CN101431653B - Method, system and apparatus for creating and demanding channel - Google Patents
Method, system and apparatus for creating and demanding channel Download PDFInfo
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- CN101431653B CN101431653B CN2008101845029A CN200810184502A CN101431653B CN 101431653 B CN101431653 B CN 101431653B CN 2008101845029 A CN2008101845029 A CN 2008101845029A CN 200810184502 A CN200810184502 A CN 200810184502A CN 101431653 B CN101431653 B CN 101431653B
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Abstract
The invention relates to a network communication technique, in particular to a method, a system and a device for creating and demanding channel. The technique solves problems that a terminal can not select adding unicast channel or multicast in IPTV system in the prior art, accordingly, the channel operation flexible is reduced. A method of an embodiment of the channel on demand includes: a streaming media server receives a channel on demand parameter come from a terminal; the streaming media server sends unicast session description agreement SDP description signal when the channel on demand parameter is an unicast channel parameter for indicating the terminal processing unicast process. When the channel on demand parameter is the multicast channel parameter, the terminal is sent with the multicast SDP description signal including multicast router address. The method using the channel on demand provided by the embodiment can increase flexibility of the channel business and user's experience, and is help for popularizing IPTV business.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the network communications technology, the method, system and device of particularly a kind of establishment and demanding channel.
Background technology
IPTV (Internet Protocol Television, network protocol television) is meant the television broadcasting service based on the IP agreement.This business provides broadband business such as digital broadcast television, Video service, information service, interactive community, interactive amusement and recreation, ecommerce by broadband network to the user.The main feature of IPTV is interactivity and real-time.
Channel is one of modal business in the IPTV system.The characteristics of channel are that its live code stream can broadcast.That is to say and create a channel, can utilize the resource of streaming media server, it is created a unicast channel, also can be incorporated into multicast router to live code stream,, thereby realize creating multicast channel by multicast router live broadcasting code stream.
At present, there are two content delivering system: ISMA (Internet Streaming MediaAlliance, internet stream media agreement alliance) content delivering system and TS (transport stream) content delivering system in the IPTV system.
In the TS content delivering system, terminal is obtained the multicast address of multicast channel from EPG (Electronic Program Guide, Electronic Program Guide), adds multicast group according to multicast address, thereby obtains live code stream;
In the ISMA content delivering system, terminal is utilized RTSP (Real-Time Streaming Protocol transmits stream media protocol in real time) signaling, from stream media system, obtain SDP (the SessionDescriptor Protocol of channel, Session Description Protocol), and then judge that by resolving keyword among the SDP what obtain is the attribute of unicast channel or the attribute of multicast channel, thereby add corresponding channel.
But in above-mentioned two kinds of content delivering systems, terminal all can not be selected to add unicast channel or multicast channel, thereby has reduced the flexibility of channel service at present.
Summary of the invention
The embodiment of the invention provides a kind of and creates and the method, system and device of demanding channel, in order to solve exist in the prior art in the IPTV system, terminal can not select to add unicast channel or multicast channel, thus the problem of the flexibility of reduction channel service.
A kind of method of creating channel that the embodiment of the invention provides comprises:
Streaming media server adds the channel information of described channel identication correspondence after receiving the establishment channel message that comprises channel identication and multicast router address, and the unicast session of the described channel of generation is described agreement SDP descriptor after adding successfully;
Described streaming media server generates the multicast SDP descriptor that comprises described multicast router address after generating clean culture SDP descriptor, and according to described multicast router address, and the live medium code stream of described channel is sent to multicast router.
The method of a kind of channel order that the embodiment of the invention provides comprises:
Streaming media server receives the channel on demand parameter come of self terminal;
When described streaming media server is the unicast channel parameter in described channel on demand parameter come, sends unicast session to described terminal and describe agreement SDP descriptor, be used to indicate described terminal to carry out clean culture and handle;
When described streaming media server is the multicast channel parameter in described channel on demand parameter come, send the multicast SDP descriptor that comprises the multicast router address, be used to indicate described terminal to carry out multicast and handle to described terminal.
