CN101567864A - Network device with far-end interference elimination function - Google Patents

Network device with far-end interference elimination function Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101567864A
CN101567864A CNA2008100939368A CN200810093936A CN101567864A CN 101567864 A CN101567864 A CN 101567864A CN A2008100939368 A CNA2008100939368 A CN A2008100939368A CN 200810093936 A CN200810093936 A CN 200810093936A CN 101567864 A CN101567864 A CN 101567864A
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signal
operation values
network equipment
far
selector
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CN101567864B (en
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施至永
黄亮维
郭协星
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Realtek Semiconductor Corp
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Realtek Semiconductor Corp
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Abstract

The invention provides a network device with a far-end interference elimination function. When the network device is in a training mode, the network device provides hard data to a far-end interference eliminator for performing far-end interference elimination; and when the network device is in a data mode, the network device provides soft data to the far-end interference eliminator for performing far-end interference elimination so as to achieve the effect of effectively eliminating far-end interference and reduce the power consumption of the network device.

Description

Network equipment with far-end interference elimination function
Technical field
The present invention discloses a kind of network equipment, especially a kind of network equipment with far-end interference elimination function.
Background technology
In general communication system, transmitting terminal (Transmitter) comprises at least one passage with receiving terminal (Receiver).Signal between the included different passages of same transmitting terminal or same receiving terminal can produce phenomenon interfering with each other, be that first passage on same transmitting terminal or the same receiving terminal can be disturbed by the signal on the second channel and has the phenomenon of noise, be called as crosstalk (Crosstalk).Crosstalk and comprised near-end cross (Near end crosstalk, NEXT) with far-end cross talk (Far end crosstalk, FEXT) two kinds, wherein far-end cross talk is meant the crosstalk phenomenon that is produced between the different passages of transmitting terminal, and this crosstalk phenomenon meeting and then influence the signal quality of receiving terminal.
Generally in the technology of eliminating far-end cross talk, at transmitting terminal a precoding far-end cross talk arrester (Precode FEXT canceller) can be set and come in advance the noise section that other passages brought is eliminated, and at receiving terminal a far-end cross talk arrester (FEXT canceller) is set also and again the noise that other passages brought be eliminated.Correlation technique can be with reference to U.S. Patent No. 7,164,764.Yet, because transmitting terminal and receiving terminal all are provided with the far-end cross talk arrester, and prior art is when handling far-end cross talk, the far-end cross talk arrester at two ends is used simultaneously, so the power that communication system integral body is consumed will become a potential problem, and the excessive problem of deviation will take place in the coefficient in the far-end cross talk arrester institute reference of receiving terminal in the elimination process of crosstalking that continues, and then causes the filtered noise instability.
Summary of the invention
At the problems referred to above, one object of the present invention is to provide a kind of network equipment that has low power consumption and can eliminate far-end cross talk effectively.
The present invention discloses a kind of network equipment.This network equipment has comprised the first balanced module, be used for balanced first network signal, to export the first output equalizing signal, and output first operation values and second operation values in balancing procedure, wherein this first operation values is that soft data (soft data) and this second operation values are hard data (hard data); Selector is coupled to this first balanced module, is used for according to selecting control signal optionally to export this first operation values or this second operation values; (Far end crosstalkcanceller FEXT), is coupled to this selector to the far-end cross talk arrester, and this first operation values or this second operation values that are used for exporting according to this selector are exported the erasure signal of crosstalking; And the second balanced module, be coupled to this far-end cross talk arrester, be used for according to balanced second network signal of this erasure signal of crosstalking, and export the second output equalizing signal; Wherein, when this network equipment operates in data pattern (data mode), this selection control signal is controlled this selector and is exported this first operation values to this far-end cross talk arrester; And when this network equipment operates in training mode (training mode), this selection control signal is controlled this selector and is exported this second operation values to this far-end cross talk arrester.
