CN101546477A - Movable traffic information investigating instrument - Google Patents
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- CN101546477A CN101546477A CN200810102692A CN200810102692A CN101546477A CN 101546477 A CN101546477 A CN 101546477A CN 200810102692 A CN200810102692 A CN 200810102692A CN 200810102692 A CN200810102692 A CN 200810102692A CN 101546477 A CN101546477 A CN 101546477A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a movable traffic information investigating instrument which adopts a solar panel to absorb and store natural daylight energy and charge for a storage battery, and the storage battery provides power for the investigating instrument. The investigating instrument can adopt local storage or wireless transmission for collected traffic data, and can be mounted on an upright rod at one side of a road without an over-road portal frame or a cantilever rod body. The invention can evade a manual traffic flow investigation mode, has the advantages of simple and convenient installation, no need of taking commercial power, long-time storage of data, flexible and convenient communication, high detection precision and little investment, and can effectively improve the level of traffic detection of roads. The application of the invention can provide a scientific traffic flow investigating measure for road building, road alteration and traffic management.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the traffic information management field, more specifically, relate to a kind of " movable traffic information investigating instrument " (also abbreviating " investigating instrument " hereinafter as).
Background technology
Along with China's rapid economy development, the speed of road construction is also rapidly developing, and the owning amount of motor vehicle presents rapid increase, carrying out day by day such as enlargement of cities, reconstruction of the old city town, road widening.In newly-built road and the transformation of old road, perhaps vehicle supervision department is when carrying out traffic signals phase configuration and traffic signals timing, all need data such as the magnitude of traffic flow, flow velocity, occupancy to investigate to road, and after carrying out careful analysis, for newly-built road and the transformation of old road or the foundation of science is provided for traffic administration.
At present the devisers that do traffic programme for city inside road or national highway, highway etc. are the investigation of magnitude of traffic flow headache very, because they can only depend on the investigation that a large amount of " manpower " carries out traffic flow now, so both waste great amount of manpower, financial resources, also can't guarantee the accuracy of traffic flow enquiry data.This be because use be can not all weather operations manpower, the time of traffic flow investigation is short again, if simultaneously because to do people's sense of responsibility of traffic flow investigation not strong, whether investigation data truly just doubtful so.Therefore, by artificial mode, although spent very big strength, but reliability and science that can't the dependable flow enquiry data.
It is reported,, domesticly need employ great amount of manpower, apply the strategy of throwing waves of people into action, carry out the traffic flow investigation of manual type for obtaining traffic flow data by till now.Owing to the investigation to traffic flow only is the work of a stage, therefore, after being used to complete, just should remove if adopt the device systems that detects traffic flow data, there is not the meaning that exists.And these device systems are got civil power inconvenience because the mounting condition harshness, and data inconvenience is preserved, and communication difficulties, accuracy of detection is low, infusion of financial resources is very big and can't be applied.Owing to be so limited, domestic many traffic information investigatings that should carry out thereby do not carry out have made a lot of blind spots for the construction of road, the transformation and the traffic administration of road.
Summary of the invention
In view of this, fundamental purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of movable traffic information investigating instrument.
The further technical matters to be solved of the present invention is: provide that a kind of attachment/detachment rapidly, does not need to get civil power, accuracy of detection height, communication is flexible, infusion of financial resources is few, have and move and traffic information investigating instrument easy for installation.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the present invention adopts following technical scheme: adopt the solar panel natural light energy of attracting deposit, charge a battery, and power supply is provided for " investigating instrument " by accumulator; This " investigating instrument " can adopt local the preservation or Wireless transmission mode to the traffic data of gathering; Can on an edge-on bar on road, install (need not to stride the road portal frame or the cantilever body of rod).
