CN101523230A - 太阳能逆变器以及用于将太阳能转换成电能的装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
描述了一种用于将太阳能转换成电能的装置(1),其包括:包括至少一个光伏模块(M)的串(2)的光伏发电机(2a)、能够向串(2)的输入发送电脉冲的脉冲发生器(31)、安排在串(2)的输出上并且能够检测串(2)的输出上因变于输入上电脉冲的信号的存在性的信号检测器(OP)、以及连接到信号检测器(OP)并且能够在串(2)的输出上没有信号的情况下生成警告的警报装置。
Description
描述
技术领域
本发明涉及能够将来自用于将太阳能转换成电能的太阳能电池板或其他***的直流电转换成交流电的太阳能逆变器以及用于将太阳能转换成电能的装置。特别地,本发明包括安排在逆变器和/或上述装置中的防盗设备。
技术背景
在用于将太阳能转换成电能的已知装置中,已知具有高关联成本、以及因此对装置的整体成本产生深刻影响的项目是形成“太阳能电池板”的光伏电池,“太阳能电池板”在被照射时依靠其含硅的制造材料将太阳能转换成电能。若干连接在一起的光伏电池称为“模块”或“电池板”,并且后者在预定区域中串联连接。各种模块可容易地拆卸、或相互分开,从而在需要时给予装置添加或去除模块的弹性,以便于按需改变电能产量并且定制装置自身。不同功率级的装置可因而用同一类型的模块进行制造。
转换装置通常安装在暴露于太阳的区域中,即户外(屋檐上、天井区域上、地面上等),并且可覆盖广阔的表面区域。
由于电池板的模块化本质及其高昂成本,存在偷窃装置内电池板的实际问题。的确,电池板无需修改就可容易地再出售和再使用。
为解决此缺点,因为装置的保护人员的持续监控极其昂贵,装置甚至可能在遥远或难以进入的位置,所以在现有技术中使用也在其他领域中采用的标准防盗***,例如使用闭路电视摄像机。
然而,甚至此类防盗监控***也特别昂贵,尤其在小装置和/或家庭用装置的情形中,防盗***也达到了与转换装置相同数量级的成本。
发明内容
本发明的主要目的是提供太阳能逆变器以及用于将太阳能转换成电能的装置,它们在结构上以及在功能上被设计成符合所指示的需求、且同时克服参考所引用现有技术突出的限制。
以下将变得显而易见的本目的以及其他目的通过根据所附权利要求所制造的太阳能逆变器以及用于将太阳能转换成电能的装置来实现。
附图简述
本发明的其他特征和优点将从以下参考附图的对作为指示并以非限制方式例示的本发明优选实施例之一的详细描述变得显而易见,在附图中:
图1是根据本发明的用于将太阳能转换成电能的装置的简化示意图,
图2是图1的装置的控制板的优选实施例的电路图。
本发明的优选实施例
在附图中,标记1整体指示用于将太阳能转换成电能并根据本发明制造的装置。
所讨论的装置能够将太阳能转换成电能,其既可用来向电网(并网装置)供电又可替换地(附加地)在可充电电池(独立装置)或类似物中存储电量。
具体地,首先参考图1,装置1包括一个或多个太阳能模块串2(在附图中示出N个串),每一个串由多个串联地电连接在一起的太阳能模块M构成。
每个模块M(在图2中可见)如已知地由光伏电池构成。模块和/或串的数目以及形成模块所用的电池的类型取决于各种因素,这些因素包括装置的总功率、它排列的方式、区域中存在的辐射能级等。在例如家庭装置的小装置1的情形中,仅可存在一个串2。
串2并联地电连接在一起并且因而形成的总组件被称为“光伏发电机”2a。
每个串2优选使用接线盒(未示出)端接,该接线盒用作串与装置1的紧接该串的设备之间的接口。该盒可任选地包含每一个串2包含一个的防止串2中极性反向的保护性设备,比如阻塞二极管或保险丝30(例如参见图2,在以下说明)。如果串不受到遮蔽,则这些保护设备也不是必要的。
另外,必要时提供连接到每个串的、尤其安排在每个串2的输出上的读取装置15,以便于读取并且在必要时存储由每个单独的串2在单位时间上产生的电流。优选地,这样的读取装置15是连接到微处理器的电流传感器设备。
同样可任选地,接线盒可包含用于保护免受雷电浪涌的变换器(variator)和/或避雷器、用于保护免受功率波动的保险丝等。
每个串2在被太阳照射时产生直流电,其被添加到其余串中所产生的直流电。
在串2的下游,装置1包括转换组3,该转换组3能将由光伏发电机2a产生的直流电转换成交流电、优选转换成频率和电压与其中实现装置1的国家电网中的电流相同的交流电。或者,在独立的太阳能装置1的情形下,由光伏发电机产生的直流电被存储在电池中而无需转换成交流电。
在并网的或混合的装置的情形下,转换组3包括逆变器3a,该逆变器3a例如借助脉宽调制(PWM)技术执行转换。可任选地,逆变器3a包含用于光伏发电机的一个或多个最大功率点***(MPPT),MPPT是最大化可从光伏发电机传递的功率的设备。
