CN101308057A - Vibration damping test device possessing dry damping structure vane - Google Patents
Vibration damping test device possessing dry damping structure vane Download PDFInfo
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- CN101308057A CN101308057A CNA200810114665XA CN200810114665A CN101308057A CN 101308057 A CN101308057 A CN 101308057A CN A200810114665X A CNA200810114665X A CN A200810114665XA CN 200810114665 A CN200810114665 A CN 200810114665A CN 101308057 A CN101308057 A CN 101308057A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a vibration reduction testing apparatus with a dry friction damping structure blade, the vibration reduction testing apparatus is composed of a positive pressure loading component, a fixture component and a base seat, the fixture component is mounted on a bottom plate of the base seat, the positive pressure loading component is arranged on a left supporting plate and a right supporting plate of the base seat, and a shroud of a blade with a dry friction damping structure is in contact with a friction block A and a friction block B on the positive pressure loading component. After loading the initial positive pressure and the exciting load, the vibration reduction testing apparatus of the invention can test vibration characteristics of different exciting forces, different initial positive pressures, different contact angles of a test piece (namely, the blade with the dry friction damping structure) and different installation positions of the test piece, and can utilize the test results to analyze the influence law of important parameters such as contact surface positive pressures of the test piece, contact angles of the test piece and installation positions of the test piece on the vibration reduction effect of the dry friction damping structure.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of vibration testing device, more particularly say, be meant a kind of damping test device that is applicable to the band dry damping structure vane.
Background technology
The dry-friction damping technology is a very effective oscillation damping method between a kind of blade, facts have proved, adopting the damping node to increase structural damping is a kind of very economical effective method, and it not only can weaken the vibration stress of blade, can also increase the gas bullet stability of blade system.In aeromotor, blade bears because the ability of resonance or the vibration stress that causes of flutter, almost completely depends on the effect of interface dry-friction damping.Show that according to data the damping in unitized construction has 90% node that derives from it, and the damping characteristic of node derives from the dry friction between node.Because dry-friction damping is insensitive, simple in structure to temperature variation, effectiveness in vibration suppression obviously makes it be able to widespread use in aeromotor, has been applied to listrium, convex shoulder and the integral shroud of turbine engine.
Though these dry damping structures simple in structure are very effective for suppressing the blade vibration stress amplitude.But, thereby make and when dry damping structure is carried out engineering design, run into very hang-up because dry friction is significantly non-linear and the uncertainty of damping structure contact performance and motor behavior.External design experiences shows, the existence of dry damping structure can cause that generally the single order corner frequency increases 6%, because the drift of the resonant frequency that the damping structure effect of contraction causes is to need the problem that solves in design and the analysis.
Researchist and scholar have carried out a large amount of research to dry damping device both at home and abroad, set up various contact models and simulated contact movement between the adjacent integral shroud surface of contact, and developed the blade system nonlinear response computing method of corresponding band dry damping device.But, because the strong nonlinearity of contact problems, when setting up the contact movement model, must all adopt certain hypothesis and simplification, make theoretical at present and the vibratory response of the very difficult accurately pre-measuring tape dry damping device blade of numerical method and the effectiveness in vibration suppression of damper, need carry out verification experimental verification.The objective of the invention is to design a kind of device that can accurately apply the test of the initial normal pressure non-rotating state of surface of contact shrouded blade damping behavior.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of damping test device with dry damping structure vane, this damping test device is to be made of normal pressure charging assembly 1, clamp assembly 4 and pedestal 3, clamp assembly 4 is installed on the base plate 35 of pedestal 3, normal pressure charging assembly 1 is installed on the left and right support plate of pedestal 3, and the integral shroud of band dry damping structure vane contacts with A, the B friction block on the normal pressure charging assembly 1.Damping test device of the present invention can be tested the vibration characteristics of different exciting forces, different initial normal pressure, different tests part (promptly with dry damping structure vane) contact angle and different tests part installation site after loading initial normal pressure, loading exciting load, and utilizes the influence rule of important parameters such as test result analysis testpieces contact surface positive pressure, testpieces contact angle and testpieces installation site to the dry damping structure effectiveness in vibration suppression.
