CN101480951B - 用于混合动力系***的发动机转矩管理的控制*** - Google Patents

用于混合动力系***的发动机转矩管理的控制*** Download PDF

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CN101480951B
CN101480951B CN2008101908795A CN200810190879A CN101480951B CN 101480951 B CN101480951 B CN 101480951B CN 2008101908795 A CN2008101908795 A CN 2008101908795A CN 200810190879 A CN200810190879 A CN 200810190879A CN 101480951 B CN101480951 B CN 101480951B
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input
engine
torque
motor torque
power
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CN101480951A (zh
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A·H·希普
W·布伦森
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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    • B60K6/42Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/44Series-parallel type
    • B60K6/445Differential gearing distribution type
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    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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    • B60K6/50Architecture of the driveline characterised by arrangement or kind of transmission units
    • B60K6/54Transmission for changing ratio
    • B60K6/547Transmission for changing ratio the transmission being a stepped gearing
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    • F16H37/00Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00
    • F16H37/02Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings
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    • F16H37/10Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing at both ends of intermediate shafts
    • F16H2037/105Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing at both ends of intermediate shafts characterised by number of modes or ranges, e.g. for compound gearing
    • F16H2037/106Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing at both ends of intermediate shafts characterised by number of modes or ranges, e.g. for compound gearing with switching means to provide two variator modes or ranges
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于混合动力系***的发动机转矩管理的控制***。发动机与变速器装置机械连接,该变速器装置的运行使得机械动力在发动机和第二动力产生装置及输出元件之间传递。一种控制发动机的方法,该方法包括:监测驾驶员对动力的需求,选择优选的发动机状态,基于驾驶员对动力的需求,当发动机处于优选的发动机状态时,确定对变速器装置的优选的发动机转矩输入,根据变速器装置对发动机转矩输入起反应的能力,确定对变速器装置的发动机转矩输入的约束,并且命令发动机工作在优选的发动机状态,根据优选的发动机转矩输入和对发动机转矩输入的约束,发出对变速器装置的发动机转矩输入的命令。

Description

用于混合动力系***的发动机转矩管理的控制***
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2007年11月2日提交的美国临时申请No.60/984,897的权益,该申请的公开内容在此引用作为参考。
技术领域
本发明涉及用于混合动力系***的控制***。
背景技术
该部分的说明仅提供与本发明相关的背景技术信息,并且可能不构成现有技术。
