CN101648485B - Method for producing sculpturing landscape relief crafts - Google Patents
Method for producing sculpturing landscape relief crafts Download PDFInfo
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- CN101648485B CN101648485B CN 200910168125 CN200910168125A CN101648485B CN 101648485 B CN101648485 B CN 101648485B CN 200910168125 CN200910168125 CN 200910168125 CN 200910168125 A CN200910168125 A CN 200910168125A CN 101648485 B CN101648485 B CN 101648485B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for producing sculpturing landscape relief crafts, which comprises the followings steps: mixing clay used as raw material with a proper amount of water to form blanks; shaping the blanks; glazing the shaped blanks layer by layer after drying, applying basic glaze layers first, and then applying relative overlapped glaze layers according to the different parts of a finished product, wherein the basic glaze layers comprise bottom glaze layers and glaze surface layers, and the overlapped layers have one layer, two layers or more layers; and finally, baking the glazed products to form ceramic crafts. The invention organically combines clay, glaze and fire, bakes the products at a certain temperature to enable the glaze to have physical and chemical change and the glaze surface to flow naturally according to certain requirements, thereby ensuring that the ceramic landscape tray products have the advantages of heavy glazing color, rich coloration, strong contrast and strong sense of third dimension and reality.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of machining manufacture of artwork, especially a kind of manufacture method of sculpturing landscape relief crafts.
Background technology
In the traditional technology of sculpturing relief handicraft, normally make work in-process by blank, then dry, glazing, at last calcining.Wherein, such as artworks such as tradition " male earner " and traditional flowerpots, usually adopt hand to be coated with when glazing, it is more even better to require during " male earner " glazing, and glaze colours is single.The works of tradition performance scenery with hills and waters subject matter, generally claim green cosmetic soil again the mosaic material to be applied to performance scenery with hills and waters subject matter aspect, the Shang Xing of elder generation Zhu when its way is glazing, rear upper graphite, do leaf with green material again or be sprinkling upon on the scenery with hills and waters picture, glaze lacks sense of movement, and glaze colours changes abundant not, more single.
When calcining, traditional firing ceramics artwork is to use " imperial kiln " to calcine, and described " imperial kiln " generally refers to burn the old-fashioned kiln of bavin, burning coal, the wooden chaff of burning.And modern kiln mostly is gas kiln, electrical kiln.The gas kiln refers to burn gas, the kiln of liquefied gas, Sweet natural gas, and electrical kiln refers to electric kiln, and shuttle kiln also is the kiln that burns gas.Because imperial klining fire material is firewood, calcining opportunity, temperature etc. do not have concrete control method, entirely judge with the experience of seeing fiery master worker.Use this processing method occasional that " kiln one treasured " phenomenon of institute's rumor occurs, described " treasured " refers to that every kiln has one or two works glaze colours to burn well especially, i.e. so-called generation " transmutation ".This " treasured " is not inevitable, but has very large randomness.And the kiln that uses when when calcining does not re-use " imperial kiln " and when using gas kiln and electrical kiln, " kiln one treasured " phenomenon has just no longer existed.
Be 01128761.6 in China Patent No., name is called the production method that discloses a kind of porcelain relief hanging disc in the patent of invention document of " a kind of production method of relief hanging disc ", in the making processes respectively to embossment and plate select materials, base, biscuiting, glazing, then embossment and dish base are fitted together high-temperature firing again and it are bonded together form.Wherein, embossment is independent glazing when glazing, so the picture boundary line of embossment and plate is clear, thereby more is applicable to do portrait, animal etc.And, when firing, carry out burning till for twice.Thereby process relative complex, restive.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is, for the deficiencies in the prior art, a kind of manufacture method of sculpturing landscape relief crafts is provided, can produce that glaze colours is dignified, color and luster is abundant, glaze has a kind of goods of mobile artistic effect, and the manufacturing process of sculpturing relief handicraft is simplified more with energy-conservation.