The advantage of the damping test device of the present invention's design is: (1) can only just simulate putting in order the duty of astragal dry damping structure vane in the real engine course of work with individual blade; (2) adopt the screw rod push rod to compress stage clip and obtain to load initial normal pressure, solved a difficult problem that the integral shroud surface of contact is difficult to accurately apply initial normal pressure; (3) this device can be realized the loading of the initial normal pressure of different range by changing the stage clip of different elasticity coefficient; (4), be applicable to damping test research to the band dry damping structure vane of different contact angles by design of curved slots on pedestal and loading disc; (5) a plurality of pilot holes of design on the back up pad are applicable to the damping test research to the damping structure of the blade of differing heights and diverse location.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the one-piece construction figure of the damping test device of band dry damping structure vane of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is base construction figure of the present invention.
Fig. 2 A is a L shaped left supported plate structural drawing of the present invention.
Fig. 2 B is a L shaped right supported plate structural drawing of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the assembling diagrammatic sketch of band dry damping structure vane and A, B friction block.
Fig. 4 is a normal pressure charging assembly structural drawing of the present invention.
Fig. 4 A is the assembling diagrammatic sketch of A end loader of the present invention and B end loader.
Fig. 4 B is U-shaped A slide block structure figure of the present invention.
Fig. 4 C is an A web member cut-away view of the present invention.
Fig. 4 D is a C web member cut-away view of the present invention.
Fig. 4 E is U-shaped B slide block structure figure of the present invention.
Fig. 4 F is a B web member cut-away view of the present invention.
Fig. 4 G is a D web member cut-away view of the present invention.
Fig. 4 H is L shaped A slideway structure figure of the present invention.
Fig. 4 I is L shaped B slideway structure figure of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a clamp assembly structural drawing of the present invention.
Among the figure: 1. normal pressure charging assembly 11.L shape A slideway 11a.A briquetting
11b.B briquetting 111.A face 112.B face 113.A slideway base 114.A block
115.B block 116.C threaded hole 117.A threaded hole 118.D mounting hole 119.D threaded hole
12.L shape B slideway 12a.C briquetting 12b.D briquetting 121.A face 122.B face
123.B slideway base 124.C block 125.D block 126.E threaded hole 127.B threaded hole
128.E mounting hole 129.F threaded hole 13.A end loader 131.A threaded mandrel 132.A web member
133.A stage clip 134.C web member 135.U shape A slide block 1321.A groove 1322.B groove
1341.C groove 1342. screw boss 135a.A face 135b.B face 1351.G threaded holes
1352.U shape groove 1353.H threaded hole 14.B end loader 141.B threaded mandrel 142.B web member
143.B stage clip 144.D web member 145.U shape B slide block 1421.D groove 1422.E groove
1441.F groove 1442. screw boss 145a.A face 145b.B face 1451.I threaded holes
1452.U shape groove 1453.J threaded hole 15. loading disc 151a.A deep-slotted chip breaker 151b.B deep-slotted chip breakers
151c.C deep-slotted chip breaker 151d.D deep-slotted chip breaker 152. square holes 2. band dry damping structure vanes
21. shrouded turbines blade 211. integral shrouds 212. tenon 214.B surface of contact
215.A surface of contact 22. turbine disks 221. tongue-and-groove 23.A friction block 24.B friction blocks
3. pedestal 31. left back up pad 311.A pilot hole 312.B face 32. right back up pads
321.B pilot hole 322.B face 33.L shape left supported plate 331.A recess 332.B panel
333.A through hole 334.A panel 335.A circular arc elongated slot 34.L shape right supported plate 341.B recess
342.B panel 343.B through hole 344.A panel 345.B circular arc elongated slot 35. base plates
351.E deep-slotted chip breaker 352a.A mounting hole 352b.B mounting hole 4. clamp assemblies 41. disks
42.A riser 421.A apical pore 43.B riser 431.B apical pore 44.C mounting hole
Embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.