已公知的混合动力系的构架包括多个转矩生成装置,包括内燃机和非燃烧机器,例如电机,其通过变速器装置把转矩传递给输出元件。一个示例性的混合动力系包括双模式、复合分解、电动机械变速器和输出元件,其中电动机械变速器利用一输入元件接收来自原动机动力源的能量,优选是内燃机。输出元件与机动车动力传动***可操作地连接,从而传递牵引转矩。可作为马达或发电机的机器,可以不受来自内燃机转矩输入地影响而对变速器产生转矩输入。所述机器可以把通过机动车动力传动***传递的动能转化为可存储在能量存储装置中的能量。控制***监测来自机动车和驾驶员的各种输入信息,并提供混合动力系的操作控制信息,包括控制变速器运行状态,控制转矩产生装置,调节能量存储装置和机器之间的能量交换以管理变速器的输出,包括转矩和转速。
发明内容
发动机与变速器装置机械连接,该变速器装置的运行使得机械动力在发动机和第二动力产生装置及输出元件之间传递。一种控制发动机的方法,该方法包括:监测驾驶员对动力的需求,选择优选的发动机状态,基于驾驶员对动力需求,当发动机处于优选的发动机状态时,确定对变速器装置的优选的发动机转矩输入,根据变速器装置对发动机转矩输入起反应的能力,确定对变速器装置的发动机转矩输入的约束,命令发动机工作在优选的发动机状态,根据优选的发动机转矩输入和对发动机转矩输入的约束,发出对变速器装置的发动机转矩输入的命令。
附图说明
下面参照附图举例说明一个或多个实施例,其中:
图1是根据本发明的示例性混合动力系的示意图;
图2是根据本发明的控制***和混合动力系的示例性构架的示意图;
图3和图4是根据本发明的控制方案的信息流示意图。
具体实施方式
下面参照附图,其中的显示仅用于示例某些典型实施例,而不用于限制该实施例,图1和2示出了示例性的电动机械混合动力系。根据本发明的示例性电动机械混合动力系示于图1,包括双模式、复合分解、电动机械混合动力变速器10,其可操作地与发动机14和第一电机(‘MG-A’)56及第二电机(‘MG-B’)72连接。发动机14和第一电机56及第二电机72都产生可以被传递给变速器10的动力。发动机14和第一电机56及第二电机72产生的以及传递给变速器10的动力用输入和马达转矩来描述,分别被称为TI、TA和TB,以及用转速来描述,分别被称为NI、NA和NB
示例性的发动机14包括以各种状态可选择性地操作的内燃机,其通过输入轴12把转矩传递给变速器10,该内燃机可以是点燃式发动机或压燃式发动机。发动机14包括曲轴(未示出),其与变速器10的输入轴12可操作地连接。转速传感器11监测输入轴12的转速。发动机14的动力输出,包括转速和发动机转矩,可以与变速器10的输入转速NI和输入转矩TI不同,这是由于发动机14和变速器10之间输入轴12转矩消耗部件的位移造成的,转矩消耗部件例如是液压泵(未示出)和/或转矩管理装置(未示出)。
示例性的变速器10包括三个行星齿轮机构24,26和28,以及四个有选择接合的转矩传递装置,即离合器C170,C262,C373,C475。此处所说的离合器是指任何的摩擦转矩传递装置,例如包括单盘离合器或复合盘离合器或组件,带离合器,和制动器。液压控制回路42,优选地被变速器控制模块(下文叫做‘TCM’)17所控制,用来控制离合状态。离合器C262和C475优选地包括液压致动的转动摩擦离合器。离合器C170和C373优选地包括液压控制的静态装置,其有选择地固定在变速箱68上。优选地,离合器C170,C262,C373,C475中的每一个都是液压致动的,通过液压控制回路42有选择地接收压缩流体。
第一和第二电机56、72优选地包括三相交流电机,每个都包括定子(未示出)和转子(未示出),以及各自的分相器80和82。每个机器的马达定子都固定在变速箱68的外部,并包括定子铁心,该铁心具有从其开始卷绕延伸的导电绕组。第一电机56的转子被支撑在毂板齿轮上,该毂板齿轮通过第二行星齿轮组件26与轴60可操作地连接。第二电机72的转子固定地连接在套轴毂66上。
分相器80和82优选地包括可变阻装置,包括分相器定子(未示出)和分相器转子(未示出)。分相器80和82被适当地固定和安装在各第一和第二电机56和72上。分相器80和82的各定子可操作地与第一和第二电机56和72的一个定子连接。分相器转子可操作地与相应的第一和第二电机56和72的转子连接。分相器80和82的每一个都信号地和可操作地与变速器动力逆变器控制模块(下文叫做‘TPIM’)19连接,每一个都感应和监测分相器转子相对于分相器定子的旋转位置,由此监测各第一和第二电机56和72的旋转位置。另外,分相器80和82的信号输出被处理用来提供用于第一和第二电机56和72的转速,即NA和NB
变速器10包括输出元件64,即一轴,其可操作地与机动车(未示出)的动力传动***90连接,以向动力传动***90输出动力,动力被传递给机动车车轮93,图1中示出了其中一个车轮。输出元件64上的输出动力的特征为转速No和输出转矩To。变速器输出转速传感器84监测输出元件64的转速和转动方向。机动车的每个车轮93最好都配备有一适于监测车轮速度VSS-WHL的传感器94,图2中描述的分配控制模块***的控制模块监测传感器94的输出,以确定用于制动控制、牵引控制和机动车加速管理的机动车速度、车轮绝对速度和相对速度。
来自发动机14的输入转矩和来自第一和第二电机56和72(分别为T1、TA和TB)的马达转矩都是作为能量转换的结果而产生的,所谓的能量转换是从燃料或电能存储装置(下文叫做‘ESD’)74中存储的电势能转化能量。ESD74通过DC传导线27与TPIM19以高压直流连接。传导线27包括触点开关38。当触点开关38闭合时,是正常操作状态,电流可以在ESD74和TPIM19之间流动。当触点开关38断开时,ESD74和TPIM19之间的电流被切断。通过传导线29使电流在TPIM19和第一电机56之间流动,类似地,通过传导线31使电流在TPIM19和第二电机72之间流动,以响应马达转矩TA和TB满足第一和第二电机56和72的转矩请求。根据ESD74是否充电或放电来决定电流是流向ESD74还是从ESD74流出。
