CN101296249B - Media access control method for wireless sensor network - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a media access control method for a wireless sensor network, which is applicable to the field of wireless network design; wherein, network nodes are divided into cluster-head nodes and ordinary nodes; an operational process runs in a periodic mode and an operation cycle is divided into four stages, namely a synchronization stage, a data stage, a sleep stage and a request stage; the specific operational process comprises: the ordinary nodes send data traffic and routing information to the cluster-head nodes in the request stage of each cycle; the cluster-head nodes calculate the cycle length and the duty radio and send the cycle length and the duty radio to the ordinary nodes in the synchronization stage of the next cycle; the ordinary nodes receive a synchronization package, set own cycle length and duty radio and update the local time in the synchronization stage, carry out data communication in the data stage and enter a sleep state to reduce power consumption in the sleep stage. The method of the invention effectively solves the problems in the present wireless sensor network, namely the synchronization and the self-adaption of data traffic, reduces the energy consumption of nodes and the delay time of data packages and increases the transmissibility of data packages at the same time.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates in field of wireless, particularly wireless sensor network and design of protocol field specifically provide the media access control (MAC) method applicable that is used for wireless sensor network, although can be with the feature application that provides in other network designs.
Background technology
In wireless sensor network, node generally adopts powered battery and its capacity less, and battery was difficult to change after node was distributed in actual environment, so energy is the emphasis that design of protocol is considered, was time of delay secondly, the factor that data transmission rate etc. are important.MAC agreement in the wireless sensor network is one of key of the above-mentioned performance of influence.
In the design of wireless sensor network MAC agreement, the general employing of node is periodically intercepted and sleep scheduling at present.Cycle of operation length is fixed and is divided into two parts of intercepting and sleep, and the ratio of its time of intercept and whole Cycle Length is a duty ratio, also is fixed value.Node wakes up between listen period and carries out data communication, enters sleep state to reduce power consumption between sleep period.For guaranteeing correctly communication between the node, design of protocol adopts synchronization mechanism, by periodically receiving and transmitting sync packet, makes to form the consistent sleep scheduling of intercepting between the node.
But in the wireless sensor network of reality was used, the performance of above-mentioned MAC agreement was very limited, its former because: the 1. frequent conversion of the data traffic of actual wireless sensor network nodes, and be irregular under a lot of situation or rule can not be followed.Adopt the method for fixed cycle and duty ratio, when data traffic is big, cause that easily buffering area overflows packet loss, and data traffic is little the time, unnecessary wakeup process consumes energy, thus make protocol capabilities low.2. keeping between sensor network nodes is a complex process synchronously, because sensor node need be intercepted a period of time, receive the scheduling that oneself is set after the sync packet, transmit sync packet then, finally make the whole network form consistent scheduling, this is the process of the consumes energy energy that expends time in.3. the sensor network MAC agreement often only needed to communicate along the part of nodes of routed path in a cycle of operation, and the node that does not have data to send still needs to wake up to intercept whether other nodes transmission packets are arranged to oneself, causes unnecessary energy charge.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem: the present invention provides a kind of media access control (MAC) method applicable that is used for wireless sensor network for solving above-mentioned problems of the prior art.Make node can be easy to realize between the net interior nodes to reduce the design of protocol complexity synchronously, and be applicable to the occasion that data traffic changes.
Technical scheme: the media access control (MAC) method applicable that is used for wireless sensor network of the present invention, synchronizing process expends time in and the problem of consumes energy in order to solve, and the low problem of protocol capabilities under the node data changes in flow rate environment, employing designs the MAC agreement based on the mode of node sub-clustering, with the different function that network node is divided into leader cluster node and ordinary node and bears, operating process moves according to periodic mode.The major function of leader cluster node is for keeping the net inter-sync, and calculates suitable cycle and duty cycle information and notify ordinary node according to the data traffic of node.The ordinary node function is for carrying out data communication.Specific operation process is: leader cluster node is collected route and data traffic information from ordinary node, calculate suitable cycle and duty ratio according to data traffic, and routing iinformation and duty cycle information, and the temporal information of itself sends to ordinary node by sync packet, after ordinary node is received sync packet, cycle and duty ratio and calibration local zone time according to the information setting in the sync packet oneself, and judge whether to enter ahead of time sleep according to routing iinformation, realize keeping synchronously and the data traffic adaptation function.
