CN101464424A - Test method and system for researching DNA molecule conductivity - Google Patents
Test method and system for researching DNA molecule conductivity Download PDFInfo
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- CN101464424A CN101464424A CNA2007101599956A CN200710159995A CN101464424A CN 101464424 A CN101464424 A CN 101464424A CN A2007101599956 A CNA2007101599956 A CN A2007101599956A CN 200710159995 A CN200710159995 A CN 200710159995A CN 101464424 A CN101464424 A CN 101464424A
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Abstract
The invention provides a test method and a system for researching the electric conductivity of a DNA molecule. The system is formed by the combination of a signal generator, a digital oscillograph, an ultramicro integrated double-ring carbon electrode, a micro-current amplifier and a computer; the ultramicro integrated double-ring carbon electrode produces an electrostatic field to induce the polarization of the DNA module along the vector direction of field intensity and form an electropositive end and an electronegative end which are arranged in parallel between an inner ring electrode and an outer ring electrode; after an input signal is sent into the ultramicro integrated double-ring carbon electrode, an output signal is obtained; the output signal is input into the computer after being amplified by the micro-current amplifier, collected by the digital oscillograph, and converted by an A/D; and the electric conductivity of the DNA module can be researched by analyzing the relationship between the input signal and the output signal. The system and the method have the following advantages: the acting force is too small to damage the DNA module; the overall electric conductivity can be acquired; the electron transition process can be monitored in a real-time manner; the behavior of rapid electron transfer can be traced; the quality of the contact point can be prevented from being affected; the surface is easy to renew; and the instruments are simple.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to Electroanalytical Chemistry, molecular electronic device, biosensor technology field, be specifically related to a kind of System and method for of researching DNA molecule conductivity.
Background technology
In recent years; the electric conductivity research of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) (DNA) molecule has caused numerous concerns; because of it has double-spiral structure; pairing mutually between the base forms big conjugated between whole strand, can produce electronics when dna molecular is subjected to ionising radiation or ultraviolet ray irradiation; this electronics before being hunted down along the dna molecular chain movement; cause dna damage, and then disturb the dna replication dna or the process of manufacturing protein, cause the unusual or dead of cell.Nearest result of study show (
Http:// www.its.caltech.edu/～jkbgrp/), some protein can be sent electric charge and propagate along the DNA long-chain, there is another corresponding protein can detect this electric charge at a distance, but when DNA go up to occur above-mentioned when unusual, because stack states originally is destroyed, has caused the overlapping minimizing of electron trajectory, the electric conductivity variation, cause second protein not receive this test charge, repair system will start.Therefore, researching DNA molecule conductivity can be deepened photoinduction electric charge transfer damage dna, electric charge are shifted the understanding that causes problems such as cell mutation, DNA reparation, is with a wide range of applications at aspects such as oncotherapy and gene therapies.In addition, the diversity of the constancy of the simple property of the base that is showed in the dna replication dna process, complementary rule and selectivity, hereditary information and the singularity on the conformation and topological target all are the needed design concepts of nanometer technology; And DNA has stable physicochemical property and unique linear structure, only be 2nm as the diameter of DNA, and its length is crossed over microcosmic and macroscopic view, and these character make DNA be expected to become the ideal material of making nm-class conducting wire and nano-device.Therefore, the electric conductivity research of dna molecular not only all occupies extremely important status at life science but also in field of nanometer material technology.