TPIM19包括一对动力逆变器(未示出)和各马达控制模块(未示出),这些马达控制模块被构造为接收转矩命令和控制逆变器状态,以提供马达驱动或再生功能从而满足指令的马达转矩TA和TB。动力逆变器包括已知的补充性的三相电机装置,每个电机都包括多个绝缘栅双极晶体管(未示出),用于把ESD74的直流电转换为交流电,以通过高频开关驱动第一和第二电机56和72。绝缘栅双极晶体管形成能接受控制指令的开关通电模式。通常,三相电机的每一相具有一对绝缘栅双极晶体管。控制绝缘栅双极晶体管的状态,以提供马达驱动机械动力的产生或电能再生功能。三相逆变器通过DC传导线27接受或提供直流电,并将直流电转换为交流电,或从交流电转换为直流电,交流电被传送给第一和第二电机56和72,或者由第一和第二电机56和72提供交流电,从而通过传导线29和31,第一和第二电机56和72作为马达或发电机。
图2是分配控制模块***的示意框图。在下文中说明的元件包括整个机动车控制构架的子构架,提供了图1中示例性混合动力***的调整控制***。分配控制模块***综合相关信息和输入,执行逻辑运算,控制各种致动器以满足控制目标,包括与燃油经济性、排放、性能、可驾驶性和硬件保护有关的目标,包括ESD74的电池以及第一和第二电机56和72。分配控制模块***包括发动机控制模块(下文叫做‘ECM’)23,TCM17,电池组控制模块(下文叫做‘BPCM’)21,和TPIM19。混合动力控制模块(下文叫做‘HCP’)5提供ECM23,TCM17、BPCM21和TPIM19的监管和协调。用户界面(‘UI’)13可操作地与多个装置连接,由此,机动车驾驶员控制和操作电动机械混合动力***。这些装置包括加速踏板113(‘AP’),驾驶员制动踏板112(‘BP’),变速器档位选择器114(‘PRNDL’),和机动车速度巡航控制***(未示出)。变速器档位选择器114具有连续数量的驾驶员可选择的位置,包括输出元件64的转动方向,以选择前进和后退方向中的一个。
上述控制模块通过局域网(下文叫做‘LAN’)总线6与其它控制模块、传感器和致动器相连。LAN总线6允许操作参数和致动器指令信号在各控制模块之间结构化通信。所采用的具体通信协议与具体应用有关。LAN总线6和合适的协议提供了充分的通信和上述控制模块和其它控制模块之间的多控制模块界面,以提供各种功能,包括防抱死制动、牵引控制和机动车稳定控制。可以利用多种通信总线来提高通信速度和提供一定水平的信号冗余性和完整性。利用直链,例如串行外设接口(‘SPI’)总线(未示出),也可以使各控制模块之间的通信有效。
HCP5提供了混合动力***的监管控制,使ECM23,TCM17,TPIM19和BPCM21之间的操作协调。根据来自用户界面13和混合动力***包括ESD74的各种输入信号,HCP5确定驾驶员转矩请求、输出转矩指令、发动机输入转矩指令、变速器10所采用的转矩传递离合器C170,C262,C373,C475的离合器转矩以及第一和第二电机56、72的马达转矩TA和TB
ECM23与发动机14可操作地连接,从传感器获取数据,通过多个离散线路控制发动机14的致动器,为了简单地图示,多个离散线路合成为双向接口线缆35。ECM23接收来自HCP5的发动机输入转矩指令。ECM23确定实际的发动机输入转矩,TI,根据监测的发动机转速和负荷在合适的时间提供给变速器10,ECM23与HCP 51通信联系。ECM23监测来自转速传感器11的输入以确定给输入轴12的发动机输入转速,并转化为变速器输入速度,NI。ECM23监测来自传感器(未示出)的输入以确定其它的发动机操作参数,包括例如歧管压力、发动机冷却液温度、大气温度和大气压力。可以根据例如歧管压力来确定发动机负荷,或者根据驾驶员输入给加速踏板113的监测信息来确定。ECM23产生并发出指令信号以控制发动机致动器,包括例如燃料喷射器、点火模块和节气门控制模块,图中没有示出它们。
TCM17与变速器10可操作地连接,监测来自传感器(未示出)的输入以确定变速器操作参数的状态。TCM17产生并发出指令信号以控制变速器10,包括控制液压控制回路42。从TCM17到HCP5的输入包括为每个离合器C170,C262,C373,C475估算的离合器转矩,以及输出元件64的转动输出速度,NO。为了控制的目的,其它的致动器和传感器用来提供从TCM17到HCP5的其它信息。TCM17监测来自压力开关(未示出)的输入,有选择地致动液压控制回路42的液压控制电磁阀(未示出)和换档电磁阀(未示出),从而有选择地致动各种离合器C170,C262,C373,C475,以获得各种变速器工作范围状态,下文将继续描述。
BPCM21与传感器(未示出)信号地连接以监测包括电流和电压参数的状态的ESD,以提供给HCP5指示ESD74电池参数状态的信息。优选地,电池的参数状态包括电池荷电状态,电池电压,电池温度,和可用电池动力,其范围是PBAT_MIN到PBAT_MAX
制动控制模块(下文叫做‘BrCM’)22与每个机动车车轮93上的摩擦制动器(未示出)可操作地连接。BrCM22监测驾驶员对制动踏板112的输入,产生控制摩擦制动器的控制信号,据此发出控制信号给HCP5以控制第一和第二电机56和72。
优选地,ECM23,TCM17,TPIM19和BPCM21和BrCM22部是一般用途的数字计算机,包括微处理器或中央处理单元,存储介质,包括只读存储器(‘ROM’),随即存取存储器(‘RAM’),电子可编程只读存储器(‘EPROM’),高速时钟,模数(‘A/D’)电路和数模(‘D/A’)电路,输入/输出电路和装置(‘I/O’),以及合适的信号处理和缓冲电路。每个控制模块都有一组控制算法,包括常用(resident)程序指令和存储在其中一个存储介质中的标定,执行程序指令以提供各计算机的各种功能。优选地,控制模块之间的信息传递通过LAN总线6和SPI总线来进行。以预定的循环周期执行控制算法,使得每个算法在每个循环周期被执行至少一次。存储在非易失性存储器装置中的算法被中央处理单元中的一个执行,以监测从传感装置的输入,并利用预定的标定执行控制和诊断程序以控制致动器的操作。循环周期具有规则的间隔,例如在混合动力系的运行期间为3.125,6.25,12.5,25和100毫秒。可选择地,算法可以响应于事件的发生而执行。
示例性的混合动力系有选择地以几种状态中的一种运行,可以以发动机状态的形式描述,包括发动机工作状态(‘ON’)和发动机停止状态(‘OFF’)中的一个,变速器工作范围状态,包括多个固定的档位和连续可变的操作模式,参见下表1。
表1
Figure G2008101908795D00071