The embodiment of the invention provides, and a kind of streaming media server that is used to create channel comprises:
Control module, be used for after receiving the establishment channel message that comprises channel identication and multicast router address, send first notification message, after receiving interpolation success response message, the unicast session that generates described channel is described agreement SDP descriptor, and send second notification message, receive response message is set successfully after, generate the multicast SDP descriptor that comprises described multicast router address;
Distribution of media module MDU, be used for after receiving described first notification message, add the channel information of described channel identication correspondence, and after adding successfully, return and add success response message, after receiving described second notification message, return response message is set successfully, according to described multicast router address, the live medium code stream of described channel is sent to multicast router.
The embodiment of the invention provides, and a kind of streaming media server that is used to carry out channel order comprises:
Receiver module is used to receive the channel on demand parameter come of self terminal;
Processing module, be used for when described channel on demand parameter come is the unicast channel parameter, send unicast session to described terminal and describe agreement SDP descriptor, being used to indicate described terminal to carry out clean culture handles, when described channel on demand parameter come is the multicast channel parameter, send the multicast SDP descriptor that comprises multicast address to described terminal, be used to indicate described terminal to carry out multicast and handle.
The embodiment of the invention provides, and a kind of system that is used to carry out channel order comprises:
Terminal is used to send channel on demand parameter come, after receiving that unicast session is described agreement SDP descriptor, carries out clean culture and handles, and behind the multicast SDP descriptor of receiving from streaming media server, carries out multicast and handles;
Streaming media server, be used to receive described channel on demand parameter come, when described channel on demand parameter come is the unicast channel parameter, send clean culture SDP descriptor to described terminal, when described channel on demand parameter come is the multicast channel parameter, send the multicast SDP descriptor that comprises the multicast router address to described terminal.
Embodiment of the invention streaming media server receives the channel on demand parameter come of self terminal; When described streaming media server is the unicast channel parameter in described channel on demand parameter come, sends unicast session to described terminal and describe agreement SDP descriptor, be used to indicate described terminal to carry out clean culture and handle; When described streaming media server is the multicast channel parameter in described channel on demand parameter come, send the multicast SDP descriptor that comprises the multicast router address, be used to indicate described terminal to carry out multicast and handle to described terminal.Because terminal can freely be selected to add unicast channel or multicast channel as required, thereby has improved the flexibility and the user experience of channel service, and help to popularize the IPTV business.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is used to create the structural representation of the streaming media server of channel for the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 2 creates the method flow schematic diagram of channel for the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 3 is the system configuration schematic diagram of embodiment of the invention channel order;
Fig. 4 is used for the structural representation of the streaming media server of channel order for the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 5 is used for the method flow schematic diagram of channel order for the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 6 receives the method flow schematic diagram of clean culture code stream for the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 7 is the method flow schematic diagram of embodiment of the invention receiving group code stream.
Embodiment
Embodiment of the invention streaming media server is created the channel that can carry out clean culture and multicast, determine that according to the channel on demand parameter come of the terminal of receiving terminal wants to add clean culture or multicast, and indicating terminal carries out respective handling, because terminal can freely be selected to add unicast channel or multicast channel as required, thereby the flexibility and the user experience of channel service have been improved.
The embodiment of the invention can be selected clean culture in the TS content delivering system; In the ISMA content delivering system, select clean culture or multicast.In the TS content delivering system, select multicast mode same as the prior art.Above all select clean culture or multicast mode, can in the channel that the embodiment of the invention is created, carry out program request.
As shown in Figure 1, the embodiment of the invention streaming media server that is used to create channel comprises: control module 200 and MDU (distribution of media module) 210.
Wherein, control module 200 can further include: first notification module 2000, second notification module 2010 and generation module 2020.
MDU 210, are used for behind first notification message of receiving from control module 200, add the channel information of channel identication correspondence, after receiving second notification message, according to the multicast router address, the live medium code stream of channel sent to multicast router.
Concrete, the mode that MDU 210 adds the channel information of channel identication correspondences includes but not limited to a kind of in the following manner:
The channel information of record channel identication correspondence; Creating the channel of channel identication correspondence transmits.
After MDU 210 adds the channel information of channel identication correspondences, receive live medium code stream from the live code stream source of the channel of channel identication correspondence, this channel is just created successfully like this, and has possessed the ability that the clean culture direct broadcast service is provided; After MDU 210 sent to multicast router with the live medium code stream of channel, this channel had possessed the ability that the multicast direct broadcast service is provided, thereby finishes the foundation of a channel.