For solving above-mentioned technical problem, the invention provides a kind of manufacture method of sculpturing relief handicraft, may further comprise the steps:
The present invention combines mud, glaze, fire, make works produce " glaze change " by technique means, wherein, described " glaze change " refers to that several former color glaze laminations are coated in Tao Nishang, through after firing, this place has produced the color effects that color is different from former color glaze.The technology of the present invention is stable, and strong operability can be mass, the stereoscopic sensation of scenery with hills and waters goods, strong sense of reality, and the glaze glossiness is good, and glaze colours is dignified, simple and honest, the jade-like stone profit, and color and luster is abundant, and contrast is strong, and glaze has a kind of sense of movement, produces unique artistic effect.Wherein, producing sense of movement active to glaze is the parent glaze layer, and stack glaze layer plays a part to strengthen mobile.
Be 01128761.6 patent documentation with respect to China Patent No., save energy of the present invention, conservation, operation is simple, is easy to control temperature, is more suitable for showing the scenery with hills and waters subject matter.
Description of drawings
Thetagram when Fig. 1 is calcination of the present invention.
Embodiment
The invention provides the particularly manufacture method of sculpturing scenery with hills and waters dish of a kind of sculpturing landscape relief crafts, simple and honest, the dignified characteristics of traditional glaze on technique, had both been passed on, can reflect again specific cultural connotation in the works subject matter, be mud, glaze, fiery three's combination.By making works under certain temperature is fired, make glaze generation physics, chemical transformation, be commonly called as the effect of " transmutation ", make glaze produce natural flow by certain requirement, stereoscopic sensation is strong, and color contrast is strong, and one integrated mass is pressed close to the Nature, reproduces the sense of reality.Concrete manufacturing processed is as follows:
At first, selecting clay is raw material, clay is mixed forming blank with an amount of water.
Clay is the mixture of the various mineral of nature output, is by the rock that is rich in the aluminium silicate mineral such as feldspar, form through very long geochronic weathering or the multiple effect of hydrothermal solution erosion, or loose or be tight glue.Various clay situations vary, but they more or less have plasticity-to a certain extent.The clay of high plasticity claims again soft clay or bonding clay, and the moisture dispersity is large, and its plasticity-is greater than 15.This class clay provides necessary plasticity-for the ceramic moulding, and plays an important role in burning till.The present invention should select the large clay of this plasticity-.
In addition, press the classification of clay refractoriness, the present invention generally selects fusible clay, and so-called fusible clay refers to that its refractoriness is greatly about the clay below 1350 ℃.This kind clay contains a large amount of various impurity, therefore, will could use through removing the operations such as partial impurities, ball milling, pugging before selecting.Dopant species described here is a lot, has diversity, and the iron filings that refer generally to leave in the clay, the tree root, the grass roots that do not rot fully will be noted deironing especially.Described ball milling is an operation of grinding clay, and purpose is to make particle thinner.Pugging is further to the refinement of clay, is indispensable link necessary in the program.
Can tentatively judge some performances of clay according to chemical constitution, thereby determine that this clay can use, how to use.Main clay mineral in the clay all is moisture aluminosilicate, also has a small amount of alkalimetal oxide, alkaline earth metal oxide, coloring oxide and the combustiblematerials with certain burning decrement.
The chemical constitution of the clay raw material that the present invention is used is as shown in the table:
| Sequence number | The composition title | Content (%) | Sequence number | The composition title | Content (%) |
| 1 | Igloss LOSS | 5.55 | 6 | Magnesium oxide MgO | 0.37 |
| 2 | Aluminium oxide Al 2O 3 | 15.26 | 7 | Potassium oxide K 2O | 1.23 |
| 3 | Silicon oxide sio 2 | 74.97 | 8 | Sodium oxide Na 2O | 0.17 |
| 4 | Ferric oxide Fe 2O 3 | 1.02 | 9 | Titanium oxide TiO 2 | 0.83 |
| 5 | Calcium oxide CaO | 0.34 |
Clay plasticity-with different chemical composition is not identical yet.Same clay, its particle is thinner, and organic content is higher, and plasticity-is better.Therefore, in order to obtain the good blank of plasticity, the plasticity-of selecting suitable clay to regulate pug.When the plastic material processing performance in the raw material changes, can in moulding, drying and sintering process cracking phenomena appear.So when work in-process, when burning till the product cracking phenomena and increasing, should consider whether the plasticity-of clay descends, whether the weathering phase of raw material and the old phase of mud be too short etc.
