CN101438664A - Method for planting horsebean intercropped with corn - Google Patents
Method for planting horsebean intercropped with corn Download PDFInfo
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- CN101438664A CN101438664A CNA2008102408058A CN200810240805A CN101438664A CN 101438664 A CN101438664 A CN 101438664A CN A2008102408058 A CNA2008102408058 A CN A2008102408058A CN 200810240805 A CN200810240805 A CN 200810240805A CN 101438664 A CN101438664 A CN 101438664A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a broad bean and corn intercropping method and belongs to the field of crop cultivation methods. The method mainly relates to intercropping of the broad bean and the corn, wherein, emergence of seedlings of the broad bean is 10-20 days earlier than that of the corn, the broad bean and the corn are intercropped at a row ratio of 2:2 and at a row spacing from 28cm to 32cm. The method can help realize the purpose of simultaneously improving yield of the broad bean and biological nitrogen fixation amount, avoid the disadvantages of low yield of a leguminous crop which is cropped separately; secondly, the method can greatly reduce manually applied nitrogen fertilizer to save the plantation cost, and relieve the pressure on the environment due to nitrogen fertilizer abuse; furthermore, the method can adequately utilize indigenous rhizobium to avoid a degeneration problem of artificially inoculated strains, reduce operation steps such as inoculation and the like and save the inoculation cost.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to crop cultivation methods, be specifically related to a kind of broad bean and corn intercropping method.
Background technology
Biological nitrogen fixation is the nitrogen resource of a kind of cheapness, cleaning, environmental friendliness, tool sustainability.At present, utilizing biological nitrogen fixation in the agricultural production mainly is to realize by the plantation legume.In order to improve the biological nitrogen fixation efficient of legume, the approach that can take has: inoculation rhizobium or combination azotobacter (" strengthening the rhizobium of nitrogen fixing capacity " (application number: 02813817.1); " a kind of microbial azotobacteria fertilizer and preparation method thereof " (patent No.: ZL97117251.X)), with non-legume crop rotation (.Plant and Soil such as Peoples, 1995,174:83-101) etc.But have following problem: (1) will make the rhizobium of inoculation become dominant population owing to the reasons such as competition of soil characteristic, indigenous microorganism, continuous inoculation for many years, cost height; (2), also be difficult on the basis of nonoculture, improve again output though crop rotation slows down the continuous cropping obstacle of legume; (3) intercropping has long history in agricultural production, also be used as simultaneously the method that makes full use of the biological nitrogen fixation resource, but, when planting with non-legume, legume generally is in the competition inferior position to the competition of soil nutrient, cause the underproduction of legume easily, improve although biological nitrogen fixation accounts for the ratio of its total nitrogen cumulative amount, the fixed nitrogen total amount of unit are reduces.Therefore, contradiction how to coordinate legume output and biological nitrogen fixation amount is problem demanding prompt solution.
Summary of the invention
Need continuous inoculation rhizobium and general intercropping to cause the deficiency of the legume underproduction when utilizing biological nitrogen fixation in the present agricultural production, the invention provides a kind of broad bean and corn intercropping method that can improve broad bean output and biological nitrogen fixation amount simultaneously in order to overcome.
The inventive method makes full use of indigenous rhizobium, interaction by root system between plant species and to the influence of leguminous plant biological nitrogen fixation activity, utilize the nutrient compensating effect that the time difference causes, realize the purpose that broad bean output and biological nitrogen fixation amount improve simultaneously, do not influence simultaneously or improve maize yield.
Realize that technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
A kind of broad bean and corn intercropping method are meant broad bean and corn intercrop, and wherein broad bean was emerged 10～20 days than corn is early.
Broad bean and the row of corn intercrop are than being 2:2 in above-mentioned kind of method for planting.
The line space of broad bean and corn is 28～32cm in above-mentioned kind of method for planting.
The line-spacing of the broad bean described in above-mentioned kind of method for planting is 15～20cm, and spacing in the rows is 15～20cm, and wherein line-spacing equates with spacing in the rows; Wherein every cave is an individual plant.
The line-spacing of the corn described in above-mentioned kind of method for planting is 35～40cm, and spacing in the rows is 25～30cm; Wherein every cave is an individual plant.
Broad bean kind described in above-mentioned kind of method for planting possesses the growing ability of 4～5 branches.
