CN101556047A - 管道 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于工业活动中的管道(1),其中管道(1)具有特定的几何形状。特别是,管道(1)形成为低幅螺旋状,其使流经管道(1)的流体形成涡流。这种涡流提供很多优点。可以使用该管道(1)的场合包括:石油生产立管和出油管、井下使用的生产管、用于输送流体的输送管、静止混合器、弯管、接头等等,压力水管和引水管、用于化学、石化和制药工业的反应器、热交换器、低温室、焚化炉和废物处理炉、静态分离器和进气口。
Description
本申请是申请日为2005年9月21日、申请号为200580039695.3、名称为“管道”的申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明总体涉及一种工业活动中使用的管道,这种管道具有特定的几何形状。
背景技术
许多工业过程涉及将流体从工厂或机器的一部分输送到另一处,通常这种输送是通过使用管道来实现的。在通过管道输送流体期间,也可以例如用加热、辐射、化学反应等等方法来处理流体。
以这种方式使用的管道,特别是那些用于长距离输送流体的管道,通常是直的,因为它们的中心线是直线而管道的壁平行于中心线。
然而,已经发现可以使用其它的管道几何形状,其相对于直管可具有多种优势。特别是,形成为低幅螺旋的管道相对于直管具有几种明显的优点。
所谓“低幅螺旋”,我们指的是管道形成为其中心线沿大致螺旋的路径,而螺旋的幅度等于或小于管道内径的一半。
当流体进入这样的螺旋形状的管道时,几乎立刻就产生涡流。涡流与常规流动相比有许多优点。可以减小湍流和相关的压力损失(和能量损失)。另外,由于在整个横截面上混合,经过管道的流动的速度分布比在常规管道中的流动会更均匀(平缓),涡流趋于象滑阀一样,冲刷管道壁。
已经发现,一般在进入低幅螺旋的几个管道直径的范围内就会在管道的整个宽度上产生涡流。此外,与涡流相关的在整个横截面上的二次运动和混合导致在中心流体(fluid within the core)中以及管道壁处流体和中心流体之间的相当大的质量、动量和热传递。
发明内容
本发明提供一种反应器,包括焚化炉或废物处理炉,该反应器还包括反应器管,其特征在于:所述反应器管具有沿着大致螺旋路径的中心线40,并且,螺旋的幅度A等于或小于反应器管内径DI的一半,从而提供沿反应器管管腔的视线。
优选地,所述反应器管具有大致圆形截面和一外径DE)并且所述反应器管包含在假想的包迹20内,该包迹纵向延伸并具有与反应器管的工作宽度W相等的宽度,所述包迹的宽度限定由反应器管占据的横向空间,并大于所述反应器管的所述外径DE。
优选地,所述包迹具有纵向中心轴线30,反应器管的螺旋中心线沿着围绕该纵向中心轴线的螺旋路径,并且,所述纵向中心轴线是直的。
优选地,所述包迹具有纵向中心轴线30,所述反应器管的螺旋中心线沿着围绕该纵向中心轴线的螺旋路径,并且,所述纵向中心轴线是弯曲的。
优选地,螺旋的幅度(A)小于或等于所述反应器管的内径(DI)的0.4倍。
优选地,螺旋角小于或等于55°。
包括焚化炉或废物处理炉的上述反应器的用途可以为用于燃烧反应。
此外,优选地,所述反应器管是在工作时热燃烧气体通过的管子。
附图说明
在图1示出了具有低幅螺旋几何形状的管道的长度。
具体实施方式
此处使用的术语“螺旋的幅度”指中心线从平均位置到横向极限的变位程度。因而该幅度是螺旋中心线的整个横向宽度的一半。正常情况下管的横截面面积沿其长度基本不变,但它也可以根据所需要的特定特性而改变。
在这种类型的低幅螺旋管道中,螺旋的幅度小于管道内径的一半,沿管道的管腔存在“视线(line of sight)”。尽管在视线上的流动可能会沿直线路径,但已知其一般具有涡流成分。