表1中描述了每一个变速器工作范围状态,并标明了对于每个工作范围状态采用了离合器C170,C262,C373,C475中的哪些离合器。通过只致动离合器C170,选择第一连续可变模式,即,EVT模式1,或M1,从而“固定”到第三行星齿轮机构28。发动机状态可以是ON(‘M1_Eng_On’)或OFF(‘M1_Eng_Off’)中的一个。通过只致动离合器C262,选择第二连续可变模式,即,EVT模式2,或M2,从而把轴60连接到第三行星齿轮机构28的载体。发动机状态可以是ON(‘M2_Eng_On’)或OFF(‘M2_Eng_Off’)中的一个。为了描述的目的,当发动机状态是OFF时,发动机输入速度等于零转每分钟(‘RPM’),即,发动机曲轴不转动。固定的档位操作提供了变速器10的输入-输出转速的固定比率操作,即NI/NO。通过致动离合器C170和C475来选择第一固定档位操作(‘G1’)。通过致动离合器C170和C262来选择第二固定档位操作(‘G2’)。通过致动离合器C262和C475来选择第三固定档位操作(‘G3’)。通过致动离合器C262和C373来选择第四固定档位操作(‘G4’)。由于行星齿轮24,26,28的传动比减小,输入-输出转速的固定比率操作随着增大的固定档位操作而增大。第一和第二电机56和72的转速NA和NB分别取决于离合机构的内部转动,并与在输入轴12测得的输入速度成比例。
为了响应用户界面13通过加速踏板113和制动踏板112获得的驾驶员输入,HCP5和其它控制模块中的一个或多个确定转矩指令来转矩产生装置,包括发动机14及第一和第二电机56和72,以满足驾驶员对输出元件64和传递给动力传动***90的转矩请求。根据来自用户界面13和包括ESD74的混合动力系的输入信号,HCP5分别确定驾驶员转矩请求,从变速器10到动力传动***90的指令输出转矩,来自发动机14的输入转矩,变速器10的转矩传递离合器C170,C262,C373,C475的离合器转矩,以及第一和第二电机56和72的马达转矩,这些将在下文中描述。
最终的机动车加速度会被其它因素影响,例如道路负荷,道路等级和机动车质量。根据混合动力系的各种操作特性来确定发动机状态和变速器工作范围状态。这包括通过加速踏板113和制动踏板112与用户界面13联通的驾驶员转矩请求,如上文所述。变速器工作范围状态和发动机状态可以根据混合动力系转矩请求来预测,混合动力系转矩请求是由以电能产生模式或转矩产生模式来操作第一和第二电机56和72的指令产生的。变速器工作范围状态和发动机状态可以由优化算法或程序来确定,该优化算法或程序根据驾驶员的动力需求、电池荷电状态以及发动机14及第一和第二电机56和72的能量效率确定最佳的***效率。控制***根据所执行的优化程序结果来管理发动机14及第一和第二电机56和72的转矩输入,由此管理燃油经济性和电池充电以获得最佳的***效率。另外,可以根据部件或***的故障来确定操作。HCP5监测转矩产生装置,并确定从变速器10的输出元件64输出的动力,该动力满足驾驶员转矩请求的同时还满足其它的动力系操作需求,例如ESD74的充电。由以上描述可以明显看出,ESD74及第一和第二电机56和72被电动可操作地连接,从而在它们之间具有动力流动。另外,发动机14、第一和第二电机56和72、电动机械变速器10之间机械地可操作地连接,在它们之间具有动力传递,以产生给输出元件64的动力流动。
图3示出了用于控制和管理混合动力系***中的信号流的控制***构架,该混合动力系***具有多个转矩产生装置,下文将结合图1和2中的混合动力系***进行描述,上述控制模块的存在形式是可执行的算法和标定。控制***构架可应用于可选例的混合动力系***,该混合动力系***具有多个转矩产生装置,包括例如,具有发动机和单个电机的混合动力系***,具有发动机和多个电机的混合动力系***。可选择地,混合动力系***可以采用非电动的转矩产生机器和能量存储***,例如液压机械混合动力变速器(未示出)。
控制***架构显示了多个输入给战略优化控制方案(‘战略控制’)310的信号流,该方案根据输出转速和驾驶员转矩请求来确定优选的输入速度(‘Ni_Des’)和优选的工作范围状态(‘混合动力档位状态Des’),并根据混合动力系的其它工作参数进行优化,包括电池动力限制,发动机14、变速器10及第一和第二电机56和72的响应限制。优选地,HCP5以每100ms的循环周期和每25ms的循环周期执行战略优化控制方案310。
战略优化控制方案310的输出被应用在换档操作和发动机启动/停止控制方案(‘换档操作和发动机启动/停止’)320中,用来命令变速器10(‘变速器命令’)的操作变化,包括改变工作范围状态。这包括,如果优选的工作范围状态不同于当前的工作范围状态,发出命令改变应用中的离合器C170,C262,C373,C475中的一个或多个以及发出其它命令,从而执行工作范围状态的变化。当前的工作范围状态(‘混合动力档位状态实际值’)和输入速度曲线(‘Ni_Prof’)可以被确定。输入速度曲线通过输入速度的随时变化率估算得到的,优选地包括标定参数值,该值是下一循环周期的目标输入速度,这是在变速器的工作范围状态变化期间根据发动机操作命令和驾驶员转矩请求确定的。
在其中一个控制循环周期中反复执行战术控制方案(‘战术控制和操作’)330,以确定用于操作发动机14的发动机指令(‘发动机指令’),包括根据输出转速、输入转速、驾驶员转矩请求和变速器当前工作范围状态确定从发动机14到变速器10的优选输入转矩。发动机命令也包括发动机状态,包括所有汽缸工作状态和停缸工作状态中的一个,停缸工作状态是指一部分发动机汽缸停止工作和并切断燃料供应,发动机状态包括供给燃料状态和燃料切断状态中的一个。
TCM17估算离合器C170,C262,C373,C475中每一个的离合器转矩(‘Tcl’),包括当前致动的离合器和非致动的离合器,ECM23确定响应于输入元件12的当前发动机输入转矩(‘Ti’)。马达转矩控制方案(‘输出和马达转矩确定’)340被执行以确定动力系的优选输出转矩(‘To_cmd’),包括在该实施例中用于控制第一和第二电机56和72的马达转矩指令(‘TA’,‘TB’)。基于为每个离合器估算的离合器转矩、发动机14的当前输入转矩,当前工作范围状态、输入转速、驾驶员转矩请求和输入转速曲线获得优选的输出转矩。通过TPIM19控制第一和第二电机56和72以根据优选的输出转矩来满足优选的马达转矩指令。马达转矩控制方案340包括算法代码,其以6.25ms和12.5ms的循环周期被定期执行,以确定优选的马达转矩指令。