Wherein, MDU 210 can further include: add module 2100 and sending module 2110.
Add module 2100, be used for behind first notification message of receiving from control module 200 that comprises channel identication, adding the channel information of this channel identication correspondence, and return interpolation success response message to control module 200.
Sending module 2110, be used for behind second notification message of receiving from control module 200 that comprises the multicast router address, the multicast router address of updated stored, return to control module 200 response message is set successfully, according to the multicast router address, the live medium code stream of channel is issued multicast router.
The live medium code stream of the channel that sending module 2110 sends to multicast router is that the live code stream source from the channel of channel identication correspondence receives.
As shown in Figure 2, the method for embodiment of the invention establishment channel comprises the following steps:
Step 300, streaming media server add the channel information of channel identication correspondence after receiving the establishment channel message that comprises channel identication and multicast router address, and generate the clean culture SDP descriptor of channel.
Step 301, streaming media server generate the multicast SDP descriptor that comprises the multicast router address, and according to the multicast router address, and the live medium code stream of channel is sent to multicast router.
Comprise control module and MUD in the streaming media server, then step 300 can further include:
Step a300, control module send first notification message that comprises channel identication to MDU after receiving the establishment channel message that comprises channel identication and multicast router address.
Step b300, MUD add the channel information of channel identication correspondence after receiving first notification message, and return interpolation success response message to control module.
Step c300, control module generate the clean culture SDP descriptor of channel after receiving interpolation success response message.
Because after MDU adds the channel information of channel identication correspondence, just can receive live medium code stream from the live code stream source of the channel of channel identication correspondence, this channel is just created successfully like this, and has possessed the ability that the clean culture direct broadcast service is provided.
Then step 301 can further include:
Step a301, control module send second notification message that comprises the multicast router address to MDU.
The multicast router address of step b301, MUD updated stored is returned to control module response message is set successfully, and according to the multicast router address, the live medium code stream of channel issued multicast router.
Step c301, control module receive response message is set successfully after, generate the multicast SDP descriptor that comprises the multicast router address.
After MDU sent to multicast router with the live medium code stream of channel, this channel had possessed the ability that the multicast direct broadcast service is provided, thereby finishes the foundation of a channel.
Wherein, in step b300, the mode that MDU adds the channel information of channel identication correspondence includes but not limited to a kind of in the following manner:
The channel information of record channel identication correspondence; Creating the channel of channel identication correspondence transmits.
As shown in Figure 3, the system of embodiment of the invention channel order comprises: terminal 10 and streaming media server 20.
Wherein, terminal 10 also was used for before streaming media server 20 sends channel on demand parameter come:
Check the channel attribute, determine unicast channel parameter and multicast channel parameter.
Need to prove that unicast channel parameter and multicast channel parameter also can be set in advance, do not need to check the channel attribute like this when terminal 10 is produced.
In specific implementation process, terminal 10 determines it is to send also unicast channel parameter of unicast channel parameter according to user's needs.
The terminal 10 of the embodiment of the invention includes but not limited to a kind of in the following terminal:
STB (Set Top Box, set-top box); Computer; Multimedia receiver etc.
Streaming media server 20, be used to receive the channel on demand parameter come of self terminal 10, when channel on demand parameter come is the unicast channel parameter, send clean culture SDP descriptor to terminal 10, when channel on demand parameter come is the multicast channel parameter, send the multicast SDP descriptor that comprises the multicast router address to terminal 10.
Wherein, streaming media server 20 after terminal 10 sends clean culture SDP descriptors, set up the message of media link in the application of receiving self terminal 10 after, be that terminal 10 is distributed corresponding resources, and return to terminal 10 and to set up response message;
After the message of the live medium code stream of the application of receiving self terminal 10, the live media code of the channel of channel identication correspondence is flowed to terminal 10 send.
As shown in Figure 4, the embodiment of the invention streaming media server that is used for channel order comprises: receiver module 220 and processing module 230.
Wherein, after terminal sent clean culture SDP descriptor, terminal need connect with streaming media server in processing module 230, and then the embodiment of the invention streaming media server that is used for channel order can further include: notification module 240 and MDU 250.