Improving the plastic way of blank generally has: clay is carried out long-term weathering or moistening blank is old for a long time.Wherein, described weathering refers in order to obtain good blank, generally is the raw material of undressed mistake to be placed in the warehouse or under open-air carry out weathering, is preferably in more than 3 months.The old blank that will process that refers to is deposited in the moisturizing situation, and the shelf-time is the shortest 2 months.
After blank is made, use the blank of making to produce the shape of works.After then described works being carried out drying, described works are carried out glazing.
Particularly, can use Blank drawing machine manually to pull out the dish base and also revise, then as requested, work out a draft in card.
Then, press needs the place of mud, sculpture to scratch with instrument, coat mud and press mud, carry out sculpture with instrument in the place of pressing mud again, make three-dimensional anaglyph.The present invention will make embossment with the scenery with hills and waters dish two purposes: the first increases the stereoscopic sensation of works; It two is that glaze is being fired the middle generation guide function that flowed, and presents unique artistic effect.
The sculpture method comprise compression moulding, right-falling stroke mould, laminating, note to press the walk humidity of mud to keep consistent with the earth of plate as far as possible, avoid the top layer slight crack.
Then, the work in-process of making are put into the indoor moisture that slowly volatilizees, are not put under the sunlight and are exposed to the sun at once.Too large such as indoor/outdoor temperature-difference, also need sealing these work in-process with bag film.Treat that work in-process do to about 80%, just can be put into open-air solarization, dry if words with good conditionsi preferably are placed on kiln.
After parching, work in-process get final product glazing.Before carrying out glazing, prepare glaze.The ultimate constituent of glaze raw material and the moiety of blank are roughly the same, but flux class raw material is more in the glaze.This be because, natural flux class raw mineral materials can not satisfy glaze in low requirement of burning till formation melten glass under the temperature, so should in original glaze, add meltable natural mineral or industrial chemicals, such as borax, boric acid, aluminum oxide, yellow soda ash etc., physical and chemical performance and decorative effect in order to improve glaze also can add other industrial chemicals and toner.In addition, glaze requires with purer raw material, to reduce the impact of impurity.When defective appears in glaze, during glaze glossiness variation, should consider whether the chemical ingredients of glaze materials changes.When the glaze chemical composition change causes that the glaze viscosity is too high, surface tension is little, flows poorly, thereby often produce the glaze plane defect, particularly more should strictly control the flux type oxide, otherwise can affect the visual appearance of goods.
Need according to design and sintering effect, at the bottom of parent glaze employing 1# and the 2# glaze of the embodiment of the invention, 1# glaze were glaze, the 2# glaze was glaze.Its chemical ingredients is composed as follows:
1# glaze formula chemical ingredients table composed as follows:
| Sequence number | The composition title | Content (% by weight) | Sequence number | The composition title | Content (% by weight) |
| 1 | Igloss LOSS | 2.78 | 9 | Titanium oxide | 0.26 |
| 2 | Aluminium oxide Al 2O 3 | 12.04 | 10 | Lithium Oxide 98min | 0.01 |
| 3 | Silicon oxide sio 2 | 63.33 | 11 | Plumbous oxide | 0.15 |
| 4 | Ferric oxide Fe 2O 3 | 7.76 | 12 | Barium oxide | ＜0.01 |
| 5 | Calcium oxide CaO | 2.53 | 13 | Zinc oxide | 0.01 |
| 6 | Magnesium oxide MgO | 0.63 | 14 | Boron oxide | ＜0.01 |
| 7 | Potassium oxide K 2O | 4.60 | 15 | Manganese oxide | 0.08 |
| 8 | Sodium oxide Na 2O | 4.76 | 16 | Strontium oxide | ＜0.01 |
2# glaze formula chemical ingredients table composed as follows:
| Sequence number | The composition title | Content (% by weight) | Sequence number | The composition title | Content (% by weight) |
| 1 | Igloss LOSS | 9.07 | 9 | Titanium oxide | 1.99 |
| 2 | Aluminium oxide Al 2O 3 | 5.78 | 10 | Lithium Oxide 98min | 0.04 |
