CN1017732B - Hackling or combing machine for fibres - Google Patents

Hackling or combing machine for fibres

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Publication number
CN1017732B
CN1017732B CN 86108302 CN86108302A CN1017732B CN 1017732 B CN1017732 B CN 1017732B CN 86108302 CN86108302 CN 86108302 CN 86108302 A CN86108302 A CN 86108302A CN 1017732 B CN1017732 B CN 1017732B
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
faller gill
operating
combing
card wire
fibre bundle
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
CN 86108302
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Chinese (zh)
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CN86108302A (en
Inventor
托马斯·弗拉纳根
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
James Mackie and Sons Ltd
Original Assignee
James Mackie and Sons Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by James Mackie and Sons Ltd filed Critical James Mackie and Sons Ltd
Publication of CN86108302A publication Critical patent/CN86108302A/en
Publication of CN1017732B publication Critical patent/CN1017732B/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01BMECHANICAL TREATMENT OF NATURAL FIBROUS OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL TO OBTAIN FIBRES OF FILAMENTS, e.g. FOR SPINNING
    • D01B5/00Hackling or heckling machines
    • D01B5/02Details
    • D01B5/06Construction, mounting, or operating features of heckling devices

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Preliminary Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)

Abstract

A bundles of fibres 32 suspended from a holder 34 is combed by co-operating arrays of pins which are driven around closed paths defined by rollers 37, 38, 39,35,40,41. When the arrays are moved together, they form a substantially vertical working reach over which the pins in the arrays are opposed as they move in a downward direction alongside one another in order to comb the fibres. The arrays are pivoted about the lower rollers 35,37, and mechanism including cams 50, followers 51 and links 54 periodically adjusts the spacing between the co-operating arrays of pins in the working reach so as to increase the gap between them, as shown. The bundle of fibres is moved into the zone of the working reach at a time when the gap is increased and when the arrays of pins come together, combing takes place. The arrays then move apart again and a fresh bundle of fibres is introduced.