According to the present invention, a kind of movable traffic information investigating instrument is provided, comprising: microwave traffic detecting device, be used for the vehicle in the surveyed area is detected, obtain relevant traffic data; The communication modular converter links to each other with described microwave traffic detecting device, is used for the relevant traffic data of microwave traffic detector acquisition is converted to and communication interface module and the compatible mutually form of back-end processing software; Communication interface module links to each other with described communication modular converter, is used for sending process communication modular converter institute data converted to data handling machine by data network, to carry out subsequent processes; And the solar-electricity source module, link to each other with described microwave traffic detecting device, be used to microwave traffic detecting device that power supply is provided.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, establish two emission radars and a receiving radar in the described microwave traffic detecting device.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, described two emission radar per seconds are launched radar wave 1,000,000 times, are detecting two surveyed areas of projection on the road surface.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, described traffic data comprises any one or a few in the following information: vehicle flowrate, average velocity, vehicle somatotype counting, lane occupancy ratio, time headway, spaces of vehicles and/or acquisition time.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, described communication modular converter with the detected conversion of signals of microwave traffic detecting device is and external communication interface and the compatible mutually form of back-end processing software.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, described communication modular converter adopts the single-chip microcomputer treatment technology, and Ethernet RJ-45 interface, wireless transmission GPRS/CDMA1X interface, RS-232 and/or RS-485 interface mode can be provided.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, described communication interface module comprises wired communication interface and wireless communication interface.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, described wire communication interface is the RJ45 interface.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, described wireless communication interface is RS-485 serial ports and/or RS-232 serial ports.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, described data network can be GPRS, CDMA1X, Ethernet and/or the Internet.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, described solar-electricity source module is made up of solar panel and accumulator.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, described solar panel is electric energy and delivers to battery stores the energy conversion of sunshine, so that use at any time for microwave traffic detecting device.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, described microwave traffic detecting device can detect the traffic data in two-way maximum 10 tracks.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, described microwave traffic detecting device is installed at trackside, and is not subjected to the influence of central partition and metal guardrail.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the sensing range of described microwave traffic detecting device is a 1.8-76.2 rice, and the blind area is 1.8 meters, and the wave beam firing angle is 65 °.
For the devisers and supvrs of road traffic, by means of the present invention, can evade the mode of manually carrying out the traffic flow investigation, thereby it is very easy to obtain a kind of installation, do not need to get civil power, long-time data are preserved, " movable traffic information investigating instrument " that communication is flexible, accuracy of detection is high, infusion of financial resources is few, this will improve the level that road traffic detects effectively, provides succinctly for carrying out the traffic flow investigation on a large scale, means easily.Application of the present invention will provide the traffic flow investigative technique of science for road construction, road reformation, traffic administration.
Other advantages of the present invention, target, to set forth in the following description to a certain extent with feature, and to a certain extent,, perhaps can obtain instruction from the practice of the present invention based on being conspicuous to those skilled in the art to investigating hereinafter.Target of the present invention and other advantages can be passed through following instructions, claims, and the specifically noted structure realizes and obtains in the accompanying drawing.
Description of drawings
In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, wherein:
Fig. 1 is the system architecture diagram according to movable traffic information investigating instrument of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is according to the detection of movable traffic information investigating instrument of the present invention and mounting means figure;
The traffic data that Fig. 3 shows according to a track of the present invention detects and the preservation process flow diagram; And
Fig. 4 shows according to back-end processing process workflow journey figure of the present invention.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing the specific embodiment of the present invention is described in further detail.It should be noted that embodiment according to movable traffic information investigating instrument of the present invention as just example, but the invention is not restricted to this embodiment.
The system architecture of Fig. 1 illustrates the principle of work according to movable traffic information investigating instrument of the present invention.This system partly is made up of microwave traffic detecting device, communication modular converter, communication interface module, solar-electricity source module and back-end data process computer etc.
Establish two emission radars and a receiving radar in the microwave traffic detecting device, per second is launched radar wave 1,000,000 times, detecting two surveyed areas of projection on the road surface, just being equivalent to two coils is placed on the detection road surface, all can give the emission of this detecting device a microwave signal through the vehicle in the surveyed area, the data that the process data processing can obtain being correlated with.Traffic data comprises: vehicle flowrate, average velocity, vehicle somatotype counting (dissimilar flow), lane occupancy ratio, time headway, spaces of vehicles, acquisition time information such as (being accurate to second).