| 3 | Silicon oxide sio 2 | 50.06 | 11 | Plumbous oxide | ＜0.01 |
| 4 | Ferric oxide Fe 2O 3 | 0.24 | 12 | Barium oxide | ＜0.01 |
| 5 | Calcium oxide CaO | 10.39 | 13 | Zinc oxide | 14.79 |
| 6 | Magnesium oxide MgO | 3.48 | 14 | Boron oxide | ＜0.01 |
| 7 | Potassium oxide K 2O | 2.09 | 15 | Manganese oxide | 0.02 |
| 8 | Sodium oxide Na 2O | 1.50 | 16 | Zirconium white | 0.53 |
According to technical requirements, on parent glaze, also need to be superimposed with one or more layers glaze layer, it is the glaze of 1100-1200 degree that stack glaze layer should be selected mobile strong, firing temperature.For an embodiment of scenery with hills and waters dish, the composition of stack glaze layer is as follows:
(1) vanadium blue glaze, glaze formula content (weight percent) is: frit 78%, Suzhou soil 5%, zirconium English powder 6% burns Suzhou soil 5%, vanadium blue stain 6%.Wherein the formulation content of frit is: quartz 27.6%, feldspar 19.5%, Suzhou soil 13.6%, zinc oxide 0.7%, borax 12.1%, red lead 10.5%, calcium carbonate 10.7%, magnesium oxide 1.0%, yellow soda ash 4.3%.This glaze is specially adapted to show the place of mountain, stone.
(2) milkiness white glaze, glaze formula content is: frit 94%, Suzhou soil 6%.Wherein the formulation content of frit is yes: quartz 27%, feldspar 16%, Suzhou soil 8%, zinc oxide 7%, borax 15%, Wingdale 12%, saltpetre 3%, Sodium Silicofluoride 3%, zircon 9%.This glaze is specially adapted to show the place of cloud, water.
After glaze modulates, carry out glazing process.This moment, works should fully parch, and before glazing, need carry out the clean on surface, removed the dust and dirt that accumulates, to guarantee the good adhesion of oil reservoir.Then with writing brush or brush deployed various required glaze is successively coated on demand, what need here any is described is that according to different works, it is different to be coated with method when being coated with glaze.For example, the scenery with hills and waters dish requires inhomogeneous when being coated with glaze, and thickness is arranged, and is deep or light different, sometimes also needs to use the principle of writing picture, particularly is coated with the cloud layer part, needs pen to wipe, with the innervation of performance cloud layer.
Scenery with hills and waters dish glazing of the present invention requires inhomogeneous, irregular, its way is to coat first parent glaze, be ground-coat enamel and cover-coat enamel, on this basis again according to design with glaze produce to be flowed and the requirement of variation effect superposes up other glaze, the superimposed layer glaze is not used in some place, and 1 layer, 2 layers or more stack glaze layers then will be gone up in some place, makes the artistic effect of generation of the present invention fully different from the works of traditional glazing.Also will note when glazing can not be too thick, and the total thickness of glaze layer is advisable with the 1.2-1.6 millimeter.Because the glaze be full of cracks is caused in too thick place easily, when firing the peeling phenomenon can appear.Works must namely burn till through certain temperature through firing the stage through after the glazing, just can become the sculpturing handicraft, burn till the pattern impact of the finished product very large.The process that works burn till will experience series of physical, chemical transformation, reaches at last desired form effect.
The firing temperature of pottery scenery with hills and waters dish technique works is generally 1200 ℃-1250 ℃.In sintering process, outside the pale of civilization by porcelain except base substrate, glaze forms the glossiness glaze of tool simultaneously by porcelain.Glaze add pine for dewater, solid state reaction, the part material fusing also generates eutectic, and melts dissolves mutually, the part material volatilization, and reacting to each other between the base glaze etc., glaze begins sintering, fusing and sprawls at base substrate to be smooth glaze in reaction.
At high temperature, low viscosity melt and residual mixture material constantly act on, and silicate constantly dissolves to crucible zone, except the initial melting temperature that note to improve glaze, also must strengthen burning till control, if when burning till temperature deficiency or time inadequate, then the melting of glaze layer is bad, and be mobile bad, the glaze low in glossiness.