此外,在本发明的优选示例实施例中,在逆变器3a的下游安排有变压器4以确保光伏发电机2a与连接在输出的电网之间的完全隔离。
逆变器3a优选包括用于管理来自各个串2的信息等等的控制单元10,该信息比如由光伏发电机2a产生的电流量的并由与每个串2相关联的读取装置获取的读数。此信息还被用来检测确定串2中可能故障的存在,在此情形中该串2在能量在其他串中产生时长时间不发送电流信号。
逆变器3a优选在其输出连接到电网以及消耗装置,电网和消耗装置由图1中的框5和6示意性地表示。因此由装置1产生的交流电能被消耗装置使用(如果由装置1生成的能量在该确定时间区间不足以满足消耗装置的需求,则按需添加来自电网的能量)或者被提供给普通电网,且交流电优选与后者所提供的电流具有相同的相位。便利地,因此设置计量装置8以便计算、显示和存储向电网5提供的电量。
替换地或附加地,装置1还包括诸如蓄能器或电池之类的储能***9以使由光伏发电机2a生成的电流即使在电网断电的情形下也可用。在该情形下,例如逆变器3a通过从光伏发电机2a和/或储能***9拉取能量来向消耗装置供电。
此外,有可能设置能向例如水泵或其他类型的电动机供电的逆变器3a,其将由光伏发电机2a提供的直流电量转换成具有可变频率的三相交流电压。
如因此可从上述优选实施例推论地,装置1的具体用途不限于本发明的应用、且可被最大地改变,并且类似地所使用的光伏发电机2a和逆变器3a的类型是不相关的。此外,有可能装置1不仅使用来自光伏发电机的能量,而且还使用优选来自比如风力发电机的可再生资源的其他类型的能量。
装置1的管理和控制由监控***便利地执行,监控***例如是向其发送所有与装置1的操作有关的或者替换地与逆变器3a的操作有关的信息的个人计算机12和/或移动电话和/或手持计算机13。附加地或作为替换地,监控***还可包括其中显示与***状态或操作状态有关的消息的包括指示灯的显示单元(未示出)。显示单元可被放置在逆变器3a上。
用于在装置1(或逆变器3a)与监控***之间传输数据的数据传输协议例如是串行型的,优选是MODBUS协议;然而,可采用本领域已知的任何其他类型的传输;此外,还提供通过发送信号来远程控制装置1的可能性,例如用于加载新程序。
根据本发明的主要特征,现参考附图2,装置1还包括防盗***100,该防盗***100能够在形成串2之一的一个或多个太阳能模块被去除的情况下向装置1的监控***发送警报信号。
如上所述,光伏发电机2a的串2的每个模块M可被表示为二极管与其并联的电流发生器。因此,串2具有串联在一起的多个二极管(作为“电等价物”),每个二极管在图2和3中附注为D、并且每一个与电流发生器G并联。如上所述,在串2的输出上放置有阻塞二极管DB以防止其中短路或没有光照的串上的电流的反向。
如果从串2去除一个或更多个模块,则等效电路实质上变成开路(被去除的模块M使电路“开路”),并且没有电信号可通过串2。如果代替地模块M损坏,则通常与该损坏模块相对应的部分在电学上等效于短路,并且因此即使在此情形下来自串2的其他模块的电流仍然可通过整个串2并到达逆变器3a。替换地,如果模块M的损坏结果等效于开路,则电流仍然通过相应二极管D。
因此通过向发电机2a的每个串2发送以下所述的预置信号、并且检测作为所发送预置信号的结果的来自串2的输出响应信号,则可检测形成串2的所有模块M是否存在,因为如果缺少它们中的任何一个则不会获得作为任何所发送预置信号的结果的响应信号(其必须通过整个串才到达输出)。
根据本发明,优选结合到逆变器3a的控制单元10(在存在时)内的防盗***100包括向光伏发电机2a的输入发送脉冲的脉冲发生器31。特别地,针对每个串2都设置有脉冲发生器31,该脉冲发生器31能够向单个串2发送脉冲。替换地,如图2中示例性所示地,如果光伏发电机2a的所有串2包括相同数目的模块M,则可存在单个脉冲发生器31。
脉冲发生器31优选包括变压器T,该变压器T包括初级绕组L1和次级绕组L2。初级绕组L1电连接到例如方波或正弦波发生器的交变波发生器16,连接到例如可适当编程的微处理器的端口,或者连接到电子开关(例如晶体管或MOSFET)和直流发电机Vcc。另一方面,次级绕组L2电连接到串2以便于向串2发送来自初级绕组L1的脉冲。因而通过绕组L2的电流根据控制特性(尤其脉冲周期)被限制而与串2的模块M的数目无关。
使用因此显著交变而非直流的脉冲信号意味着甚至可在串2被照射(且因此产生直流)的同时使用防盗设备100。
优选地,并联在一起的电阻器R和电容器C被放置在串2与变压器的次级绕组L2之间以便于防止所发送信号的任何直流分量通过,从而仅允许交流分量通过。