控制混合动力系从而把输出转矩传递给输出元件64,进而传递给动力传动***90以对车轮(多个车轮)93产生牵引转矩,当驾驶员把机动车变速器档位选择器114的位置选为前进方向时,响应于驾驶员对加速踏板113的输入驱动机动车前进。类似地,控制混合动力系从而把输出转矩传递给输出元件64,进而传递给动力传动***90以对车轮(多个车轮)93产生牵引转矩,当驾驶员把机动车变速器档位选择器114的位置选为后退方向时,响应于驾驶员对加速踏板113的输入驱动机动车后退。优选地,只要输出转矩足以克服机动车的外部负荷,例如道路坡度、空气阻力负荷和其它负荷,驱动机动车就会导致机动车加速。
BrCM22对车轮93上的摩擦制动器发出指令,以施加制动力,对变速器10产生指令使其产生负输出转矩,其与动力传动***90作用以响应驾驶员对制动踏板112和加速踏板113的输入操作。优选地,所施加的制动力和负输出转矩可以使机动车减速和停止,只要它们足以克服机动车车轮(多个车轮)93上的动能。负的输出转矩与动力传动***90作用,把转矩传递给电动机械变速器10和发动机14。负的输出转矩通过电动机械变速器10被传递给第一和第二电机56和72,以产生电能存储在ESD74中。
驾驶员对加速踏板113和制动踏板112的输入包括分别可确定的驾驶员转矩请求输入,包括实时加速输出转矩请求(‘输出转矩请求Accel Immed’),预测的加速输出转矩请求(‘输出转矩请求Accel Prdtd’),实时制动输出转矩请求(‘输出转矩请求Brake Immed’),预测的制动输出转矩请求(‘输出转矩请求Brake Prdtd’),和轴转矩响应类型(‘轴转矩响应类型’)。本文中,术语“加速”指驾驶员向前驱动的需求,优选地,当驾驶员选择变速器档位选择器114的档位位置,发出机动车向前进方向的指令操作时,向前的驱动导致机动车速度增大而超过当前速度。术语“减速”和“制动”是指导致机动车从当前速度减小。实时加速输出转矩请求,预测的加速输出转矩请求,实时制动输出转矩请求,预测的制动输出转矩请求,和轴转矩响应类型是对控制***的各个输入,也包括对战术控制方案330的输入。
实时加速输出转矩请求根据当前发生的驾驶员对加速踏板113的输入来确定,包括在输出元件64上产生实时输出转矩以使机动车加速的请求。实时加速输出转矩请求无法定型,但是可以通过影响动力系控制以外的机动车操作事件被定型。这种事件包括用于防抱死制动、牵引控制和机动车稳定控制的动力系控制中的机动车水平中断,它们可被用于非定型或对实时加速输出转矩请求进行速度限制。
预测的加速输出转矩请求根据驾驶员对加速踏板113的输入来确定,包括输出元件64的最优或优选的输出转矩。预测的加速输出转矩请求最好等于在正常操作状态期间的实时加速输出转矩请求,正常操作状态期间是例如防抱死制动、牵引控制和机动车稳定控制中的任何一个都没有被执行时。当抱死制动、牵引控制和机动车稳定控制中的任何一个被执行时,预测的加速输出转矩请求保持在优选的输出转矩,实时加速输出转矩请求响应于与防抱死制动、牵引控制和机动车稳定控制有关的输出转矩请求而减小。
混合制动转矩包括车轮93产生的摩擦制动转矩和输出元件64产生的输出转矩的组合,其中输出元件64产生的输出转矩与动力传动***90作用以响应驾驶员对制动踏板112的输入而使机动车减速。
实时制动输出转矩请求根据当前发生的驾驶员对制动踏板112的输入来确定,包括输出元件64产生实时输出转矩的请求,其与动力传动***90产生反作用转矩以使机动车减速。实时制动输出转矩请求根据驾驶员对制动踏板112的输入来确定,控制信号控制摩擦制动器以产生摩擦制动转矩。
预测的制动输出转矩请求包括输出元件64的最优或优选的制动输出转矩,其响应于驾驶员对制动踏板112的输入,其受限于不考虑驾驶员对制动踏板112的输入时输出元件64允许产生的最大制动输出转矩。在一个实施例中,输出元件64的最大制动输出转矩被限制微-0.2g。在不考虑驾驶员对制动踏板112的输入时当机动车速度达到零时,预测的制动输出转矩请求可以被确定为零。如用户所期望的,有些操作状态下预测的制动输出转矩请求被设定为零,例如,当驾驶员把变速器换档选择器114设定为倒档,以及当分动箱(未示出)被设定为四轮驱动低档时。预测的制动输出转矩请求被设定为零的操作状态是那些由于发动机操作因素不需要混合制动的情况。
轴转矩响应类型包括通过第一和第二电机56和72对输出转矩响应定型和限制速度的输入状态。轴转矩响应类型的输入状态可以是有效状态和无效状态,有效状态优选地包括可满足性(pleasability)限制状态和最大档位状态中一个。当命令轴转矩响应类型为有效状态时,输出转矩指令是实时输出转矩。优选地,这种响应类型的转矩响应越快越好。
预测的加速输出转矩请求和预测的制动输出转矩请求被输出给战略优化控制方案(‘战略控制’)310。战略优化控制方案310确定变速器10(‘混合动力档位状态Des’)的期望工作范围状态和从发动机14到变速器10(Ni Des)的期望输入速度,包括对换档执行和发动机启动/停止控制方案(‘换档和发动机启动/停止’)320的输入。
图4示出了用于控制发动机14的操作的战术控制方案(‘战术控制和操作’)330的信号流,参照图1和2的混合动力系***和图3的控制***构架来描述。战术控制方案330包括战术优化控制路径350和***约束控制路径360,它们最好被同时执行。战术优化控制路径350的输出被输入给发动机状态控制方案370。发动机状态控制方案370和***约束控制路径360的输出被输入给发动机响应类型确定方案(发动机响应类型确定)380,用于控制发动机状态,实时发动机转矩请求,预测的发动机转矩请求和发动机响应类型。
发动机14的输入可以以发动机运行点的方式来描述,包括发动机转速和发动机转矩,它们可被转换成输入转速和输入转矩,并与变速器10的输入元件相作用。当发动机14是点燃式发动机时,通过利用电子节气门控制***(未示出)控制发动机节气门(未示出)位置,包括打开发动机节气门以增大发动机转矩和关闭发动机节气门以减小发动机转矩来改变发动机14的进气量,可以影响发动机运行点的变化。可以通过调整点火正时来影响发动机运行点的改变,包括从平均最佳转矩点火正时延迟点火正时以减小发动机转矩。当发动机14是压燃式发动机时,通过控制燃料喷射量和从平均最佳转矩喷射正时延迟喷射正时以减小发动机转矩来控制发动机运行点。可以改变发动机运行点以影响输入转矩大变化,这是通过以下方式达到的,改变发动机停止状态和发动机工作状态两者中的发动机状态,控制所有汽缸状态和部分汽缸失效状态两者的发动机状态,控制发动机燃料供应状态和燃料供应切断两者的发动机状态,其中发动机在燃料供应切断的同时转动以影响发动机制动。