Fig. 1 is the firing temperature graphic representation of one embodiment of the invention.The embodiment of the invention is once-firing, and so-called once-firing refers to enter kiln after works drying, the glazing, through once calcining, directly becomes ceramics.As seen from the figure, begin to be heated to the process of maximum sintering temperature entering kiln from works, have a plurality of temperature stages, the temperature rise rate of every one-phase is different, as shown in Figure 1, from begin to rise to 1250 ℃ process, approximately about 10-11 hour, temperature rise rate is mainly considered the factors such as the temperature difference of physical reaction, chemical reaction, size of devices and complexity, kiln of base substrate and regulating power, adjusts flexibly.
The stove temperature is about 3-4 hour in the time in 1100-1250 ℃ of stage, and purpose is to make up and down uniformity of works base substrate temperature, gives simultaneously glaze with sufficient melting and flowing time, the artistic effect that becomes to obtain glaze.Temperature is ended fire after reaching 1200-1250 ℃, enter cooling stages, from 1250 ℃ of times that naturally cool to about 100 ℃, general control is 20-25 hour, than other sculpturings as manying 10 several hours the cooling time of " stone gulf male earner " (coming from a kind of sculpturing people Tetramune of Foshan Shi Wan).Can open kiln when furnace temperature is cooled to 100 ℃ of left and right sides, also the kiln temperature degree of opening than other sculpturings hangs down.
Temperature-the timetable of Fig. 1 curve is as follows:
Firing temperature rises to the schedule of top temperature can be as follows:
| Time | Temperature ℃ | Time | Temperature ℃ | Time | Temperature ℃ |
| 8:00 | 75 | 12:00 | 590 | 16:00 | 1160 |
| 9:00 | 200 | 13:00 | 715 | 17:00 | 1195 |
| 10:00 | 275 | 14:00 | 905 | 18:00 | 1200 |
| 11:00 | 460 | 15:00 | 1090 | 19:00 | 1250 |
It is as follows that firing temperature rises to the cumulative time table of top temperature:
| Temperature/℃ | Time/h | Cumulative time/h | Temperature/℃ | Time/h | Cumulative time/ |
| 0 | 1090 | 1 | 6.3 | ||
| 75 | 0.3 | 1160 | 1 | 7.3 | |
| 200 | 1 | 1.3 | 1195 | 1 | 8.3 |
| 270 | 1 | 2.3 | 1200 | 1 | 9.3 |
| 460 | 1 | 3.3 | 1250 | 1 | 10.3 |
| 590 | 1 | 4.3 | |||
| 715 | 1 | 5.3 |
In order to ensure that works burn till rate, install kiln after, before continuous warming, must carry out first pre-burning, namely burn first to about 100 ℃, then stop kiln insulation, this moment, stove was not totally-enclosed, in order to allow the works in the stove can fully distribute moisture.This process generally summer, autumn, winter can, mainly be used in psychromatic ratio larger spring, as the rainwater sky more should.But whether carry out pre-burning, concrete visual local climate is grasped flexibly.Again formal firing behind the successive drying.Before the works loading of kiln, to carry out the drying work of stove.
The present invention uses gas kiln or electrical kiln to carry out firing of sculpturing landscape relief crafts, is easy to control temperature than traditional coal pit, the stable quality of burning till.What use in sintering process is oxidizing atmosphere.Atmosphere generally refers to a kind of chemical reaction environment of ceramic in sintering procedure, is divided into reducing atmosphere and oxidizing atmosphere.Their difference mainly is according in sintering process, how much the deciding of the oxygen in the hot gas that contacts with works (products of combustion) and content of carbon oxide.When in sintering process, sending into air excess, have superfluous oxygen in the products of combustion, this atmosphere surrounding that contacts with ceramic just is called oxidizing atmosphere, or is oxydizing flame, according to a particular embodiment of the invention, burning till mainly of sculpturing scenery with hills and waters dish burnt till with " oxydizing flame ".
Be provided with several windows of control air intake at kiln, be commonly referred to the mouth that blows in, the quantity of blowing in mouthful by control controls intake and the superfluous oxygen of air.It is cracking phenomena that the intake of air too much easily makes ceramic disc produce " wind crack ", and the very few oxidizing atmosphere that can cause again is inadequate.Can control according to the situation of different furnace equipments quantity and the size of opening, control the air intake with this.In above-mentioned specific embodiment, only open an air port, to reduce the generation of " wind crack " phenomenon.