Next, send the detected signal of microwave traffic detecting device to the communication modular converter.The communication modular converter is responsible for mainly that microwave traffic detecting device transforms with outside communication interface and with the technical protocol compatibility of back-end processing software etc.This communication modular converter adopts the single-chip microcomputer treatment technology, and Ethernet RJ-45 interface, wireless transmission GPRS/CDMA1X interface, RS-232 and RS-485 interface mode can be provided.
After the data that microwave traffic detecting device is caught are changed by the communication modular converter, send data handling machine to by communication interface and corresponding data network.Communication interface module comprises wired communication interface and wireless communication interface.Wire transmission can adopt the RJ45 interface.Wireless transmission can adopt supports that transfer rate is the RS-485 serial ports of 9600-921.6kps, and supports that transfer rate is the RS-232 serial ports of 9600-57.6kps.
If adopt the mode of direct reading of data, then can be via RJ45 or RS232 interface, use the direct data download of notebook computer, and data forwarding is given in " the traffic data process software " in the data processor computing machine, to carry out follow-up respective handling by USB interface.Perhaps also can adopt the mode of telecommunication, then can be detected data via the RS232 interface, by the GPRS/CDMA1X network, and then directly send to data handling machine in the pulpit by the Internet, enter in " the traffic data process software " wherein to carry out follow-up processing.Moreover, also can transmit by Ethernet, and then send the data to data handling machine by optical fiber and carry out follow-up processing via the RJ45 interface.Data handling machine can be computing machine miscellaneous, server, notebook computer, and perhaps any other can move the treatment facility of " traffic data process software ".Its major parameter requires to more than the CPU P4 1.8G, more than the internal memory 512MB, more than the hard disk 80GB.
Support solar powered according to microwave traffic detecting device of the present invention.The solar-electricity source module mainly is made up of solar panel and accumulator, and solar panel is electric energy and delivers to efficient battery stores the energy conversion of sunshine, so that use at any time for microwave traffic detecting device.Under fine state, can provide long-term electric power support for native system, under cloudy state, also can provide 48 hours electric power support.Utilize solar poweredly, make native system realize simple installation, easy-to-dismount this critical function.
As shown in Figure 2, microwave traffic detecting device according to the present invention can detect the traffic data in two-way maximum 10 tracks, comprises inspection vehicle flow, speed, occupation rate, vehicle classification.For a detection segment face, only need an equipment is installed, and be not subjected to the influence of central partition and metal guardrail.This microwave traffic detecting device is installed at trackside, because the sensing range of detecting device is 1.8-76.2m, the blind area is 1.8m, and the wave beam firing angle is 65 °, in order to avoid the influence of blind area, only needs 1.8 meters amount of side-shift just can detect maximum 76 meters scope.It can provide the traffic data of each car, is not subjected to the influence of any weather, round-the-clock detection.And can avoid the error of manual synchronizing from the normal moveout correction setting angle.
Microwave traffic detecting device according to the present invention can detect the vehicle of reverse driving.The vehicle flowrate precision can reach single track flow〉95%, total flow〉98%; Bicycle speed of a motor vehicle precision〉97%, 10-250KM/H; The average speed trueness error〉97%, 10-250KM/H; Lane occupancy ratio precision 〉=95%.And can comprise 4 kinds of vehicle classifications, parameter can be provided with voluntarily.All configuration informations all adopt the flash memory mode to preserve, and prevent that power down from losing.
The synoptic diagram of Fig. 2 has illustrated the detection mode and the mounting means of this " investigating instrument ".The sensing range of detecting device is 1.8-76.2m, and the blind area is 1.8m, the wave beam firing angle: 65 °.Setting height(from bottom) is a plurality of nonlinearity in parameters combinations, is difficult to provide with unified formula, provides a setting height(from bottom) table of comparisons below, so that provided some instantiations of setting height(from bottom).