在运行中,监测驾驶员对加速踏板113和制动踏板112的输入,以确定驾驶员转矩请求。确定输出元件64和输入元件12的当前转速,即No和Ni。确定变速器14的当前工作范围状态和当前发动机状态。确定电能存储装置74的最大和最小电功率限制。
驾驶员对加速踏板113和制动踏板112的输入包括分别可确定的驾驶员转矩请求输入,包括实时加速输出转矩请求(‘输出转矩请求Accel Immed’),预测的加速输出转矩请求(‘输出转矩请求Accel Prdtd’),实时制动输出转矩请求(‘输出转矩请求Brake Immed’),预测的制动输出转矩请求(‘输出转矩请求Brake Prdtd’),和轴转矩响应类型(‘轴转矩响应类型’)。本文中,术语“加速”指驾驶员向前驱动的需求,优选地,当驾驶员选择变速器档位选择器114的档位位置,发出机动车向前进方向的指令操作时,向前的驱动导致机动车速度增大而超过当前速度,类似地,当机动车操作被命令后退运动时,与此响应的是向后驱动。术语“减速”和“制动”是指导致机动车从当前速度减小。实时加速输出转矩请求,预测的加速输出转矩请求,实时制动输出转矩请求,预测的制动输出转矩请求,和轴转矩响应类型是对图3中控制***的各个输入。
实时加速输出转矩请求包括根据驾驶员对加速踏板113的输入来确定的实时转矩请求。控制***响应于实时加速输出转矩请求来控制混合动力系***的输出转矩,使得机动车正向加速。实时制动输出转矩请求包括根据驾驶员对制动踏板112的输入来确定的实时制动请求。控制***响应于实时制动输出转矩请求来控制混合动力系***的输出转矩,使得机动车减速或反向加速。混合动力系***的输出转矩控制对机动车减速的影响与机动车制动***(未示出)对机动车减速的影响相结合,用以使机动车减速以获得实时制动请求。
实时加速输出转矩请求根据当前发生的驾驶员对加速踏板113的输入来确定,包括在输出元件64上产生实时输出转矩以使机动车加速的请求。实时加速输出转矩请求无法定型,但是可以通过影响动力系控制以外的机动车操作事件被定型。这种事件包括用于防抱死制动、牵引控制和机动车稳定控制的动力系控制中的机动车水平中断,它们可被用于非定型或对实时加速输出转矩请求进行速度限制。
预测的加速输出转矩请求根据驾驶员对加速踏板113的输入来确定,包括输出元件64的最优或优选的输出转矩。预测的加速输出转矩请求最好等于在正常操作状态期间的实时加速输出转矩请求,正常操作状态期间是例如防抱死制动、牵引控制和机动车稳定控制中的任何一个都没有被执行时。当抱死制动、牵引控制和机动车稳定控制中的任何一个被执行时,预测的加速输出转矩请求保持在优选的输出转矩,实时加速输出转矩请求响应于与防抱死制动、牵引控制和机动车稳定控制有关的输出转矩请求而减小。
混合制动转矩包括车轮93产生的摩擦制动转矩和输出元件64产生的输出转矩的组合,其中输出元件64产生的输出转矩与动力传动***90作用以响应驾驶员对制动踏板112的输入而使机动车减速。
实时制动输出转矩请求根据当前发生的驾驶员对制动踏板112的输入来确定,包括输出元件64产生实时输出转矩的请求,其与动力传动***90产生反作用转矩以使机动车减速。实时制动输出转矩请求根据驾驶员对制动踏板112的输入来确定,控制信号控制摩擦制动器以产生摩擦制动转矩。
预测的制动输出转矩请求包括输出元件64的最优或优选的制动输出转矩,其响应于驾驶员对制动踏板112的输入,其受限于不考虑驾驶员对制动踏板112的输入时输出元件64允许产生的最大制动输出转矩。在一个实施例中,输出元件64的最大制动输出转矩被限制微-0.2g。在不考虑驾驶员对制动踏板112的输入时当机动车速度达到零时,预测的制动输出转矩请求可以被确定为零。如用户所期望的,有些操作状态下预测的制动输出转矩请求被设定为零,例如,当驾驶员把变速器换档选择器114设定为倒档,以及当分动箱(未示出)被设定为四轮驱动低档时。预测的制动输出转矩请求被设定为零的操作状态是那些由于发动机操作因素不需要混合制动的情况。
轴转矩响应类型包括通过第一和第二电机56和72对输出转矩响应定型和限制速度的输入状态。轴转矩响应类型的输入状态可以是有效状态和无效状态,有效状态优选地包括可满足性(pleasability)限制状态和最大档位状态中一个。当命令轴转矩响应类型为有效状态时,输出转矩指令是实时输出转矩。优选地,这种响应类型的转矩响应越快越好。
战术优化控制路径350对基本稳态的输入起作用,以选择一个优选的发动机状态,确定一个优选的从发动机14到变速器10的输入转矩。所述输入来自换档操作和发动机启动/停止控制方案320。战术优化控制路径350包括一个优化方案(‘战术优化’)354以确定在各状态下操作发动机14的优选输入转矩,这些状态包括全汽缸状态(‘输入转矩Full’),汽缸停止状态(‘输入转矩Deac’),全汽缸状态的同时切断燃料(‘输入转矩Full FCO’),汽缸停止状态的同时切断燃料(‘输入转矩Deac FCO’),以及优选的发动机状态(‘发动机状态’)。对优化方案354的输入包括变速器10的前导(lead)工作范围状态(‘前导混合动力档位状态’),前导预测输入加速曲线(‘预测的前导输入加速曲线’),在前导工作范围状态中致动的每个离合器的预测的离合器反作用转矩范围(‘预测的离合器反作用转矩Min/Max’),预测的电池动力限制(‘预测的电池动力限制’),预测的加速输出转矩请求(‘输出转矩请求Accel prdtd’)和预测的制动输出转矩请求(‘输出转矩请求Brake prdtd’)。用于加速和制动的预测输出转矩请求被组合在一起,通过一个预测输出转矩定型滤波器352与轴转矩响应类型一起定型,从而产生最终的预测输出转矩(‘To Net Prdtd’)和预测的加速输出转矩(‘To Accel Prdtd’),两者都被输入给优化方案354。变速器10的前导工作范围状态包括变速器10的工作范围状态的随时间变化的前导,以产生一个命令工作范围状态变化和实际的工作范围状态之间的响应时间滞后。因此变速器10的前导工作范围状态是命令的工作范围状态。前导预测输入加速曲线包括输入元件12的预测输入加速曲线随时间变化的前导,以产生一个预测输入加速曲线的命令改变和测量到的预测输入加速曲线的改变之间的响应时间滞后。因此前导预测输入加速曲线是在时间变化之后发生的输入元件12的预测输入加速曲线。被称为‘前导’的参数用来形成通过动力系在共用输出元件64收敛的转矩的同时传递,所述收敛是利用具有不同响应时间的装置达到的。具体来说,发动机14可以具有数量级大小为300-600ms的响应时间,转矩传递离合器C170,C262,C373,C475中的每一个可以具有数量级大小为150-300ms的响应时间,第一和第二电机56和72可以具有数量级大小为10ms的响应时间。