A kind of test unit with dry damping structure vane of the present invention is to be made of normal pressure charging assembly 1, clamp assembly 4 and pedestal 3,
Referring to shown in Figure 2, pedestal 3 includes pedestal, L shaped left supported plate 33, L shaped right supported plate 34; The pedestal part that is formed in one has left back up pad 31, right back up pad 32 on the base plate 35 of pedestal;
Left side back up pad 31 is provided with a plurality of A pilot holes 311, and A pilot hole 311 is used for by making screw and cooperating of nut L shaped left supported plate 33 be installed in the B face 312 of left back up pad 31, and L shaped left supported plate 33 and L shaped right supported plate 34 are staggered relatively;
Right back up pad 32 is provided with a plurality of B pilot holes 321, and B pilot hole 321 is used for by making screw and cooperating of nut L shaped right supported plate 34 be installed in the B face 322 of right back up pad 32, and L shaped right supported plate 34 and L shaped left supported plate 33 are staggered relatively; In the present invention, A pilot hole 311 is maintained at the same horizontal plane with the height of B pilot hole 321, by the L shaped left supported plate 33 of the fit adjustment of screw and nut, L shaped right supported plate 34 installation site on left back up pad 31, right back up pad 32 respectively, thereby determine the placement height of loading disc 15.
Shown in Fig. 2 A, on the B panel 332 of L shaped left supported plate 33 A recess 331 is arranged, A through hole 333 is arranged on the A recess 331; A circular arc elongated slot 335 is arranged on the A panel 334 of L shaped left supported plate 33, and A circular arc elongated slot 335 is when assembling, and screw can move up and down within it; The A panel 334 of L shaped left supported plate 33 is installed on the B face 312 of left back up pad 31.A recess 331 is used to place loading disc 15.
Shown in Fig. 2 B, on the B panel 342 of L shaped right supported plate 34 B recess 341 is arranged, B through hole 343 is arranged on the B recess 341; B circular arc elongated slot 345 is arranged on the A panel 344 of L shaped right supported plate 34, and B circular arc elongated slot 345 is when assembling, and screw can move up and down within it; The A panel 344 of L shaped right supported plate 34 is installed on the B face 322 of right back up pad 32.B recess 341 is used to place loading disc 15.
Referring to shown in Figure 4, normal pressure charging assembly 1 includes L shaped A slideway 11, L shaped B slideway 12, A end loader 13, B end loader 14, loading disc 15;
Shown in Fig. 4 H, L shaped A slideway 11 part that is formed in one, A face 111 centers of the A slideway base 113 of L shaped A slideway 11 are provided with A threaded hole 117, A block 114, B block 115, D mounting hole 118 are arranged on the B face 112 of A slideway base 113, be placed with U-shaped A slide block 135 between A block 114 and the B block 115, D threaded hole 119 is arranged on the end face of A block 114, C threaded hole 116 is arranged on the end face of B block 115.A briquetting 11a is installed on the A block 114, B briquetting 11b is installed on the B block 115.
Shown in Fig. 4 I, L shaped B slideway 12 part that is formed in one, A face 121 centers of the B slideway base 123 of L shaped B slideway 12 are provided with B threaded hole 127, C block 124, D block 125, E mounting hole 128 are arranged on the B face 122 of B slideway base 123, be placed with U-shaped B slide block 145 between C block 124 and the D block 125, F threaded hole 129 is arranged on the end face of C block 124, E threaded hole 126 is arranged on the end face of D block 125.C briquetting 12a is installed on the C block 124, D briquetting 12b is installed on the D block 125.
Shown in Fig. 4 A, Fig. 4 B, Fig. 4 C, Fig. 4 D, A end loader 13 includes A threaded mandrel 131, A web member 132, A stage clip 133, C web member 134, U-shaped A slide block 135; One end of A web member 132 has A groove 1321, and the other end of A web member 132 has B groove 1322, and A groove 1321 keeps coaxial with B groove 1322; One end of C web member 134 has C groove 1341, and the other end of C web member 134 has screw boss 1342; On the U-shaped A slide block 135 U-lag 1352 is arranged, on the A face 135a of U-shaped A slide block 135 G threaded hole 1351 is arranged, on the B face 135b of U-shaped A slide block 135 H threaded hole 1353 is arranged;
The A threaded hole 117 that one end of A threaded mandrel 131 passes L shaped A slideway 11 is placed in the A groove 1321 of A web member 132, be placed with an end of A stage clip 133 in the B groove 1322 of A web member 132, the other end of A stage clip 133 places in the C groove 1341 of C web member 134, the screw boss 1342 of C web member 134 is connected in the G threaded hole 1351 on the A face 135a of U-shaped A slide block 135, be placed with A friction block 23 in the U-lag 1352 of U-shaped A slide block 135, the A surface of contact 215 of the integral shroud 211 on A friction block 23 and the shrouded turbines blade 21 contacts.
