CN101577487A - Capacitor-decoupling three-phase active power factor corrector - Google Patents
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- CN101577487A CN101577487A CNA2008101245621A CN200810124562A CN101577487A CN 101577487 A CN101577487 A CN 101577487A CN A2008101245621 A CNA2008101245621 A CN A2008101245621A CN 200810124562 A CN200810124562 A CN 200810124562A CN 101577487 A CN101577487 A CN 101577487A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a capacitor-decoupling three-phase active power factor corrector, belonging to the field of AC/DC convertor. The corrector has the following structure that every two-phase input end of three-phase alternating current is in serial connection with an EMI and a rectifier bridge circuit; one of the output ends of each EMI and rectifier bridge circuit is connected with an induction coil and switching tube circuit, while the other is also connected with an induction coil and switching tube circuit via a current sampling resistance; the output ends of the induction coil and switching tube circuits are respectively connected with induction coil and diode circuits through two corresponding decoupling capacitors; the induction coil and diode circuits output DC voltage; corresponding three-phase output DC voltage is in parallel connection, and a filter capacitor is connected between the output ends after parallel connection; the current sampling resistance is connected with the current loop input end of a single-phase PFC control circuit; the induction coil and diode circuits transmit voltage signal to the single-phase PFC control circuit; and the single-phase PFC control circuit outputs switching signal to control an induction coil and switching circuit by detecting current signal and voltage signal. The capacitor-decoupling three-phase active power factor corrector ensures that the input wave form of three-phase alternating current is sine wave and the power factor is more than 0.99.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to three-phase APFC (active power factor corrector), it is applicable to that various need be the power electronic equipment of direct current (DC) with three-phase alternating current (AC) rectification.
Background technology
Three-phase APFC belongs to a kind of three-phase AC/DC converter, and it is input as three-phase alternating current (phase three-wire three or three-phase and four-line), is output as the voltage galvanic current.Three-phase APFC is with the difference of general three-phase AC/DC converter: the former input current is sinusoidal wave, the latter's input current generally is not sinusoidal wave (being peaked wave)---thereby the former is to electrical network no-harmonic wave pollution almost, and the latter has serious harmonic pollution to electrical network.
General AC/DC translation circuit all has large bulk capacitance in the DC side, and its effect is the ripple that reduces direct voltage, and still, big electric capacity reduces the rectifier angle of flow, and input current is a peaked wave---and the current harmonics composition increases, power factor descends.
In APFC, single-phase, two-stage APFC technology is the most ripe, and it can make, and the power factor of single-phase AC/DC translation circuit approaches 1, the electric current drawn from electrical network approaches sine.1 single-phase, two-stage APFC power supply comprises preposition APFC and rearmounted DC/DC two-stage, and prime is mainly finished current waveform and proofreaied and correct, and the level main voltage of realizing in back is stable.Single-phase, two-stage APFC control chip that multiple model has been arranged on the market are as UC3854 series of Unitrode company etc.
Compare with single-phase APFC, three-phase APFC technology will lag behind manyly, owing to reasons such as alternate coupling, control complexity, is not used widely as yet based on the three-phase APFC technology of three phase full bridge, the mature technology of single-phase APFC can be used for three-phase APFC, be the focus of paying close attention in the industry always.
A kind of scheme that has occurred can be called ' three is single-phase ' scheme, just is connected on respectively with three complete separate single-phase APFC power supplys and forms a three-phase APFC power supply (output-parallels of three single-phase APFC power supplys) on the three-phase electrical source of power.Simple and practical, the function admirable of three single-phase schemes, still, the cost of three single-phase schemes is higher, components and parts are too many---and the preposition APFC of three covers adds the rearmounted DC/DC of three covers.
The another kind of scheme that has occurred can be called ' accurate three-phase ' scheme, and accurate three-phase scheme is one, and preposition ' accurate three-phase APFC ' adds a rearmounted DC/DC, and wherein accurate three-phase APFC is combined by three separate single-phase APFC, and rearmounted DC/DC has only one.Accurate three-phase scheme is lacked than three single-phase scheme components and parts, and still, there is alternate coupling in accurate three-phase scheme, and its power factor correction effect is generally not as three single-phase schemes.