The method of researching DNA molecule conductivity mainly contains at present: spectroscopic method, biochemical process, electrochemical method, electron microscope and atomic force microscopy.Spectroscopic method (J.Am.Chem.Soc., 2000,122:5893; Biochemistry, 2000,39:6190; J.Am.Chem.Soc., 2000,122:11545) with the photooxidant covalent bonding on the DNA chain, photoinduction electric transmission and cause the base oxidation, cause dna damage to come researching DNA electric conductivity, this method weak point is: with the damage dna molecule is cost, and what know is the electric conductivity of oligonucleotide fragment but not the electric conductivity of dna molecular integral body; Biochemical process (J.Am.Chem.Soc., 1995,117:6406; Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun., 1992,188:1) with the tail end of a kind of compound intercalation to the DNA spiral, oxidation guanine under photoinduction, make DNA chain rupture on the guanine position of oxidation with the piperidines processing, with the observable dna fragmentation of autoradiograph to study its electrical conductive behavior, the main deficiency of this method is that this biochemical technology can only be observed the final reaction result that is caused by electron transport, can not monitor electronic transfer process in real time, and electric conductivity that can not researching DNA molecule integral body; Electrochemical method (Curr.Opin.Chem.Biol., 2001,5:209) by detecting the electric conductivity that the electrochemical behavior of electroactive material on the dna modification electrode comes researching DNA, promptly select for use can with the electroactive material of dna molecular specific bond as electrochemical probe, regulate base sequence and control the position that it inserts on the DNA chain, can study electroactive material and distance between electrodes with cyclic voltammetry, base stacking and sequence are to the influence of charge transfer, this method weak point is: the electrochemical techniques that adopted are the cyclic voltammetric technology, the information that can provide is limited, and operable sweep velocity is less, even if adopt the fastest known ultrafast voltammetry at present, also only have about 1MHz, can't follow the trail of the swift electron transmission of dna molecular inside; Electron microscope method (Nature, 1999,398:407) and atomic force microscopy (Chinese patent application number: 200610147822.8), the two ends that link metal electrode with a DNA, directly measure its electric current-electric potential relation, this method is direct to be worked as, but its weak point is: owing to only have a DNA and metal electrode to be connected, contact quality therebetween has a strong impact on measurement result, if the connecting state between DNA and the electrode is not good, might conduct electricity by DNA itself, still but measure the result of insulation, otherwise, if measuring electrode base version has the situation of short circuit, also might insulate by DNA itself, but measure the result of conduction, generally speaking, result's stability and reliability are not good.
Summary of the invention
Primary technical matters to be solved by this invention is the method for testing that a kind of researching DNA molecule conductivity is provided at existing background technology, and it is the damage dna molecule not, and what know is the electric conductivity of dna molecular integral body; Can monitor electronic transfer process in real time; Excitation signal is various and speed is fast, and abundant information can be provided, and follows the trail of the swift electron transmission of dna molecular inside; Contact molecule number is more relatively, avoids the contact influence to the result of low quality; Surface Renewal is easy, and cut-out electrode front end forms new cross section and gets final product; Employed instrument is simple.
Another technical matters to be solved by this invention is the test macro that a kind of relevant researching DNA molecule conductivity is provided at existing background technology.
The present invention solves the technical scheme that above-mentioned primary technical matters adopts: a kind of method of testing of researching DNA molecule conductivity, it is characterized in that adopting inside and outside aspect is the electrode of conductive layer, make between the interior outer conducting layer of electrode and set up electric field, induce down at electric field, the dna molecular that freely is dispersed in the solution just is being with along the direction vector generation polarization and the formation of field intensity, the two ends of negative electricity, forming the orientation of dna molecular between the interior outer conducting layer of electrode is arranged in parallel, one conductive layer input electrical signal of electrode, another conductive layer output electric signal, through amplifying and the A/D conversion, analyze input electrical signal and the relation of exporting electric signal with computing machine, thus the electric conductivity of researching DNA molecule.
The present invention solves the technical scheme that above-mentioned another technical matters adopts: a kind of test macro of researching DNA molecule conductivity, it is characterized in that adopting inside and outside aspect is the electrode of conductive layer, one conductive layer of electrode connects signal generator, another conductive layer connects amplifier, make between the interior outer conducting layer of electrode and set up electric field, induce down at electric field, the dna molecular that freely is dispersed in the solution just is being with along the direction vector generation polarization and the formation of field intensity, the two ends of negative electricity, forming the orientation of dna molecular between the interior outer conducting layer of electrode is arranged in parallel, the signal output of amplifier is through A/D converter, connect computing machine and carry out analyzing and processing, according to the relation of input electrical signal with the output electric signal, thus the electric conductivity of researching DNA molecule.
As improvement, described electrode adopts the dicyclo electrode, and outer conducting layer is distributed between the inside surface and outside surface of ring electrode base material in it, presents annular shape, has constituted interior ring electrode and outer ring electrode, is convenient to the type that is made on base material like this.