The media access control (MAC) method applicable that is used for wireless sensor network is characterized in that carrying out media interviews control according to the mode of node sub-clustering, and network node is divided into leader cluster node and ordinary node.Operating process is divided into synchronously according to the periodic manner operation and with one-period, data, sleep, the request four-stage, concrete running comprises: ordinary node sends data traffic and routing iinformation to leader cluster node in each periodic request stage, leader cluster node is broadcast to ordinary node according to flow rate calculation Cycle Length and duty ratio and at the synchronous phase of next cycle, ordinary node receives sync packet at synchronous phase, oneself cycle and duty ratio and renewal local zone time are set, during data, carry out data communication, enter sleep state to reduce power consumption at sleep stage; The function of leader cluster node is collected data traffic and routing iinformation for safeguarding the synchronous of bunch interior nodes; The function of ordinary node is for to keep synchronously according to the information of leader cluster node, the calibration local zone time and and carry out data communication, judge whether to enter in advance sleep according to routing iinformation, in the one-period time of sleep stage variable, the time in other stages is fixed.
The running of described one-period may further comprise the steps:
1. synchronous phase, leader cluster node send sync packet SYNC to bunch in all ordinary nodes, ordinary node according to the local zone time of the duty ratio of the information setting that comprises in the sync packet oneself and renewal oneself in case the clock timing deviation;
2. data phase, the transmit leg node sends packet DATA to the recipient in bunch, and the recipient receives to reply behind the packet and confirms that bag ACK confirms to transmit leg;
3. sleep stage, a bunch interior nodes enter sleep state to reduce power consumption, if communication process is extended to this stage during the data, then finish the laggard sleep of going at communication process;
4. request stage needs to participate in nodes in communication and sends request package REQ to leader cluster node by competitive way, and leader cluster node is responded respond packet REP and given competition successful node, for the communication of next cycle is reserved.
Described participation nodes in communication sends the request package method by competitive way: the ordinary node number in supposing bunch is N, the interstitial content that has data to send in the one-period is M, then node adopts different access probability competitive channels, its access probability of node that data traffic is big is also big, then its access probability is little for the little node of data volume, and is proportional between node access probability and the data traffic of itself.
Described leader cluster node according to the method for flow rate calculation Cycle Length and duty ratio is: when node data flow intensity increases, reducing sleep stage length makes Cycle Length reduce to increase with duty ratio, make that waking up of node is more frequent, prevent that the node buffering area from overflowing packet loss thereby there is more multimachine can send data; When node flow intensity reduces, increase sleep stage length Cycle Length increase and duty ratio are reduced, make that the node sleep time is longer, thereby reduce unnecessary wakeup process to save power consumption.
The described sleep state method that enters in advance is: after ordinary node is received the sync packet of leader cluster node transmission, comprise routing iinformation in the analysis sync packet, obtain this cycle confidential reference items and nodes in communication address list; If this node address not in participating in the nodes in communication address list, then enters sleep immediately with the reduction power consumption, otherwise, then carry out normal operating process.