In specific implementation process, MDU 250 joins the terminal corresponding address during channel transmits, and MDU 250 each terminal in channel is transmitted sends the live medium code stream of clean culture like this.
Need to prove that streaming media server among Fig. 4 and the streaming media server among Fig. 1 can be same streaming media servers, also can be different streaming media servers.
If same streaming media server, then MDU 210 and MDU 250 are same MUD.
As shown in Figure 5, the embodiment of the invention method that is used for channel order comprises the following steps:
Step 500, streaming media server receive the channel on demand parameter come of self terminal.
When step 501, streaming media server are the unicast channel parameter in channel on demand parameter come, send clean culture SDP descriptor to terminal, be used for indicating terminal and carry out the clean culture processing, when channel on demand parameter come is the multicast channel parameter, send the multicast SDP descriptor that comprises the multicast router address to terminal, be used for indicating terminal and carry out the multicast processing.
Wherein, before step 500, can further include:
Terminal is checked the channel attribute, determines unicast channel parameter and multicast channel parameter.
Need to prove,, then do not need to check the channel attribute when terminal 10 is produced if unicast channel parameter and multicast channel parameter are set in advance.
Wherein, in the step 501, streaming media server can further include after sending clean culture SDP descriptor:
Step 502, set up the message of media link in the application of receiving self terminal after, be the corresponding resource of this terminal distribution;
Step 503, after the message of the live medium code stream of the application of receiving self terminal, the live media code of channel is flowed to this terminal sends.
Can be undertaken alternately by the message in the RTSP signaling between terminal and the streaming media server in the embodiment of the invention, can certainly adopt other signalings to carry out alternately, below with the RTSP signaling, terminal is that example describes with STB.
Comprise the following steps: for the method that the embodiment of the invention receives the clean culture code stream as Fig. 6
Wherein, the method for Fig. 6 is applicable to the clean culture process of TS content delivering system and ISMA content delivering system.
Step 600, STB by Describe (description) the information query channel attribute of RTSP signaling, determine the unicast channel parameter when determining to carry out clean culture, the co-current flow media server sends the unicast channel parameter.
Step 601, streaming media server determine that STB need carry out clean culture after receiving the unicast channel parameter, return the Describe response message that comprises clean culture SDP descriptor to STB.
Step 602, STB by Setup (setting) message of RTSP signaling, set up the media resource link to the streaming media server application after receiving the Describe response message that comprises clean culture SDP descriptor.
Step 603, streaming media server for STB distributes corresponding resource, and return the Setup response message to STB after receiving Setup message.
In specific implementation process, streaming media server distributes corresponding resource on the MDU of self.
Step 604, STB are after receiving the Setup response message, by Play (broadcast) message of RTSP signaling, to streaming media resource server application medium code stream.
Step 605, streaming media resource server return the Play response message to STB after receiving Play message.
Step 606, streaming media server flow to the STB transmission with the live media code of channel.
In specific implementation process, the MDU of streaming media server control self allows MDU that the live medium code stream of channel is sent to STB.
Need to prove that the MDU in the embodiment of the invention also can break away from streaming media server, but must guarantee that streaming media server can carry out alternately with MDU, and control MDU.
As shown in Figure 7, the method for embodiment of the invention receiving group code stream comprises the following steps:
Wherein, the method for Fig. 6 is applicable to the clean culture process of TS content delivering system.
Step 700, STB by the Describe information query channel attribute of RTSP signaling, determine the multicast channel parameter when determining to carry out clean culture, the co-current flow media server sends the multicast channel parameter.
Step 701, streaming media server determine that STB need carry out multicast after receiving the multicast channel parameter, return the Describe response message that comprises multicast SDP descriptor to STB.
Step 702, STB extract the multicast router address from multicast SDP descriptor, according to the multicast router address, send the request of IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol, IGMP) Join (adding) bag to multicast router and add multicast.
Step 703, multicast router send Multicast Streaming (live medium code stream) to STB.
Step 704, STB send IGMP Leave (permission) bag to multicast router.