In the present invention, A end loader 13 is identical with the structure of B end loader 14, and staggered relatively.
Shown in Fig. 4 A, Fig. 4 E, Fig. 4 F, Fig. 4 G, B end loader 14 includes B threaded mandrel 141, B web member 142, B stage clip 143, D web member 144, U-shaped B slide block 145; One end of B web member 142 has D groove 1421, and the other end of B web member 142 has E groove 1422, and D groove 1421 keeps coaxial with E groove 1422; One end of D web member 144 has F groove 1441, and the other end of D web member 144 has screw boss 1442; On the U-shaped B slide block 145 U-lag 1452 is arranged, on the A face 145a of U-shaped B slide block 145 I threaded hole 1451 is arranged, on the B face 145b of U-shaped B slide block 145 J threaded hole 1453 is arranged;
The B threaded hole 127 that one end of B threaded mandrel 141 passes L shaped B slideway 12 is placed in the D groove 1421 of B web member 142, be placed with an end of B stage clip 143 in the E groove 1422 of B web member 142, the other end of B stage clip 143 places in the F groove 1441 of D web member 144, the screw boss 1442 of D web member 144 is connected in the I threaded hole 1451 on the A face 145a of U-shaped B slide block 145, be placed with B friction block 24 in the U-lag 1452 of U-shaped B slide block 145, the B surface of contact 214 of the integral shroud 211 on B friction block 24 and the shrouded turbines blade 21 contacts.
Referring to shown in Figure 4, have square hole 152, A deep-slotted chip breaker 151a, B deep-slotted chip breaker 151b, C deep-slotted chip breaker 151c, D deep-slotted chip breaker 151d on the loading disc 15; Square hole 152 is positioned at the center of loading disc 15, and C deep-slotted chip breaker 151c, D deep-slotted chip breaker 151d are positioned at the upper end of square hole 152, and A deep-slotted chip breaker 151a, B deep-slotted chip breaker 151b are positioned at the lower end of square hole 152.A deep-slotted chip breaker 151a, B deep-slotted chip breaker 151b, C deep-slotted chip breaker 151c, D deep-slotted chip breaker 151d are used to regulate the installation site of loading disc 15 on L shaped left supported plate 33, L shaped right supported plate 34.In the present invention, the structure of A deep-slotted chip breaker 151a, B deep-slotted chip breaker 151b, C deep-slotted chip breaker 151c, D deep-slotted chip breaker 151d is identical, and the pairing central angle of each deep-slotted chip breaker is 15 °.
Referring to shown in Figure 5, A riser 42, B riser 43 are arranged on the disk 41 of clamp assembly 4, have C mounting hole 44 on the disk body of disk 41; Have A apical pore 421 on the A riser 42, A apical pore 421 is a threaded hole; Have B apical pore 431 on the B riser 43, B apical pore 431 is a threaded hole.Be used to place the turbine disk 22 between A riser 42 and the B riser 43, and the turbine disk 22 held out against by in A apical pore 421, B apical pore 431, placing bolt respectively.C mounting hole 44 is used for cooperating with E deep-slotted chip breaker 351, and the assembling by bolt and nut is installed on the base plate 35 disk 41.
When adopting the damping test device of band dry damping structure vane of the present invention to carry out the vibration damping test, include following test procedure:
1) will be with dry damping structure vane 21 by in the tongue-and-groove 221 on the tenon 212 insertion turbine disks 22; And the turbine disk 22 is installed between the A riser 42 and B riser 43 of clamp assembly 4;
2) loading disc 15 is positioned in the B recess 341 of A recess 331, L shaped right supported plate 34 of L shaped left supported plate 33;
3) according to the position of dry damping structure on blade, adjust L shaped left supported plate 33 respectively on the left back up pad 31 and the height of L shaped right supported plate 32 on right back up pad 32, make that the height of A friction block 23 is identical with the height of the A surface of contact 215 of integral shroud 211, the height of B friction block 24 is identical with the height of the B surface of contact 214 of integral shroud 211;
4) regulate the position of loading disc 15 in A recess 331, B recess 341, make the surface of contact of A friction block 23, B friction block 24 be parallel to each other with A surface of contact 215, the B surface of contact 214 of integral shroud 211 respectively, is that face contacts with the surface of contact that guarantees to apply A friction block 23 after the normal pressure, B friction block 24 as far as possible with A surface of contact 215, the B surface of contact 214 of integral shroud 211, after adjusting loading disc 15 is fixed on L shaped left supported plate 33, the L shaped right supported plate 32L by screw bolt and nut.
