be transferred to signal frequency (ω by Ramam effect (Ps) in the energy of pumping Signal) part be proportional to:
P S(ω s)∝Nσ SPRF 2(ω signal)F 2(ω pump)I P(ω pump)
Wherein
N is the quantity of the Raman active vibration of matrix;
σ SPRBe corrected by existing of nanostructured, effective Raman cross section of matrix;
I P(ω Pump) be the incident intensity of pump signal;
F (ω Pump) be on pump frequency, near the growth factor of the amplitude of the localized electromagnetic field the metal Nano structure;
F (ω Signal) be on signal frequency, near the growth factor of the amplitude of the localized electromagnetic field the metal Nano structure.
Theoretically, this factor F can be greater than 1000, and depend on the material of fiber core, i.e. the dielectric properties of matrix, the shape of metal Nano structure and size, and the character of metal (silver, gold or other).
Therefore, total raising that the Raman relevant with the introducing of metal Nano structure amplifies according to the present invention causes following result: effective Raman cross section sigma SPRIncrease, at pumping F (ω Pump) and/or signal F (ω Signal) near on the frequency metal Nano structure localized electromagnetic field amplitude increases.
According to the application of imagination, according to the size that is incorporated into the metal Nano structure of fiber core matrix of the present invention, shape and character can be suitable for and pumping (ω Pump) or with the transmission signal (ω Signal), perhaps produce resonance (ω with the two simultaneously Plasmon).In order to obtain the synchro-resonance with pumping and signal, the nanostructured of introducing fiber core according to the present invention must satisfy subsidiary condition: the resonance bandwidth of nanostructured must be greater than the Raman vibration frequency (ω of the matrix of fiber core Raman).This embodiment is because it allows the maximum of Ramam effect to increase (～F 4) and become preferred.
Therefore, this nanostructured is by its size, geometry, shape, character and gathereding degree are selected, on the one hand, so that maximum surface plasma body resonant vibration (SPR) effect appears at selected controlled frequency, on the other hand, to avoid the disturbance of fiber middle light signal transmission.Therefore, can have according to optical fiber of the present invention greater than 10W -1.dB -1Raman FOM, or even greater than 20W -1.dB -1
According to this embodiment, metal Nano structure can be introduced in the core and/or the covering of optical fiber, particularly is incorporated into around the ring of the covering of core.If metal Nano structure is introduced at the same time the core and the covering of optical fiber, can select dissimilar nanostructureds, the size, composition, geometry and the shape that promptly are incorporated into the nanostructured of core can be different with size, composition, geometry and the shape of the nanostructured that is incorporated into fibre cladding.
If metal Nano structure is introduced in the ring around fiber core, pump signal can be transmitted in this ring and this nanostructured will be elected as and pumping (ω especially Pump) resonance (ω Plasmon).The light signal of desiring to be exaggerated is still in core and transmits.
Metal Nano structure can exert an influence to light-how much (opto-geometric) condition of optical fiber at the core of optical fiber and/or in the appearance in the ring of core, and changes the signal transmission conditions.
At first, be necessary to limit the optical loss that causes by metal Nano structure, relevant with its size with their gathereding degrees in optical fiber.With metal Nano structure introduce optical fiber core or near core-directly in the ring of this core-, changed the effective refractive index of core, and may cause increasing by the light loss of scattering.In addition, be incorporated into physical-chemical property, particularly its glutinousness that metal Nano structure among the optical fiber can change core matrix and fibre cladding, this will cause the production constraint condition of this material and optical fiber incompatible, the temperature of particularly towing.The inventor determines that thus can be stretched and obtain the optical fiber of limited loss in order to keep material under the standard industry condition, main condition is:
(nanoscopic) dimension of a nanometer vision of-metal Nano structure is less than 20nm (nanometer);
The content of metal Nano structure (concentration) is less than 2% of core volume in the-optical fiber.
Be not introduced among the core of optical fiber if metal Nano structure only is introduced in the ring of fibre cladding, optical loss will be reduced but can only with pump signal, and can not with the signal generation surface plasma body resonant vibration (SPR) of transmission.
According to the present invention, comprise being selected from gold (Au) silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), tungsten (W), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), molybdenum (Mo), osmium (Os), the metal Nano structure of the metal of platinum (Pt) or its combination will be fit closely.This nanostructured has higher melt temperature, preferably is higher than 950 ℃, and preferably at least vapourizing temperature allow to tow more than or equal to 2100 ℃, simultaneously in the matrix based on silicon dioxide of optical fiber, keep nanostructured.These can liquefy in the process of towing, but can not evaporate.The nanostructured of using has good chemical oxidation stability and high electron density simultaneously, guarantees the existence of abundant electron cloud, to be used for the generation of the surface plasma resonance under the effect of light signal.