Description

Hackling or combing machine for fibres
The present invention relates to the combing of fiber, relate to specifically as the combing of this fibrid of flax and by the processing of flax and describing, though the present invention is equally applicable to the combing of other fibers.As operation ahead, with the flax after the scutching be divided into to the bundle of eckling machine feed or what is called " ".The operation of this machine is known already and be described in detail in, for example, Longman this. what Green company published nineteen thirty-seven is paused in " the spinning technique basis " of being shown by the W.E. More.
What so book described in detail is such, beet is outstanding down from chuck, chuck is mechanically promoted along a guide groove movement in the stretching, extension of machine total length, and the installation of this guide groove is to make it reciprocating beet is lowered between the faller gill of facing mutually that is contained in annular curtain in vertical direction.Article one, curtain moves clockwise, and another then is counterclockwise, and their corresponding card wire is removed staple fibre (fibre falls) towards following direction combing beet and from restrainting like this.When moving downward with card wire is equidirectional, each beet is subjected to combing between curtain, stop a period of time in bottom of travel then and still be subjected to simultaneously combing, risen upper mentioning beet when leaving curtain to it when the guide groove of supporting chuck then, beet is drawn by card wire towards the opposite direction of card wire motion to be subjected to further combing up.The chuck position of advancing promptly is to enter the closeer arrangement of next card wire then, repeats this circulation.
The normal length of each beet is clamped between 1-1.5 rice and in half place of about length, must be about 8 feet (2.5 meters) at the liftoff height of position guide groove that rises like this.Therefore this machine is that a length may be the big machine of about 40 feet (13 meters), and the length of combing segment own is about 25 feet (8 meters).Revolution pin curtain is a fixing position.
As describing in detail in the above-mentioned book, this machine is bilateral, clamped in half place of about length by chuck at an end beet of machine, and the chuck lifting with allow the card wire faced mutually with the short fiber comb from beet and stay " long line " fiber that chuck is clamped.After chuck was finished each and vertically back and forth had suffered journey, it moved a position and recarding circulation along the supporting guide groove automatically.From infeed end, thickness and pitch along the length direction card wire on the every limit of machine all attenuate, when each chuck in succession arrives the other end, chuck is reversed, the position of the beet in chuck readjusted (" being pulled through ") thereby in the reverse stroke on one side of machine opposite the other end of every bundle flax comprise being clipped in and that part ofly in the chuck be subjected to combing.
A kind of traditional structure of eckling machine in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 of accompanying drawing, is respectively a part side elevation and an end-view for example, and the demonstration guide groove is at raised position, puts down or the operating position is then represented with chain-dotted line.
Fig. 1 illustrates a plurality of chuck 4 and vertically disposes along machine, and each has fibre bundle 6.As seen, the paired pin 9 of chuck 4 usefulness is positioned at 8 li of guide grooves on Fig. 2, promotes chuck along guide groove movement under the mechanism's (not shown) control of pawling of these paired pins in guide groove.Guide groove is installed in again on the chain or belt on the wheel 12 that is actuated to the falling-rising guide groove.The other end of belt is the rise that counterweight 14 is used for assisting guide groove.
Each chuck 4 is the clamping plate faced mutually that connected together by bolt 15, and the beet skewer promptly is evenly distributed on the plate after going into.Machine is bilateral, and shown arrangement both sides are the same.
From scheming as seen, each beet is clamped in half place of about length in first stroke, after putting down, and 40% of about total length, normally butt is subjected to combing.When the chuck upset is supported by other a pair of pin 9, loosen fishbolt beet further is pulled through chuck towards that part of excessively opposite direction of combing, like this when combing when upper end, all parts that are not subjected to combing in first stroke of beet all are subjected to combing in backhaul.
Under guide groove 8 is the ring-type curtain, and it comprises many annular belts 16, across in succession interband is housed apart from the tie-rod of arranging 7 on belt 16.These tie-rods 7 have the comb bar 17 of planting pin and have that for example 30 such tie-rods are on the periphery of belt 16, and pitch is that 2 inches (50mm) are more.Along with chuck along the machine forward impelling, the card wire on one side attenuates and spacing becomes close, is reversed at the turning at the termination of machine chuck, the pin type comes again, begin at the commutation end thicker, along with chuck becomes close attenuating in the direction that another side goes back.Face the fineness and the density of the gradual change of the configuration of card wire projecting point, staggered (if needed), card wire mutually and establish a capital the character that will be fit to machined material really.Belt 16 is effective workspace of vertical carded fiber around roller bearing 18,19 motions up and down to define basically, and there is slight expansion this workspace towards the bottom.
As shown in Figure 1, tie-rod 7 is followed belt riveting jail across four belts 16 and at 28 places.Every root system bar is near there being on the one side of belt 16 several outstanding projections 20 to be used for supporting comb bar 17, and having only top one in two tie-rods shown in Figure 1, to have the comb bar on the throne, has seven comb bars on every tie-rod total length.Card wire only is illustrated on two the comb bars in the left side, increases along the tie-rod length direction but narrated the fine and closely woven degree of planting pin.Just the result of the structure of describing is, as shown in Figure 2, tie-rod 7 is replacing round the periphery of belt 16 with comb bar 17.