As improvement, the method for making of described dicyclo electrode comprises the steps:
(1) gets one of glass capillary base material, wrap up its outer wall certain-length as 1/3 length with adhesive tape;
(2) by heating pyrolyze organic gas such as lower boiling alkane, form inside and outside carbon-coating at glass capillary base material inside and outside wall, interior carbon-coating becomes outer conducting layer and inner conducting layer respectively, ring carbon electrode in inner conducting layer serves as, draw by lead through conducting resinl, fixing with epoxy resin as a link; Remove the adhesive tape of outer wall parcel, the outer conducting layer that remains 2/3 length serves as the outer shroud carbon electrode, is drawn by lead through conducting resinl, and is fixing as another link with epoxy resin;
(3) the said structure dipping is coated upward inner insulating layer and external insulation layer;
(4) be coated with vertical cut-out of glass capillary base material front end of carbon-coating and insulation course, the neat cross section of exposing is the integrated dicyclo carbon electrode of ultra micro.
As preferably, described carbon-coating applies and adopts heating pyrolyze CH
4Method, its thickness was regulated by the time that changes heating pyrolyze, was controlled between 5～10nm, was convenient to like this operate at low temperatures and operation.
As preferably, it is that said structure is immersed in the insullac that the dipping of described inner insulating layer and external insulation layer coats, and takes out after 5～15 minutes, then 80～100 ℃ of oven dry down, form inner insulating layer, external insulation layer, making like this can be very convenient and easy, and cost is also very cheap.
As preferably, described in ring electrode connect input electrical signal, and outer ring electrode connects the output electric signal, reduces measuring error, is beneficial to test more.
At last, the output signal that described signal generator takes place is divided into two-way, one the tunnel directly connects digital oscilloscope is gathered, another road enters from dna molecular one end through the interior ring carbon electrode of the integrated dicyclo carbon electrode of ultra micro, by the whole DNA molecule, obtain output signal through the outer shroud carbon electrode again, this output signal is amplified back connection digital oscilloscope through micro current amplifier and is gathered, and at last the simulating signal of digital oscilloscope collection is converted to digital signal through A/D and sends into and be connected to computing machine and carry out analyzing and processing and record.Be convenient to the Real Time Observation contrast of various input signals and output signal like this.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
(1) the present invention is on the interior ring carbon electrode of the integrated dicyclo carbon electrode of ultra micro, outer shroud carbon electrode, apply suitable positive and negative DC potential respectively to form electrostatic field, induce down at this electrostatic field, polarization takes place and forms two ends with positive and negative electricity along the direction vector of field intensity in the dna molecular that freely is dispersed in the solution, an electronegative end rides on the interior ring carbon electrode of positively charged, one end of positively charged rides on the electronegative outer shroud carbon electrode, forms the orientation of dna molecular between interior ring carbon electrode, outer shroud carbon electrode and is arranged in parallel.Acting force is mainly electrostatic attraction, slightly and not the damage dna molecule;
(2) encircle on the carbon electrode in dna molecular one end rides among the present invention, the other end rides on the outer shroud carbon electrode, input signal enters from dna molecular one end through interior ring carbon electrode, by the whole DNA molecule, obtain output signal through the outer shroud carbon electrode again, so what know is dna molecular integral body but not the electric conductivity of dna fragmentation;
(3) after the present invention sends into the integrated dicyclo carbon electrode of ultra micro by the input signal of signal generator generation, can obtain output signal immediately, analyze the relation between input signal and the output signal, get final product researching DNA molecule conductivity, realize monitoring electronic transfer process in real time;
(4) the present invention can use the multiple waveform of signal generator to study as excitation signal, and abundant information is various;
(5) the present invention can use high-frequency input signal, follows the trail of the swift electron transfer behavior of dna molecular inside;
(6) the present invention has more dna molecular orientation to be arranged in parallel between interior ring carbon electrode, outer shroud carbon electrode, and contact molecule number is more relatively, avoids the contact influence to measurement result of low quality;
(7) the present invention is known is the electric conductivity that is arranged in parallel of more dna molecular but not the electric conductivity of a dna molecular, and the number of dna molecular can be estimated according to dna molecular self and the size of interior ring carbon electrode (2), the repulsive interaction between the dna molecular;
(8) the integrated dicyclo carbon electrodes renewal of ultra micro is very easy among the present invention, unsalted surface is exposed in the vertical cut-out of its front end get final product, and is simple to operate, good stability;
(9) the present invention is used for researching DNA molecule conductivity, the instrument of required use is simply inexpensive, only need AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) (or function generator), digital oscilloscope, micro current amplifier, computing machine to build a system, about 1/30～1/50 of only about STM of total price or CF-AFM price, and should the research system need not operating cost;
(10) manufacture craft of the integrated dicyclo carbon electrode of ultra micro is simple, practical among the present invention, processing ease, and manufacturing conditions is controlled easily, and is with low cost, all can make at general chemical laboratory, has application value preferably.