对本说明书来说,术语螺旋管道的“相对幅度”定义为幅度除以内径。由于螺旋管道的幅度小于或等于管道的内径的一半,这意味着该相对幅度小于或等于0.5。优选地,相对幅度可以小于或等于0.45、0.40、0.35、0.30、0.25、0.20、0.15、0.1或0.05。较小的相对幅度可更好地利用可用的横向空间,因为管道整体上不会比具有相同横截面面积的一般直管宽太多。较小的相对幅度还产生较宽的“视线”,为压力计或其它设备沿管道的***提供更多的空间。然而,非常小的相对幅度在某些情况中会导致二次运动和混合的减小。
在雷诺数较高时,可以使用较小的相对幅度,同时引起程度合适的涡流。这通常意味着,对给定的内径,流速高的情况下,可以使用低的相对幅度,同时仍足以引发涡流。
螺旋角(或节距,其中节距是螺旋一圈的长度,并可以依照管道的内径来定义)也是影响流动的相关因素。如同相对幅度一样,可以根据各种条件,特别是管道所载运的流体的粘性、密度和速度来优化螺旋角。螺旋角优选小于或等于65°,更优选地,小于或等于55°、45°、35°、25°、15°、10°或5°。
一般来说,对于较高的雷诺数,螺旋角可以较小,同时得到让人满意的涡流,但对较低的雷诺数而言,需要较高的螺旋角以产生让人满意的涡流。一般不希望为了获得较快的流动(具有较高的雷诺数)而使用较高的螺旋角,因为这样可能会产生靠近壁的滞留流体囊。因此,对给定的雷诺数(或雷诺数的范围),在产生让人满意的涡流的情况下,螺旋角优选尽可能选择低的。在特定实施例中,螺旋角小于20°。
在图1示出了具有低幅螺旋几何形状的管道的长度。此管道1具有圆形横截面,外径DE、内径DI和壁厚T。该管道缠绕成螺旋,其幅度恒为A(从平均到横向极限测量得到),节距恒为P,螺旋角恒为θ,工作宽度(sweptwidth)W。该管道1包含在假想的包迹20内,该包迹纵向延伸并具有与螺旋的工作宽度W相等的宽度。包迹20可被认为是具有纵向中心轴线30,其也被当作螺旋旋转轴线。图示的管道1具有直的轴线30,但应该理解,该中心轴线可以是弯曲的,或者实际上可以根据需要而采用任何形状。该管道具有沿着围绕纵向中心轴线30的螺旋路径的中心线40。
可看到幅度A小于管道内径DI的一半。通过保持幅度小于该尺寸,管道所占据的横向空间和管道的整个长度可保持较小,而同时管道的螺旋结构促进流体沿管道形成涡流。这也提供了沿管道的较宽的内腔,让仪器、设备等等能够穿过管道。
使用低幅螺旋管道对许多过程是有利的,这些过程涉及通过管输送或移动流体、在管内的混合流体,热量和质量转移进入或离开管内流体、以及其中在管内发生沉积或污染的过程以及其中在管内发生化学反应的过程。这种用法可适用于单相的气体或流体,或者是作为多相混合的气体、液体或固体的任意组合的混合物。使用这种管道可以具有显著的经济影响。
例如,涡流提供的湍流的减小和相关的压降的减小,将在适当条件下使泵送成本降低。
这在通过输送管分送碳氢化合物(包括原油和气体生产过程)是很有意义的。例如,用于本国或国外使用的石油生产立管和出油管可至少部分具有低幅螺旋几何形状。该低幅螺旋几何形状改善立管或出油管的流体动力性,因为它减小了通过出油管或立管的湍流,因而减小了压力损失。
出油管或立管可以是基本垂直的,基本水平的,或者具有弯曲的几何形状,包括S形或垂链形。出油管或立管可以是刚性的或是柔性的,或者两者的任一组合。出油管或立管可以由任何材料的组合来构建,并可以包括加强环。
类似地,在油井、气井、水井或地热井中使用的井下生产管道可以使用低幅螺旋几何形状。至少井的一部分包括具有低幅螺旋几何形状的生产管道。优点包括湍流的减少和压力损失的减少。
此外,用于输送碳氢化合物的输送管可以使用低幅螺旋几何形状,并且会获得湍流减少和压力损失减少这样的好处。当然,用于输送其它流体(象饮用水、废水和污水,泥浆、粉末、食物或饮料产品或实际上任何单相或多相流体)的输送管也可以具有低幅螺旋几何形状并获得同样的好处。