Obviously, those skilled in the art should be understood that, above-mentioned each module of the present invention or each step can realize with the general calculation device, they can concentrate on the single calculation element, perhaps be distributed on the network that a plurality of calculation element forms, alternatively, they can be realized with the executable program code of calculation element, thereby, they can be stored in the storage device and carry out by calculation element, perhaps they are made into each integrated circuit modules respectively, perhaps a plurality of modules in them or step are made into the single integrated circuit module and realize.Like this, the present invention is not restricted to any specific hardware and software combination.Should be understood that the variation in these concrete enforcements is conspicuous for a person skilled in the art, do not break away from spiritual protection range of the present invention.
From the foregoing description as can be seen: embodiment of the invention streaming media server receives the channel on demand parameter come of self terminal; When described streaming media server is the unicast channel parameter in described channel on demand parameter come, sends unicast session to described terminal and describe agreement SDP descriptor, be used to indicate described terminal to carry out clean culture and handle; When described streaming media server is the multicast channel parameter in described channel on demand parameter come, send the multicast SDP descriptor that comprises the multicast router address, be used to indicate described terminal to carry out multicast and handle to described terminal.Because terminal can freely be selected to add unicast channel or multicast channel as required, thereby has improved the flexibility and the user experience of channel service, and help to popularize the IPTV business.
Obviously, those skilled in the art can carry out various changes and modification to the present invention and not break away from the spirit and scope of the present invention.Like this, if of the present invention these are revised and modification belongs within the scope of claim of the present invention and equivalent technologies thereof, then the present invention also is intended to comprise these changes and modification interior.
Claims (12)
1. a method of creating channel is characterized in that, this method comprises:
Streaming media server adds the channel information of described channel identication correspondence after receiving the establishment channel message that comprises channel identication and multicast router address, and the unicast session of the described channel of generation is described agreement SDP descriptor after adding successfully;
Described streaming media server generates the multicast SDP descriptor that comprises described multicast router address after generating clean culture SDP descriptor, and according to described multicast router address, and the live medium code stream of described channel is sent to multicast router.
2. the channel that claim 1 is set up carries out the method for channel order, it is characterized in that this method comprises:
Streaming media server receives the channel on demand parameter come of self terminal;
When described streaming media server is the unicast channel parameter in described channel on demand parameter come, sends unicast session to described terminal and describe agreement SDP descriptor, be used to indicate described terminal to carry out clean culture and handle;
When described streaming media server is the multicast channel parameter in described channel on demand parameter come, send the multicast SDP descriptor that comprises the multicast router address, be used to indicate described terminal to carry out multicast and handle to described terminal.
3. method as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, described streaming media server receives the channel on demand parameter come of self terminal also to comprise before:
Described terminal is checked the channel attribute, determines unicast channel parameter and multicast channel parameter.
4. method as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, described streaming media server also comprises after sending clean culture SDP descriptor:
Described streaming media server receive set up the message of media link from the application of described terminal after, be the corresponding resource of described terminal distribution;
Described streaming media server flows to described terminal with the live media code of channel and sends after the message of receiving from the live medium code stream of the application of described terminal.
5. a streaming media server that is used to create channel is characterized in that, described streaming media server comprises:
Control module, be used for after receiving the establishment channel message that comprises channel identication and multicast router address, send first notification message, after receiving interpolation success response message, the unicast session that generates described channel is described agreement SDP descriptor, and send second notification message, receive response message is set successfully after, generate the multicast SDP descriptor that comprises described multicast router address;
Distribution of media module MDU, be used for after receiving described first notification message, add the channel information of described channel identication correspondence, and after adding successfully, return and add success response message, after receiving described second notification message, return response message is set successfully, according to described multicast router address, the live medium code stream of described channel is sent to multicast router.
6. streaming media server as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that, described control module comprises:
First notification module is used for after receiving the establishment channel message that comprises channel identication and multicast router address, sends first notification message that comprises described channel identication to MDU;
Second notification module is used for after the interpolation success response of receiving from described MDU, sends second notification message that comprises described multicast router address to described MDU;
Generation module, be used for after described second notification module is received interpolation success response message, generate the clean culture SDP descriptor of described channel, receive from described MDU response message is set successfully after, generate the multicast SDP descriptor comprise described multicast router address;
Described MDU comprises:
Add module, be used for after receiving described first notification message, adding the channel information of described channel identication correspondence, and return described interpolation success response message;
Sending module is used for returning after receiving described second notification message response message is set successfully, according to described multicast router address, the live medium code stream of described channel is issued multicast router.