优化方案354确定以发动机状态操作发动机14的成本成本,包括在全缸状态控制发动机燃料供应(‘PCOST FULL FUEL’),在全缸状态控制切断发动机燃料供应(‘PCOST FULL PCO’),在汽缸停止工作状态控制发动机燃料供应(‘PCOST DEAC FUEL’),在汽缸停止工作状态控制切断发动机燃料供应(‘PCOSTDEACFCO’)。上述操作发动机14的成本与实际发动机状态(‘实际发动机状态’)和允许或许可发动机状态(‘允许的发动机状态’)一起被输入稳定化分析方案(‘稳定化和标定’)356,以选择一个发动机状态作为优选发动机状态(‘最优发动机状态’)。
通过考虑引入发动机14和变速器10之间的寄生和其它负荷,把用于控制在全汽缸状态和汽缸停止状态进行或不进行燃料切断的发动机14的优选输入转矩被输入给发动机转矩转换计算器355,并被转换为在各种状态下的优选发动机转矩,这些状态包括全汽缸状态和汽缸停止状态(‘最优发动机转矩Full’)和(‘最优发动机转矩Deac’),进行燃料切断的全汽缸状态和汽缸停止状态(‘发动机转矩Full FCO’)和(‘发动机转矩Deac FCO’)。用于全汽缸状态、汽缸停止状态和优选发动机状态的操作的优选发动机转矩包括对发动机状态控制方案370的输入。
操作发动机14的成本包括根据一些因素确定的操作成本,这些因素包括机动车驾驶性、燃油经济性、排放和电池消耗。所述成本与燃料和电力消耗有关并被两者分担,还与混合动力系的具体运行点有关。较低的操作成本与每个发动机转速、负荷运行点的高转化效率下的较低油耗、较低的电力消耗和较低的排放有关,并考虑发动机14的当前运行点。
在全汽缸状态和汽缸停止状态的优选发动机状态和优选发动机转矩被输入给发动机状态控制方案370,其包括发动机状态机(‘发动机状态机’)372。该发动机状态机372根据优选的发动机转矩和优选的发动机状态确定目标发动机转矩(‘目标发动机转矩’)和目标发动机状态(‘目标发动机状态’)。目标发动机转矩和目标发动机状态被输入给过渡滤波器374,其监测发动机状态的任何命令过渡,对目标发动机转矩进行滤波以提供滤波后的目标发动机转矩(‘滤波后的目标发动机转矩’)。发动机状态机372输出一个命令,其指示对汽缸停止状态和全汽缸状态中的一个的选择(‘DEAC选择’),并指示发动机燃料供应状态和减速燃料切断状态中的一个的选择(‘FCO选择’)。
汽缸停止状态和全汽缸状态中的一个的选择,发动机燃料供应状态和减速燃料切断状态中的一个的选择,滤波后的目标发动机转矩,以及最小和最大发动机转矩都被输入给发动机响应类型确定方案380。
***约束控制路径360确定对输入转矩的约束,包括变速器10能产生的最小和最大输入转矩(‘输入转矩混合动力最小’和‘输入转矩混合动力最大’)。最小和最大输入转矩根据对变速器10及第一和第二电机56和72的约束来确定,包括离合器转矩和电池动力限制,它们都影响变速箱10在当前循环周期作用产生输入转矩的能力。对***约束控制路径360的输入包括由加速踏板113测得的实时输出转矩请求(‘输出转矩请求Accel Immed’)和由制动踏板112测得的实时输出转矩请求(‘输出转矩请求Brake Immed’),它们被组合在一起,并通过实时输出转矩定型滤波器362与轴转矩响应类型一起定型,以产生最终的实时输出转矩(‘To Net Immed’)。最终的实时输出转矩和实时加速输出转矩被输入给约束方案(输出和输入转矩约束)364。对约束方案364的其它输入包括变速器10的前导工作范围状态,实时前导输入加速曲线(前导输入加速曲线Immed),在前导工作范围状态的每个致动离合器的前导实时离合器反作用转矩范围(‘前导实时离合器反作用转矩Min/Max’),以及可获得的电池动力(‘电池动力限制’),包括范围PBAT_MIN到PBAT_MAX。目标前导输入加速曲线包括输入元件12的实时输入加速曲线的随时间变化的前导,以产生一个实时输入加速曲线的命令变化和测得的实时输入加速曲线变化之间的响应时间滞后。前导实时离合器反作用转矩范围包括离合器的实时离合器反作用转矩范围的随时间变化的前导,以产生一个实时离合器转矩范围的命令变化和测得的实时离合器反作用转矩范围变化之间的响应时间滞后。约束方案364确定变速器10的输出转矩范围,然后根据上述输入确定变速器10所能作用的最小和最大输入转矩。
通过考虑引入发动机14和变速器10之间的寄生和其它负荷,最小和最大输入转矩被输入给发动机转矩转换计算器355,并被转换为最小和最大发动机转矩(分别是‘最小发动机转矩混合动力’和‘最大发动机转矩混合动力’)。
滤波后的目标发动机转矩,发动机状态机372的输出,发动机的最小和最大发动机转矩都被输入给发动机响应类型确定方案380,其输出发动机指令给ECM23用于控制发动机状态、实时发动机转矩请求和预测的发动机转矩请求。发动机指令包括实时发动机转矩请求(‘发动机转矩请求Immed’)和预测的发动机转矩请求(‘发动机转矩请求Prdtd’),它们可以根据滤波后的目标发动机转矩来确定。其它的指令把发动机状态控制为发动机燃料供给状态和减速燃料切断状态(‘FCO请求’)中的一个,以及汽缸停止状态和全汽缸状态(‘DEAC请求’)中的一个。另一个输出包括发动机响应类型(‘发动机响应类型’)。当滤波后的目标发动机转矩处于最小和最大发动机转矩之间的范围内时,发动机响应类型不起作用。当滤波后的目标发动机转矩处于最小和最大发动机转矩(‘发动机转矩混合动力最小’和‘发动机转矩混合动力最大’)的限制范围之外时,发动机响应类型起作用,这表示需要发动机转矩的一个即时改变,例如通过发动机点火控制和延迟以改变发动机转矩和输入转矩,使其落入最小和最大发动机转矩的限制范围内。
