CN101284791B - Electrolytic solution for storage device, and electric double layer capacitor - Google Patents
Electrolytic solution for storage device, and electric double layer capacitor Download PDFInfo
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- CN101284791B CN101284791B CN2008100865044A CN200810086504A CN101284791B CN 101284791 B CN101284791 B CN 101284791B CN 2008100865044 A CN2008100865044 A CN 2008100865044A CN 200810086504 A CN200810086504 A CN 200810086504A CN 101284791 B CN101284791 B CN 101284791B
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Abstract
Electrical storage devices having excellent low-temperature properties can be obtained by using a quaternary salt (or ionic liquid) of general formula (1) below as an electrolyte salt for electrical storage devices or a liquid electrolyte for electrical storage devices. In formula (1), R<1>to R<4> are each independently an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbons or an alkoxyalkyl group of the formula R'-O-(CH2)n-, with the proviso that at least one group from among R<1> to R<4> is the above alkoxyalkyl group. X is a nitrogen or phosphorus atom, and Y is a monovalent anion.
Description
The application be that March 25, application number in 2002 are 02808669.4 the applying date, denomination of invention divides an application for the one Chinese patent application of " ionic liquid, the electrolytic salt that is used for storage device electric, the liquid electrolyte that is used for storage device electric, double charge layer capacitor and secondary cell ".
Technical field
The present invention relates to ionic liquid, be used for the electrolytic salt of storage device electric, the liquid electrolyte that is used for storage device electric, double charge layer capacitor and secondary cell.
Background technology
Positively charged ion and the electronegative negatively charged ion that ionic compound forms positively charged wherein usually mutually between the crystal of electrostatic attraction.When this ionic compound is dissolved in various other liquid, when comprising water, obtained the liquid of load electric charge, i.e. electrolyte solution.Be generally used for through ionic compound being dissolved in the electrolyte solution that organic solvent obtains, for example, nonaqueous electrolyte battery and electrical condenser.
When temperature raise, some ionic compounds had experienced the activation of thermal motion, reached the degree that overcomes ionic interaction, caused compound itself to become liquid and can the load electric charge.The salt that is in this state is commonly called " fused salt ".
The chemical substance that in fused salt, exists all is charged positively charged ion or negatively charged ion; There are not neutral atom or molecule.Therefore; Element comprises the metal such as basic metal, aluminium and REE, and can in fused salt, obtain by electrolysis and with element form such as the nonmetal of fluorine; And can not from aqueous electrolyte liquid, obtain, because reduction that they had or oxidation capacity are with respect to water and Yan Taida.This major industry that has become fused salt is used.
It is liquid that some fused salts at room temperature keep, and even under low-down temperature, also can not solidify.Under room temperature or lower temperature, keep liquid this fused salt especially to be called as " room temperature fused salt " or " ionic liquid ".For the electrostatic interaction that will constitute between ion liquid positively charged ion and the negatively charged ion minimizes, can use one or binomial in quite large-sized molion and the univalent molion, so that electric charge and electrostatic interaction minimize.
Active research concentrates on said ionic liquid in the electrolytic deposition and the electrolytical application that are used for battery and other purpose.But, because ionic liquid has the water absorbing capacity of height usually, and being difficult in air, handle, said application is not fully realized as yet.
According to the above; Is a kind of even the noticeable ionic liquid that can in air, handle by people such as Wilkes in Tetrafluoroboric acid 1-ethyl-3-methyl-tetrahydroglyoxaline
salt of report in 1992. it is cationic ion liquid synthetic that this novel ion liquid has caused a large amount of alkyl imidazolines of many combinations
, and said alkyl imidazoline
has is with various anionic different side chains.Although people have carried out active research to these ion liquid characteristics and application, but still need to develop various can the preparation more expediently and the easy to handle ionic liquid.
Non-aqueous electrolyte type double charge layer capacitor can charge under high electric current and discharge, and therefore has the considerable prospect as energy storage device, is used for the application such as Electric power car and APS.
The double charge layer capacitor of non-aqueous electrolyte type of the prior art is to be made up of positive and negative polarizable electrode and non-aqueous electrolytic solution, said polarizable electrode mainly be by, process such as the carbonaceousmaterial of gac.The composition of known non-aqueous electrolytic solution has very big influence power for the withstand voltage and electrostatic capacitance of electrical condenser.
Non-aqueous electrolytic solution is made up of electrolytic salt and non-aqueous organic solvent.People study for the various combinations of said electrolytic salt and non-aqueous organic solvent.
For example; Quaternary ammonium salt (for example JP-A 61-32509, JP-A 63-173312, JP-A 10-55717) and season
salt (for example JP-A 62-252927) is with its solubleness and dissociation degree in organic solvent, and their wide electrochemical stability scope and usually as electrolytic salt.Consider that its specific inductivity is high, electrochemical stability wide ranges and boiling point is high and normally used organic solvent comprises, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, Texacar PC, butylene carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, acetonitrile and tetramethylene sulfone.
Yet; In the nonaqueous electrolyte type double charge layer capacitor that uses at present; Electrolytic salt (for example quaternary ammonium salt, season
salt) in being generally used for the organic solvent of this purpose insufficient solubility limit the amount of the salt that can add, cause the low electrostatic capacitance of ionic conductivity of non-aqueous electrolytic solution low with double charge layer capacitor.
In addition, because the solubleness that electrolytic salt had is low, they are tending towards crystallization at low temperatures, impair the low wyntet's sign of double charge layer capacitor.
Consider above-mentioned situation, the object of the present invention is to provide can be convenient with the ionic liquid of preparation efficiently, be used for double charge layer capacitor with excellent cold property and secondary cell that the organic solvent being used for non-aqueous electrolytic solution of storage device electric has excellent solubility and has low-melting electrolytic salt, is used for the liquid electrolyte that contains these electrolytic salts of storage device electric and uses said liquid electrolyte to constitute.
In order to achieve the above object; We have carried out deep research; We find as a result, some have the substituent quaternary ammonium salt of at least one alkoxyalkyl and season
salt have lower melting point and as ion liquid advantageous feature.