The sowing date of the broad bean described in above-mentioned kind of method for planting was than corn planting early enough 20～30 days; As sow corn sowing in the first tenday period of a month in April mid-March at area, Hexi Corridor, Gansu Province broad bean; Mainly be to utilize the broad bean preference to cool weather and the altithermal plant growth habit of corn preference makes broad bean obtain growth vigor in earlier stage in the season of growth, alleviate competition, guarantee output from corn; And utilize growth middle and later periods corn to the competition of soil nitrogen and the intercropping of the two, improve the nitrogen-fixing efficiency of broad bean.
Using base fertilizer in the above-mentioned kind of method for planting is nitrogenous fertilizer 0～150kg/hm
2The phosphate fertilizer consumption is 45～100kg/hm
2Phosphorus pentoxide.
The present invention mainly suit have a surplus in a season two season deficiency Agro-ecology area implement.
The advantage that the present invention has: (1), the inventive method can realize the purpose that broad bean output and biological nitrogen fixation amount improve simultaneously, the shortcoming of having avoided single crop rotation legume to yield poorly; (2), the inventive method can significantly reduce artificial applied nitrogen amount, saves planting cost, and reduces the nitrogenous fertilizer input too much to the pressure of environment; (3), the present invention makes full use of indigenous rhizobium, avoids the degenerate problem of artificial infection bacterial classification, reduced operating procedures such as inoculation simultaneously, saved the inoculation cost; (4), gained broad bean output height of the present invention.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1 broad bean and corn intercrop and broad bean, corn nonoculture comparative trial
One, test method comprises the steps:
(1) sample plot overview.
Test that (38 ° of 37 ＇ ＇ N, 102 ° of 40 ＇ E) carried out in white clouds village, Yongchang town, Wuwei, Gansu Province in 2004.This village height above sea level 1504m, about frost-free season 150d, annual rainfall 150mm, year evaporation discharge 2021mm, average temperature of the whole year is 7.7 ℃, sunshine duration 3023h, 〉=10 ℃ effective accumulated temperature are 3016 ℃, year solar radiation total amount 140-158kJ/cm
2, behind the harvesting wheat 〉=10 ℃ effective accumulated temperature is 1350 ℃, belong to typical two season deficiency, the natural, ecological district that has a surplus in a season.For examination soil is that calcareous is irritated desert soil, and the topsoil quality is light earth, and topsoil soils contains alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen 88.9mg/Kg, rapid available phosphorus 24.2mg/Kg, available potassium 154.1mg/Kg.
(2) test material.
No. 2, corn variety are No. 2, middle list in order to face silkworm to test used broad bean kind.
(3) experimental scheme and field management
It is 3 nitrogenous fertilizer levels that split plot design again, primary area are adopted in test: for broad bean, 3 nitrogen levels are respectively 0kg/hm
2, 60kg/hm
2And 120kg/hm
2Corn is respectively 0kg/hm
2, 240kg/hm
2, 480kg/hm
2The nitrogenous fertilizer form is a urea; Secondary primary area is 2 phosphorus level: 0kg/hm
2And 40kg/hm
2The phosphate fertilizer form is a superphosphate.The fertilizing amount of intercropping and nonoculture equates; Secondary area is 3 planting patternss: broad bean and corn intercrop and broad bean, corn nonoculture respectively.Each is handled and repeats 3 times.
Intercropping is according to the replacement conceptual design, so the plantation specification of all crop interplantings and nonoculture is consistent.Broad bean/corn intercrop system has 4 assemblage zones, corn 2 row, broad bean 2 row in each assemblage zone; Nonoculture corn 12 row, the line space of nonoculture maize intercropping is 0.4m, and spacing in the rows is 0.2m; Nonoculture broad bean 12 row, the line-spacing of nonoculture and intercropping broad bean is 0.2m, and spacing in the rows is 0.2m.
The phosphate fertilizer of each sub-district all evenly spreads fertilizer over the fields and ploughs under so that base manure is disposable before broadcasting.The whole bases of broad bean nitrogenous fertilizer are executed; Corn base manure, jointing fertilizer and typhon mouth impose and are respectively 30%, 30%, 40%.
Broad bean sowing on March 20, August 1 gathered in the crops; Corn sowing on April 20, October 1 gathered in the crops.Fully pour water during the plant growth, desinsection and weeding.
(4) sample collection and mensuration project
Broad bean every sub-district random sampling 20 strains, species test is carried out in corn 10 strains.Survey when producing, remaining all plant of broad bean species test sampling are gathered in the crops, merge to survey with the species test sample and produce, corn is got 30 strains and is surveyed product as reality.
(5) computational methods as a result
Grain yield:,, obtain the grain yield on the unit are with the grain yield that records land area divided by corresponding sampling according to above-mentioned sampling method.