The alternate coupling of accurate three-phase APFC is exactly the coupling that three-phase voltage forms by different single-phase APFC.People notice this problem for a long time, and are inquiring into the decoupling zero way always, and the most effective before this a kind of method is to add decoupling diode and decoupling inductor on the basis of single phase boost-PFC.The weak point of this accurate three-phase Boost-PFC is: three diodes that add have increased power consumption, and specified output dc voltage is higher than 620V (no matter being phase three-wire three or three-phase and four-line), and impulse current is very big when powering on.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of capacitor-decoupling three-phase active power factor corrector, to improve the power factor of three-phase alternating current.
For achieving the above object, a kind of capacitor-decoupling three-phase active power factor corrector provided by the invention, it is input as three-phase alternating current, between every two-phase input of three-phase alternating current, be serially connected with EMI and rectifier circuit, two outputs one tunnel of each EMI and rectifier circuit directly insert inductance and switching tube circuit, and another road is inserted inductance and switching tube circuit again behind current sampling resistor; Two outputs of inductance and switching tube circuit insert inductance and diode circuit through corresponding two decoupling capacitances respectively, two output output dc voltages of inductance and diode circuit, the direct voltage parallel connection of corresponding three-phase output, cross-over connection has ripple filtering electric capacity between two outputs of back in parallel; The current sampling resistor two ends link to each other with the electric current loop input of Single-phase PFC control circuit respectively, inductance links to each other voltage signal with two outputs of diode circuit with the Voltage loop input of Single-phase PFC control circuit, individual event PFC control circuit is controlled inductance and switching circuit by output switching signal after detecting electric current and voltage signal.
Power factor corrector of the present invention (PFC) can improve the power factor of power electronic equipment, cuts down the harmonic wave that power electronic equipment discharges to electrical network.PFC divides passive and active two big classes, and is active than passive advanced person.Active power factor corrector (APFC) divides single-stage and two kinds of schemes of two-stage again, and two-stage the invention belongs to active, two-step scheme than single-stage maturation.This capacitor-decoupling three-phase APFC input current is continuous sine wave, and power factor can reach more than 0.99, and output dc voltage can freely be set on a large scale, and power-on impact current only is 2 times of steady-state current.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a capacitor-decoupling three-phase PFC theory diagram (rearmounted DC/DC).
Fig. 2 is two capacitor C uk-PFC.
Fig. 3 is two electric capacity Sepic-PFC.
Fig. 4 is a kind of capacitor-decoupling phase three-wire three PFC.
Fig. 5 is the waveform of capacitor-decoupling phase three-wire three PFC.
Fig. 6 is the waveform of two capacitor C uk-PFC.
A kind of capacitor-decoupling three-phase and four-line of Fig. 7 PFC.
Fig. 8 capacitor-decoupling three-phase and four-line PFC waveform.
The waveform of capacitor-decoupling phase three-wire three PFC during Fig. 9 three-phase imbalance.
Figure 10 lacks the waveform of C phase time capacitor-decoupling three-phase and four-line PFC.
Figure 11 dividing time-steps.
Figure 12 u
a＞u
b＞u
cAnd Q
AQ
BQ
CEqual coupling road warps during conducting.
Figure 13 is u
a＞u
b＞u
cAnd Q
AConducting Q
BQ
CCoupling path during shutoff.
Embodiment
As figure, be input as three-phase alternating current, between every two-phase input of three-phase alternating current, be serially connected with EMI and rectifier circuit, two outputs one tunnel of each EMI and rectifier circuit directly insert inductance and switching tube circuit, and another road is inserted inductance and switching tube circuit again behind current sampling resistor R1; Two outputs of inductance and switching tube circuit insert inductance and diode circuit through corresponding two decoupling capacitance C1, C2 respectively, two output output dc voltages of inductance and diode circuit, the direct voltage parallel connection of corresponding three-phase output, cross-over connection has ripple filtering capacitor C 0 between two outputs of back in parallel; Current sampling resistor R1 two ends link to each other with the electric current loop input of Single-phase PFC control circuit respectively, inductance links to each other voltage signal with two outputs of diode circuit with the Voltage loop input of Single-phase PFC control circuit, individual event PFC control circuit is controlled inductance and switching circuit by output switching signal after detecting electric current and voltage signal.