In addition; We have found that; Has excellent solubleness because have substituent quaternary ammonium salt of at least one alkoxyalkyl and season
salt at the non-aqueous organic solvent that is used for electrical storage device; And has a lower boiling; Therefore use the liquid electrolyte of said quaternary salt preparation to obtain, and can not produce the electrolyte deposition phenomenon under the low temperature similarly to be higher than existing possible concentration.We also find, use the double charge layer capacitor of said liquid electrolyte production to have high electrostatic capacitance and excellent cold property.
Therefore, the invention provides following:
(1) a kind of ionic liquid, (1) and fusing point are up to 50 ℃ to it is characterized in that having formula:
Wherein, R
1-R
4Be the alkyl or the formula R '-O-(CH of 1-5 carbon independently of one another
2)
n-alkoxyalkyl, R ' is methyl or ethyl, alphabetical n is the integer of 1-4, and R
1, R
2, R
3And R
4In any two Cheng Huan together, prerequisite is R
1-R
4In the group at least one is the alkoxyalkyl of following formula; X is nitrogen or phosphorus atom; And Y is a univalent anion.
(2) ionic liquid of above-mentioned (1) is characterized in that fusing point is up to 25 ℃.
(3) ionic liquid of above-mentioned (1) or (2) is characterized in that X is a nitrogen-atoms.
(4) ionic liquid of above-mentioned (3) is characterized in that X is a nitrogen-atoms, and R ' is a methyl, and alphabetical n is 2.
(5) ionic liquid of above-mentioned (1) or (2) is characterized in that having formula (2)
Wherein R ' is methyl or ethyl, and X is nitrogen or phosphorus atom, and Y is a univalent anion, the Me represent methylidene, and Et represents ethyl.
(6) each ionic liquid of above-mentioned (1)-(5) is characterized in that Y is BF
4 -, PF
6 -, (CF
3SO
2)
2N
-, CF
3SO
3 -Or CF
3CO
2 -
(7) ionic liquid of above-mentioned (5) is characterized in that having following general formula (3)
Me represent methylidene wherein, and Et represents ethyl.
(8) a kind of electrolytic salt that is used for storage device electric is characterised in that wherein said electrolytic salt is the quaternary salt of following general formula (1):
Wherein, R
1-R
4Be the alkyl or the formula R '-O-(CH of 1-5 carbon independently of one another
2)
n-alkoxyalkyl, R ' is methyl or ethyl, alphabetical n is the integer of 1-4, and R
1, R
2, R
3And R
4In any two Cheng Huan together, prerequisite is R
1-R
4In the group at least one is the alkoxyalkyl of following formula; X is nitrogen or phosphorus atom; And Y is a univalent anion.
(9) electrolytic salt that is used for storage device electric of above-mentioned (8) is characterized in that said electrolytic salt is that wherein X is the quaternary salt of nitrogen-atoms.
(10) electrolytic salt that is used for storage device electric of above-mentioned (9) is characterized in that said electrolytic salt is that wherein X is a nitrogen-atoms, and R ' is a methyl, and alphabetical n is 2 quaternary salt.
(11) electrolytic salt that is used for storage device electric of above-mentioned (8) is characterized in that said electrolytic salt is the quaternary salt with following general formula (2):
Wherein R ' is methyl or ethyl, and X is nitrogen or phosphorus atom, and Y is a univalent anion, the Me represent methylidene, and Et represents ethyl.
(12) each the electrolytic salt that is used for storage device electric of above-mentioned (8)-(11) is characterized in that Y is BF
4 -, PF
6 -, (CF
3SO
2)
2N
-, CF
3SO
3 -Or CF
3CO
2 -
(13) electrolytic salt that is used for storage device electric of above-mentioned (11) is characterized in that having following general formula (3):
Me represent methylidene wherein, and Et represents ethyl.
(14) each the electrolytic salt that is used for storage device electric of above-mentioned (8)-(13) is characterized in that fusing point is up to 25 ℃.
(15) a kind of liquid electrolyte that is used for storage device electric is characterized in that being made up of separately each ionic liquid of above-mentioned (1)-(7).
(16) a kind of liquid electrolyte that is used for storage device electric is characterized in that the electrolytic salt of the storage device electric of above-mentioned by being used for (14) is formed separately.
(17) a kind of liquid electrolyte that is used for storage device electric is characterized in that comprising each at least a ionic liquid and non-aqueous organic solvent of above-mentioned (1)-(7).
(18) a kind of liquid electrolyte that is used for storage device electric is characterized in that comprising being used for each at least a electrolytic salt and the non-aqueous organic solvent of storage device electric of above-mentioned (8)-(13).
(19) liquid electrolyte that is used for storage device electric of above-mentioned (17) or (18) is characterized in that non-aqueous organic solvent is to comprise ethylene carbonate or the Texacar PC mixed solvent as staple.
(20) liquid electrolyte that is used for storage device electric of above-mentioned (17) or (18); It is characterized in that non-aqueous organic solvent is to be selected from a kind of in ethylene carbonate, Texacar PC, vinylene carbonate, methylcarbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate and the diethyl carbonate, or its two or more mixed solvent.
(21) a kind of double charge layer capacitor; Have separation scraper and liquid electrolyte between a pair of polarizable electrode, the polarizable electrode, this double charge layer capacitor is characterised in that liquid electrolyte is each liquid electrolytes that are used for electrical storage device of above-mentioned (15)-(20).
(22) double charge layer capacitor of above-mentioned (21) is characterized in that polarizable electrode comprises that carbonaceousmaterial by resins is as staple.
(23) double charge layer capacitor of above-mentioned (22) is characterized in that resin is resol or gathers the carbodiimide resin.
(24) double charge layer capacitor of above-mentioned (22) is characterized in that carbonaceousmaterial is through carbonized phenolic resin or gathers the carbodiimide resin, and the resin activation with carbonization prepares then.
(25) a kind of electrolyte solution that is used for storage device electric is characterized in that said electrolyte solution is by the liquid electrolyte that is used for storage device electric of above-mentioned (15) or (16) with at room temperature form for solid ionic conductivity salt.
(26) electrolyte solution that is used for storage device electric of above-mentioned (25) is characterized in that ionic conductivity salt is lithium salts.
(27) electrolyte solution that is used for storage device electric of above-mentioned (25) or (26) is characterized in that also comprising non-aqueous organic solvent.
(28) a kind of secondary cell has positive pole and negative pole, the separation scraper between positive and negative electrode and electrolyte solution, and this secondary cell is characterised in that electrolyte solution is each electrolyte solutions that are used for storage device electric of above-mentioned (25)-(27).