The setting height(from bottom) table of comparisons
Amount of side-shift (rice) | Suggestion setting height(from bottom) (rice) | Minimum setting height(from bottom) (rice) | The highest setting height(from bottom) (rice) |
3.05 | 3.66 | 2.74 | 4.57 |
3.35 | 3.66 | 2.74 | 4.88 |
3.66 | 3.96 | 3.05 | 4.88 |
3.96 | 3.96 | 3.35 | 5.18 |
4.27 | 4.27 | 3.35 | 5.18 |
4.57 | 4.57 | 3.66 | 5.49 |
4.88 | 4.57 | 3.66 | 5.49 |
5.18 | 4.88 | 3.96 | 5.49 |
5.49 | 5.18 | 4.27 | 5.80 |
5.80 | 5.18 | 4.27 | 5.80 |
6.10 | 5.49 | 4.57 | 6.10 |
6.40 | 5.49 | 4.57 | 6.40 |
6.70 | 5.49 | 4.88 | 6.70 |
7.01 | 5.79 | 4.88 | 7.01 |
7.32 | 5.79 | 4.88 | 7.32 |
7.62 | 6.10 | 5.18 | 7.62 |
7.92 | 6.10 | 5.18 | 7.92 |
8.23 | 6.40 | 5.49 | 8.23 |
8.53 | 6.40 | 5.49 | 8.53 |
8.84 | 6.40 | 5.49 | 8.84 |
9.15 | 6.71 | 5.79 | 9.15 |
9.45 | 6.71 | 5.79 | 9.45 |
9.75 | 6.71 | 5.79 | 9.75 |
10.06 | 7.01 | 5.79 | 10.06 |
10.36 | 7.01 | 5.79 | 10.36 |
10.67 | 7.01 | 6.10 | 10.67 |
10.97 | 7.01 | 6.10 | 10.97 |
11.28 | 7.01 | 6.10 | 11.28 |
11.58 | 7.32 | 6.40 | 11.58 |
11.89 | 7.32 | 6.40 | 11.89 |
12.20 | 7.62 | 6.71 | 12.20 |
12.50 | 7.62 | 6.71 | 12.50 |
12.80 | 7.92 | 6.71 | 12.80 |
13.11 | 7.92 | 6.71 | 13.11 |
13.41 | 8.23 | 7.01 | 13.41 |
13.72 | 8.23 | 7.01 | 13.72 |
14.02 | 8.53 | 7.01 | 14.02 |
14.33 | 8.53 | 7.32 | 14.33 |
14.63 | 8.84 | 7.32 | 14.63 |
14.94 | 8.84 | 7.32 | 14.94 |
15.24~54.86 | 9.14 | 7.62 | Setting height(from bottom) must be less than the distance of side-play amount |
The traffic data that microwave traffic detecting device collects can be to be kept at after the unified format in the local storer (not shown) by protocol converter converts, also can be real-time transmitted to data processing centre (DPC) by LAN (Local Area Network) or wireless transmission.Local memory capacity is: with 20 seconds be the cycle, then can store 4.9 day data; 60 seconds is the cycle, then can store 14.8 days; 15 minutes is the cycle, then can store 222 day data.The data file of storage is a text file format.
The traffic data that the present invention gathered not only can become the significant data of road construction, road reformation, can also provide traffic timing data for the crossing traffic teleseme.
Hereinafter with reference to Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, describe concrete workflow in detail according to movable traffic information investigating instrument of the present invention.Fig. 3 is the process flow diagram of front end " communication processing procedure ", and Fig. 4 is the process flow diagram of rear end " traffic data processing procedure ".
Fig. 3 shows the front end " communication processing procedure " of the movable traffic information investigating instrument according to the present invention, and the traffic data that has specifically described a track detects and the preservation process flow diagram.The front-end processing process is the software that is solidificated in the chip, the workflow in a track as shown in Figure 3, all the other tracks are identical with it.This processing procedure mainly is to handle the data that microwave detector is gathered, and crosses the form of range request according to back-end processing and handles, changes, and arrange communication modes with background computer or traffic signal controlling machine, regulation communication rule etc.