Beneficial effect: the present invention adopts and designs the MAC agreement based on node sub-clustering mode, make leader cluster node and ordinary node bear difference in functionality, solved and kept synchronous difficult point problem between the moment sensor network node, realized according to regulating data traffic cycle and duty ratio method, make the power consumption of node, network delay time and data packet delivery rate are significantly improved.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a cycle of operation operating process of MAC agreement schematic diagram among the present invention,
Fig. 2 is the sync packet SYNC among the present invention, request package REQ and response bag REP form, wherein,
PT: bag type LEN: packet length CYCLEN: operation cycle length
TS: from the CN length of one's sleep: participate in nodes in communication SA: source address
TF: flow intensity DURA: the duration DA that bag sends: destination address
TM: the current time of bunch head
Fig. 3 ordinary node is in the synchronous phase operational flow diagram of one-period,
Fig. 4 regulates for the cycle adaptive-flow and concerns schematic diagram.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and concrete embodiment technical scheme of the present invention is further specified.
The operation cycle that is used for the media access control (MAC) method applicable of wireless sensor network is divided into synchronously, data, sleep, the request four-stage, wherein synchronous, data, the length of request stage is fixed, the sleep stage time can be regulated, and regulates the purpose that sleep stage length plays regulating cycle length and duty ratio.Concrete periodic duty process is:
1. leader cluster node sends sync packet between sync period, and ordinary node receives sync packet that bunch hair send and according to the Cycle Length of the information setting in the sync packet oneself, duty ratio and local zone time etc. between sync period.
2. at data phase, the successful node of last one-period request stage competition carries out data communication, and the mode of employing is the DATA/ACK form, and promptly transmit leg does not adopt carrier sense, directly send DATA and wrap to the recipient, the recipient receives that DATA bag back answer ACK wraps to transmit leg.
3. at sleep stage, node enters sleep state to reduce power consumption, if the data phase communication process lasts till sleep stage, then enters sleep state when data communication finishes.
4. during asking, if ordinary node need send data at next cycle, then send a request package REQ to leader cluster node in this stage, send request package because have a plurality of nodes, so node adopts the carrier sense mode to compete access channel and sends request package, leader cluster node is replied respond packet REQ and is given competition successful node, participates in the communication of next cycle to allow it.
Described data traffic adaptation function implementation method is: be provided with synchronously, the length of data and request stage is fixed value, comes regulating cycle length according to the length between the regulating data traffic sleep period in the network.The computational methods of Cycle Length at first need to satisfy following four restrictive conditions: suppose that 1. the node buffer size is C, according to data arrival rate and data transfer rates, calculate interior data of whole cycle to amount and data traffic volume, both differences satisfy the prerequisite that buffering area does not overflow, the Cycle Length value that obtains thus.2. according to data arrival rate and data transfer rates, calculating is except that during sending, other times data packet arrival amount in the one-period, satisfy the prerequisite that buffering area does not overflow, the Cycle Length value that obtains 3. according to nodal clock drift rate and Cycle Length product less than the time that sends a byte, calculate the Cycle Length value 4. according to the maximum delay restriction that allows of sensor network application program, calculate periodic quantity.According to the cycle that these four conditions are calculated, get a minimum value, as the maximum constraints of periodic adjustment, synchronously, data and request stage time sum are as the minimum value of periodic adjustment simultaneously.Adjusting between MAC agreement Cycle Length and the data traffic is closed: the cycle reduces when the data flow quantitative change is big, otherwise the cycle increases when flow diminishes.The data traffic change procedure is divided into different numerical value sections, and is linear between Cycle Length that calculates in each numerical value section and the data flow value, but the ratio difference of the linear change in each numerical value section.After said method regulating cycle length, other stage length are constant owing to have only the length variations of sleep stage, so duty cycle information is also along with data traffic is reasonably adjusted.
The method that described request stage competition sends request package REQ is: suppose to have in the zone M ordinary node need send request package, ordinary node adopts the carrier sense mode to compete access channel to avoid conflict.Node adopts different access probability competitive channels according to different data traffics, and its access probability of node that data traffic is big is also big, and then its access probability is little for the little node of data volume, and is proportional between node access probability and the data traffic of itself.Contention access method and 802.11 similar, difference are when request package sends failure, and node can attempt retransmitting the REQ bag, and up to reaching the maximum retransmit restriction, but each the re-transmission time, contention window size is constant.