(29) a kind of double charge layer capacitor; Have a pair of polarizable electrode, the separation scraper between polarizable electrode and liquid electrolyte, this double charge layer capacitor is characterised in that liquid electrolyte is each electrolyte solutions that are used for storage device electric of above-mentioned (25)-(27).
(30) a kind of storage device electric; Have positive pole and negative pole, the separation scraper between positive and negative electrode and liquid electrolyte; This storage device electric is characterised in that positive pole is that gac, negative pole are the carbonaceousmaterials that can contain and discharge lithium ion, and liquid electrolyte is each electrolyte solutions that are used for storage device electric of above-mentioned (25)-(27).
Brief description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the NMR spectrogram of compound (3).
Fig. 2 is the NMR spectrogram of compound (4).
Fig. 3 is the NMR spectrogram of compound (5).
Fig. 4 is the NMR spectrogram of compound (6).
Fig. 5 is the NMR spectrogram of compound (8).
Fig. 6 is the NMR spectrogram of compound (9).
Fig. 7 is the NMR spectrogram of compound (10).
Fig. 8 is the NMR spectrogram of compound (11).
Fig. 9 be in the double charge layer capacitor that the embodiment of the invention 8 and comparative example 3 obtain loading capacity (room temperature) to the synoptic diagram of initial charge/discharge cycle.
Figure 10 is the graph of a relation of temperature and discharge performance in the double charge layer capacitor that the embodiment of the invention 8 and comparative example 3 obtain.
Figure 11 is after the double charge layer capacitor initial charge that the embodiment of the invention 8 and comparative example 3 obtain, the time dependent synoptic diagram of voltage.
Figure 12 is the secondary cell charge that obtains of the embodiment of the invention 9 and the synoptic diagram of discharge characteristic.
The best mode of embodiment of the present invention
Below the present invention will be described more fully.
The electrolytic salt that is used for storage device electric
The electrolytic salt that the present invention is used for storage device electric is the quaternary salt of following general formula (1):
In formula, R
1-R
4Be the alkyl or the formula R '-O-(CH of 1-5 carbon independently of one another
2)
n-alkoxyalkyl, R ' is methyl or ethyl, alphabetical n is the integer of 1-4, and R
1, R
2, R
3And R
4In any two Cheng Huan together, prerequisite is R
1-R
4In the group at least one is the alkoxyalkyl of following formula; X is nitrogen or phosphorus atom; And Y is a univalent anion." storage device electric " that uses in the present invention is meant the equipment or the element of chemistry, physics or physical chemistry ground store electricity.Illustrative example comprises the equipment that can charge and discharge, such as electrical condenser-comprise double charge layer capacitor and secondary cell.
Typical alkyl with 1-5 carbon atom comprises methyl, ethyl, propyl group, 2-propyl group, butyl and amyl group.Formula R '-O-(CH
2)
n-typical alkoxyalkyl comprise methoxymethyl, ethoxyl methyl, methoxy ethyl, ethoxyethyl group, methoxy-propyl, ethoxycarbonyl propyl, methoxyl group butyl and oxyethyl group butyl.
R wherein
1, R
2, R
3And R
4In two groups typical compound of Cheng Huan together, when X is nitrogen-atoms, comprise the quaternary ammonium salt that contains Soluol XC 100, azetidine, tetramethyleneimine or piperidine ring; And when X is phosphorus atom, comprise the season that contains penta-methylene phosphine (dioxy phosphorus glycosides (phosphorinane)) ring
Salt.
Preferably have at least one methoxy ethyl as substituent quaternary ammonium salt, wherein above-mentioned R ' is a methyl, and digital n is 2.
Also preferred use have methyl, two ethyls and alkoxyethyl be as the quaternary salt of substituent following general formula (2).
In formula (2), R ' is methyl or ethyl, and X is nitrogen or phosphorus atom, and Y is a univalent anion.In addition, the Me represent methylidene, and Et represents ethyl.
Univalent perssad Y in general formula (1) and (2) does not have particular restriction.Illustrative example comprises BF
4 -, PF
6 -, AsF
6 -, SbF
6 -, AlCl
4 -, NbF
6 -, HSO
4 -, ClO
4 -, CH
3SO
3 -, CF
3SO
3 -, CF
3CO
2 -, (CF
3SO
2)
2N
-, Cl
-, Br
-And I
-From angle, especially preferably use BF such as the extent of dissociation the non-aqueous organic solvent, stability and mobility of ions
4 -, PF
6 -, (CF
3SO
2)
2N
-, CF
3SO
3 -Or CF
3CO
2 -
In the quaternary salt in above-mentioned general formula (1) and (2); The preferred actual in the present invention quaternary ammonium salt that uses and season
salt specific examples comprise following compound (3)-(11) (wherein Me representes methyl, and Et representes ethyl).Quaternary ammonium salt with following formula (3) and (8) is preferred especially, because they can access the storage device electric with excellent low wyntet's sign.
The ordinary method that is used for synthetic above-mentioned quaternary ammonium salt is described now.At first, with tertiary amine with such as the compound of alkyl halide or sulfuric acid dialkyl.If desired, heated mixt obtains quaternary ammonium halide.When the compound that uses low reactivity, during such as alkoxyethyl halogenide or alkoxy methyl halogenide, reaction is preferably depressed adding, such as carrying out in the autoclave.
The quaternary ammonium salt that obtains is dissolved in water-containing solvent, in water, and with produce required anionic reagent, such as Tetrafluoroboric acid or tetrafluoro phosphatase reaction,, obtain quaternary ammonium salt of the present invention thus to accomplish anion exchange reaction.
An illustrative method that is used for synthetic tetrafluoroborate, quaternary ammonium halide is water-soluble, add silver suboxide and carry out the salt permutoid reaction, to form corresponding quaternary ammonium hydroxide.With product and Tetrafluoroboric acid reaction, obtain target compound subsequently.This method is the tetrafluoroborate of synthesis of high purity effectively, because in the forming process of quaternary ammonium hydroxide, the silver halide that is formed by the salt exchange is removed easily.
Season,
salt usually can be according to synthetic with the closely similar method of quaternary ammonium salt.Usually, with tertiary phosphine and the compound that is fit to, mix such as alkyl halide or sulfuric acid dialkyl.If desired, under heating, react.