According to front end of the present invention " communication processing procedure " from step S1.At first at step S2 initialization correlation parameter, for example each register of initialization, buffer zone etc.Next detect and judged whether that car sails detection zone (step S3) into, whether change, sail into if there is the variation of appropriateness then to be judged to be car by the distance that compares each track.If in a single day judge have car to sail detection zone at step S3, then pick up counting (step S4), otherwise forward step S6 to.Next, the distance value in step S5 each track of adaptive learning during according to Installation and Debugging calculates current car Taoist monastic name, thus the subsidiary distance that calculates two microwave bands on this track.Detect at step S6 and to have judged whether that car rolls detection zone away from, have the distance in each track that car sails into whether to change, get back to then being judged to be car near the distance value before sailing into and rolling detection zone away from by detection.If judge have car to roll detection zone away from step S6, then stop this track timing (step S7), otherwise forward step S9 to.In step S7, keep this car from sailing to the time of rolling detection zone away from this track timing zero clearing into.Stopping this track timing (step S7) afterwards, calculate car speed, vehicle information such as vehicle length, type of vehicle (preserve this markers simultaneously, use), and this information of buffer memory (step S8) as calculating time headway, following distance.Next,, judge whether arrive to preserve data time at interval at step S9, wherein the traffic flow investigation data generally be 10 seconds to the several minutes time intervals as a time period.If arrive the preservation data time at interval in step S9 judgement, then preserve the traffic data (step S10) of this time period, whether there is car to sail detection zone into otherwise get back to step S3 continuation detection.At step S10, according to each information of vehicles in this time period of buffer memory, calculate vehicle flowrate, average velocity, vehicle somatotype counting (dissimilar flow), lane occupancy ratio, time headway, spaces of vehicles, the acquisition time information such as (being accurate to second) of this period, and it being saved on the nonvolatile recording medium (outage is not lost), process turns back to step S3 and continues to monitor and detect then.
Fig. 4 shows the rear end " traffic data processing procedure " of the movable traffic information investigating instrument according to the present invention.The back-end processing process mainly is the communication modular converter by front end, reception is from the traffic data that the different modes sensor at each highway section, crossing sends, and for example can feel the various data that toroid winding detecting device, ultrasonic detector, video detector, microwave detector sense with accepting.Next the traffic data that receives, form is by appointment classified, is added up, as the magnitude of traffic flow, track average velocity, time headway, lane occupancy ratio etc.Thereby can inquire about as required, as by inquiring about the magnitude of traffic flow, track average velocity, time headway, lane occupancy ratio etc. over minute, hour, day, month, year.Can be traffic guidance display screen transmission The coast is clear state finally according to the traffic data of adding up in accordance with regulations.Can also print the various traffic datas that need.
Referring to Fig. 4, at first data aggregation saves as text to the back-end processing process in the traffic information investigating instrument to PC being stored in.By reading the data in the text, draw out the vehicle flowrate curve then, also can carry out the inquiry of time segment.As shown in Figure 4, according to rear end of the present invention " traffic data processing procedure " from step P1.At step P2, computing machine communicates according to set agreement with traffic information investigating instrument and is connected.After connecting, the valid data by the command download traffic information investigating instrument are to PC, and save as the text (step P3) of set form.Next, read in the data of fixed time section, such as data (step P4) from February 28,12: 0 seconds 10: 0 seconds to 2008 on the 27th February in 2008.And then be horizontal ordinate with time, flow is an ordinate, draws flow curve (step P5).After drawing out flow curve, with the time period of appointment, as generated the information reports such as total flow (step P6) in each stage in one hour for the stage.At last, accept user's time conditions inquiry, the querying condition of 7 o'clock to 8:30 minute certain day morning for example, and export interior transport information (step P7) of this time period.Whole Back end data processing procedure finishes (step P8).
It should be noted that the back-end processing process is an aid, the user can oneself redevelop.Traffic information investigating instrument can save as traffic data the text (windows platform) of prescribed form: every information all can comprise as car Taoist monastic name, flow (set time, as 30 seconds), highway section occupation rate, average velocity, each type of vehicle quantity, time headway, convoy spacing, data acquisition time, or the like.
The above is the preferred embodiments of the present invention only, is not limited to the present invention, and obviously, those skilled in the art can carry out various changes and modification and not break away from the spirit and scope of the present invention the present invention.Like this, if of the present invention these are revised and modification belongs within the scope of claim of the present invention and equivalent technologies thereof, then the present invention also is intended to comprise these changes and modification interior.