至于由发生器31发送的脉冲的形式,这些优选是固定能量恒流脉冲。例如,可向每个串电路发送约10mJ的脉冲,并且这考虑例如每一串2有50个串联的电池板(50个二极管D)的装置来实现,这因此产生具有300μs周期的50mA脉冲。防盗电路100在如果每一个串电池板的数目减少,则脉冲周期自动增大,但是峰值电流保持恒定的意义上供保持电流恒定之用。
优选地,如图2所示,所用变压器T以在所述领域内称为“回扫(flyback)”的配置连接,并且这本质上能调整上述电流。
脉冲可按预置频率(例如每一秒一个脉冲)或按随机时间间隔发送。
电连接在串2的输出上的防盗***100包括信号检测器,其优选为能够检查交流脉冲在串2的输出的存在性的光隔离器OP。优选地,每一个串2有一个光隔离器OP(因此对于N个串,示出N个光隔离器OP1、...、OPN)。可在本发明中采用本领域已知的其他脉冲检测器,比如测量电流的变压器或分流电阻器。
光隔离器OP由比如电池Vcc的直流源供电。优选地,电池Vcc在光伏发电机2a工作时(即在后者被照射时)被再充电。
当光隔离器OP的LED已接收到直流脉冲时,光隔离器的晶体管传输相应的信号。
防盗***100还包括向其发送来自光隔离器OP1、...、OPN的信号的控制设备25,例如微处理器。
防盗***100被配置成:当由串2输出的预置数目的脉冲不被光隔离器接收时,警报由控制设备25借助警报装置(未示出)发送给装置1的监控***,此预置数目是可变且可由控制设备25配置的参数。在图2中,示出背离控制设备25的箭头F,这指示警报信号向监控***的传输。后者在类型上最大地改变,警报装置被选择并配置成便于根据所采用的监控***类型发送信号。
在此所述的防盗***100甚至可任选地连接到所引用领域已知的标准警报/防入侵控制单元,以便以最适当的方式管理和显示来自警报器的信号。例如,警报器可借助中断继电器触点(break relay contact)20或通过异步串行MODBUS连接(即RS485接口;未示出)与装置的监控***通信。
从图2的电路中,可清楚如果电压Vcc例如由于故障而等于零,则在光隔离器OP的输出处也没有脉冲。此外,在对设备存在故意损坏或者在继电器20尚未被停用时,还发送警报信号。
本发明因此实现所提出的目的,从而获得优于所引用的现有技术的许多优点。
特别地,相对便宜的防盗***可用来持续监控每个串中所有模块的存在性等等。
由于通过存储来自光伏发电机的能量来对防盗***供电,所以未使用其他能源。
将本发明的防盗***耦合到现在商业可用的防盗/防入侵控制***是可能的。
Claims (16)
1.一种用于将太阳能转换成电能的装置(1),包括:
光伏发电机(2a),所述光伏发电机(2a)包括至少一个光伏模块(M)串(2),
脉冲发生器(31),所述脉冲发生器能够向所述至少一个串(2)的输入发送电脉冲,
信号检测器(OP),所述信号检测器被安排在所述串(2)的输出上并且能够检测所述串(2)的输出上因变于所述输入上电脉冲的信号的存在性,以及
警报装置,所述警报装置连接到所述信号检测器(OP)并且能够在所述串(2)的输出上没有信号的情况下生成警报。
2.如权利要求1所述的装置(1),其特征在于,所述串(2)的输入上的所述电脉冲是固定能量恒流脉冲。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的装置(1),其特征在于,所述电脉冲以预置频率发送。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的装置(1),其特征在于,所述电脉冲以随机时间间隔发送。
5.如上述权利要求中一项或多项所述的装置(1),其特征在于,所述脉冲发生器(31)包括交变波发生器(16)和变压器(T),所述交变波发生器(16)与所述变压器(T)的初级绕组(L1)电连接并且所述串(2)与所述变压器(T)的次级绕组(L2)电连接。
6.如权利要求5所述的装置(1),其特征在于,所述变压器(T)以回扫配置连接。
7.如上述权利要求中一项或多项所述的装置(1),其特征在于,所述信号检测器(OP)包括光隔离器设备。
8.如上述权利要求中一项或多项所述的装置(1),其特征在于,包括向其发送由警报装置生成的警告的监控***(12、13)、以及所述监控***与所述警报装置之间的包括串行连接的通信装置。
9.一种用于将来自光伏发电机(2a)的直流电转换成交流电的逆变器(3a),其包括至少一个光伏模块(M)串(2),并且包括防盗***(100),所述防盗***具有:
能够向所述至少一个串(2)的输入发送电脉冲的脉冲发生器(31),?