Similar with the situation of quaternary ammonium salt; Through season
halogenide (muriate, bromide or iodide) is dissolved in water-containing solvent; And with dissolved halogenide and the said anionic reagent react of generation, to accomplish anion exchange reaction.
The electrolyte solution that obtains when salt is dissolved in non-aqueous organic solvent places coldcondition following time, and in order to stop the deposition of electrolytic salt, preferred electrolyte salt has and is not higher than 25 ℃, preferably is not higher than 15 ℃ fusing point.At low temperatures, fusing point is higher than 25 ℃ electrolytic salt and from solvent, deposits, and therefore more possibly become the lower electrolyte solution of ionic conductivity, and has decreased the electric weight that can from storage device electric, obtain.For the not lower restriction of fusing point, although lower fusing point is better.
Ionic liquid
Ion liquid being characterised in that of the present invention has following general formula (1) and fusing point is up to 50 ℃, preferably the highest 25 ℃.
In formula, R
1-R
4Be the alkyl or the formula R '-O-(CH of 1-5 carbon independently of one another
2)
n-alkoxyalkyl, R ' is methyl or ethyl, alphabetical n is the integer of 1-4, and R
1, R
2, R
3And R
4In any two Cheng Huan together, prerequisite is R
1-R
4In the group at least one is the alkoxyalkyl of following formula; X is nitrogen or phosphorus atom; And Y is a univalent anion.
Through the compound illustration same as described above alkyl R of 1-5 carbon atom wherein
1, R
2, R
3And R
4In two groups compound of Cheng Huan together, be used for electrolytic salt.
And in this ionic liquid, preferably have at least one methoxy ethyl as substituent quaternary ammonium salt, wherein R ' is a methyl, and alphabetical n is 2.
Also preferred use have methyl, two ethyls and alkoxyethyl be as the quaternary salt of substituent following formula (2).
In formula, R ' is methyl or ethyl, and X is nitrogen or phosphorus atom, and Y is a univalent anion.The Me represent methylidene, and Et represents ethyl.
Univalent anion Y through in the ionic liquid of univalent anion illustration general formula (1) same as described above and (2) is used for electrolytic salt.
Ion liquid specific examples comprises the compound of above-mentioned formula (3)-(11).The ionic liquid of formula (3)-(8) is especially preferred, because they are handled easily and can access the storage device electric with excellent low wyntet's sign.
Mode according to same as described above prepares ionic liquid, is used for electrolytic salt.
Ionic liquid of the present invention has the characteristic of many hope.In other words; Their (1) have or do not exist or low-down vp, and (2) are nonflammable or fire-retardant, and (3) have ionic conductivity; (4) have the decomposition voltage higher than water; (5) have the fluid temperature scope wideer than water, (6) can handle in air, and (7) have the potential well (potential window) wideer than the known organic ion liquid of prior art.Particularly when ionic liquid was used for storage device electric, if potential well is narrow, ionogen or electrolyte solution can carry out the oxidisability decomposition or reductibility is decomposed.Imidazoles
salt type ionic liquid has narrow potential well, therefore can not be used for lithium ion secondary battery system.But as above emphasical, ionic liquid of the present invention has wide potential well, and therefore they can be used in lithium-ion secondary cell.
Therefore; Ionic liquid of the present invention can be easily at galvanic deposit, the plating bath of metal and alloy and be used for the electrochemical apparatus of stored energy; In for example various types of batteries and the electrical condenser, as can be under subambient temperature acting novel electrolytes.
Being widely used in the most of organic solvents in the organic synthesis, such as benzene, methylene dichloride and ether, is the volatile matter with carcinogenesis.But ionic liquid of the present invention has low-down volatility, and they itself can be used as reusable reaction solvent well, is used for organic synthesis.Therefore, they also can belong to Green Chemistry " field, said " Green Chemistry " is the lower developing emerging compound method of a kind of environmental pressure.
The liquid electrolyte that is used for storage device electric
The liquid electrolyte that is used for storage device electric of the present invention can following mode any use: the liquid electrolyte that is used for storage device electric that (1) is made up of separately above-mentioned ionic liquid or lower melting point electrolytic salt is (promptly; In liquid electrolyte, do not use non-aqueous organic solvent); (2) through in above-mentioned liquid electrolyte (1), adding electrolyte solution that ionic conduction salt obtains (at this moment; In liquid electrolyte, still do not use non-aqueous organic solvent); (3) through in above-mentioned electrolyte solution (2), adding the electrolyte solution that non-aqueous organic solvent obtains again, and (4) are contained at least a above-mentioned ionic liquid or are used for the ionogen and the non-aqueous organic solvent bonded electrolyte solution of storage device electric.
Can use and to dissolve above-mentioned ionic liquid or ionogen, and be used for such as keeping stable any organic solvent in, the operating voltage range of the storage device electric of secondary cell and double charge layer capacitor, and not have special limitation.But, the non-aqueous organic solvent that preferably has big specific inductivity, wide electrochemical stability scope, wide temperature range of operation and excellent safety.
The illustrative example of the solvent that is fit to comprises acyclic ether; Such as dibutyl ether, 1; 2-glycol dimethyl ether, 1; 2-oxyethyl group methoxy base ethane, methyl diglyme, methyl triglyme, methyl tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethyl glycinamide diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethyl diglyme, butyldiglycol dme and gylcol ether, for example ethyl ethyl carbitol, ethyl glycol list ether, butyldiglycol one ether, butyl glycol list ether); Cyclic ethers; Such as THF, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1; 3-dioxolane and 4; 4-dimethyl--1,3-two
alkane; Butyrolactone; Such as gamma-butyrolactone, γ-Wu Neizhi, δ-Wu Neizhi, 3-methyl isophthalic acid; 3-
azoles alkane-2-ketone and 3-ethyl-1,3-
azoles alkane 2-ketone; And the solvent that is generally used for electrochemical apparatus; Such as amide solvent (for example N-NMF, N; Dinethylformamide, N-methylacetamide, N-Methyl pyrrolidone), carbonate solvent (for example; Diethyl carbonate, methylcarbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, Texacar PC, ethylene carbonate, carbonic acid styrene esters) and imidazolone solvent (for example 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolone).Can use any or two or more the mixture of these solvents.