The invention belongs to a kind of new accurate three-phase APFC---capacitor-decoupling three-phase APFC, its notable attribute is: mainly finish three-phase decoupling zero (not increasing diode) by 6 electric capacity.Fig. 1 is the theory diagram of invention, is not difficult to find that this three-phase APFC also is made up of three single-phase APFC, and different is: each single-phase APFC has 2 electric capacity, and---be input on 2 branch roads of output an electric capacity is respectively arranged---is called decoupling capacitance.
Obviously, existing single-phase APFC does not possess this special construction, and several novel single-phase APFC that the present invention proposes just possesses this structure, first kind be called ' two capacitor C uk-PFC ', it is to have done following improvement on the basis of Cuk-DC/DC converter:
1, original 1 electric capacity of Cuk converter is split into 2 identical electric capacity up and down;
2, original 2 inductance of Cuk converter are split into 4 identical in twos inductance up and down;
The single-phase APFC that obtains so as shown in Figure 2.Second kind is called that ' two electric capacity Sepic-PFC ', as shown in Figure 3, it is improved on the basis of Sepic converter, and other scheme can also be arranged.Any pair electric capacity Single-phase PFC is embedded into three-phase PFC shown in Figure 1, has just constituted various capacitor-decoupling three-phase PFC.
Now, be the two capacitor P FC principles of example explanation with the two capacitor C uk-PFC of Fig. 2, L1～L4 is an energy storage inductor, C1, C2 finish energy and transmit and realize alternate decoupling zero (when forming three-phase APFC), Q1 control inductive current waveform and output dc voltage.The duty ratio of Q1 is subjected to ' APFC control circuit ' control, and the line of resistance R 1 to PFC control circuit is a current feedback, and output voltage V o is a Voltage Feedback to the line of PFC control circuit.The APFC control circuit can design voluntarily, also can adopt single-phase APFC control chips such as UC3854.
The phase three-wire three APFC that forms with the above-mentioned couple of capacitor C uk-PFC as shown in Figure 4, it is exactly that the interchange input of three single-phase APFC is received electrical network by phase three-wire three, the direct current output-parallel of three single-phase APFC, because three shared Voltage Feedback of single-phase APFC, so the three realization automatic current equalizings of being on good terms.
The three-phase and four-line APFC that forms with the two capacitor C uk-PFC of above-mentioned symmetric form as shown in Figure 7, it is basic identical with the phase three-wire three capacitor-decoupling APFC of Fig. 4, different mainly is the mode of connection of importing power supply.
Now, be example with phase three-wire three APFC shown in Figure 4, the capacitor-decoupling principle is described.The alternate coupling of accurate three-phase APFC is exactly the coupling that three-phase voltage forms by different single-phase APFC, and this is a very complicated problems, because the flow path of couple current, direction and size are relevant with the states big or small and 3 switching tubes of 3 line voltages.
At first, the 360 ° of electrical degrees of big young pathbreaker by three line instantaneous voltages are divided into 6 periods (as Figure 11), the 1st period u
a＞u
c＞u
b, the 2nd period u
a＞u
b＞u
c, the 3rd period u
b＞u
a＞u
c, the 4th period u
b＞u
c＞u
a, the 5th period u
c＞u
b＞u
a, the 6th period u
c＞u
a＞u
b
Then, 8 kinds of states of 3 switching tubes are arranged in order are Q again
AQ
BQ
CAll conductings, Q
AQ
BConducting Q
CTurn-off Q
AQ
CConducting Q
BTurn-off Q
BQ
CConducting Q
ATurn-off Q
AConducting Q
BQ
CTurn-off Q
BConducting Q
AQ
CTurn-off Q
CConducting Q
AQ
BTurn-off Q
AQ
BQ
CAll turn-off.
6 periods can be made into 48 kinds of different coupling situations with 8 kinds of states, and the path of couple current is identical with direction in each situation.Figure 12's a kind of in 48 kinds of situations has drawn---u
a＞u
c＞u
bPeriod Q
AQ
BQ
CEqual alternate coupling paths during conducting, Figure 13 another kind---the u in 48 kinds of situations that drawn
a＞u
c＞u
bPeriod Q
AConducting Q
BQ
CAlternate coupling path during shutoff, as space is limited, other situation is not drawn one by one.Each situation can be listed one group of voltage, current balance type equation.