The insulating medium matrix of optical fiber center core can be based on silicon dioxide, and it can be doped with and be selected from germanium (Ge), phosphorus (P), fluorine (F), boron (B), aluminium (Al), tantalum (Ta), the element of tellurium (Te) or its combination.
Below table 1 provided the fusing and the vapourizing temperature of the metal of the nanostructured that can be used for being incorporated into optical fiber according to the present invention.
Table 1
Metal Temperature of fusion, ℃ Vapourizing temperature, ℃
??Au ??1065 ??3054
??Ag ??961 ??2162
??Cu ??1085 ??2554
??Al ??660 ??2519
??W ??3407 ??5658
??Ni ??1453 ??2913
??Pd ??1550 ??2963
??Rh ??1966 ??3695
??Ir ??2443 ??4428
??Ru ??2250 ??4150
??Mo ??2617 ??4639
??Os ??3027 ??5009
??Pt ??1772 ??3825
According to the present invention, the shape of metal Nano structure can change, and depends on their size, character and the SPR resonant frequency (ω of the application estimated with adjustment Plasmon), they can be almost sphericals or have oval shape or hud typed (core-shell (s)) structure.Ellipse or nucleocapsid shape will allow the increase with the surface in contact of the insulating medium matrix of fiber optic materials, and cause near the increase of the electron density nanostructured.
The intensity of the surface plasma body resonant vibration of nanostructured, wavelength and scope are selected to be associated with the parameter (character of metal, geometry, gathereding degree) of the nanostructured of introducing in essence.For example, this metal Nano structure must have at least a dimension to be significantly less than the wavelength of optical excitation signal.For spherical nanostructure, diameter can be between 1nm (nanometer) and 10nm (nanometer); For oval-shaped nanostructured, minor diameter can be between 1nm (nanometer) and 10nm (nanometer).For the core-shell type nano structure, external diameter is less than 20nm (nanometer), and the thickness of betal can be limited to 5nm (nanometer).The diameter of core-shell type nano structure can be greater than the diameter of spherical or oval-shaped nanostructured, so because the core-shell type nano structure division is to constitute the light signal that absorbs by insulating medium to be less than the spherical or oval-shaped nanostructured that is made of metal fully.Therefore, although bigger external diameter is arranged, the optical loss that is caused by the core-shell type nano structure and the optical loss that is caused by spherical or oval nanostructured are at the same order of magnitude.
Fig. 4 has shown first example that can be used for according to the nanostructured of optical fiber of the present invention.
For spherical metal nanostructured (a=b), light signal is propagated in optical fiber and is caused surface plasma body resonant vibration (SPR) phenomenon, and this has caused the increase of depending on the electric field amplitude of the light wave on the setted wavelength of metal ingredient one.If this nanostructured be oval (a＜＜b), surface plasma body resonant vibration frequency (ω Plasmon) will move and widen to low-limit frequency, shown in the figure of Fig. 4.
For example, for the gold metal nanostructured, the ovalization major diameter of nanostructured and the ratio (b/a) between the minor diameter are lower than 2000, preferably are no more than 1000, and the wave band (particularly C-band) that allows the surface plasma body resonant vibration frequency to use to communication is moved.Therefore oval nanostructured preferably has a minor diameter a between 1nm (nanometer) and 10nm (nanometer), and major diameter b is between 10nm (nanometer) and 1500nm (nanometer) (length can be compared with the wavelength of telecommunications light signal) preferably.The ovalization of metal Nano structure can be by adjusting the product parameters control of optical fiber, particularly in the stage of towing.For example, for gold, the temperature of fusion of gold is 1064 degree, carries out between 1700 to 2200 ℃ and tow.Therefore, during towing, the gold nano structure will show viscosity, and will be easy to carry out being out of shape during the conversion of coordination at fiber optic preforms (preform).
In addition, to the frequency displacement of SPR, this metal Nano structure ovalization allows the surface plasma body resonant vibration band to widen.Therefore, by guaranteeing maximum Ramam effect via synchronous amplification pumping and signal, the effective Raman on a wider bandwidth amplifies and can be guaranteed, particularly uses for WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing, wavelength-division multiplex) type.Fig. 5 has shown second example that can be used for according to the nanostructured of optical fiber of the present invention.
This example has proposed the core-shell type nano structure, and it has the core of insulating medium and the shell of metal, and external diameter is D, the thick t of shell.When diameter D equaled thickness t, it was corresponding to the spherical metal nanostructured.When nanostructured has the form of nucleocapsid, surface plasma body resonant vibration frequency (ω Plasmon) be to low-limit frequency move and with respect to the spherical metal nanostructured outside loose, as shown in the figure among Fig. 5.