The preferred use contained ethylene carbonate or the Texacar PC mixed solvent as staple; Or be selected from a kind of of ethylene carbonate, Texacar PC, vinylene carbonate, methylcarbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate, perhaps two or more mixture.
When the aforesaid liquid ionogen when acting on the liquid electrolyte of storage device electric, in above-mentioned form (1), its yes 100% ion liquid form.In above-mentioned form (2), (3) and (4), the concentration of solvent intermediate ion liquid or electrolytic salt (having no particular restriction simultaneously) is 0.1-5.0mol/L normally, preferred 1.0-4.0mol/L.Be lower than under the concentration of 0.1mol/L, because the internal resistance increase makes energy waste raise.On the other hand, be higher than under the concentration of 5.0mol/L, if the dissolving electrolyte salt degree is low and fusing point is higher relatively, undesirable effect under the low temperature will increase such as the deposition of salt and the decline of stability.
Because the electrolytic salt that is used for storage device electric of the present invention is compared with conventional electrolysis matter salt; Solvability in non-aqueous organic solvent is better; And fusing point is not higher than 25 ℃; Therefore even when electrolytic salt uses to be higher than the conventional actual electrolytic salinity that uses, said electrolytic salt can not deposit from solution at low temperatures at an easy rate.
As stated, can in liquid electrolyte, add ionic conduction salt.
At this moment, ionic conduction salt can be to can be used in storage device electric, such as any ionic conduction salt in lithium secondary battery, lithium-ion secondary cell and the double charge layer capacitor.Operable ionic conduction salt comprises an alkali metal salt and quaternary ammonium salt.
Preferred an alkali metal salt is lithium salts, sodium salt and sylvite.Particular example comprises: (1) lithium salts, such as alkylsulfonyl methide lithium salts, lithium acetate, trifluoroacetic acid lithium, lithium benzoate, tosic acid lithium, lithium nitrate, lithiumbromide, lithium iodide and the tetraphenyl lithium tetraborate of LiBF4, lithium hexafluoro phosphate, lithium perchlorate, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid lithium, the alkylsulfonyl imines lithium salts of following general formula (12), following general formula (13); (2) sodium salt is such as sodium perchlorate, Soiodin, sodium tetrafluoroborate, sodium hexafluoro phosphate, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid sodium and Sodium Bromide; And (3) sylvite, such as potassiumiodide, potassium tetrafluoroborate, Potassium Hexafluorophosphate and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid potassium.
(R
a-SO
2)(R
b-SO
2)NLi (12)
(R
c-SO
2)(R
d-SO
2)(R
e-SO
2)CLi (13)
In with following formula (12) and (13), R
a-R
eIndependently be the C that can have one or two ehter bond separately
1-4Perfluoroalkyl.
The illustrative example of the alkylsulfonyl imines lithium salts of general formula (12) comprising: (CF
3SO
2)
2NLi, (C
2F
5SO
2)
2NLi, (C
3F
7SO
2)
2NLi, (C
4F
9SO
2)
2NLi, (CF
3SO
2) (C
2F
5SO
2) NLi, (CF
3SO
2) (C
3F
7SO
2) NLi, (CF
3SO
2) (C
4F
9SO
2) NLi, (C
2F
5SO
2) (C
3F
7SO
2) NLi, (C
2F
5SO
2) (C
4F
9SO
2) NLi and (CF
3OCF
2SO
2)
2NLi.
The illustrative example of the alkylsulfonyl methide lithium salts of general formula (13) comprising: (CF
3SO
2)
3CLi, (C
2F
5SO
2)
3CLi, (C
3F
7SO
2)
3CLi, (C
4F
9SO
2)
3CLi, (CF
3SO
2)
2(C
2F
5SO
2) CLi, (CF
3SO
2)
2(C
3F
7SO
2) CLi, (CF
3SO
2)
2(C
4F
9SO
2) CLi, (CF
3SO
2) (C
2F
5SO
2)
2CLi, (CF
3SO
2) (C
3F
7SO
2)
2CLi, (CF
3SO
2) (C
4F
9SO
2)
2CLi, (C
2F
5SO
2)
2(C
3F
7SO
2) CLi, (C
2F
5SO
2)
2(C
4F
9SO
2) CLi and (CF
3OCF
2SO
2)
3CLi.
In above-claimed cpd, the alkylsulfonyl methide lithium salts of preferred LiBF4, lithium hexafluoro phosphate, general formula (12) and general formula (13) is because they are the ionic conduction salt with extra high ionic conductivity and thermostability of excellence.These ionic conduction salt can use separately, perhaps use with its two or more form of mixtures.
The quaternary ammonium salt that can be used for double charge layer capacitor comprises phosphofluoric acid tetramethyl-ammonium, tetraethylammonium hexafluorophosphate, phosphofluoric acid tetrapropyl ammonium, phosphofluoric acid methyl triethyl ammonium, tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate and perchloric acid tetraethyl ammonium; And acyclic amidines, ring amidine (for example imidazoles, imidazolines, miazines, 1; 5-diazabicylo [4.3.0] ninth of the ten Heavenly Stems-5-alkene (DBN), 1,8-diazabicylo [5.4.0]-11 carbon-7-alkene (DBU)), pyroles, pyrazoles,
azole, thiazoles,
diazoles, thiadiazole, triazole species, pyridines, pyrazine class, triazines, pyrrolidines, morpholine class, piperidines and piperazines.
In electrolyte solution, the concentration of ionic conduction salt is 0.05-3mol/L normally, preferred 0.1-2mol/L.The concentration of ionic conduction salt is crossed to hang down and can not be obtained sufficient ionic conductivity, and excessive concentration causes it not to be dissolved in the liquid electrolyte fully.
Double charge layer capacitor
Double charge layer capacitor of the present invention is made up of separation scraper between a pair of polarizable electrode, the polarizable electrode and liquid electrolyte, and the latter is the liquid electrolyte that is used for the above-mentioned type of storage device electric.
Polarizable electrode can prepare through using the polarizable electrode compsn to apply running contact, and the polarizable electrode compsn contains carbonaceousmaterial and binder polymer.