5) regulate A threaded mandrel 131 A stage clip 133 is deformed, thereby obtain to be carried in initial normal pressure on the A surface of contact 215 of integral shroud 211; Regulate B threaded mandrel 141 simultaneously B stage clip 143 is deformed, thereby obtain to be carried in initial normal pressure on the B surface of contact 214 of integral shroud 211.
6) load exciting load at the middle part of band dry damping structure vane 21.
7) use whole audience laser scanning system to the vibration amplitude of each point on the blade of band dry damping structure vane 21 measure, record, and analyze, thereby obtain the influence rule of the important parameters such as initial normal pressure, contact angle and installation site of A surface of contact 215, B surface of contact 214 to the dry damping structure effectiveness in vibration suppression with the integral shroud 211 of dry damping structure vane 21 according to the correlation parameter of record.
A kind of damping test device with dry damping structure vane provided by the invention can be realized (A) band dry damping structure vane experimental research on dynamic properties; (B) band dry damping structure vane bridge response to forced vibration research.Vibration characteristics to different exciting forces, different initial normal pressure, different tests part (promptly with dry damping structure vane) contact angle and different tests part installation site is tested, and utilizes the influence rule of important parameters such as test result analysis testpieces contact surface positive pressure, testpieces contact angle and testpieces installation site to the dry damping structure effectiveness in vibration suppression.Thereby be checking and further improvement its corresponding theory computation model, and finally set up the feasible dry damping structure Vibration Absorption Designing method of a cover, and can provide checking and improved basic foundation for theoretical analysis result.
Claims (4)
1, a kind of damping test device with dry damping structure vane is characterized in that: be to be made of normal pressure charging assembly (1), clamp assembly (4) and pedestal (3);
Pedestal (3) includes pedestal, L shaped left supported plate (33), L shaped right supported plate (34); The pedestal part that is formed in one has left back up pad (31), right back up pad (32) on the base plate of pedestal (35); Left side back up pad (31) is provided with a plurality of A pilot holes (311); Right back up pad (32) is provided with a plurality of B pilot holes (321); Base plate (35) is provided with A mounting hole (352a), B mounting hole (352b), E deep-slotted chip breaker (351); A mounting hole (352a) is positioned at the outside of left back up pad (31), and B mounting hole (352b) is positioned at the outside of right back up pad (32), and E deep-slotted chip breaker (351) is positioned at the center of base plate (35), and four E deep-slotted chip breakers are concyclic; On the B panel (332) of L shaped left supported plate (33) A recess (331) is arranged, A through hole (333) is arranged on the A recess (331); On the A panel (334) of L shaped left supported plate (33) A circular arc elongated slot (335) is arranged; On the B panel (342) of L shaped right supported plate (34) B recess (341) is arranged, B through hole (343) is arranged on the B recess (341); On the A panel (344) of L shaped right supported plate (34) B circular arc elongated slot (345) is arranged;
Normal pressure charging assembly (1) includes L shaped A slideway (11), L shaped B slideway (12), A end loader (13), B end loader (14), loading disc (15); L shaped A slideway (11) part that is formed in one, A face (111) center of the A slideway base (113) of L shaped A slideway (11) is provided with A threaded hole (117), A block (114), B block (115), D mounting hole (118) are arranged on the B face (112) of A slideway base (113), be placed with U-shaped A slide block (135) between A block (114) and the B block (115), D threaded hole (119) is arranged on the end face of A block (114), C threaded hole (116) is arranged on the end face of B block (115); A briquetting (11a) is installed on the A block (114), B briquetting (11b) is installed on the B block (115); L shaped B slideway (12) part that is formed in one, A face (121) center of the B slideway base (123) of L shaped B slideway (12) is provided with B threaded hole (127), C block (124), D block (125), E mounting hole (128) are arranged on the B face (122) of B slideway base (123), be placed with U-shaped B slide block (145) between C block (124) and the D