The suffered combing amount of material changes with the number of times of chuck lifting and the revolution of belt per minute.The speed that increases belt just increases the processing capacity that gives material.The lifting number of times belt speed that increases the chuck per minute remains unchanged and then can reduce the processing capacity that gives material, but distortion of materials has increased owing to the variation of combing rate.
The speed of chuck and guide groove normally speed that per minute promotes belt 16 between 6 times to 10 times then per minute 8 forward to 15 change between, decide on institute's material processed.Target is a driving belt by the speed that the maximum output consistent with fibre count and cleannes can be provided.The function of card wire in carding machine generally is decided to be the shredding, cracking of fiber Yu the function of Chu Lei, opening fiber bundle carded pin, cracking with in card wire Chu Lei then use thin card wire.
Fall to finely being removed by brush pot 22 from fibre bundle is collected, falling on the brush pot 22 finely then removed by the cylinder 23 that strips of planting pin.By 24 cleanings of fiber stripping comb, the fibre 25 that falls falls into 26 li in chest to cylinder 23 at last again.
Fig. 2 solid line position represents that guide groove 8 lifted from the raised position of belt 16 at beet 6.The chain-dotted line position represents that then guide groove 8 ' at fiber is by the position of falling of combing.To only pause one second more time before raised once more at this lower position guide groove.
About the further details of curtain and the continuous normal structure of planting pin thereof can the outstanding version of H.R. card Co., Ltd publish nineteen fifty-one by Vernon. find in " bast fibre spinning machinery " that Pringle is shown.
As noted, in order to provide enough effective workspace length to promote the top that is higher than curtain with carded fiber and with every bundle flax, at the height of the guide groove of raised position thereby the total height of machine is about 8 feet (2.5 meters), in conjunction with already mentioned length, provide a very machine of bulkiness.
According to the present invention, the firm medium-sized carding mechanism of describing, promptly comprise card wire crew-served, faller gill when being driven around closed path with the faller gill of effective workspace of forming a perpendicular and the fibre bundle among faller gill moves downward the gap that is in combing by the workspace therebetween side by side mutually in the face of such carding mechanism, this carding mechanism comprises that also being adjusted in the spacing between the co-operating faller gill effective workspace in periodically enters device in effective working region with the mechanism that increases the gap between faller gill and at gap increase time shift kinetodesma bundle.After fibre bundle enters effective workspace, card wire is drawn close again until the normal operation position that arrives them, grooming movement is to begin in a kind of mode with relatively gentler gradually like this, this operation contrast with elder generation of this mechanism pre-structure is favourable, the operation of elder generation's pre-structure is to make fiber touch the card wire of full engagement suddenly, causes the effect of inevitably tearing.A significant improvement that has caused the finished product gross mass by the obtained effect of how easing up of the present invention.
This improves and not to depend on that fibre bundle introduces the direction of effective workspace.Therefore the machinery of lifting fibre bundle is the sort of as what narrated, can remain but still produce the firm improved result who said.On the other hand, as mentioned above, previous machine is a bulkiness very, is acceptable in the past, now the machine of compactness just.Fibre bundle is introduced this fact of effective workspace and is meaned that can laterally promote fibre bundle goes into the position when card wire separates, so just got rid of and simultaneously can accelerate the speed of fibre bundle along machine movement to the needs of aforesaid elevating mechanism thereby the height overall that reduced machine in fact.
Be bearing in as described above on the roller bearing if keep to carry the traditional form and the faller gill of needle construction, the motion of regulating the effective workspace of two faller gills internal clearance periodically preferably with one or each faller gill around down main supporting rolling shaft axis swing and produce.Gap ratio that this swing effect is top bottom big, simultaneously when card wire is drawn close in working cycles, combing the lower end of fibre bundle begin and gradually on move.Load the parallel or substantially parallel position of opposite face in faller gill arrives effective workspace so gradually.Caused the combing more strengthened than conventional equipment like this, in conventional equipment, made towards the bottom expansion and leave an appreciable gap between the card wire of lower end and be raised and distortion that fiber is produced when being pulled through the card wire of motion down at fibre bundle in order that will alleviate fiber in the gap of effective workspace.
Can reach this result though only swing a faller gill, two rows swing and make their equidistant basically moving process relatively good to obtain symmetry.Therefore no matter whether faller gill is swung as description just, crew-served faller gill should be with equidistant mobile basically.At this faller gill is to distinguish hinged securement.
In order to control the motion of faller gill when they move around their closed path, the deflector roll of top configuration that is preferably in each root lower support roller bearing is to define the lower end of effective workspace, like this when card wire during, extend at the effective route of the following faller gill in workspace in full engagement position.The mechanism that regulates the spacing between the co-operating faller gill in effective workspace is preferably with cam control, and it can be handled like this and makes the co-operating faller gill separately action is faster than closing up action.
Though now the co-operating faller gill can individual operation, being arranged side by side if any a plurality of co-operating faller gills can laterally progressively move a bundle fiber will to obtain best result with the co-operating faller gill combing of accepting to link up between the co-operating faller gill.It is the same to catch up with the machine of stating conventional version, and the pin of planting of co-operating faller gill preferably is tapered close along the fibre bundle direction of motion.
By of the present invention one grow flax with an example of the carding mechanism of allied fiber carding machine now in conjunction with the accompanying drawings Fig. 3 described to Fig. 8, wherein:
Fig. 3 is the schematic end view of putting exaggerative ratio that shows the working cycles successive phases to Fig. 6;
Fig. 7 is the enlarged detail of a fibre bundle clamping device part; And
Fig. 8 is along Fig. 7 VIII-VIII line side cross sectional view.
Illustrated machinery be for linen fibre combing design and here will equally with original description be described.It is to regulate the effect in the gap between the co-operating faller gill for explanation better that Fig. 3 has exaggerated ratio to Fig. 6.In fact this gap is more much smaller than illustrated.
At first turn to Fig. 3, show that a bundle fiber 32 hangs for 34 times from chuck, chuck is a kind of structure-improved that will describe.A pair of co-operating is planted pin curtain 31 and 33(and is promptly combined the sort of being bearing in across the comb bar on the tie-rod of endless-belt that Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 describe) be presented at the deployed position that card wire on the curtain leaves fiber 32.Curtain 31 is gone up servo-actuated roller bearing 38 and a deflector roll 39 that defines effective workspace with roller bearing 38 together around a down main roller bearing 37, of driving.Curtain 33 is around same roller 35,40,41, and roller bearing 35 and 37 reverse rotation as shown by arrows passes through effective workspace downwards to drive every curtain.
Roller 38,39 and 40,41 is contained in the axle that is bearing in respective drive roller bearing 37 and 35 accordingly and goes up with the supporting plate 44 and 45 around its axis swing.Every cover combination all transfers overbalance to make the effect of itself weight just provide one to promote two bias forces that close up.Two boards 44 and 45 is controlled by same cam mechanism fully, each cam mechanism comprises a driving cam 50 and cooperates with a follower rollers 51 that is contained on the support arm 52, terminate under the support arm on the fixed point 53 and around this spot wobble, its upper end then is connected on the plate 44,45 by a length-adjustable connecting rod 54.Thereby cam 50 in a direction indicated by the arrow rotation and bias force that plate is drawn close make plate 44,45 around its pivot swinging and promote curtain 31,33 through as a succession of position shown in the drawings in succession.
Carried, Fig. 3 represent curtain 31,33 linen fibre 32 easily along continuous straight runs with paper plane become 90 ° mobile separately or deployed position.Fiber is placed on the center line in two gaps between the curtain, and they carry out work symmetrically to fiber when curtain closes up gradually like this.In the phase I of motion shown in Figure 4, the card wire in effective lower end, workspace connects the lower end of fibre bundle gradually.Like this in each circulation, combing begins in the lower end of fibre bundle and up moves gradually, this has just reduced fiber and has moved to distortion the process of Fig. 5 position from Fig. 4 position at curtain, on Fig. 5 position effectively the workspace substantially parallel and in effective workspace length range card wire engage fully with fiber.
Cam 50 rotate with constant speed and, as shown in Figure 5, its outline line comprises a circular arc 60 that engages with corresponding servo-actuated roller 51 when curtain 31,33 arrives the parallel or closing position of Fig. 5, a pause is just arranged on this position like this, may be about 2 second time in a specific examples.After this paused, the outline line of cam 50 was to make the curtain separation or open faster than closing up to curtain with regard to separating once more.This opens fast in conjunction with moving downward of card wire and has guaranteed that beet leaves card wire fast and can not hang thereon.Finished this circulation with the position of identical Fig. 6 in position of Fig. 3, allowed beet freely be moved horizontally to next combing position, repeated circulation then as just having described at corresponding a pair of curtain with one group of thinner card wire.
As mentioned above, the structure of chuck 34 is and Fig. 1 and shown in Figure 2 different and describe in detail in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8.It comprises basically a pair of as shown in Figure 8 beet is clipped in therebetween endless-belt 65 and 66.In import department, belt 66 is walked around a guide wheel 68, and there with belt 65 junctions down, two belts are then together by another belt pulley 70.Beet 32 usefulness automatic feeder (not shown) supply with belt by accurate interval and after by belt pulley 70 promptly between the co-operating faller gill as advancing to Fig. 6 level through described in conjunction with Fig. 3.
In order to finish the clamping of fibre bundle 32, the roller chain 72 of a band side plate 73 is walked around a sprocket wheel 74 and is joined with their when belt 65 and 66 passes through belt pulley 70, and belt encases with regard to the side plate of being faced mutually as shown in Figure 8 73 like this.Following belt 65 is supported on the supporting plate 76 and beet 32 is clamped between belt 65 and 66 like this, adds epipleural 73 and plays wedge action together.Belt 65 with 66 and chain 72 move intermittently along the machine length direction, carrying out in this section of carding operation period slackly, move forward then corresponding beet 32 transferred to next step combing.
The method of tube grip flax or other fibre bundles is not how, adopt Fig. 1 and the form of Fig. 2 or the form of Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 no matter be, each fibre bundle has been got rid of the needs that promote chuck from performance that one group of card wire is moved horizontally to another group card wire, and this just produces a kind of possibility of compacter machine faster.Also have, as previously mentioned, the swing curtain cause the combing of every bundle fiber be from following be stretched over gradually above, this has just improved total quality of finished product, but swing is not essential, makes each curtain body horizontal movement so that effective workspace keeping parallelism or substantially parallelly at least just can reach same result in whole process.
Though the present invention is linking eckling machine to describe, it will be understood that the present invention also can be used in the carding mechanism of other fibers, need only these mechanisms and comprise assembly crew-served, that face mutually, that be with tooth or band needle member, so that an effective workspace at inter-module to be provided, bundle or sliver by this workspace fiber or its class are subjected to combing by circuit motion for each.