In order to make analytic formula unlikely too numerous and jumbled, we suppose that all inductance, electric capacity, switching device are desirable.Simultaneously, also stipulate for Fig. 4 and three-phase PFC shown in Figure 7: L1A=L2A=L1B=L3B=L1C=L2C=L1,
L2A＝L4A＝L2B＝L4B＝L2C＝L4C＝L2，
C1A＝C2A＝C1B＝C2B＝C1C＝C2C＝C1，
This means that the structure and parameter of three single-phase APFC is identical, two branch roads up and down of each single-phase APFC are symmetrical fully, and these features are useful to alternate decoupling zero and Decoupling Analysis.
From circuit mechanism, arbitrary coupling path is all at least through 2 decoupling capacitances, so as long as 6 decoupling capacitance impedances in the circuit are enough big, alternate couple current is just enough little.From resolving angle, can write out alternate couple current equation according to 48 groups of voltages, current balance type equation---obviously, the equation of accurate couple current is very complicated, it be non-linear and the time become.But, if make full use of the symmetry of capacitor-decoupling three-phase pfc circuit, suppose again:
1, phase voltage is symmetrical;
2, all inductance, electric capacity are linear, and all switching devices are desirable;
3, alternate couple current is enough little;
Derive through strictness, can obtain alternate couple current i
Ac, i
Ab, i
BcApproximately linear equation (derivation is omitted):
It is suitable for all 48 kinds of coupling situations, derivation is omitted, and 2 points only are described: the one, and when above-mentioned 3 conditions satisfied, the error of this set of equations was very little, two is that the 3rd condition is not same by the same, because this set of equations has indicated that alternate couple current is enough for a short time and can accomplish.
The above results shows: as long as line voltage is sinusoidal, couple current also is sinusoidal basically, as long as 1/ ω C
1Or ω (L
1+ L
2) enough big (ω is the line voltage angular frequency), alternate couple current is just enough little.Because 1/ ω C
1Enough easier greatly realization is so this three-phase APFC is named as capacitor-decoupling three-phase APFC.
As seen, from the angle of decoupling zero, the capacity of 6 decoupling capacitances is the smaller the better, and still, these 6 electric capacity are also being undertaken energy-delivering task, so its capacity again can not be too little, these two aspects can be taken into account fortunately.
Because capacitor-decoupling three-phase APFC has good decoupling zero characteristic, so the work of design capacitance decoupling zero three-phase APFC just is reduced to three identical couple single-phase APFC of electric capacity of design.We can say that as long as each two single-phase APFC of electric capacity has good APFC performance, the three-phase APFC that they combine also has same good APFC performance.So, introduce the method for designing of two single-phase APFC of electric capacity below:
1, determines the specified AC-input voltage of single-phase APFC, specified VD and output current.Specified input voltage depends on the standard of AC power, and in China, phase three-wire three is 380V, and three-phase and four-line is 220V; Rated output voltage is identical with the rated output voltage of whole three-phase APFC, generally is decided to be 385V; Output-current rating is that three/one-plus-one of whole three-phase APFC output-current rating is decided surplus.
2, determine the main circuit topology of single-phase APFC.Recommend to adopt two capacitor C uk-PFC or two electric capacity Sepic-PFC, also can design voluntarily.
3, determine the main circuit parameter of single-phase APFC.Here be example with two capacitor C uk-PFC, introduce the method that main circuit parameter is chosen.At first be switching frequency, switching frequency is generally got 25kHz～250kHz, and in theory, the high more APFC performance of switching frequency inductance value good more, inductance L 1～L4 can be obtained more little.Switching frequency, specified input voltage, rated output voltage and output-current rating just can be determined other parameter after determining.
For three-phase three-wire system, if switching frequency is 100kHz, specified input voltage effective value is that 380V, rated output voltage are that 385V, output-current rating are 10A, obtains one group of parameters optimization through Matlab emulation with this understanding: R1=0.1 Ω, L1=L3=0.5mH, L2=L4=0.25mH, C1=C2=1 μ F450V, C0=2 * 470 μ F450V.