Claims (10)
1. movable traffic information investigating instrument comprises:
Microwave traffic detecting device is used for the vehicle in the surveyed area is detected, and obtains relevant traffic data;
The communication modular converter links to each other with described microwave traffic detecting device, is used for the relevant traffic data of microwave traffic detector acquisition is converted to and communication interface module and the compatible mutually form of back-end processing software;
Communication interface module links to each other with described communication modular converter, is used for sending process communication modular converter institute data converted to data handling machine by data network, to carry out subsequent processes; And
The solar-electricity source module links to each other with described microwave traffic detecting device, is used to microwave traffic detecting device that power supply is provided.
2. movable traffic information investigating instrument according to claim 1 is characterized in that: establish two emission radars and a receiving radar in the described microwave traffic detecting device.
3. movable traffic information investigating instrument according to claim 2 is characterized in that: described two emission radar per seconds are launched radar wave 1,000,000 times, are detecting two surveyed areas of projection on the road surface.
4. movable traffic information investigating instrument according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described traffic data comprises any one or a few in the following information: vehicle flowrate, average velocity, vehicle somatotype counting, lane occupancy ratio, time headway, spaces of vehicles and/or acquisition time.
5. movable traffic information investigating instrument according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described communication modular converter with the detected conversion of signals of microwave traffic detecting device is and external communication interface and the compatible mutually form of back-end processing software.
6. movable traffic information investigating instrument according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described communication modular converter adopts the single-chip microcomputer treatment technology, and Ethernet RJ-45 interface, wireless transmission GPRS/CDMA1X interface, RS-232 and/or RS-485 interface mode can be provided.
7. movable traffic information investigating instrument according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described communication interface module comprises wired communication interface and wireless communication interface.
8. movable traffic information investigating instrument according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described solar-electricity source module is made up of solar panel and accumulator.
9. movable traffic information investigating instrument according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described microwave traffic detecting device can detect the traffic data in two-way maximum 10 tracks.
10. movable traffic information investigating instrument according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described microwave traffic detecting device is installed at trackside, and is not subjected to the influence of central partition and metal guardrail.
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN102103797A (en) * | 2010-12-03 | 2011-06-22 | 北京云星宇交通工程有限公司 | Device and method for warning vehicle speed and counting traffic flow |
CN102130809A (en) * | 2010-10-26 | 2011-07-20 | 北京鼎汉技术股份有限公司 | Method and system for increasing RS485 polling efficiency |
CN104200665A (en) * | 2014-09-16 | 2014-12-10 | 安徽达尔智能控制***有限公司 | High event detection system based on carrier radar |
CN106157627A (en) * | 2016-08-30 | 2016-11-23 | 苏州良基电子科技有限公司 | A kind of mobile traffic volume information intelligent collects sorter |
CN113034905A (en) * | 2021-03-10 | 2021-06-25 | 清华大学苏州汽车研究院(吴江) | Portable mobile vehicle-road cooperative equipment |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN102130809A (en) * | 2010-10-26 | 2011-07-20 | 北京鼎汉技术股份有限公司 | Method and system for increasing RS485 polling efficiency |
CN102103797A (en) * | 2010-12-03 | 2011-06-22 | 北京云星宇交通工程有限公司 | Device and method for warning vehicle speed and counting traffic flow |
CN102103797B (en) * | 2010-12-03 | 2013-05-15 | 北京云星宇交通工程有限公司 | Device and method for warning vehicle speed and counting traffic flow |
CN104200665A (en) * | 2014-09-16 | 2014-12-10 | 安徽达尔智能控制***有限公司 | High event detection system based on carrier radar |
CN106157627A (en) * | 2016-08-30 | 2016-11-23 | 苏州良基电子科技有限公司 | A kind of mobile traffic volume information intelligent collects sorter |
CN113034905A (en) * | 2021-03-10 | 2021-06-25 | 清华大学苏州汽车研究院(吴江) | Portable mobile vehicle-road cooperative equipment |
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