The System and method for of researching DNA molecule conductivity provided by the invention, form electrostatic field by the integrated dicyclo carbon electrode of ultra micro, induce the dna molecular that freely is dispersed in the solution just being with along the direction vector generation polarization and the formation of field intensity, the two ends of negative electricity, orientation is arranged in parallel between interior ring carbon electrode and outer shroud carbon electrode with researching DNA molecule conductivity, acting force is the damage dna molecule slightly and not, know the electric conductivity of dna molecular integral body, monitor electronic transfer process in real time, the swift electron transfer behavior of traceable dna molecular inside, avoid the contact influence to the result of low quality, Surface Renewal is easy, employed instrument is simple, can be used for researching DNA molecule conductivity.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the system schematic of researching DNA molecule conductivity;
Fig. 2 a, Fig. 2 b are respectively the structure cut-open view (M) and the cross-sectional view (N) of the integrated dicyclo carbon electrode of the ultra micro described in the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the orientation of dna molecular on the integrated dicyclo carbon electrode of the ultra micro synoptic diagram that is arranged in parallel;
Fig. 4 is the electric current-current potential of natural calf thymus DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) (CTDNA) on the integrated dicyclo carbon electrode of the ultra micro (curve of I～V).
Among its Fig. 1:
1, glass capillary base material, 2, interior ring carbon electrode, 3, the outer shroud carbon electrode, 4, conducting resinl, 5, lead, 6, epoxy resin, 7, conducting resinl, 8, lead, 9, epoxy resin, 10, inner insulating layer, 11, external insulation layer; M, longitudinal profile, N, xsect.
Embodiment
Embodiment describes in further detail the present invention below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.
Embodiment
Select Tektronix AFG3021B type AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) in the present embodiment for use, Tektronix 2012B digital oscilloscope, TJ-110 type micro current amplifier, the P4 computing machine, build the research system, as schematically shown in Figure 1, adopting inside and outside aspect is the dicyclo electrode of conductive layer, one conductive layer linking number character signal generator of electrode, another conductive layer connects micro current amplifier, the output of amplifier is connected oscillographic each passage input end of numeral respectively with another road output of digital signal generator, the simulating signal that digital oscilloscope is gathered, transfer digital signal to through A/D converter again, be connected to computing machine through RS-232 interface.
Its principle of work is such, AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) produces input signal, one tunnel first passage of directly sending into digital oscilloscope is gathered, another road obtains output signal after sending into the integrated dicyclo carbon electrode of ultra micro, this output signal is sent into the second channel of digital oscilloscope and is gathered after micro current amplifier amplifies, at last the simulating signal of digital oscilloscope collection is carried out A/D and be converted to digital signal, sending into computing machine through RS-232 interface writes down and handles, analyze the relation between input signal and the output signal, get final product researching DNA molecule conductivity.
The making of the integrated dicyclo carbon electrode of ultra micro selects for use glass capillary as base material, and with ethanol, distilled water ultrasonic cleaning, carbon is as electrode material, and conducting resinl adopts silver conductive adhesive, and insulation course adopts insullac.Its concrete method for making is: the glass capillary of intercepted length 3～4cm, internal diameter 4 μ m, external diameter 20 μ m, wall thickness 8 μ m, behind ethanol, distilled water ultrasonic cleaning bone dry, wrap up about 1/3 length of its outer wall with adhesive tape, and make CH
4By inside and outside the kapillary, resistance wire heating 30 minutes makes CH continuously
4The carbon that cracking produces is attached to the kapillary inside and outside wall; Ring carbon electrode 2 was drawn by lead 5 through conducting resinl 4 in the inwall carbon-coating served as, and is fixing with epoxy resin 6, becomes the link of the input electrical signal of dicyclo electrode; Remove the adhesive tape of outer wall parcel, the outer carbon-coating of remaining about 2/3 length serves as outer shroud carbon electrode 3, is drawn by lead 8 through conducting resinl 7, and is fixing with epoxy resin 9, becomes the link of the output electric signal of dicyclo electrode; The front end of said structure is immersed in the insullac, take out after about 5～10 minutes, 80～100 ℃ of oven dry down, form inner insulating layer 10, external insulation layer 11 then; With the quartzy cutting blade of special cermacis vertical cut-out of its front end exposed unsalted surface, promptly obtain the integrated dicyclo carbon electrode of ultra micro, see Fig. 2.