Claims (13)

1, a kind of carding mechanism, comprise crew-served faller gill, it be driven around closed path with effective workspace of forming a perpendicular and when faller gill moves downward fibre bundle in the gap that is in combing by the workspace therebetween side by side the card wire of faller gill face mutually, also comprise the device that a bundle fiber is moved into effective workspace, and be used for being adjusted in periodically the mechanism of spacing between faller gill in effective workspace, it is characterized in that:
At least one opposed facing faller gill respectively around roller bearing (
Figure 86108302_IMG2
It is fixing,
Adjusting structure is contained in by a driving cam 50 and one End is solid
Figure 86108302_IMG4
Cam mechanism that the supporting roller 51 of support arm 52 matches is formed, it be suitable for Faller gill is swung by a kind of like this mode, even support is opposed facing from motion the time
Figure 86108302_IMG6
By leaving fibre bundle gradually from the top to the bottom order, card wire progresses into fibre bundle by order from bottom to top to row's card wire when closing up motion in opposite directions in effective workspace.
2, by the mechanism of claim 1, it is characterized in that faller gill (
Figure 86108302_IMG7
) be around main supporting rolling shaft (35,37) axis swing down and produce with one or each faller gill by roller bearing (37,38,35,40) supporting and adjustment movement.
3, press the mechanism of claim 2, it is characterized in that a deflector roll (39,41) is configured in each lower support roller bearing (37,35) top with the lower end of defining effective workspace make when card wire during in full engagement position below effective workspace, the route of faller gill extends.
4, by any one mechanism in the claim of front, the mechanism (50,51,52) that it is characterized in that being adjusted in the gap between the inherent cooperative operation faller gill in effective workspace is cam control.
5,, it is characterized in that the action that the governor motion of described cam mechanism control makes the co-operating faller gill separate is faster than the action of closing up by the mechanism of claim 1.
6, by the mechanism of claim 1, it is characterized in that a plurality of co-operating faller gills are arranged side by side, a bundle fiber can laterally progressively be moved to accept co-operating faller gill combing in succession between the co-operating faller gill.
7, by the mechanism of claim 6, it is characterized in that the pin of planting of co-operating faller gill is tapered along the fibre bundle direction of motion.
8, press the mechanism of claim 6, it is characterized in that by around the roller chain 72 of the band side plate 73 of sprocket wheel 74 motion and the whole control of coordination of belt pulley 70, make clamping components (65,66) motion and to regulate the governor motion (50,51,52) in the gap between the co-operating faller gill synchronous, thereby make every bundle fiber (32) when faller gill is separately far away, move to another group card wire from one group of card wire.
9, the method for the fibre bundle of a kind of combing between the opposed facing faller gill of co-operating, this faller gill is driven around closed path to form effective workspace of a perpendicular, and opposed facing faller gill moves down side by side by this workspace, wherein in effective workspace, spacing between the opposed facing faller gill is regulated periodically, and fibre bundle is laterally moved forward in the zone, effective workspace, it is characterized in that
Grooming movement is periodically variable, first half in circulation, faller gill begins to move gradually the top of the whole length of opposed facing faller gill from the bottom, up to the fiber of this length by combing, latter half, faller gill in circulation move to the bottom gradually from the top, make grooming movement terminate in the bottom of fibre bundle.
10, by the method for claim 9, it is characterized in that spacing between the faller gill is regulated with such method so that the velocity ratio that card wire separates close up soon.
11,, it is characterized in that fibre bundle progressively laterally moves from one group of crew-served faller gill to move on to another group faller gill to accept combing in succession, that plant the faller gill group that pin is tapered close by claim 9 or 10 method.
12,, it is characterized in that fibre bundle is held the member clamping and moves along the direction of basic horizontal between the co-operating faller gill by the method for claim 11.
13, by the method for claim 9 or 10, it is characterized in that two or more fibre bundles are subjected to combing simultaneously between co-operating faller gill in succession.
CN 86108302 1985-11-05 1986-11-03 Hackling or combing machine for fibres Expired CN1017732B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8527226 1985-11-05
GB858527226A GB8527226D0 (en) 1985-11-05 1985-11-05 Hackling/combing of fibres