The present invention also discloses a kind of method for processing network signal, is applicable in the network equipment.This method for processing network signal includes balanced first network signal, and to export first operation values and second operation values, wherein this first operation values is a soft data, and this second operation values is a hard data; By selector, optionally export this first operation values or this second operation values; According to this first operation values or this second operation values that this selector is exported, export the erasure signal of crosstalking; And according to balanced second network signal of this erasure signal of crosstalking, and output output equalizing signal.Wherein, when this network equipment operated in first pattern, this selector was exported this first operation values to export this erasure signal of crosstalking.When this network equipment operated in second pattern, this selector was exported this second operation values to export this erasure signal of crosstalking.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of an embodiment of the transmitting terminal of network equipment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of an embodiment of the receiving terminal of network equipment of the present invention.
The main element symbol description
100 transmitting terminals
104,114 passages
106,116 far-end cross talks coupling
110,120 adders
122,132 THP filters
200 receiving terminals
201,203 balanced modules
218,268 selectors
220,270 far-end cross talk arresters
204,254 feed forward equalizers
206,208,256,258 subtracters
210,260 mould processors
212,262 determine processor
214,264 feedback equalizers
216,266 adders
Embodiment
In order to illustrate that the present invention handles the technical characterictic of far-end cross talk, the far-end cross talk model of transmitting terminal in the network equipment provided by the present invention is at first disclosed in Fig. 1.Please refer to Fig. 1, the transmitting terminal 100 of network equipment comprises first passage 104, first far-end cross talk coupling 106, first adder 110, a THP (Tomlison-Harashima precoding, Tomlison-Harashima Precoding) filter 122, second channel 114, second far-end cross talk coupling 116, reaches second adder 120, the 2nd THP filter 132.Wherein, a THP filter 122 and the 2nd THP filter 132 are different and be enabled or forbid along with the operator scheme of network equipment.Note that a THP filter 122 and the 2nd THP filter 132 need be enabled or forbid, so the both is enabled or forbids with switching signal sel_THP because in some cases.In other words, after this about the step that enables or forbid of a THP filter 122 and the 2nd THP filter 132 is all carried out with switching signal sel_THP, and no longer described in detail.
Note that transmitting terminal 100 receives transmission signal T AWith T B, and send received signal R AWith R B First passage 104 is respectively CH with the channel response of second channel 114 A(z) and CH B(z), be coupled 116 response of channel response first far-end cross talk coupling 106 and second far-end cross talk that also can be considered passage A and channel B is respectively A B(z) and B A(z).The response of the one THP filter 122 and THP filter 132 is respectively THP AWith THP B
At first, when the consideration network equipment operates in training mode (training mode), at this moment, a THP filter 122 and the 2nd THP filter 132 are disabled.Received signal R ACan be expressed as:
R A=T A*CH A(z)+T B*B A(z) (1);
And received signal R BCan be expressed as:
R B=T B*CH B(z)+T A*A B(z) (2)。
In equation (1), T B* B A(z) the far-end cross talk noise of representing channel B that passage A is produced.In like manner, in equation (2), T A* A B(z) represent passage A to far-end cross talk noise that channel B produced.
Then, when network equipment operates in data pattern (data mode), a THP filter 122 and the 2nd THP filter 132 are enabled, at this moment received signal R ACan be expressed as:
R A=T A*THP A*CH A(z)+T B*THP B*B A(z) (3);
And received signal R BFor:
R B=T B*THP B*CH B(z)+T A*THP A*A B(z) (4)。
T wherein B* THP B* B A(z) represent the far-end cross talk noise of channel B to passage A, and T A* THP A* A B(z) represent the far-end cross talk noise of passage A to channel B.
No matter one of purpose of the present invention is that the THP filter starts or when closing, and the coefficient change of far-end cross talk arrester is reduced to minimum, so that noise filtering becomes is stable.By the description of Fig. 1 as can be known, reach this purpose if desired, then the far-end cross talk noise that comprises in equation (1), (2), (3), (4) all must be taken into account.
Referring again to Fig. 2, the far-end cross talk model of receiving terminal 200 in its diagram network equipment of the present invention.Please note, though network equipment shown in Figure 2 only is used for two passages, but still can derive easily and be applicable to two network equipments, therefore the disclosed network equipment of Fig. 2 be done change on the quantity of applied passage to be considered as scope of the present invention with upper channel via the open of Fig. 2.