For keeping the physiological pH of DNA, avoid DNA to unwind or precipitate, select for use pH 7.1 to have 50mmol/LNaCl+5mmol/LTris-HCl (THB) as electrolyte solution than low ionic strength, the abundant swelling of DNA is dispersed in wherein.The integrated dicyclo carbon electrode of the above-mentioned ultra micro that makes is immersed in the liquid of the above-mentioned end of the natural calf thymus DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) (CTDNA) that contains 0.1mg/mL, the DC potential of ring carbon electrode is+1.8V in keeping, the DC potential of outer shroud carbon electrode is-1.8V, behind the 30min, after taking-up is swung gently in ultrapure water and is washed, dry, pressing accompanying drawing 1 installs, AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) send linear sweep current potential-0.5V～+ 0.5V, sweep speed and be 1V/s, input signal, output signal input oscillograph is respectively X-axis, Y-axis, (curve of I～V) as shown in Figure 4, shows that under this experiment condition CTDNA shows as the molecular electronic device character of resistance to record current-current potential.According to I～V rate of curve, this moment, resistance was about 10
9Ω, consider dna molecular self diameter 2nm and repulsion each other thereof, its coverage is estimated as about 10nm, the girth of ring carbon electrode is about 10 μ m in the present embodiment, have 1000 CTDNA molecular orientations to be arranged in parallel between interior ring carbon electrode and outer shroud carbon electrode approximately so can estimate this moment, therefore estimation resistance of CTDNA under this experiment condition is about 10
12Ω
Claims (13)
1, a kind of method of testing of researching DNA molecule conductivity, it is characterized in that adopting inside and outside aspect is the electrode of conductive layer, make between the interior outer conducting layer of electrode and set up its electric field, electric field is induced down, the dna molecular that freely is dispersed in the solution just is being with along the direction vector generation polarization and the formation of field intensity, the two ends of negative electricity, forming the orientation of dna molecular between the interior outer conducting layer of electrode is arranged in parallel, one conductive layer input electrical signal of electrode, another conductive layer output electric signal, through amplifying and the A/D conversion, analyze input electrical signal and the relation of exporting electric signal with computing machine, thus the electric conductivity of researching DNA molecule.
2, method of testing according to claim 1 is characterized in that described electrode adopts the dicyclo electrode, and outer conducting layer is distributed between the inside surface and outside surface of ring electrode base material in it, presents annular shape, has constituted interior ring electrode and outer ring electrode.
3, method of testing according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that the method for making of described dicyclo electrode comprises the steps:
(1) gets (1) one of glass capillary base material, wrap up its outer wall certain-length with adhesive tape;
(2) by the heating pyrolyze organic gas, form inside and outside carbon-coating at glass capillary base material (1) inside and outside wall, interior carbon-coating becomes outer conducting layer and inner conducting layer respectively, ring carbon electrode (2) in inner conducting layer serves as, draw by lead (5) through conducting resinl (4), fixing with epoxy resin (6); Remove the adhesive tape of outer wall parcel, the outer conducting layer of residue length serves as outer shroud carbon electrode (3), is drawn by lead (8) through conducting resinl (7), and is fixing with epoxy resin (9);
(3) the said structure dipping is coated upward inner insulating layer (10) and external insulation layer (11);
(4) be coated with vertical cut-out of glass capillary base material (1) front end of carbon-coating and insulation course, the neat cross section of exposing is the integrated dicyclo carbon electrode of ultra micro.
4, method of testing according to claim 3 is characterized in that described carbon-coating applies employing heating pyrolyze CH
4Method, its thickness was regulated by the time that changes heating pyrolyze, was controlled between 5～10nm.
5, method of testing according to claim 4, the dipping coating that it is characterized in that described inner insulating layer (10) and external insulation layer (11) is that said structure is immersed in the insullac, take out after 5～15 minutes, 80～100 ℃ of oven dry down, form inner insulating layer (10), external insulation layer (11) then.
6,, it is characterized in that described interior ring electrode connects input electrical signal, and outer ring electrode connects the output electric signal according to any described method of testing of claim of claim 1 to 5.