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN86108302A CN86108302A (en) 1987-06-17
CN1017732B true CN1017732B (en) 1992-08-05

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SU (1) SU1449015A3 (en)

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BE1011194A3 (en) * 1997-06-05 1999-06-01 Constructie Werkhuizen Demaite Device for at least partially removing waste matter of fiber material.
CN102995163B (en) * 2012-11-19 2017-05-10 浙江金鹰股份有限公司 carding machine
CN104294372B (en) * 2014-10-25 2016-11-30 浙江阿祥亚麻纺织有限公司 A kind of straight way material-pulling device of heckling machine dual feed channel
CN104278333B (en) * 2014-10-25 2016-06-01 浙江阿祥亚麻纺织有限公司 The material-pulling device of a kind of comb comb two-way transfer passage of machine
CN104294373B (en) * 2014-10-25 2016-08-17 浙江阿祥亚麻纺织有限公司 A kind of two-way annular heckling machine
CN105316803B (en) * 2015-07-10 2018-12-28 浙江海洋学院 Numb equipment is combed in semi-automation
CN105316773A (en) * 2015-07-10 2016-02-10 浙江海洋学院 Jute sorting system
CN105316772B (en) * 2015-07-10 2018-12-28 浙江海洋学院 Suspension type jute combing equipment
CN105563634B (en) * 2016-02-05 2017-12-22 四川省建筑科学研究院 A kind of hand-held fiber-wall-element model arranging machine
CN108301052B (en) * 2018-04-24 2023-05-30 黑龙江省农业机械工程科学研究院绥化农业机械化研究所 Long flax carding machine for flax primary processing
CN114411287B (en) * 2021-12-17 2023-06-02 东华大学 Sawtooth opener with prevent fibre entanglement function
CN116356457A (en) * 2023-04-26 2023-06-30 东华大学 Composite type carding wire for carding fibrilia bundles

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US3141198A (en) * 1960-02-12 1964-07-21 Novivlas Nv Method and apparatus for hackling bast fibre stalks

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CN86108302A (en) 1987-06-17
EP0222532A3 (en) 1988-04-27
EP0222532A2 (en) 1987-05-20
EP0222532B1 (en) 1992-03-11
GB8527226D0 (en) 1985-12-11
SU1449015A3 (en) 1988-12-30

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