应该知道的是,在本发明的范围内修改是允许的。已经特别参考优选实施例及对其的修改描述了本发明。在阅读与理解说明书后,可以对其它内容作进一步的修改与替换。其旨在包括所有这样进入到本发明的范围之内的修改与替换。

Claims (18)

1.一种控制发动机的方法,该发动机与变速器装置机械连接,该变速器装置的运行使得机械动力在发动机和第二动力产生装置及输出元件之间传递,该方法包括:
监测驾驶员对动力的需求;
选择优选的发动机状态;
基于驾驶员对动力的需求,当发动机处于优选的发动机状态时,确定对变速器装置的优选的发动机转矩输入;
根据变速器装置对发动机转矩输入起反应的能力,确定对变速器装置的发动机转矩输入的约束;以及
命令发动机工作在优选的发动机状态,且根据优选的发动机转矩输入和对发动机转矩输入的约束,发出对变速器装置的发动机转矩输入的命令。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括根据第二动力产生装置的动力限制来确定变速器装置对发动机转矩输入起反应的能力。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,还包括根据变速器装置所采用的离合器的反作用转矩的限制,对变速器装置对发动机转矩输入起反应的能力进行限制。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括
监测驾驶员对加速踏板和制动踏板的输入;
根据驾驶员对加速踏板和制动踏板的输入,确定实时加速输出转矩和最终的实时输出转矩。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括
监测驾驶员对加速踏板和制动踏板的输入;以及
根据驾驶员对加速踏板和制动踏板的输入,确定预测的加速输出转矩和最终预测的输出转矩。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括确定第二动力产生装置的最大和最小动力限制。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括转变到优选的发动机状态,在转变到优选的发动机状态期间,根据优选的发动机转矩输入对发动机转矩进行控制。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,包括命令发动机工作在优选的发动机状态,根据优选的发动机转矩输入和对发动机转矩输入的约束,发出对变速器装置的发动机转矩输入的命令。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括根据对变速器装置的发动机转矩输入的命令和对变速器装置的发动机转矩输入的约束来确定发动机响应类型。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,包括当对变速器装置的优选发动机转矩输入处于对变速器装置的发动机转矩输入约束之外时,把发动机响应类型设定为主动响应。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中选择优选的发动机状态包括从全燃料状态和燃料切断状态中选择一个。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中选择优选的发动机状态包括从全汽缸状态和汽缸停止工作状态中选择一个。
13.一种控制内燃发动机的方法,该内燃发动机与电动机械变速器机械连接,该电动机械变速器的运行使得机械动力在发动机和电机及输出元件之间传递,该方法包括:
监测驾驶员对牵引动力的需求;
选择优选的发动机状态;
基于驾驶员对牵引动力的需求,当发动机处于优选的发动机状态时,确定对电动机械变速器的优选的发动机转矩输入;
根据电动机械变速器对发动机转矩输入起反应的能力,确定对电动机械变速器的发动机转矩输入的约束;
命令发动机工作在优选的发动机状态,且根据优选的发动机转矩输入和对发动机转矩输入的约束,发出对电动机械变速器的发动机转矩输入的命令。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,还包括根据与电机电气相连的电能存储装置的动力限制来确定电动机械变速器对发动机转矩输入起反应的能力。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,还包括根据电动机械变速器所采用的离合器的反作用转矩的限制,对电动机械变速器对发动机转矩输入起反应的能力进行限制。
16.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中选择优选的发动机状态包括从全燃料状态和燃料切断状态中选择一个,以及从全汽缸状态和汽缸停止工作状态中选择一个。
17.一种控制内燃发动机的方法,该内燃发动机与混合动力变速器机械连接,该混合动力变速器包括与电机连接的能量存储装置,该电机把机械动力传递给混合动力变速器,该混合动力变速器的运行把机械动力传递给输出元件,该方法包括:
监测驾驶员对加速踏板和制动踏板的输入;
确定能量存储装置的动力限制,该能量存储装置与电机连接,该电机把机械动力传递给混合动力变速器;
根据驾驶员对加速踏板和制动踏板的输入,选择优选的发动机状态;
根据驾驶员对加速踏板和制动踏板的输入,当发动机处于优选的发动机状态时,确定对混合动力变速器的优选的发动机转矩输入;
根据混合动力变速器对发动机转矩输入起反应的能力,确定对混合动力变速器的发动机转矩输入的约束;以及
命令发动机工作在优选的发动机状态,且根据优选的发动机转矩输入和对发动机转矩输入的约束,发出对混合动力变速器的发动机转矩输入的命令。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,还包括根据能量存储装置的动力限制来确定混合动力变速器对发动机转矩输入起反应的能力。
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