The media access control (MAC) method applicable that is used for wireless sensor network of the present invention, employing designs the MAC agreement based on the mode of node sub-clustering, network node is divided into many bunches, each bunch is made up of a leader cluster node and many ordinary nodes, generally speaking, the communication range of leader cluster node is bigger than ordinary node, thus leader cluster node can with bunch in ordinary node carry out direct communication, and the communication between the ordinary node may be the multi-hop mode.The major function of leader cluster node is to keep the net inter-sync, and calculates suitable cycle and duty cycle information and notify ordinary node according to the data traffic of node.The ordinary node function is for carrying out data communication.Specific operation process is: leader cluster node is collected route and data traffic information from ordinary node, calculate suitable cycle and duty ratio according to data traffic, and routing iinformation and duty cycle information, and the temporal information of itself sends to ordinary node by sync packet, after ordinary node is received sync packet, cycle and duty ratio and calibration local zone time according to the information setting in the sync packet oneself, and judge whether to enter ahead of time sleep according to routing iinformation, realize keeping synchronously and the data traffic adaptation function.Adopt this leader cluster node and ordinary node to bear the method for difference in functionality, solve the synchronous and data traffic adaptive problem in traditional MAC design of protocol preferably.
One-period comprises following four-stage as shown in Figure 1 the cycle of operation of agreement among the present invention: sync period sync, data device data, sleep period sleep, request phase request.At synchronous phase, leader cluster node send sync packet (sync) give bunch in all ordinary nodes, and all ordinary nodes are in wake-up states and receive sync packet.As the H among the figure is leader cluster node, and A, B, C and D are ordinary node.The transmission of leader cluster node and range of receiving are greater than ordinary node, and one jumping scope has covered whole ordinary nodes, and A among the figure, B, C, D node all can receive the sync packet that node H sends.Contain the Cycle Length and the duty cycle information that calculate according to data traffic in the sync packet, routing iinformation comprises participation nodes in communication address list, and the current time of leader cluster node etc., its form as shown in Figure 2.
Ordinary node carries out following operation after receiving the sync packet of leader cluster node transmission: 1. oneself Cycle Length and duty ratio are set, to realize the data traffic adaptation function according to cycle of receiving and duty cycle information.2. according to the time information renovation node local zone time of receiving in the sync packet, each cycle upgrades once, causes garble to prevent the clock timing deviation.3. judge according to the routing iinformation in the sync packet of receiving whether needs participate in communication in this cycle to this node.If participate in communication, then according to normal running, if do not participate in communication, then sleep immediately, the competitive channel of in the time of request stage, waking up.If node does not need to send data yet in next cycle, then sleep procedure lasts till that always this cycle finishes.Detailed process as shown in Figure 3.At data phase, can be between the ordinary node according to the mode of last one-period reservation, mode by DATA/ACK communicates, sending DATA as node A among Fig. 3 wraps to reciever B, Node B response ACK wraps to node A and finishes this communication, do not adopt the mode access channel of carrier sense in the data communication process, avoid unnecessary energy charge.At sleep stage, node enters sleep state with conserve energy.Because the length of sleep node can be regulated, so node can be according to regulating data traffic cycle and duty ratio with the raising performance.If but the communication process of data phase has been extended to sleep stage, then after finishing, data communication process enters sleep.Other nodes of this stage can enter sleep view conserve energy.In request stage, if node need need to send data in next cycle, will send a request package REQ communication process of next cycle is reserved, the form of request package is as shown in Figure 2.When sending request package, adopt node the mode of carrier sense to compete access channel, before sending request package, wait for a period of time, if channel idle, then send request package, otherwise enter conflict and avoid the stage, promptly the node random wait resend after a period of time, abandoned this transmission after reaching greatest admissible retransmission value, but in each backoff procedure, the contention window size of node is constant.