Biological yield:,, obtain the biological yield on the unit are with the biological yield that records land area divided by corresponding sampling according to above-mentioned sampling method.。
Two, result of the test
The high-biomass of result's (seeing Table 1) broad bean is 21,264kg/hm
2, in broad bean/corn intercrop system, realize.Any executing under the nitrogen level, intercropping broad bean biological yield and grain yield all are significantly higher than the nonoculture broad bean, and the highest amplification is under the N60P40 condition, reaches 80%.The amplification of grain yield is particularly evident.Illustrate that grain yield and biological yield with the broad bean of corn intercrop are significantly higher than the nonoculture broad bean.
The grain yield and the biological yield of corn (seeing Table 2): the grain yield of the corn of intercropping all is higher than the nonoculture maize yield under low nitrogen level, and at nitrogen fertilizer amount under the medium or condition with higher, maize intercropping and nonoculture corn do not have difference on grain yield and biological yield, illustrate do not use or Shaoshi with under the nitrogenous fertilizer situation, main effect has been brought into play in the biological nitrogen fixation of broad bean, and under the high situation of amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer, then be manually to execute the main effect of nitrogen performance.
The grain yield and the biological yield comparative test result of broad bean intercropping and nonoculture under the different nitrogen phosphorus of table 1 level
The grain yield and the biological yield comparative test result of corn intercrop and nonoculture under the different nitrogen phosphorus of table 2 level
Embodiment 2 broad beans and corn intercrop and broad bean, corn nonoculture comparative trial
One, test method
(1) overview experimental field.
Test that (38 ° of 37 ＇ ＇ N, 102 ° of 40 ＇ E) carried out in white clouds village, Yongchang town, Wuwei, Gansu Province in 2006.Every index is with embodiment 1.
(2) test material.
Test used broad bean for facing silkworm No. 5, be on March 18th, 2006 sowing date, and the harvest date is on August 1st, 2006.Corn is No. 16, Shen Dan, and be on April 19th, 2006 sowing date, and the harvest date is on October 4th, 2006.
(3) experimental scheme and field management
Split plot design is adopted in test, and the master is treated to the nitrogen gradient, and vice processing is a planting patterns, 3 repetitions.Nitrogen level is established 3 gradients: 0,75kghm
-2, 150kghm
-2, phosphate fertilizer is 75kghm
-23 kinds of plantation modes: nonoculture broad bean, nonoculture corn and broad bean/corn intercrop.
Two crops are the artificial program request in trench digging back.Intercropping is according to alternate test conceptual design (replacementdesign), so the plantation specification of intercropping and nonoculture crop is consistent.
The intercropping system: adopt strip cropping, 4 assemblage zones of every sub-district kind, a middle assemblage zone are the sampling band during the plant growth, and the meter when another is the crop maturation produces band.Bandwidth 1.20m, every band corn are 2 row, and line-spacing is 0.40m, and spacing in the rows is 0.3m; Every band broad bean is 2 row, and line space is 0.20m, and spacing in the rows is 0.20m; The distance that adjacent corn is capable and broad bean is capable is 0.3m.
The nonoculture corn: 12 row, line-spacing is 0.40m, spacing in the rows is 0.30m.
The nonoculture broad bean: 12 row, line-spacing is 0.20m, spacing in the rows is 0.20m.
Management: build the ridge between above-mentioned primary area, middle irrigation ditch 0.50m is wide, the wide 0.50m in the ridge, both sides, split plot arrangement; The 0.30m of being separated by between secondary area, randomized arrangement.Each sub-district is executed phosphate fertilizer and is and spreads fertilizer over the fields and plough under so that base manure is disposable before broadcasting.Nitrogen application, the whole bases of broad bean are executed, and corn imposes (in conjunction with pouring water) by base manure, jointing fertilizer and typhon mouth and is respectively 50%, 25% and 25%.
(4) sample collection and mensuration project
The sowing of record crop, the situation of growing.(September 1) sampling 1 time between 3 week samplings 1 time, broad bean results, broad bean results and harvest corn, harvest corn sampling after the emergence of corn, be 4 (initial bloom stages of broad bean sampling, full-bloom stage, contain flower-drum grain phase and maturing stage), corn sampling 6 (seedling stage, shooting stage, typhon mouth phases, tasseling stage, pustulation period and maturing stage).About 84 days of two crop symbiosis phases, be corn growth early stage; Gather in the crops harvest corn about 60 days from broad bean, be the corn growth later stage.