其中减小压降具有特别益处的另一领域是用于水电应用的压力水管和引流管背景中。压降减小将引起发电输出的增加,即使在压降上的小的减小也将引起在电厂使用期间很大的输出电力的提高。
压降减小对于发电站和其它工业工厂周围的蒸汽的分送也是重要的。它对化学反应的操作也很重要,在上述化学反应中,要将压力保持在尽可能低的水平以提高产量,包括在真空下操作的过程,例如用热解来生产烯烃和由乙苯生产苯乙烯。
在包括化学、食物、制药、水和油工业的许多工业中,在管道内混合是很重要的。将少量的活性化学品均匀地分布到大量的其它材料中经常是很重要的。在某些情况中,这被叫做配量。例子包括向多种材料和食物中加入抗氧化剂,以及向饮用水中加入氯或碱。低幅螺旋,因为其固有的良好的输送混合能力,因此能减少活性化学品的量同时保证浓度足以达到预期目的,并且能保证不会在局部出现不符合要求的高(或低)的添加剂浓度。
对于那些要求将两种或更多股较大的流体汇集到一起并保证它们不会开的场合,混合也是重要的。此外,混合对于要求保持流体为稳定的混合相(防止不需要的相位分离)的场合也是重要的。这一点在生产原油和煤气时是重要的,气的离析产生腾涌(slugging),腾涌会减小输送管的容量并增大作业的费用。实际上,在石油生产立管和出油管中、在井下应用的生产管道中、以及在输送碳氢化合物和其它流体的输送管中,使用低幅螺旋几何形状的另一个主要好处是减小活塞流。改进的相位混合在输送管中也是有意义的,因为它趋向于保持气体或空气在流体内,而不是让它们聚集在管的顶点处并可能导致气塞。
在用流体输送固体中,象在污水的输送中或者在矿物提取过程中用输送管输送矿物时,要防止固体沉淀下来,混合也是重要的。这种沉积的(矿物及/或碳氢化合物沉淀的)减少对于石油生产立管和出油管以及井下应用的生产管道也是很有意义的。在水电应用中减少沉积也很重要。另外,在石油生产立管和出油管中以及在井下应用中的生产管道中,改善混合会减小水回动的风险。
例如,用于化学定量给料以及食物、化学、石化和制药处理中的静止混合器可以使用低幅螺旋几何形状。其益处包括提高横向混合及减少因沉积或沉淀造成的阻塞。另外,象上面讨论的那样,低幅螺旋几何形状还会使混合器的压力损失减小。此外,由于沿低幅螺旋部分有“视线”内腔,并且没有一般在常规混合器中采用的隔板或叶片这些部件,因此会增加清洁的便利性。这些优点将使得维护和磨损减少。
此外,通过使用低幅螺旋几何形状而能够获得的混合(特别是热混合)的改善及压力损失的减小,在发电站、冰箱低温室、吹气分离低温室等的热交换器中也是尤其有益的。
低幅螺旋管道也可以用于保证在反应前各个组分完全混合。这将确保反应发生地更彻底以及更有效地利用材料。通常,这包括在将气体或液体反应物传送经过催化剂之前将它们混合。然而,显然这也可以用于在将燃料和气体送到内燃机之前将它们混合。此举会提高内燃过程的效率并减小未燃的或部分燃烧的燃料和微细固体排出到大气中的量。上述改善还减小对道路输送中所用的位于内燃机下游的催化转化器的性能的要求并改善其性能。
因为低幅螺旋管道保证管内的螺旋(涡)流并且产生较平稳的速度分布,因此可以提高向和从管内的流体进行热传递的速度和均匀性。在通常的流动中,位于管中心处的流体的移动比靠近管壁处的流体要快得多,这样如果管被加热,靠近壁的流体将比靠近管中心处的流体加热到更高的温度。
然而,因为涡流具有较平稳(因而更均匀)的速度分布,不太可能出现因部分流体被过分加热或加热不足所导致的有害结果。低幅螺旋管道使得等量的热量被传递,因此管的内侧和外侧之间的温度差较小。
当组分被加入到流体中并以某种方式被处理(例如加热)时,这一点是特别有益的。混合得不好,则混合物的传输速度快的部分将会处理不足,而混合物的传输较慢的部分将会被过度处理;然而有了低幅螺旋几何形状提供的良好混合,就可以避免这一点,并获得更均匀的处理。
这在以下场合中可以有重大的经济价值:象烯烃裂解炉、用于精炼热裂化器或减粘裂化炉的预热炉、烯烃厂的输送线路交换器、发电站的热交换器、用于工业制冷单元的低温室、用于吹气分离单元和一般制冷单元的低温室。