Has no special limitation for carbonaceousmaterial.Illustrative example comprises through with the raw material carbonization that is fit to, perhaps through carbonization then with the material activation after the carbonization to produce the carbonaceous material that activated carbon prepares.The example of the raw material that is fit to comprises the plant base material, such as timber, sawdust, Exocarpium cocois (Cocos nucifera L) and pulping waste liquor; Mineral fuel base material such as coal and petroleum fuel oil, and is obtained by coal or oil through thermo-cracking said mineral fuel base material, perhaps from the textile fibres of tar-bitumen; And synthetic polymkeric substance, resol, furane resin, PVC RESINS, gather inclined to one side 1,2-dichloroethene resin, polyimide resin, polyamide resin, polycarbodiimide resin, liquid crystalline polymers, plastic waste and regenerated tyre rubber.
In order to prevent by the degradation that raw material changes or impurities in raw materials causes, in above-mentioned substance, the preferred carbonaceousmaterial of mainly forming by resin deutero-carbonaceousmaterial.Especially preferably through carbonized phenolic resin or polycarbodiimide resin, activation and the carbonaceousmaterial that obtains then.
Can use the resol of any known type and not have particular restriction.Illustrative example comprises first rank phenolic resin, novolac resin and other special resol.
Can use the polycarbodiimide resin that obtains through any known the whole bag of tricks not have particular restriction (referring to US2941966, JP-B 47-33279, J.Org.Chem.20,2069-2075 (1963) etc.) equally.The polycarbodiimide resin that for example, can use the decarboxylation condensation through organic diisocyanate to prepare.
Has no particular restriction for activation method.The example of spendable said technology comprises chemical activation and steam activation.The activated carbon that preferably prepares through the chemical activation that uses KOH is because the electrical condenser that obtains trends towards having the bigger electrostatic capacitance of carbon than using steam activation.
The actual in the present invention carbonaceousmaterial that uses can be any form, comprises material, particulate matter, ball ball, fiber, felted, fabric fibre or the sheet of pulverizing.
Can in carbonaceousmaterial, add electro-conductive material.Can use any conducting material that can give carbonaceousmaterial electroconductibility, and not have particular restriction.Illustrative example comprises carbon black, Ketjenblack, acetylene black, carbon whisker, thomel, natural graphite, synthetic graphite, titanium oxide, ruthenium oxide, and steel fiber, such as al and ni.Can use a kind of in the above-mentioned substance, perhaps two or more mixture.Preferred Ketjenblack (carbon black a type) or the acetylene black used.
Average particle size particle size for conducting material does not have particular restriction, but hopes that the average particle size particle size of conducting material is 10nm-10 μ m, more preferably 10-100nm, most preferably 20-40nm.The average particle size particle size that conducting material had is at the 1/5000-1/2 of carbonaceousmaterial average particle size particle size, particularly particularly advantageous in the scope of 1/1000-1/10.
There is not particular restriction for add-on.But, give effect in order to obtain good electrostatic capacitance and favorable conductive, preferred add-on is the 0.1-20 weight part, especially 0.5-10 weight part/per 100 weight part carbonaceousmaterials.
Binder polymer can be any polymkeric substance that is suitable for using in this application.Preferred example comprises (I) unsaturated polyurethanes compound; (II) has the polymeric materials of inierpeneirating network structure or half interpenetrating network structure; (III) contain the unitary thermoplastic resin of following general formula (14); And (IV) fluorinated polymer material.Use any height that causes in the polymeric materials (I)-(III) bonding, and therefore can increase the physical strength of electrode.Use fluorinated polymer material (IV) then to have excellent heat and elctrical stability.
In formula, alphabetical r is the integer of 3-5, and alphabetical s is 5 or bigger integer.
Above-mentioned unsaturated polyurethanes compound (I) preferably prepares through the unsaturated alcohol that (A) is had at least one (methyl) acryl and hydroxyl in molecule, polyol compound, (C) polyisocyanate compounds and (D) the optional chain extension agent reaction of (B) following general formula (15).
HO-[(R
5)
h-(Z)
i-(R
6)
j]
q-OH (15)
In formula, R
5And R
6Be the bivalent hydrocarbon radical of 1-10 carbon independently of one another, can contain amino, nitro, carbonyl or ether; Z is-COO-,-OCOO-,-NR
7CO-(R
7Be the alkyl of a Wasserstoffatoms or 1-4 carbon) ,-O-or arylidene; Letter h, i and j are 0 or the integer of 1-10 independently of one another, and alphabetical q is 1 or bigger integer.
Unsaturated alcohol for as component (A) has no particular restriction, and prerequisite is that its molecule has at least one (methyl) acryl and hydroxyl.Illustrative example comprises vinylformic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester, vinylformic acid 2-hydroxy-propyl ester, methylacrylic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester, methylacrylic acid 2-hydroxy-propyl ester, diglycol monotertiary propenoate, diglycol monotertiary methacrylic ester, triglycol mono acrylic ester and triglycol monomethacrylates.
Polyol compound as component (B) can be, polyether glycol for example, and such as polyoxyethylene glycol, or polyester polyol, such as polycaprolactone.The polyol compound of especially preferred above general formula (15).
In with following formula (15), R
5And R
6Be 1-10 carbon independently of one another, the bivalent hydrocarbon radical of preferred 1-6 carbon, it can contain amino, nitro, carbonyl or ether.Preferred example comprises alkylidene group, such as methylene radical, ethylidene, trimethylene, propylidene, oxyethane and propylene oxide base.
Letter q is >=1, preferred >=5, the most preferably number of 10-200.
As the number-average molecular weight that polyol compound had of component (B) preferably 400-10000, more preferably 1000-5000.
Illustrative example as the polyisocyanate compounds of component (C) comprises aromatic diisocyanate; Such as tolylene diisocyanate, 4; 4 '-'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, PPDI, 1; 5-naphthalene diisocyanate, 3,3 '-two chloro-4,4 '-'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and XDI; And aliphatic series or alicyclic diisocyanate, such as hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, 4,4 '-dichloro hexyl methane diisocyanate and hydrogenant XDI.