As shown in Figure 2, the receiving terminal 200 of network communication device comprise the first balanced module 201 and the second balanced module 203, first selector 218, second selector 268, the first far-end cross talk arrester 220, with the second far-end cross talk arrester 270.Wherein, the first balanced module 201 comprises first feed forward equalizer 204, first subtracter 206, second subtracter 208, the first mould processor, 210, first definite processor 212, first feedback equalizer 214, first adder 216; The second balanced module 203 comprises second feed forward equalizer 254, the 3rd subtracter 256, the 4th subtracter 258, the second mould processor, 260, second definite processor 262, second feedback equalizer 264, second adder 266.The first balanced module 201 is used for balanced first network signal, and to export the first output equalizing signal, wherein first network signal is and sends signal T A, and the first output equalizing signal is received signal R AThe second balanced module 203 is used for balanced second network signal of the erasure signal of crosstalking exported according to the first far-end cross talk arrester 220, and exports the second output equalizing signal, and wherein second network signal is and sends signal T B, and the second output equalizing signal is received signal R BFeed forward equalizer (feed forward equalizer) 204 receives and the balanced signal T that sends A, with output feed forward equalization signal.Subtracter 206 and 208 is used for the erasure signal of crosstalking that this feed forward equalization signal and the second balanced module 203 are imported is carried out computing, with the output operation values.Wherein subtracter 206 is used for this feed forward equalization signal and this erasure signal of crosstalking are carried out subtraction, with output intermediate operations value; And subtracter 208 is used for this intermediate operations value and feedback equalization signal are carried out subtraction, to export this operation values.Mould processor 210 is used for that this operation values is carried out mould and handles computing, with output mould processing signals.Determine that processor 212 is used for according to this mould processing signals, output received signal R AFeedback equalizer 214 is used for this first output equalizing signal is carried out feedback equalization, to export this feedback equalization signal.Adder 216 is used for sending signal T ACarry out add operation with this feedback equalization signal, to export this intermediate operations value.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the first far-end cross talk arrester 220 and the second far-end cross talk arrester 270 can (Finite Impulse Response, FIR) filter be realized by finite impulse response (FIR).The coupled relation of said elements and its input/output signal can be with reference to figure 2, at this not elsewhere specified (NES).Note that the first mould processor 210 and the second mould processor 260 need be enabled or forbid, so the both is enabled or forbids with switching signal sel_MOD because in some cases.In other words, after this, therefore no longer described in detail about the step that enables or forbid of the first mould processor 210 and the second mould processor 260 is all carried out with switching signal sel_MOD.In like manner, first feedback equalizer 214 also carries out relevant enabling or forbidding according to switching signal sel_FBE with second feedback equalizer 264.
Below will be to the receiving terminal 200 of network equipment of the present invention, its operating principle is done more detailed description, at first, when network equipment of the present invention has just been started shooting, the one THP filter 122 and the 2nd THP filter 132 of transmitting terminal 100 are disabled, be that network equipment operates in training mode, at this moment, the calculated value that first selector 218 is calculated according to the first adder of selecting in the control signal sel selective reception first balanced module 201 216, wherein this calculated value belongs to the hard data (Hard data) in the whole balancing procedure.Then first selector 218 exports this calculated value to first far-end cross talk arrester 220, eliminates the second balanced module 203 is carried out far-end cross talk.In the same manner, under training mode, the calculated value (also belonging to hard data) that second selector 268 is calculated according to the second adder of selecting in the control signal sel selective reception second balanced module 203 266, and export this calculated value to second far-end cross talk arrester 270, eliminate the first balanced module 201 is carried out far-end cross talk.Note that though first selector 218 is selected the reference value of the output valve of first adder 216 and second adder 266 as the elimination far-end cross talk in the present embodiment with second selector 268, the present invention is not limited to this.In other words, first selector 218 also can be selected the reference value of other hard data as the elimination far-end cross talk with second selector 268, and for example first determines equalizing signal TA and the equalizing signal TB that processor 212 and second definite processor 262 are exported.