For example, nanostructured has the silicon dioxide core, and can use a gold medal layer.But will be appreciated that, can be different to the insulating medium of nano particle core with the insulating medium matrix of optical fiber.The optimization of diameter D and thickness of the shell t makes and might control surface plasma body resonant vibration (SPR) frequency.About 10 diameter thickness is than (D/t) the feasible SPR frequency that can obtain in wave band is used in communication.Preferably diameter D is 1 between the 20nm (nanometer) for the core-shell type nano structure, and the thick t of shell is less than 5nm (nanometer), select so that the ratio between the overall diameter (D) of diameter of nonmetal core (D-2t) and nanostructured between 0.5 and 1, more preferably greater than 0.8.Except that the SPR frequency displacement, hud typed metal Nano structure allows the surface plasma body resonant vibration band to widen.Therefore, by guaranteeing maximum Ramam effect via synchronous amplification pumping and signal, the effective Raman on a wider bandwidth amplifies and can be guaranteed, particularly uses for the WDM type.
Fig. 6 has shown the 3rd example that can be used for according to the nanostructured of optical fiber of the present invention.
This example has proposed to have the metallic central core, the comprehensive nanostructured of built-in electrical insulation medium shell and external metallization shell.It is D that this nanostructured has external diameter, built-in electrical insulation medium thickness of the shell t 1, and external metallization outer casing thickness t 2When nanostructured has the formation of this type, surface plasma body resonant vibration frequency (ω Plasmon) be to move and relatively loose outside the spherical nanostructure to low-limit frequency, shown in the figure of Fig. 6.In addition, the electric field intensity of light wave increases.This metal Nano structure can be preferably used for the application of WDM type.
For example, can use and have a gold (gold) metal core, the nanostructured of silicon dioxide inner casing and golden shell.The overall diameter D of these nanostructureds preferably between 1 and 20nm (nanometer) between, and the thickness t of outer metallic shell 2Less than 5nm (nanometer).The thickness t of diameter D and each shell 1And t 2Optimization make might be to SPR frequency (ω Plasmon) and resonance bandwidth control.But will be appreciated that the insulating medium of the inner casing of nanostructured can be different with the insulating medium of the matrix of optical fiber, and the metal of core and shell can be different.
It is also contemplated that other example of metal Nano structure.Particularly, the metal Nano structure of number of different types can be mixed in the single optical fiber, promptly spherical and/or oval nanostructured and core-shell type nano structure, according to reason proposed above, as long as by volume content be lower than optical fiber core volume 2%.When introducing dissimilar metal Nano structures in optical fiber, the nanostructured of each type can comprise the metal different with other type, shape and size.
Fig. 7 has shown the example according to the manufacturing of optical fiber of the present invention.
Metal Nano structure (Me NP) can synthesize by chemistry or physics to be produced, as well-known sol-gal process (sol-gel method) itself.Hud typed metal Nano structure can generate nano particle (nanoscopic grains) powder by producing with chemistry or the synthetic nano particle that forms of physics, carries out once or consecutive deposition on this powder by chemistry or physical deposition then.Afterwards, nanostructured is disperseed in aqueous solution.Obtain a stabilized nano structure suspensoid (suspension) thus.
Have the silicon dioxide tube 100 of porous core and pass through MCVD (Modified Chemical Vapour Deposition, improved chemical vapor deposition) production equally by the formed covering 100 of silicon dioxide tube.Afterwards, stablize the nanostructured solution of suspensoid state, be used to flood the porous core of 110 silicon dioxide tubes, for example,,, alternatively, form ring to form elementary pre-type body (preform) core in MCVD operating period.
Next, be vitrifacation and extrusion operation 120 for obtaining elementary pre-type body, be whole coating (overcladding) operation at last, with the formation final pre-type body of tower that can be used for towing with pull optical fiber 150.
Like this, optical fiber is produced, and it comprises a core, and if applicable, a ring is made of the insulating medium matrix, and comprises the metal Nano structure of allowing that surface plasma body resonant vibration (SPR) phenomenon takes place, to amplify a pumping and/or signal wavelength.
On the estimation application imagination, thus the power of pumping can reduce and can use so not expensive equipment, and/or the length of fiber amplifier can reduce so that equipment is compact more.
For example, heavy Ge-doped (the germanium part 20 to 25%wt%, useful area are 10 μ m although have 2) based on the fiber amplifier of the standard of the core of silicon dioxide, will have 8W for 900 meters for optimum fiber length -1.dB -1Raman FOM, according to optical fiber of the present invention,,, can have much larger than 10W for less than 500 meters optimum fiber length for same useful area -1.dB -1Raman FOM, even surpass 20W -1.dB -1
This optical fiber can be used to have the fiber amplifier of remarkable gain amplifier and improve compactedness with respect to the prior art state.This optical fiber can also be used to have the laser instrument of improved compactedness.