Above-mentioned urethanes is preferably prepared by said components (A)-(C) and chain extension agent (D).Can use normally used any chain extension agent in thermo-plastic polyurethane's resin.Illustrative example comprises glycols, such as terepthaloyl moietie and glycol ether; Aliphatic diol, such as 1, ammediol and 1,4-butyleneglycol; Aromatics or alicyclic divalent alcohol, such as 1, two (beta-hydroxy oxyethyl group) benzene, 1 of 4-, 4-cyclohexanediol and xylylene-glycol; Two amines are such as hydrazine, quadrol, 1,6-hexanediamine, benzene dimethylamine and piperazine; And amino alcohol, such as AH and isophthaloyl dihydrazide.Can use in these compounds any, perhaps two or more mixture.
Can also use through as the polyol compound of component (B) with as the urethane prepolymer of the pre-reaction preparation of the polyisocyanate compounds of component (C).
It is favourable using component (A)-(D) according to following ratio:
(A) 100 weight parts;
(B) 100-20000 weight part, preferred 1000-10000 weight part;
(C) 80-5000 weight part, preferred 300-2000 weight part; And optional
(D) 5-1000 weight part, preferred 10-500 weight part.
The number-average molecular weight that gained unsaturated polyurethanes compound is had is preferably 1000-50000, most preferably 3000-30000.Produce small molecular weight between the crosslink sites in the gel of the too small meeting of number-average molecular weight after curing, this can make its snappiness as binder polymer insufficient.On the other hand, number-average molecular weight cross conference cause solidify before the viscosity of electrod composition become excessive, cause to be difficult to be made into electrode with even coating thickness.
Above-mentioned polymeric materials (II) with inierpeneirating network structure or half interpenetrating network structure can be formed the compound of IPN or half interpenetrating network structure by two or more mutually, forms such as polymkeric substance or reactive monomer.
The example that said polymeric materials and two or more compounds in them are formed comprises:
(A) polymeric matrix through combining (a) hydroxyalkyl polysaccharide derivates and the compound that (d) has crosslinkable functionality to form;
(B) polymeric matrix through combining (b) polyvinyl alcohol derivate and the compound that (d) has crosslinkable functionality to form;
(C) polymeric matrix through combining (c) poly epihydric alcohol verivate and the compound that (d) has crosslinkable functionality to form.
In order to improve physical strength and for other reasons, using above-mentioned unsaturated polyurethanes compound (I) is favourable as the compound that partly or entirely (d) has crosslinkable functionality.
Can use following any as the hydroxyalkyl polysaccharide derivates, with as component (a):
(1) through oxyethane and naturally occurring polysaccharide, such as Mierocrystalline cellulose, starch or pulullan, react and the hydroxyethyl polysaccharide of preparation,
(2) the hydroxypropyl polysaccharide for preparing through propylene oxide and above-mentioned naturally occurring polysaccharide reaction,
(3) through Racemic glycidol or 3-chloro-1,2-Ucar 35 and above-mentioned naturally occurring polysaccharide react and the dihydroxypropyl polysaccharide of preparation.
Part or all of hydroxyl on these hydroxyalkyl polysaccharide can be sealed by the substituting group of ester linkage or ether linking.
The molar substitution that above-mentioned hydroxyalkyl polysaccharide is had is 2-30, preferred 2-20.Molar substitution is lower than 2, and the ability of hydroxyalkyl polysaccharide solvation electrolytic salt will become so low, so that the hydroxyalkyl polysaccharide is inappropriate for use.
Wherein partly or entirely hydroxyl can be by the hydroxyalkyl polysaccharide derivates of the substituting group of ester linkage or ether linking sealing such-wherein at least 10% end OH base has been selected from the univalent perssad sealing of following type by one or more on the molecular chain: halogen atom, replacement or unsubstituted monovalence alkyl, R
8CO-base (R wherein
8Be to replace or unsubstituted monovalence alkyl), R
8 3Si-base (R wherein
8The same), amino, alkylamino, H (OR
9)
m-Ji (R wherein
9Be the alkylidene group of 2-5 carbon, alphabetical m is the integer of 1-100) and phosphorus-containing groups.
Replacement or unsubstituted monovalence alkyl are to have 1-10 carbon, the identical or different monovalence alkyl of preferred 1-8 carbon.Illustrative example comprises alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl group, sec.-propyl, the tertiary butyl and amyl group; Aryl is such as phenyl and toluene; Aralkyl is such as benzyl; Alkenyl is such as vinyl; And any of above-mentioned group (wherein partly or entirely Wasserstoffatoms by halogen, cyanic acid, hydroxyl, amino or the replacement of other substituting group).Can use a kind of in these groups, perhaps two kinds with multiple combination.
Polyvinyl alcohol derivative as component (b) is the polymerizable compound with the polyvinyl alcohol units that has oxyalkylene chain, and wherein partly or entirely hydroxyl is substituted.Here, " hydroxyl " briefly is meant the residual hydroxy groups that produces from polyvinyl alcohol units and has been introduced into the hydroxyl on the oxyalkylene group that contains the molecule.
The mean polymerisation degree that polymerizable compound had with polyvinyl alcohol units is 20 at least, preferably at least 30, most preferably at least 50.The group that part or all of hydroxyl on the polyvinyl alcohol units is contained oxyalkylene replaces.For operation and other reason easily, the upper limit of number-average degree of polymerization preferably is not higher than 2000, more preferably no higher than 500, most preferably is not higher than 200.
For the polymerizable compound that contains polyvinyl alcohol units, best be number-average degree of polymerization satisfy above-mentioned scope and wherein the ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol units in the molecule be the homopolymer of at least 98 moles of %.But, can also use ratio that such polymerizable compound-number-average degree of polymerization that contains polyvinyl alcohol units satisfies above-mentioned scope and Z 150PH preferably at least 60 moles of %, preferably at least 70 moles of %.Illustrative example comprise some hydroxyls on the Z 150PH of PVF-wherein be converted on the Z 150PH of formaldehyde, modified polyethylene alcohol-wherein some hydroxyls by alkylation, gather (ethylene-vinyl alcohol), partly-hydrolysed Yodo Sol VC 400 and other modified polyethylene alcohol.
The group that part or all of hydroxyl on the polyvinyl alcohol units of polymerizable compound is contained oxyalkylene replaces (in addition, some Wasserstoffatomss on these oxyalkylene groups can be replaced by hydroxyl) and replaces at least 0.3 molar average.The ratio that is contained the substituted hydroxyl of group of oxyalkylene preferably is 30 moles of %, more preferably at least 50 moles of % at least.The Z 150PH weight that can have through accurate measurement and the weight of reaction product confirm that molar average replaces (MS).