较平稳的速度分布在水电应用中也是有利的。当速度分布较平稳时,涡轮机趋向于更好地工作,因此在水电应用中使用低幅螺旋部分可以提高效率。涡流在水电应用背景中的其它优点包括减少气穴和减小管道应力。
另外,低幅螺旋管道产生的涡流的“活塞”效应可以对在管内的以下过程提供重大的经济利益:细屑或其它固体颗粒在管的内壁上的沉积妨碍了热传递、或者污染了流经的流体、或者减少了流体通过管的流动。这样的细屑或其它固体颗粒可以存在于流体中,或者因流体的各组分之间的化学反应而产生。
使用低幅螺旋管道被认为可显著地减少在管的内壁上的这种固体沉积,从而与被污物堵塞的管相比,延展其清洁前的使用寿命、减少需要的热量以及减少压降。上述效果在经济上有重大意义的一个例子是在液体输送管中输送固体,以及用热解生产烯烃,在这些场合中,由于焦炭沉积在炉线圈内侧使得它们需要被停止使用以便清洁(通常每20到60天一次)。类似的效果也出现在其它炉上,例如用于精炼处理的预热炉。
另外,较平稳的速度分布和“活塞”效应在制药和食物加工中较为常见的批料处理过程中是极为有用的。因为速度分布较平稳,可以减小批料的轴向分散并且峰值浓度的出现比常规结构中要早很多。如果批料尺寸较小的话,这些特征是特别有益的。另外,在切换到第二种成分以后,“活塞流动”帮助从管壁上去掉第一种成分的痕迹,这样有助于减少批料加工中的污染可能性。可以与完成冲刷所需要的流体的量一起,至少减少冲刷***所需要的时间。
使用低幅螺旋管道对在管或管道内发生化学反应的场合也具有实质的经济意义。改善的混合和更均匀的热传递彼此结合,将提高产出并促进反应(包括燃烧)的完成。提高产出也会减小下游的分离费用。上述优点较为重要的示例过程包括烯烃生产和类似的气相反应,例如裂化甲苯以形成苯,以及将丁烯-1转变成丁二烯。在包括对应原料的每个分子生产一个以上的产品分子的反应的场合中,通过使用低幅螺旋管道所获得的在反应器以及其下游管道***中的较小的压降因较低的平均压力而提供了另一好处,这是因为它将减小产品分子重新结合而形成原料或其它不想要的副产品的可能性。另外,在化学、石化和制药工业的反应器中,使用低幅螺旋几何形状可以使碳在反应器管中的沉积减少,这在石化工业中是尤其重要的。
改善的混合和更均匀的热传递还促进了燃烧反应完全,不需要大量的过量空气(超过根据反应化学计量所需要的)。这对于焚化炉或废物处理炉是特别重要的,在这些炉中需要保证反应完全,以防止对环境和人体健康有害的化学物及/或颗粒逃逸到大气中。通过在排入大气之前输送仍炽热的燃烧气体通过低幅螺旋状的管道部分,可以防止这一点并保证燃烧完全。产生通过炉的涡流会提高燃烧速率和效率,并去除废气。
当应用于包括两个或多个不同相的流体时,低幅螺旋部分可还被用于“管内(in line)”分离具有不同密度的流体的混合物。由于离心作用,螺旋流动产生的涡流倾向于将混合物中密度更大的成分移向管壁而将密度较小的成分移向中心。借助于适当的结构,可以排出较高(较低)密度的成分,让剩下的成分以更大的浓度出现。使用另外的类似的管内静态分离器(staticseparator),可以重复该过程。这种分离可以用于从液体中去除气体,因此尤其可以用于帮助减少石化工业中的腾涌。
与此类似的方法可以用于增大或减小颗粒在流动流体的浓度。这可以通过从管中心附近排出流体或者从靠近管壁处排出流体来实现。
另外,低幅螺旋部分引起的涡流可以被用于从流动中去掉特定物质。这在例如进气口中是特别有意义的。在许多需要空气的场合中,特别是在需要空气用于燃烧及/或冷却的车辆中,要使用进气口。特别是,直升飞机进气口通常需要离尘器,以防止灰尘到达发动机,而低幅螺旋几何形状产生的涡流可以被用于将灰尘从气流中分离出来而不需要单独的过滤器。