信号检测器(OP),所述信号检测器被安排在所述串(2)的输出上并且能够检测所述串(2)的输出上因变于所述输入的电脉冲的信号的存在性,以及
警报装置,所述警报装置连接到所述信号检测器(OP)并且能够在所述串(2)的输出上没有信号的情况下生成警报。
10.如权利要求9所述的逆变器(3a),其特征在于,所述串(2)的输入上的所述电脉冲是固定能量恒流脉冲。
11.如权利要求9或10所述的逆变器(3a),其特征在于,所述电脉冲以预置频率发送。
12.如权利要求9或10所述的逆变器(3a),其特征在于,所述电脉冲以随机时间间隔发送。
13.如权利要求9至12的一项或多项所述的逆变器3(a),其特征在于,所述脉冲发生器(31)包括交变波发生器(16)以及变压器(T),所述交变波发生器(16)与所述变压器(T)的初级绕组(L1)电连接,并且所述串(2)与所述变压器(T)的次级绕组(L2)电连接。
14.如权利要求13所述的逆变器(3a),其特征在于,所述变压器(T)以回扫配置连接。
15.如权利要求9至14的一项或多项所述的逆变器(3a),其特征在于,所述信号检测器(OP)包括光隔离器设备。
16.如权利要求9至15的一项或多项所述的逆变器(3a),其特征在于,包括向其发送由所述警报装置生成的警报的监控***(12、13)、以及所述监控***与所述警报装置之间的包括串行连接的通信装置。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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ITPD20060382 ITPD20060382A1 (it) | 2006-10-13 | 2006-10-13 | Inverter solare e impianto di conversione di energia solare in energia elettrica |
ITPD2006A000382 | 2006-10-13 | ||
PCT/EP2007/060834 WO2008043814A1 (en) | 2006-10-13 | 2007-10-11 | Solar inverter and plant for converting solar energy into electrical energy |
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CN101523230A true CN101523230A (zh) | 2009-09-02 |
CN101523230B CN101523230B (zh) | 2012-09-05 |
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US (1) | US8148849B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP2074438A1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2010506413A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR20090077778A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN101523230B (zh) |
AU (1) | AU2007306333B2 (zh) |
BR (1) | BRPI0715315A2 (zh) |
IT (1) | ITPD20060382A1 (zh) |
RU (1) | RU2464584C2 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2008043814A1 (zh) |
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- 2007-10-11 RU RU2009117831/28A patent/RU2464584C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-10-11 CN CN2007800380935A patent/CN101523230B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-10-11 WO PCT/EP2007/060834 patent/WO2008043814A1/en active Application Filing
- 2007-10-11 BR BRPI0715315-5A2A patent/BRPI0715315A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-10-11 JP JP2009531847A patent/JP2010506413A/ja active Pending
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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ITPD20060382A1 (it) | 2008-04-14 |
RU2464584C2 (ru) | 2012-10-20 |
WO2008043814A1 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
AU2007306333B2 (en) | 2010-12-02 |
CN101523230B (zh) | 2012-09-05 |
AU2007306333A1 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
JP2010506413A (ja) | 2010-02-25 |
US20100007212A1 (en) | 2010-01-14 |
KR20090077778A (ko) | 2009-07-15 |
RU2009117831A (ru) | 2010-11-20 |
US8148849B2 (en) | 2012-04-03 |
BRPI0715315A2 (pt) | 2013-07-09 |
EP2074438A1 (en) | 2009-07-01 |
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