block (125), F threaded hole (129) is arranged on the end face of C block (124), E threaded hole (126) is arranged on the end face of D block (125); C briquetting (12a) is installed on the C block (124), D briquetting (12b) is installed on the D block (125); A end loader (13) includes A threaded mandrel (131), A web member (132), A stage clip (133), C web member (134), U-shaped A slide block (135); One end of A web member (132) has A groove (1321), and the other end of A web member (132) has B groove (1322); One end of C web member (134) has C groove (1341), and the other end of C web member (134) has screw boss (1342); U-lag (1352) is arranged on the U-shaped A slide block (135), on the A face (135a) of U-shaped A slide block (135) G threaded hole (1351) is arranged, on the B face (135b) of U-shaped A slide block (135) H threaded hole (1353) is arranged; The A threaded hole (117) that one end of A threaded mandrel (131) passes L shaped A slideway (11) is placed in the A groove (1321) of A web member (132), be placed with an end of A stage clip (133) in the B groove (1322) of A web member (132), the other end of A stage clip (133) places in the C groove (1341) of C web member (134), the screw boss (1342) of C web member (134) is connected in the G threaded hole (1351) on the A face (135a) of U-shaped A slide block (135), be placed with A friction block (23) in the U-lag (1352) of U-shaped A slide block (135), the A surface of contact (215) of the integral shroud (211) on A friction block (23) and the shrouded turbines blade (21) contacts; B end loader (14) includes B threaded mandrel (141), B web member (142), B stage clip (143), D web member (144), U-shaped B slide block (145); One end of B web member (142) has D groove (1421), and the other end of B web member (142) has E groove (1422), and D groove (1421) keeps coaxial with E groove (1422); One end of D web member (144) has F groove (1441), and the other end of D web member (144) has screw boss (1442); Have on the U-shaped B slide block (145) U-lag (14520, on the A face (145a) of U-shaped B slide block (145) I threaded hole (1451) is arranged, on the B face (145b) of U-shaped B slide block (145) J threaded hole (1453) is arranged; The B threaded hole (127) that one end of B threaded mandrel (141) passes L shaped B slideway (12) is placed in the D groove (1421) of B web member (142), be placed with an end of B stage clip (143) in the E groove (1422) of B web member (142), the other end of B stage clip (143) places in the F groove (1441) of D web member (144), the screw boss (1442) of D web member (144) is connected in the I threaded hole (1451) on the A face (145a) of U-shaped B slide block (145), be placed with B friction block (24) in the U-lag (1452) of U-shaped B slide block (145), the B surface of contact (214) of the integral shroud (211) on B friction block (24) and the shrouded turbines blade (21) contacts;
Have square hole (152), A deep-slotted chip breaker (151a), B deep-slotted chip breaker (151b), C deep-slotted chip breaker (151c), D deep-slotted chip breaker (151d) on the loading disc (15); Square hole (152) is positioned at the center of loading disc (15), and C deep-slotted chip breaker (151c), D deep-slotted chip breaker (151d) are positioned at the upper end of square hole (152), and A deep-slotted chip breaker (151a), B deep-slotted chip breaker (151b) are positioned at the lower end of square hole (152);
A riser (42), B riser (43) are arranged on the disk (41) of clamp assembly (4), have C mounting hole (44) on the disk body of disk (41); Have A apical pore (421) on the A riser (42), A apical pore (421) is a threaded hole; Have B apical pore (431) on the B riser (43), B apical pore (431) is a threaded hole; Be used to place the turbine disk (22) between A riser (42) and the B riser (43).
2, the damping test device of band dry damping structure vane according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the pairing central angle of E deep-slotted chip breaker (351) is 45 °.
3, the damping test device of band dry damping structure vane according to claim 1 is characterized in that: A pilot hole (311) is maintained at the same horizontal plane with the height of B pilot hole (321).
4, the damping test device of band dry damping structure vane according to claim 1 is characterized in that: A deep-slotted chip breaker (151a), B deep-slotted chip breaker (151b), C deep-slotted chip breaker (151c), the pairing central angle of D deep-slotted chip breaker (151d) are 15 °.
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2008
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