Certainly, the present invention is not limited only to embodiment and the application with the exemplary forms description.Particularly, the insulating medium matrix can be silicon dioxide (silica) or any other composition, and for example germanium oxide or tellurium can also comprise such as for example germanium, phosphorus, alloys such as antimony and thallium.

Claims (17)

1. excited Raman effect amplifying fiber comprises: can guarantee light signal transmission core and around described core and can limit the fibre cladding that light signal transmits in described core, described core is by can be under the effect of pump signal, in given frequencies omega RamanThe insulating medium matrix of vibration constitutes, so that the light signal of transmission is exaggerated by Ramam effect, it is characterized in that,
This optical fiber comprises the metal Nano structure that can produce surface plasma body resonant vibration in optical fiber of at least a type, and the shape of described metal Nano structure and form makes the frequencies omega of its surface plasma body resonant vibration PlasmonFrequencies omega corresponding to pump signal PumpAnd/or the frequencies omega of the light signal that in optical fiber, transmits Signal, at least one dimension of described metal Nano structure is between 1nm (nanometer) and 20nm (nanometer), and the cumulative volume of metal Nano structure is less than 2% of fiber core cumulative volume.
2. optical fiber according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described metal Nano structure is the core that is arranged in optical fiber.
3. optical fiber according to claim 2 is characterized in that, the shape of described metal Nano structure and form makes the bandwidth of its surface plasma body resonant vibration greater than the vibration frequency ω of fiber core insulating medium matrix Raman
4. according to any described optical fiber in the claim 1 to 3, it is characterized in that described metal Nano structure is arranged in the ring of the described core of optical fiber, light signal is transmitted in the core of optical fiber, and pump signal is transmitted in described ring.
5. according to any described optical fiber in the claim 1 to 4, it is characterized in that the insulating medium matrix of described core is based on silicon dioxide.
6. according to any described optical fiber in the claim 1 to 4, it is characterized in that the insulating medium matrix of described core is based on silicon dioxide, it is doped with and is selected from germanium (Ge), phosphorus (P), fluorine (F), boron (B), aluminium (Al), tantalum (Ta), the element of tellurium (Te) or its combination.
7. according to above-mentioned any described optical fiber of claim, it is characterized in that the metal that described metal Nano structure comprises is selected from gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), tungsten (W), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), molybdenum (Mo), osmium (Os), platinum (Pt) or its combination.
8. according to above-mentioned any described optical fiber of claim, it is characterized in that the temperature of fusion of described metal Nano structure is equal to or greater than 950 ℃.
9. according to above-mentioned any described optical fiber of claim, it is characterized in that the vapourizing temperature of described metal Nano structure is equal to or greater than 2100 ℃.
10. according to any described optical fiber in the claim 1 to 9, it is characterized in that described metal Nano structure has spherical form, diameter is between 1nm (nanometer) and 10nm (nanometer).
11. according to any described optical fiber in the claim 1 to 9, it is characterized in that, described metal Nano structure has elliptical shape, and its minor diameter a is between 1nm (nanometer) and 10nm (nanometer), and the ratio b/a of major diameter b and minor diameter is between 1 and 2000.
12. according to any described optical fiber in the claim 1 to 11, it is characterized in that, described metal Nano structure has the insulating medium core that is surrounded by outer metal housing, outer diameter D is between 1nm (nanometer) and 20nm (nanometer), the thickness t of betal can is less than 5nm, and the diameter of insulating medium core and the ratio of described external diameter (D-2t)/D are between 0.5 and 1.
13. according to any described optical fiber in the claim 1 to 11, it is characterized in that described metal Nano structure has a metal core, an interior insulating medium shell and an outer metal housing, outer diameter D is between 1nm (nanometer) and 20nm (nanometer), and the thickness t of outer metal housing 2Less than 5nm.
14., it is characterized in that described optical fiber has greater than 10W for the fiber lengths less than 500m according to above-mentioned any described optical fiber of claim -1.dB -1Raman figure of merit, described Raman figure of merit is defined as the Raman coefficient C of optical fiber RWith the ratio of loss in the optical fiber, the Raman coefficient C of described optical fiber RThe intrinsic Raman gain g that is defined as at pumping wave strong point core material RWith optical fiber effective area A EffRatio.
15. optical fiber according to claim 14 is characterized in that, described optical fiber has greater than 20W for the fiber lengths less than 500m -1.dB -1Raman figure of merit.
16. an image intensifer is characterized in that, comprises at least a portion according to any described optical fiber of claim 1 to 15.
17. a laser instrument is characterized in that, comprises at least a portion according to any described optical fiber of claim 1 to 15.
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