7. streaming media server that is used for the channel that claim 1 is set up is carried out channel order is characterized in that this streaming media server comprises:
Receiver module is used to receive the channel on demand parameter come of self terminal;
Processing module, be used for when described channel on demand parameter come is the unicast channel parameter, send unicast session to described terminal and describe agreement SDP descriptor, being used to indicate described terminal to carry out clean culture handles, when described channel on demand parameter come is the multicast channel parameter, send the multicast SDP descriptor that comprises multicast address to described terminal, be used to indicate described terminal to carry out multicast and handle.
8. streaming media server as claimed in claim 7 is characterized in that, described streaming media server also comprises:
Notification module, be used for receive set up the message of media link from the application of described terminal after, notice distribution of media module MDU distributes corresponding resource, and after the message of receiving from the live medium code stream of the application of described terminal, notice MDU sends the live medium code stream of channel;
MDU is used for being the corresponding resource of described terminal distribution after receiving the notice of distributing corresponding resource, after the notice of receiving the clean culture code stream that sends channel, the live media code of channel is flowed to described terminal send.
9. system that is used for the channel that claim 1 is set up is carried out channel order is characterized in that this system comprises:
Terminal is used to send channel on demand parameter come, after receiving that unicast session is described agreement SDP descriptor, carries out clean culture and handles, and behind the multicast SDP descriptor of receiving from streaming media server, carries out multicast and handles:
Streaming media server, be used to receive described channel on demand parameter come, when described channel on demand parameter come is the unicast channel parameter, send clean culture SDP descriptor to described terminal, when described channel on demand parameter come is the multicast channel parameter, send the multicast SDP descriptor that comprises the multicast router address to described terminal.
10. system as claimed in claim 9 is characterized in that, described terminal also is used for:
Before streaming media server sends channel on demand parameter come, check the channel attribute, determine unicast channel parameter and multicast channel parameter.
11. system as claimed in claim 9 is characterized in that, described terminal is used for:
Behind the clean culture SDP descriptor of receiving from streaming media server, send the message that media link is set up in application to described streaming media server, receive described streaming media server set up response message after, send the message of applying for live medium code stream to described streaming media server, receive live medium code stream;
Described streaming media server is used for:
After receiving that the message of media link is set up in described application, be the corresponding resource of described terminal distribution, and return and set up response message;
After the message of receiving the live medium code stream of described application, the live media code of channel is flowed to described terminal send.
12. system as claimed in claim 9 is characterized in that, described terminal is used for:
Behind the multicast SDP descriptor of receiving from streaming media server, the multicast router corresponding with described multicast router address connects, and receives the live medium code stream from described multicast router.
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| CN2008101845029A CN101431653B (en) | 2008-12-03 | 2008-12-03 | Method, system and apparatus for creating and demanding channel |
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| CN2008101845029A CN101431653B (en) | 2008-12-03 | 2008-12-03 | Method, system and apparatus for creating and demanding channel |
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| WO2011000151A1 (en) * | 2009-06-30 | 2011-01-06 | 华为技术有限公司 | Method and the corresponding apparatus for realizing internet protocol television channel services |
| CN101895406B (en) * | 2010-06-23 | 2014-12-10 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | Method and system for providing direct broadcast service of mobile streaming media |
| CN101902297B (en) * | 2010-06-28 | 2014-07-16 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | Method and system for realizing forward error correction function in interactive internet protocol television system |
| CN101969434B (en) * | 2010-09-30 | 2014-04-09 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | Method and system for creating channel |
| CN102098586A (en) * | 2010-11-25 | 2011-06-15 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | FEC (Forward Error Correction)-based IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) transmission quality control method and IPTV terminal |
| CN105657534A (en) * | 2016-01-07 | 2016-06-08 | 烽火通信科技股份有限公司 | Android based internet protocol television play switch system and method |
| CN110891183B (en) * | 2018-09-11 | 2022-11-01 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | Channel sharing method, device and computer readable storage medium |
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