In a word, the manufacture method of sculpturing landscape relief crafts provided by the invention, can produce that glaze colours is dignified, color and luster enriches changeable, glaze has a kind of goods of the artistic effect that significantly flows, and the manufacturing process that makes sculpturing landscape relief crafts simplifies more with energy-conservation, and firing process is more stable and controlled.The present invention combines mud, glaze, fire, makes works produce " glaze change " by technique means, and strong operability can be mass.
Claims (4)
1. the manufacture method of a sculpturing landscape relief crafts is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
Step 1 take clay as raw material, is mixed clay to form blank with an amount of water;
Step 2 uses the blank of making in the above-mentioned steps to produce the shape of works;
Step 3, after described works are carried out drying, the modulation glaze successively is coated in glaze on the works, comprises meltable natural mineral and/or industrial chemicals and toner in the described glaze, apply first the parent glaze layer, described parent glaze layer comprises ground glaze layer and glazed layer, then according to technical requirements again at the different sites of works, apply different stack glaze layers, described stack glaze layer is 1 layer, 2 layers or more multi-layered, and the total thickness of glaze layer is 1.2-1.6mm;
Step 4 is fired the works after the glazing, forms the ceramic process goods; The step of firing is as follows:
Step 41, pack into works in the kiln after, the stove temperature was risen to 1200-1250 ℃ at 10-11 hour, wherein the stove temperature is 3-4 hour in the time in 1100-1250 ℃ of stage;
Step 42 is ended fire, cooling, wherein the stove temperature from 1250 ℃ of times of being down to 100 ℃ be 20-25 hour;
Step 43 when the stove temperature is lower than 100 ℃, is opened kiln, takes out the works that burn till.
2. the manufacture method of sculpturing landscape relief crafts as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, in order to obtain the good blank of plasticity, also comprised before described step 1 clay is carried out weathering or old treatment step.
3. the manufacture method of sculpturing landscape relief crafts as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that, also comprises the step of clay being carried out removal of contamination, grinding, pugging before described step 1.
4. the manufacture method of sculpturing landscape relief crafts as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, in step 41, before heating up, temperature is upgraded to about 100 ℃ first, and then stopped heating is incubated, with the moisture that fully scatters and disappears.
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| CN108546078A (en) * | 2018-04-17 | 2018-09-18 | 安徽青花坊瓷业股份有限公司 | A kind of Cizhouyao porcelain formula and its method for cooking |
| CN111018566A (en) * | 2019-12-18 | 2020-04-17 | 江苏省宜兴彩陶工艺厂 | Silk-like emerald flow kiln-change fancy glaze ceramic container and preparation method thereof |
| CN110950652B (en) * | 2019-12-22 | 2021-09-17 | 景德镇陶瓷大学 | Ceramic preparation method for simultaneously glazing and forming and product prepared by ceramic preparation method |
| CN115042296B (en) * | 2022-06-21 | 2023-12-05 | 白怀宾 | Ceramic large statue forming process |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN87104981A (en) * | 1987-07-16 | 1988-09-14 | 广西北流县第二瓷厂 | Make the method for relief-like patter on glazed surface of porcelain |
| CN1122790A (en) * | 1994-11-09 | 1996-05-22 | 邢良坤 | Pearl glaze for art ceramics, and mfg. method thereof |
| CN1587145A (en) * | 2004-07-30 | 2005-03-02 | 邱盛水 | Method for forming natural relief on ceramic glaze and its used ceramic glaze |
-
2009
- 2009-08-28 CN CN 200910168125 patent/CN101648485B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN87104981A (en) * | 1987-07-16 | 1988-09-14 | 广西北流县第二瓷厂 | Make the method for relief-like patter on glazed surface of porcelain |
| CN1122790A (en) * | 1994-11-09 | 1996-05-22 | 邢良坤 | Pearl glaze for art ceramics, and mfg. method thereof |
| CN1587145A (en) * | 2004-07-30 | 2005-03-02 | 邱盛水 | Method for forming natural relief on ceramic glaze and its used ceramic glaze |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| JP特开2001-58890A 2001.03.06 |
| 徐建华.有关红泥陶几个问题的探讨.《江苏陶瓷》.1995,(第03期),5-9. * |
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