7, a kind of test macro of researching DNA molecule conductivity, it is characterized in that adopting inside and outside aspect is the electrode of conductive layer, one conductive layer of electrode connects signal generator, another conductive layer connects amplifier, make between the interior outer conducting layer of electrode and set up electric field, induce down at electric field, the dna molecular that freely is dispersed in the solution just is being with along the direction vector generation polarization and the formation of field intensity, the two ends of negative electricity, forming the orientation of dna molecular between the interior outer conducting layer of electrode is arranged in parallel, the signal output of amplifier is through A/D converter, connect computing machine and carry out analyzing and processing, according to the relation of input electrical signal with the output electric signal, thus the electric conductivity of researching DNA molecule.
8, test macro according to claim 7 is characterized in that electrode adopts the dicyclo electrode, and outer conducting layer is distributed between the inside surface and outside surface of ring electrode base material in it, presents annular shape, has constituted interior ring electrode and outer ring electrode.
9,, it is characterized in that the structure of described dicyclo electrode is according to claim 7 or 8 described test macros:
(1) center is glass capillary base material (1);
(2) be formed with inside and outside carbon-coating at glass capillary base material (1) inside and outside wall by the heating pyrolyze organic gas, interior carbon-coating becomes outer conducting layer and inner conducting layer respectively, ring carbon electrode (2) in inner conducting layer serves as, draw by lead (5) through conducting resinl (4), be fixed on the upper end of base material with epoxy resin (6); Outer conducting layer serves as outer shroud carbon electrode (3), is drawn by lead (8) through conducting resinl (7), is fixed on the outside surface of base material with epoxy resin (9);
(3) the said structure dipping is coated with inner insulating layer (10) and external insulation layer (11);
(4) be coated with vertical cut-out of glass capillary base material (1) front end of carbon-coating and insulation course, the neat cross section of exposing is the integrated dicyclo carbon electrode of ultra micro.
10, test macro according to claim 9 is characterized in that described carbon-coating applies employing heating pyrolyze CH
4Method, its thickness was regulated by the time that changes heating pyrolyze, was controlled between 5～10nm.
11, test macro according to claim 10, the dipping coating that it is characterized in that described inner insulating layer (10) and external insulation layer (11) is that said structure is immersed in the insullac, take out after 5～15 minutes, 80～100 ℃ of oven dry down, form inner insulating layer (10), external insulation layer (11) then.
12, test macro according to claim 11 it is characterized in that described interior ring electrode connects input electrical signal, and outer ring electrode connects the output electric signal.
13, according to any described test macro of claim of claim 7 to 12, it is characterized in that the output signal that described signal generator takes place is divided into two-way, one the tunnel directly connects digital oscilloscope is gathered, another road enters from dna molecular one end through the interior ring carbon electrode (2) of the integrated dicyclo carbon electrode of ultra micro, by the whole DNA molecule, obtain output signal through outer shroud carbon electrode (3) again, this output signal is amplified back connection digital oscilloscope through micro current amplifier and is gathered, and at last the simulating signal of digital oscilloscope collection is converted to digital signal through A/D and sends into and be connected to computing machine and carry out analyzing and processing and record.
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| CN102192942A (en) * | 2011-03-15 | 2011-09-21 | 广东省生态环境与土壤研究所 | Method for rapidly determining electron transfer capacity of DOM (dissolved organic matter) |
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| RU2161653C2 (en) * | 1998-08-24 | 2001-01-10 | ФАРМАКОВСКИЙ Дмитрий Александрович | Method of quantitative electrochemical analysis of biological molecules |
| CN2888447Y (en) * | 2006-01-19 | 2007-04-11 | 湖南大学 | Apparatus for regulation, control and real-time monitoring of immobilized single-layer DNA probe orientation |
| CN1996002A (en) * | 2006-12-22 | 2007-07-11 | 上海师范大学 | Experimental technique method for measuring unimolecular DNA conductivity |
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| CN102192942A (en) * | 2011-03-15 | 2011-09-21 | 广东省生态环境与土壤研究所 | Method for rapidly determining electron transfer capacity of DOM (dissolved organic matter) |
| CN102192942B (en) * | 2011-03-15 | 2013-10-16 | 广东省生态环境与土壤研究所 | Method for rapidly determining electron transfer capacity of DOM (dissolved organic matter) |
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