For three-phase four-wire system, if switching frequency is 100kHz, specified input voltage effective value is that 220V, rated output voltage are that 385V, output-current rating are 10A, obtains one group of parameters optimization through Matlab emulation: R1=0.1 Ω, L1=L3=1mH, L2=L4=0.5mH, C1=C2=1 μ F450V, C3=1 μ F1000V, C0=2 * 470 μ F450V.Being not difficult to find that the main distinction of three-phase three-wire system and three-phase four-wire system is at the inductance value of L1～L4---the latter is the former 2 times.
In order to narrate conveniently, we deserve to be called and state two groups of parameters is ' canonical parameter '.If output-current rating is not 10A but k * 10A, then relevant parameter is:
R1＝k
-1×R1
*
C1＝C2＝0.5×k×C1
*
C0＝0.5×k×C0
*
Other parameter constant in the formula, has the canonical parameter of the symbology correspondence of subscript *.
Note, during each single-phase APFC of design and emulation, can think that the output of every phase APFC all has a capacitor C 0, but in fact, C0 is that three-phase has.The effect of C0 is the ripple in the filtering output voltage, and its value is also relevant with the ripple index.
4, the control circuit of the single-phase APFC of design.Control circuit by the requirement of single-phase APFC design, can be selected Single-phase PFC control chip ready-made on the market for use fully, as UC3854 series etc.If selected a certain control chip, just can design by the technical data of this chip.
Because capacitor-decoupling three-phase APFC belongs to Power Electronic Circuit, so, design the knowledge that it must be familiar with the aspects such as type selecting, control mile opinion, Electro Magnetic Compatibility of power electronic device, do not give unnecessary details again here.
Because capacitor-decoupling three-phase APFC is non-linear a, distributed constant, dynamic circuit, be difficult to carry out accurate Calculation with analytic method, so, design it and be unable to do without Computer Simulation (Matlab, PSPICE etc.), design parameter has only by a large amount of emulation, just can adjust to the best.Carry out single-phase APFC during emulation earlier, be combined into three-phase APFC after the Single-phase PFC performance is satisfied, and carry out the emulation of three-phase APFC.
For phase three-wire three APFC shown in Figure 4 is carried out Matlab emulation, suppose that specified input voltage effective value is that 380V, specified VD are 385V, specified average anode current is 10A, switching frequency is 100kH, R1, L1～L4, C1, C2, C0 get canonical parameter with this understanding, and the PFC control circuit is pressed UC3854 chip principles simulation.Fig. 5 is a simulation result, is A phase voltage waveform (unit is V) topmost, is A phase, B phase, C phase current waveform (unit is A) below, and the bottom is the waveform (unit is V) of output voltage, and abscissa is time (unit is second).Calculate THD=0.45% with the FFT method, power factor is 0.999, does not consider the additive error that the hardware realization brings here.
In order to contrast, the single-phase Cuk-PFC of two electric capacity shown in Figure 2 is carried out Matlab emulation, result such as Fig. 6 are phase voltage waveform (unit are V) topmost, are phase current waveform (unit is A) below, the bottom is output DC corrugating (unit is V).Calculate the THD=0.44% of phase current, power factor is 0.999, and the decoupling zero effect of visible capacitor-decoupling three-phase APFC is very significant.
The Matlab simulation result that three-phase and four-line APFC shown in Figure 7 gets canonical parameter as shown in Figure 8, the THD=1.86%, the power factor that calculate phase current are 0.999.
Further, consider the situation of phase three-wire three APFC three-phase imbalance shown in Figure 4, Fig. 9 is u
a=0.8 * 220V, u
b=220V, u
cMatlab simulation result (canonical parameter) during=1.2 * 220V, THD=2.30%.Consider three-phase and four-line APFC phase shortage situation shown in Figure 7 again, Figure 10 is u
a=220V, u
b=220V, u
cMatlab simulation result (canonical parameter) during=0V, THD=2.63%.As seen, under the situation of three-phase imbalance, phase shortage, the performance of this capacitor-decoupling three-phase APFC is still very good---and this has proved absolutely the validity of capacitor-decoupling.
Sum up, the capacitor-decoupling three-phase APFC that the present invention proposes has the following advantages:
1, Coupling Between Phases is minimum---and largest benefit is that the design simplification with a three-phase APFC is single-phase The design of APFC can be directly with ready-made single-phase APFC control chip, and Project Realization is easy, dress Put Reliability Enhancement.