Adaptive-flow function among the present invention, be the cycle of operation and the duty ratio of regulating agreement according to the flow information of node, it is more excellent to make node obtain performances such as power consumption and time of delay under the changes in flow rate environment, the adaptive-flow function is finished by leader cluster node and ordinary node cooperation, concrete implementation method is: be provided with in the agreement synchronously, the length of data and request stage is fixed value, according to the data traffic in the network, the length of regulating between sleep period is come regulating cycle length, regulates duty ratio with this.At first to determine the adjustable range of Cycle Length in the design, the adjusting of Cycle Length at first needs to satisfy following four restrictive conditions: suppose that 1. the node buffer size is C, according to data arrival rate λ (t) and data transfer rates μ (t), calculate data arrival amount and data traffic volume in the whole cycle, both differences satisfy the prerequisite that buffering area does not overflow, the Cycle Length value that obtains thus.2. according to data arrival rate λ (t) and data transfer rates μ (t), calculating is except that during sending, other times data packet arrival amount in the one-period, satisfy the prerequisite that buffering area does not overflow, 3. the Cycle Length value that obtains supposes that the clock drift rate is θ, less than the time that sends a byte, calculate the Cycle Length value according to nodal clock drift rate θ and Cycle Length product, calculate periodic quantity 4. according to the maximum delay restriction that allows of sensor network application program.According to the cycle that these four conditions are calculated, get a minimum value, as the maximum constraints of periodic adjustment.In the one-period synchronously, data and request stage time sum be as the minimum value of periodic adjustment, thus regulate the Cycle Length that obtains in this scope according to the data traffic adaptation function, because the awake period time is fixed, the Cycle Length scalable is so the duty cycle adjustment scope is also determined thus.Calculated relationship between the MAC agreement cycle of operation and the data traffic is: when flow became big, the cycle reduced, and duty ratio increases, otherwise when flow diminished, the cycle increased, and duty ratio reduces.When practical solution is implemented, the data flow value is divided into different numerical value sections, linear between Cycle Length in each numerical value section and the data traffic, but the linear ratio's difference in each numerical value section.Cycle Length and Flow-rate adjustment concern that as shown in Figure 4 Cycle Length reduces along with the increase of data traffic, and each stage all makes linear change, but it changes slope K 1, K2, and K3, the value of K4 is not necessarily identical.
Request stage competition sends the method for REQ request package and is among the present invention: suppose to have in the zone M ordinary node need send request package, the ordinary node employing carrier sense mode access channel that is at war with is to avoid the request package conflict.Node adopts different access probability competitive channels according to different data traffics, and its access probability of node that data traffic is big is also big, and then its access probability is little for the little node of data volume, and is proportional between node access probability and the data traffic of itself.Contention window size is a fixed value during the request, ordinary node carries out carrier sense before sending data, do not sending data if find other nodes, then random wait sends REQ and wraps to leader cluster node after a bit of time, after leader cluster node receives request package REQ, reply response packet REP and give ordinary node, wherein comprised the destination node address that needs are confirmed.Ordinary node learns that certain ordinary node has won competition after receiving the REP bag in bunch, will enter sleep with conserve energy in remaining time.If have the ordinary node that surpasses to send request package REQ simultaneously, then can clash.Produce conflict posterior nodal point random back a period of time, resend request package once more, till reaching maximum retransmission.Keep out of the way window size when resending request package does not increase at every turn.