Under training mode, after the processing through first feed forward equalizer 204, the signal of far-end cross talk noise (FEXT) can be expressed as:
T B*B A(z)*F A(z) (5);
The output signal of the 3rd subtracter 256 can be expressed as:
T B*CH B(z)*F B(z) (6);
For the complete elimination of far-end cross talk noise that first feed forward equalizer 204 is exported, following equation need be set up:
T B*B A(z)*F A(z)=[T B*CH B(z)*F B(z)]*FC BA(z) (7);
And hypothesis H B(z)=CH B(z) * F B(z), then equation (7) can be rewritten as follows:
T B*B A(z)*F A(z)=T B*H B(z)*FC BA(z)=(T B*(H B(z)-1)+T B)*FC BA(z) (8)。
Wherein, H B(z)-1 be the response of second feedback equalizer 264, and T B* (H B(z)-1)+T BBe the addition that second adder 266 is implemented.Like this, can derive the response FC of the second far-end cross talk arrester 270 by equation (8) BA(z) suitable parameter value also is expressed as follows:
FC BA(z)=B A(z)*F A(z)/H B(z) (9)。
In like manner, the response FC of the first far-end cross talk arrester 220 AB(z) suitable parameter value also can be determined by following equation:
T A*A B(z)*F B(z)=T A*H A(z)*FC AB(z)=(T A*(H A(z)-1)+T A)*FC AB(z) (10);
Therefore respond FC AB(z) suitable parameter value can be simulated and be expressed as follows by equation (10):
FC AB(z)=A B(z)*F B(z)/H A(z) (11)。
By above-mentioned derivation equation as can be known, under training mode, the parameter of the first far-end cross talk arrester 220 and the second far-end cross talk arrester 270 is respectively shown in equation (11) and (10).
Then, when after this network equipment starts shooting a period of time, the one THP filter 122 and the 2nd THP filter 132 of transmitting terminal 100 are enabled, and with the mode powered-down that continues input bit 0 or make its forbidding, promptly this moment, network equipment operated in training mode with first feedback equalizer 214 and second feedback equalizer 264.At this moment, first selector 218 is according to the calculated value of selecting control signal sel to select first subtracter 206 in the first balanced module 201 to be calculated, this calculated value belongs to the soft data (Soft data) in the whole balancing procedure, and export this calculated value to first far-end cross talk arrester 220, eliminate the second balanced module 203 is carried out far-end cross talk.In the same manner, under data pattern, second selector 268 is according to the calculated value (also belonging to soft data) of selecting control signal sel to select the 3rd subtracter 256 in the second balanced module 203 to be calculated, and export this calculated value to second far-end cross talk arrester 270, eliminate the first balanced module 201 is carried out far-end cross talk.Note, though first selector 210 selects the output valve of first subtracter 206 and the 3rd subtracter 256 as the reference value of eliminating far-end cross talk with second selector 268 in the present embodiment, but the present invention is not limited to this, and first selector 210 also can select other soft datas as the reference value of removing far-end cross talk with second selector 268.Like this, can make network equipment under data pattern, the reference value of the first far-end cross talk arrester 220 and 270 references of the second far-end cross talk arrester does not have the grave error situation and takes place, to increase the stability of system.
Under data pattern, received signal R AAfter feed forward equalizer 204 processing, the far-end cross talk noise is T B* THP B* B A(z) * F A(z); In addition, the clean signal that not disturbed by the far-end cross talk noise of passage A is T B* THP B* CH B(z).For the complete elimination of far-end cross talk noise that first feed forward equalizer 204 is exported, following equation need be set up:
T B*THP B*B A(z)*F A(z)=[T B*THP B*CH B*F B(z)]*FC BA(z) (12)。
Note that a THP filter 122 and the 2nd THP filter 132 have following character, and on each passage, all be suitable for:
THP A=1/H A(z) (13)。
THP B=1/H B(z) (14)。
According to equation (12), (13), and above-mentioned response H B(z) definition, can rewrite equation (12) as follows:
T B*THP B*B A(z)*F A(z)=T B*FC BA(z) (15);
According to equation (15) and (13), channel B is to the far-end cross talk response FC of passage A BA(z) can be expressed as follows:
FC BA(z)=THP B*B A(z)*F A(z)=B A(z)*F A(z)/H B(z) (16)。
Observe equation (9) and (16) as can be known, when no matter the THP filter opens or cuts out, far-end cross talk response FC BA(z) all can obtain identical in fact result.In like manner, passage A is to the far-end cross talk response FC of channel B AB(z) also can be expressed as follows:
FC AB(z)=THP A*A B(z)*F B(z)=A B(z)*F B(z)/H A(z) (17)。
Observe equation (11) and (17) as can be known, when no matter the THP filter opens or cuts out, far-end cross talk response FC AB(z) all can obtain identical result.