此外,已经发现低幅螺旋部分引起的涡流在区域下游的直管中会持续一段距离。这样,可以将一截低幅螺旋管道***到例如弯曲的、T形或Y形接头、多支管、及/或导管横截面变换结构的上游,在这些结构中低幅螺旋部分产生的涡流会抑制流分离、停滞和流动不稳定,并对减小泵送耗费和管的腐蚀和磨损有益处。涡流在弯管、接头等位置处特别有利于减小流分离、使压力损失减少、减少沉积和沉淀、减少气穴并增大流动稳定性。在弯管之前采用低幅螺旋几何形状管还减少弯管内的颗粒腐蚀,这对向发电站供应燃料有特别的益处。
因此,对本领域技术人员来说,显然具有低幅螺旋几何形状的管道可以在许多场合提供诸多优点。
Claims (8)
1.一种反应器,包括焚化炉或废物处理炉,该反应器还包括反应器管,其特征在于:所述反应器管具有沿着大致螺旋路径的中心线(40),并且,螺旋的幅度(A)等于或小于反应器管内径(DI)的一半,从而提供沿反应器管管腔的视线。
2.如权利要求1所述的反应器,其中所述反应器管具有大致圆形截面和一外径(DE),所述反应器管包含在假想的包迹(20)内,该包迹纵向延伸并具有与反应器管的工作宽度(W)相等的宽度,所述包迹的宽度限定由反应器管占据的横向空间,并大于所述反应器管的所述外径(DE)。
3.如权利要求2所述的反应器,其中所述包迹具有纵向中心轴线(30),所述反应器管的螺旋中心线沿着围绕该纵向中心轴线的螺旋路径,并且,所述纵向中心轴线是直的。
4.如权利要求2所述的反应器,其中所述包迹具有纵向中心轴线(30),所述反应器管的螺旋中心线沿着围绕该纵向中心轴线的螺旋路径,并且,所述纵向中心轴线是弯曲的。
5.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的反应器,其中螺旋的幅度(A)小于或等于所述反应器管的内径(DI)的0.4倍。
6.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的反应器,其中螺旋角小于或等于55°。
7.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的反应器,其中所述反应器管是在工作时热燃烧气体通过的管子。
8.一种包括焚化炉或废物处理炉并且如权利要求1-6中任一项所述的反应器的用途为用于燃烧反应。
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KR (2) | KR20070083733A (zh) |
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- 2005-09-21 SG SG200906273-8A patent/SG155945A1/en unknown
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- 2005-09-21 DK DK05784360T patent/DK1802872T3/da active
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- 2005-09-21 UA UAA200704090A patent/UA96729C2/ru unknown
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- 2005-09-21 ES ES09005580T patent/ES2345306T3/es active Active
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- 2007-04-19 NO NO20072012A patent/NO332721B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
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