Broad bean sample: dig dark taking-up of about 0.50m with spade and put in order 5 strains of strain broad bean, take out, place and divide overground part and underground part on the brown paper to guarantee all root nodules.The overground part sample treatment: first geodetic top morphological indexes (branch and plant height), oven dry claims dry weight, fully mixes after the pulverizing, in order to the conventional determining plant nutrition.Underground part sample treatment: shake off the soil on the root gently, drop on the root nodule on the paper and be with the root of root nodule to put into sealed bag in the lump No. 8, the soil of shaking off is put back to former sampling place, after sample is fetched sample is placed on flowing water flushing in the 100 purposes sieve, pluck visible root nodule, counting, air-dry, weigh.
Corn sample: remove and get corn 10-20 strain seedling stage, gather 5 strains at sampling area by laddering sampling other vegetative period, in order to measure plant height, plant dry matter and Different Nitrogen Concentration.
By the band results, measure biological yield and grain yield and species test proterties when crop is ripe.Guaranteeing that species test is carried out in broad bean 20 strains and corn 10 strains under the condition more than the row 0.5m of limit, seed and crushed stalk are divided in the oven dry back, fully mix, in order to the conventional determining plant nutrition.Survey when producing,, produce as actual the survey with the species test sample with broad bean and corn species test all plant results remaining, more than the 0.50m of limit, sub-district.
The every batch sample of broad bean is all pulverized, and the mixing that sieves is afterwards got and done nitrogen testing sample (use Kjeldahl to measure, method of operating sees that Kong Xiangsheng easily shows peak, plant physiology experiment technology, 2008, Chinese agriculture publishing house) in right amount; Corn sample was pulverized all samples before tasseling stage, and pustulation period and maturing stage get the even sample of 2 strains and pulverize from air-dry sample, sieve, and get and do the nitrogen testing sample in right amount.From the pulverizing sample that broad bean and nonoculture corn mix, respectively get 2g, with micro-powder model machine (MM200, Retsch, Haan, Germany) fully fine powder is broken, as δ
15N mensuration (Shearer G.and Kohl D.H.1986.AustJ Plant Physiology, 13:699-756).In order to reduce experimental error, this test is selected for use with the nonoculture same period corn of broad bean same treatment and is made δ
15The N object of reference.
(5) computational methods as a result
I. grain yield:,, obtain the grain yield on the unit are with the grain yield that records land area divided by corresponding sampling according to above-mentioned sampling method.
Ii. biological yield:,, obtain the biological yield on the unit are with the biological yield that records land area divided by corresponding sampling according to above-mentioned sampling method.
Iii. the facilitation of broad bean/maize root system interaction partners broad bean nodulation and nitrogen fixation refers to that the intercropping broad bean that identical amount of nitrogen is handled represents with respect to the dross parameter of nonoculture broad bean or the rate of change Cis (%) of amount of nitrogen fixation, is calculated as follows:
Iv. nitrogenous fertilizer refers to execute broad bean that nitrogen handles to " checking " effect of broad bean nodulation and nitrogen fixation and represents with respect to the rate of change Ci (%) of the broad bean dross value of not executing nitrogen or amount of nitrogen fixation:
V. broad bean/maize root system interacts and slows down " nitrogen checks " effect, promptly slows down effect, refers to use than high rates of nitrogen intercropping broad bean represent with respect to the dross value of the nonoculture broad bean of low one-level amount of nitrogen or the rate of change Ca (%) of amount of nitrogen fixation, is calculated as follows:
Yif and Ysf represent the dross value or the amount of nitrogen fixation of intercropping and nonoculture broad bean, Y respectively in the formula
NAnd Y
0Expression is executed nitrogen and is not executed the dross value or the amount of nitrogen fixation of nitrogen broad bean respectively, N represents amount of nitrogen, n and n-1 represent the amount of nitrogen height respectively, and ifn and sfn-1 represent dross value or the amount of nitrogen fixation than the nonoculture broad bean of the dross value of high rates of nitrogen intercropping broad bean or amount of nitrogen fixation and low one-level amount of nitrogen.If Ci＜0 represents that this amount of nitrogen can suppress broad bean dross and fixed nitrogen.If Ca〉0, Cis〉0, expression broad bean maize root system interacts and promotes broad bean dross and fixed nitrogen, and has slowed down the inhibitory action of nitrogenous fertilizer to broad bean dross and fixed nitrogen; If Ca＜0, Cis〉0, only represent that the interaction of broad bean maize root system promotes broad bean dross and fixed nitrogen.