As seen from the above description, network equipment selects hard data as the reference signal of eliminating far-end cross talk under training mode, and with under data pattern, it is identical in fact as the reference signal of eliminating far-end cross talk to select soft data.Therefore under data pattern,, also can reach the effect of eliminating far-end cross talk effectively even select soft data as the reference signal of eliminating far-end cross talk.Moreover, select soft data can prevent also that as the reference signal of eliminating far-end cross talk the grave error signal from producing, and can increase the stability of total system.
In an embodiment of the present invention, network equipment is by under training mode, enable first feedback equalizer 214, second feedback equalizer 264, forbid a THP filter 122, the 2nd THP filter 132, the first mould processor 210 and the second mould processor 260; With under data pattern, forbid first feedback equalizer 214, second feedback equalizer 264, under the operation that the one THP filter 122, the 2nd THP filter 132, the first mould processor 210 and the second mould processor 260 are enabled, the power consumption that also can save network equipment.In addition, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, in the Ethernet that can be applicable to 10G-Based-T of network equipment provided by the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to this, network equipment of the present invention also can be applicable in other network Related products, and does not constitute the fact that departs from the scope of the present invention.
The above only is the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and all equivalences that claim is made according to the present invention change and revise, and all should belong to covering scope of the present invention.

Claims (15)

1. network equipment includes:
The first balanced module is used for balanced first network signal, exports equalizing signal to export first, and export first operation values and second operation values in balancing procedure, and wherein this first operation values is that soft data and this second operation values are hard data;
Selector is coupled to this first balanced module, is used for according to selecting control signal optionally to export this first operation values or this second operation values;
The far-end cross talk arrester is coupled to this selector, and this first operation values or this second operation values that are used for exporting according to this selector are exported the erasure signal of crosstalking; And
The second balanced module is coupled to this far-end cross talk arrester, is used for according to balanced second network signal of this erasure signal of crosstalking, and exports the second output equalizing signal;
Wherein, when this network equipment operated in data pattern, this selection control signal was controlled this selector and is exported this first operation values to this far-end cross talk arrester; And when this network equipment operated in training mode, this selection control signal was controlled this selector and is exported this second operation values to this far-end cross talk arrester.
2. network equipment as claimed in claim 1, wherein this first balanced module comprises:
Feed forward equalizer receives this first network signal, and balanced this first network signal is with output feed forward equalization signal; And
Arithmetic element is coupled to this feed forward equalizer, is used for this feed forward equalization signal and second erasure signal of crosstalking is carried out computing, to export this first operation values.
3. network equipment as claimed in claim 2, wherein this first arithmetic element comprises:
First subtracter is coupled to this feed forward equalizer, is used for this first feed forward equalization signal and second erasure signal of crosstalking is carried out subtraction, to export this first operation values; And
Second subtracter is coupled to this first subtracter, is used for this first operation values and feedback equalization signal are carried out subtraction, with output output operation values.
4. network equipment as claimed in claim 3, wherein this first balanced module comprises:
The mould processor is coupled to this second subtracter, is used for that this output operation values is carried out mould and handles computing, with output mould processing signals;
Determine processor, be coupled to this mould processor, be used for, to export this first output equalizing signal according to this mould processing signals;
Feedback equalizer is coupled to this and determines between the processor and second subtracter, is used for this first output equalizing signal is carried out feedback equalization, to export this feedback equalization signal; And
Adder is coupled to this and determines processor and this feedback equalizer, is used for this first output equalizing signal and feedback equalization signal are carried out add operation, to export this second operation values.
5. network equipment as claimed in claim 1, wherein this first balanced module comprises:
Feedback equalizer is used for this first output equalizing signal is carried out feedback equalization, with output feedback equalization signal;
Wherein, when this network equipment operated in this data pattern, this feedback equalizer was disabled; And when this network equipment operated in this training mode, this feedback equalizer was enabled.