Claims (4)
1. a media access control (MAC) method applicable that is used for wireless sensor network is characterized in that carrying out media interviews control according to the mode of node sub-clustering, and network node is divided into leader cluster node and ordinary node; Operating process is divided into synchronously according to the periodic manner operation and with one-period, data, sleep, the request four-stage, concrete running comprises: ordinary node sends data traffic and routing iinformation to leader cluster node in each periodic request stage, leader cluster node is broadcast to ordinary node according to flow rate calculation Cycle Length and duty ratio and at the synchronous phase of next cycle, ordinary node receives sync packet at synchronous phase, oneself cycle and duty ratio and renewal local zone time are set, carry out data communication at data phase, enter sleep state to reduce power consumption at sleep stage; The function of leader cluster node is collected data traffic and routing iinformation for safeguarding the synchronous of bunch interior nodes; The function of ordinary node is for to keep synchronously according to the information of leader cluster node, the calibration local zone time and and carry out data communication, judge whether to enter in advance sleep according to routing iinformation, in the one-period time of sleep stage variable, the time in other stages is fixed;
The running of described one-period may further comprise the steps:
1. synchronous phase, leader cluster node send sync packet SYNC to bunch in all ordinary nodes, ordinary node according to the local zone time of the duty ratio of the information setting that comprises in the sync packet oneself and renewal oneself in case the clock timing deviation;
2. data phase, the transmit leg node sends packet DATA to the recipient in bunch, and the recipient receives to reply behind the packet and confirms that bag ACK confirms to transmit leg;
3. sleep stage, a bunch interior nodes enter sleep state to reduce power consumption, if communication process is extended to this stage during the data, then finish the laggard sleep of going at communication process;
4. request stage needs to participate in nodes in communication and sends request package REQ to leader cluster node by competitive way, and leader cluster node is responded respond packet REP and given competition successful node, for the communication of next cycle is reserved.
2. require the described media access control (MAC) method applicable that is used for wireless sensor network according to right 1, it is characterized in that described participation nodes in communication sends the request package method by competitive way and is: the ordinary node number in supposing bunch is N, the interstitial content that has data to send in the one-period is M, then node adopts different access probability competitive channels, its access probability of node that data traffic is big is also big, then its access probability is little for the little node of data volume, and is proportional between node access probability and the data traffic of itself.
3. according to the right 1 described media access control (MAC) method applicable that is used for wireless sensor network, it is characterized by described leader cluster node according to the method for flow rate calculation Cycle Length and duty ratio is: when node data flow intensity increases, reducing sleep stage length makes Cycle Length reduce to increase with duty ratio, make that waking up of node is more frequent, prevent that the node buffering area from overflowing packet loss thereby there is more multimachine can send data; When node flow intensity reduces, increase sleep stage length Cycle Length increase and duty ratio are reduced, make that the node sleep time is longer, thereby reduce unnecessary wakeup process to save power consumption.
4. require the described media access control (MAC) method applicable that is used for wireless sensor network according to right 1, it is characterized by the described sleep state method that enters in advance is: after ordinary node is received the sync packet of leader cluster node transmission, comprise routing iinformation in the analysis sync packet, obtain this cycle confidential reference items and nodes in communication address list; If this node address not in participating in the nodes in communication address list, then enters sleep immediately with the reduction power consumption, otherwise, then carry out normal operating process.
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| CN102348236B (en) * | 2010-07-30 | 2016-01-06 | 富士通株式会社 | Communication means, communication terminal and communication system |
| CN102143591B (en) * | 2011-04-07 | 2013-07-03 | 上海交通大学 | Method for realizing cognitive media access control (MAC) protocol in clustering wireless sensor network |
| CN102164421B (en) * | 2011-05-12 | 2013-11-20 | 大唐移动通信设备有限公司 | Method and system for random access and machine-type communications (MTC) equipment |
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| CN102647805B (en) * | 2012-05-10 | 2014-07-09 | 东南大学 | Wireless sensor network transmission method based on medium access control (MAC) protocol |
| CN102685780B (en) * | 2012-05-16 | 2015-02-04 | 姚国良 | Wireless sensor network channel access and bulk data transmission method |
| CN102685916B (en) * | 2012-05-25 | 2014-12-03 | 福州大学 | Two-stage node scheduling method for wireless sensor network |
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