2, APFC function admirable---power factor can reach more than 0.99, and three-phase current continuously just all is The string ripple.
This circuit has following advantage:
1, output voltage is flexible---and output dc voltage can freely be set between 380V-700V, brings great convenience for the AC/DC Design of device.
2, the electric current that powers on is little---impulse current after powering on only is about 2 times of rated current, needn't be well-designed and the debugging restriction go up the circuit of surge.
3, the scope of application is wider---and both be fit to phase three-wire three, be fit to three-phase and four-line again, allowed three-phase imbalance.
Claims (1)
1, a kind of capacitor-decoupling three-phase active power factor corrector, it is characterized in that: be input as three-phase alternating current, between every two-phase input of three-phase alternating current, be serially connected with EMI and rectifier circuit, two outputs one tunnel of each EMI and rectifier circuit directly insert inductance and switching tube circuit, and another road is inserted inductance and switching tube circuit again behind current sampling resistor; Two outputs of inductance and switching tube circuit insert inductance and diode circuit through corresponding two decoupling capacitances respectively, two output output dc voltages of inductance and diode circuit, the direct voltage parallel connection of corresponding three-phase output, cross-over connection has ripple filtering electric capacity between two outputs of back in parallel; The current sampling resistor two ends link to each other with the electric current loop input of Single-phase PFC control circuit respectively, inductance links to each other voltage signal with two outputs of diode circuit with the Voltage loop input of Single-phase PFC control circuit, individual event PFC control circuit is controlled inductance and switching circuit by output switching signal after detecting electric current and voltage signal.
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| CN102163932A (en) * | 2011-03-18 | 2011-08-24 | 上海交通大学 | Linear alternating current-direct current (AC-DC) converter for alternating chopped wave |
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| CN106026690A (en) * | 2016-07-28 | 2016-10-12 | 李欣建 | High-frequency power switching circuit without reactive power |
| CN106787859A (en) * | 2016-12-29 | 2017-05-31 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Combined three phase single-stage APFC converters and its control device based on full bridge structure |
| CN110798081A (en) * | 2019-10-31 | 2020-02-14 | 上海机电工程研究所 | Power supply equipment for ship-borne missile |
| CN112202315A (en) * | 2020-09-01 | 2021-01-08 | 扬州船用电子仪器研究所(中国船舶重工集团公司第七二三研究所) | Power supply system for stepped power-up |
| CN115347804A (en) * | 2022-10-20 | 2022-11-15 | 深圳市安和威电力科技股份有限公司 | IGBT three-discrete staggered PFC type power supply device and control method thereof |
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| CN101917012A (en) * | 2010-09-15 | 2010-12-15 | 淄博凯星电机有限公司 | Three-phase rectifying reactive power compensation circuit |
| CN102163932A (en) * | 2011-03-18 | 2011-08-24 | 上海交通大学 | Linear alternating current-direct current (AC-DC) converter for alternating chopped wave |
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| CN104486892A (en) * | 2015-01-04 | 2015-04-01 | 安徽工业大学 | Three-phase electrolytic-capacitor-free LED power source topology circuit and control method thereof |
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| CN105305853A (en) * | 2015-11-19 | 2016-02-03 | 哈尔滨工业大学（威海） | Multi-pulse wave rectifier using active power factor correction technology and design method thereof |
| CN106026690A (en) * | 2016-07-28 | 2016-10-12 | 李欣建 | High-frequency power switching circuit without reactive power |
| CN106026690B (en) * | 2016-07-28 | 2018-12-25 | 李欣建 | A kind of high frequency power switching circuit of not reactive power |
| CN106787859A (en) * | 2016-12-29 | 2017-05-31 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Combined three phase single-stage APFC converters and its control device based on full bridge structure |
| CN110798081A (en) * | 2019-10-31 | 2020-02-14 | 上海机电工程研究所 | Power supply equipment for ship-borne missile |
| CN112202315A (en) * | 2020-09-01 | 2021-01-08 | 扬州船用电子仪器研究所(中国船舶重工集团公司第七二三研究所) | Power supply system for stepped power-up |
| CN112202315B (en) * | 2020-09-01 | 2022-08-16 | 扬州船用电子仪器研究所(中国船舶重工集团公司第七二三研究所) | Power supply system for stepped power-up |
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