6. network equipment as claimed in claim 1, wherein this second balanced module is exported the 3rd operation values and the 4th operation values at balancing procedure, and this network equipment also comprises:
Second selector is coupled to this second balanced module, is used for optionally exporting the 3rd operation values or the 4th operation values according to this selection control signal; Wherein the 3rd operation values is that soft data and the 4th operation values are hard data;
The second far-end cross talk arrester is coupled to this selector, is used for the 3rd operation values exported according to this second selector or the 4th operation values and exports second and crosstalk erasure signal to this first balanced module.
7. network equipment as claimed in claim 6 wherein deserves this network equipment when operating in this data pattern, and this selection control signal is controlled this second selector and exported the 3rd operation values to this second far-end cross talk arrester; And when this network equipment operated in this training mode, this selection control signal was controlled this second selector and is exported the 4th operation values to this second far-end cross talk arrester.
8. network equipment as claimed in claim 1, wherein this far-end cross talk arrester is realized by finite impulse response filter.
9. network equipment as claimed in claim 1 is applied in the Ethernet of 10G-Based-T.
10. method for processing network signal is applicable to include in the network equipment:
Balanced first network signal, to export first operation values and second operation values, wherein this first operation values is a soft data, and this second operation values is a hard data;
By selector, optionally export this first operation values or this second operation values;
According to this first operation values or this second operation values that this selector is exported, export the erasure signal of crosstalking; And
According to balanced second network signal of this erasure signal of crosstalking, and output output equalizing signal;
Wherein, when this network equipment operated in first pattern, this selector was exported this first operation values to export this erasure signal of crosstalking; And when this network equipment operated in second pattern, this selector was exported this second operation values to export this erasure signal of crosstalking.
11. method for processing network signal as claimed in claim 10, wherein balanced this first network signal may further comprise the steps:
Balanced this first network signal is with output feed forward equalization signal; And
This feed forward equalization signal and second erasure signal of crosstalking is carried out computing, to export this first operation values.
12. method for processing network signal as claimed in claim 11, it is further comprising the steps of that the erasure signal of wherein this feed forward equalization signal and this second being crosstalked carries out computing:
This feed forward equalization signal and this second erasure signal of crosstalking is carried out subtraction, to export this first operation values.
13. method for processing network signal as claimed in claim 10, wherein this first pattern is a data pattern, and this second pattern is a training mode.
14. method for processing network signal as claimed in claim 10 is further comprising the steps of:
When this network equipment operates in this first pattern, the forbidding feedback equalizer; And
When this network equipment operates in this second pattern, enable this feedback equalizer.
15. method for processing network signal as claimed in claim 10 is applied in the Ethernet of 10G-Based-T.
CN2008100939368A 2008-04-23 2008-04-23 Network device with far-end interference elimination function Active CN101567864B (en)

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105790792A (en) * 2014-12-24 2016-07-20 中兴通讯股份有限公司 Subscriber line far-end crosstalk cancellation vector calculating method and device
CN104981982B (en) * 2013-11-27 2017-05-24 华为技术有限公司 Power adjustment device and method
CN109639305A (en) * 2017-10-09 2019-04-16 深圳市中兴微电子技术有限公司 A kind of method and receiver for realizing data receiver processing

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6009178A (en) * 1996-09-16 1999-12-28 Aureal Semiconductor, Inc. Method and apparatus for crosstalk cancellation
EP2503704B1 (en) * 2003-05-16 2016-11-30 Marvell International, Ltd. Method and apparatus for equalization and crosstalk mitigation

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104981982B (en) * 2013-11-27 2017-05-24 华为技术有限公司 Power adjustment device and method
US10056940B2 (en) 2013-11-27 2018-08-21 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Power adjustment device and method
CN105790792A (en) * 2014-12-24 2016-07-20 中兴通讯股份有限公司 Subscriber line far-end crosstalk cancellation vector calculating method and device
CN105790792B (en) * 2014-12-24 2021-06-15 中兴通讯股份有限公司 Method and device for calculating far-end crosstalk elimination vector of subscriber line
CN109639305A (en) * 2017-10-09 2019-04-16 深圳市中兴微电子技术有限公司 A kind of method and receiver for realizing data receiver processing

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