Vi. (Land Equivalent Ratio LER) often is used to weigh intercropping advantage (Willey, 1979) to the soil equivalent proportion.LER is defined as obtaining the required nonoculture land area of identical output with intercropping.Its computing formula is as follows:
Yif and Yim represent broad bean and maize yield in the intercropping respectively in the formula; Ysf and Ysm represent broad bean and maize yield in the nonoculture respectively.Work as LER〉1, show that intercropping utilizes more resources to satisfy plant growth than nonoculture; When LER＜1, nonoculture is than intercropping efficent use of resources more.
Two, result of the test
1. the result of broad bean growth, dross and biological nitrogen fixation.
Three parameter root nodule numbers of broad bean dross (seeing Table 3), single knurl are heavy, knurl is heavy, and the intercropping broad bean all is higher than the nonoculture broad bean, and the intercropping that broad bean and corn be described has promoted the growth of the rhizobium of broad bean.
Result's (seeing Table 4) is in the symbiosis phase of broad bean/corn, and in all nitrogen fertilizer applications were handled, the biomass of the broad bean of broad bean/corn intercrop, amount of nitrogen sucking, overground part nitrogen concentration and biological nitrogen fixation amount all were significantly higher than the level of nonoculture.Illustrate that the intercropping of broad bean and corn has significantly improved the output of broad bean.
Along with the increase of fertilizing amount, the broad bean growth that intercropping causes for nitrogenous fertilizer and " nitrogen checks " effect improving of fixed nitrogen are obvious all the more.Under the high rates of nitrogen situation, the intercropping broad bean is high more with respect to the nonoculture recruitment.
The comparing result of the different nitrogen level of table 3 broad bean of following maturing stage dross parameter
Comparing result tables such as the different nitrogen level of table 4 broad bean of following maturing stage biological yield, grain yield
2. the result of corn growth and Nutrient Absorption
Result's (seeing Table 5) is executing under the situation of nitrogen, and the biological yield, grain yield, amount of nitrogen sucking, nitrogen concentration etc. of corn all showed as maize intercropping and be significantly higher than the nonoculture corn harvest time.Under the well-off condition of nitrogenous fertilizer, maize intercropping is higher than the nonoculture corn and reaches 42%.Illustrate that broad bean and corn intercrop make nitrogenous fertilizer to corn growth significant promotion effectiveness be arranged.
Corn biological yield, amount of nitrogen sucking, nitrogen concentration and grain yield comparing result under the different nitrogen levels of table 5
3. the output comparative result of broad bean/corn intercrop
The soil equivalent proportion (LER) that result's (seeing Table 6) calculates with biological yield and grain yield is all greater than 1, and biological yield LER is 1.07-1.31, and grain yield LER is 1.15-1.44.But the intercropping advantage with grain yield is more obvious.Broad bean/corn intercrop has improved the grain yield of crop significantly, and broad bean and corn dividing you can well imagine high 60% and 16%, and broad bean and the grain yield height of corn intercrop than the nonoculture of broad bean or corn are described.
Broad bean and corn are at grain yield and soil equivalent proportion comparing result thereof under table 6 intercropping, the nonoculture condition
Claims (7)
1, a kind of broad bean and corn intercropping method is characterized in that described intercropping is meant broad bean and corn intercrop, wherein broad bean than corn early emerged 10～20 days or broad bean than corn planting early enough 20～30 days.
2,, it is characterized in that the described broad bean and the row ratio of corn intercrop are 2:2 according to described kind of method for planting of claim 1.
3, according to claim 1 or 2 described kinds of method for planting, the line space that it is characterized in that described broad bean and corn is 28～32cm.
4, according to described kind of method for planting of claim 3, the line-spacing that it is characterized in that described broad bean is 15～20cm, and spacing in the rows is 15～20cm, and wherein line-spacing equates with spacing in the rows; And every cave is an individual plant.
5, according to described kind of method for planting of claim 4, the line-spacing that it is characterized in that described corn is 35～40cm, and spacing in the rows is 25～30cm; And every cave is an individual plant.
6,, it is characterized in that described broad bean kind possesses 4～5 branches according to described kind of method for planting of claim 5.
7, according to described kind of method for planting of claim 6, it is characterized in that using base fertilizer is nitrogenous fertilizer 0～150kg/hm
2The phosphate fertilizer consumption is 45～100kg/hm
2Phosphorus pentoxide.
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| CN104380941A (en) * | 2014-09-20 | 2015-03-04 | 卢仁华 | Vine plant and tall plant inter-planting method |
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| CN108901733A (en) * | 2018-07-16 | 2018-11-30 | 四川省农业科学院作物研究所 | A kind of semen viciae fabae set corn high-yield cultivation method |
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