Poly epihydric alcohol verivate as component (c) is the unit (hereinafter being called " A unit ") that contains following formula (16)
And the unit of formula (17) (hereinafter being called " B unit ")
Compound.The molecule chain end of compound is by specific substituting group end-blocking.
Can be through use alkaline catalysts or Lewis acid catalyst, polymerization Racemic glycidol or 3-chloro-1, the 2-Ucar 35 prepares poly epihydric alcohol, although preferably use Racemic glycidol as raw material usually.
The unitary sum of A on the poly epihydric alcohol molecule and B preferably is 2 at least, more preferably at least 6, and most preferably at least 10.This there is not the special upper limit, although the sum of said group is no more than about 10000 usually.Can these unitary sums be set at required flowability, viscosity and other characteristic that is fit to poly epihydric alcohol.(the A: of the unitary ratio of A unit and B in these molecules B) preferably at 1/9-9/1, especially in the scope of 3/7-7/3.A and B unit are not shown as in order, can arrange with any array configuration.
Adopt GPC (GPC) to measure, the polyoxyethylene glycol equivalent weight-average molecular weight (Mw) that poly epihydric alcohol had is preferably at 200-730000, and more preferably 200-100000 is most preferably in the scope of 600-20000.Polydispersity (Mw/Mn) is preferably 1.1-20, most preferably 1.1-10.
Wherein to be substituted basic end capped poly epihydric alcohol be that at least 10% terminal hydroxy group on the molecular chain of such poly epihydric alcohol verivate-wherein is selected from one or more following univalent perssads sealings: the R of halogen atom, replacement or unsubstituted monovalence alkyl, a 1-10 carbon to molecular chain
10CO-base (R wherein
10Be to replace or unsubstituted monovalence alkyl), R
10 3Si-base (R wherein
10Define the same), amino, alkylamino, H (OR
11)
u-Ji (R wherein
11Be the alkylidene group of 2-5 carbon, alphabetical u is the integer of 1-100) and phosphorus-containing groups.
The monovalence alkyl of an above-mentioned replacement or a unsubstituted 1-10 carbon is for example to define above-mentioned R
8And R
9The time the similar group mentioned.Especially these groups of preferred 1-8 carbon.Can use the known technology that is used for various substituting group leading-in end hydroxyls to replace.
Below any can be as having the compound of crosslinkable groups, as component (d):
(1) have the compound of epoxy group(ing), its with have two or more can the combination with the compound bearing active hydrogen of epoxy reaction;
(2) have the compound of NCO, its with have two or more can the combination with the compound of NCO reactive activity hydrogen;
(3) has the compound of two or more reactive double bonds.
The preferred example that has the compound (1) of epoxy group(ing) comprises the compound that has two or more epoxy group(ing) on the molecule, such as sorbyl alcohol polyglycidyl ether, anhydro sorbitol polyglycidyl ether, poly-glycerol polyglycidyl ether, tetramethylolmethane polyglycidyl ether, Glycerol dimer polyglycidyl ether and three-glycidyl three (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanuric acid ester.
Three-dimensional net structure can through with the above-mentioned compound that has an epoxy group(ing) with have at least two compound bearing active hydrogen, such as amine, alcohol, carboxylic acid or phenol, reaction and forming.Illustrative example comprises polymerized polyalcohol, such as polyoxyethylene glycol, W 166 and ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol multipolymer, and terepthaloyl moietie, 1; 2-Ucar 35,1, ammediol, 1,3 butylene glycol, 1; 4-butyleneglycol, 1,5-pentanediol, 2,2-dimethyl--1; Ammediol, glycol ether, DPG, 1,4 cyclohexane dimethanol, 1, two (beta-hydroxy ethyl) benzene of 4-and p-Xylol base glycol; Polyamines is such as phenyldiethanol-amine, methyldiethanolamine and polymine; And poly carboxylic acid.
The illustrative example that has the compound (2) of NCO is the compound with two or more NCOs; Such as tolylene diisocyanate, XDI, naphthalene diisocyanate, diphenylmethanediisocyanate, inferior biphenyl diisocyanate, phenyl ether vulcabond, tolidine vulcabond, hexamethylene diisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanate.
Can also use isocyanic acid butt polyol compound through above-mentioned isocyanate compound and polyol compound prepared in reaction.
At this moment, the stoichiometric ratio of the hydroxyl [OH] on NCO on the isocyanate compound [NCO] and the polyvalent alcohol satisfies the condition of [NCO]＞[OH].[NCO]/[OH] ratio is preferably at 1.03/1-10/1, especially in the scope of 1.10/1-5/1.
Perhaps, can replace polyvalent alcohol and isocyanate reaction with amine with two or more active hydrogens.Used amine can be the amine with uncle or secondary amino group, although preferably have the compound of primary amino.The example that is fit to comprises diamines, such as quadrol, 1,1,4-diaminobutane and piperazine; Polyamines is such as polyvinylamine; And amino alcohol, such as N methyldiethanol amine and monoethanolamine.Wherein, it is especially preferred that functional group has the reactive diamines of same levels.So far, [the NH on base of [NCO] on the isocyanate compound and the amine compound
2] or [NH] basic satisfied [NCO]＞[NH of stoichiometric ratio
2]+[NH] condition.
The above-mentioned compound self that has NCO can not form three-dimensional net structure.But, compound that can be through will having NCO with have at least two compound bearing active hydrogen, form three-dimensional net structure such as amine, alcohol, carboxylic acid or phenol reactant.
The compound that is fit to two or more active hydrogens through with above-mentioned same compound illustration.
Have no special limitation for the above-mentioned compound (3) that has reactive double bond, preferred example comprises the diester that has the polyoxyalkylene composition of above-mentioned unsaturated polyurethanes compound (I) and following general formula (18).The mixture and three esters of the monoesters that has the oxyalkylene composition of these compounds and following general formula (19) are used in suggestion.
In formula (18), R
12, R
13And R
14Be a Wasserstoffatoms or 1-6 carbon independently of one another, the alkyl of preferred 1-4 carbon is such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, sec.-propyl, normal-butyl, isobutyl-, sec.-butyl and the tertiary butyl; And alphabetical d and e satisfy condition d>=1 and e>=0 or d>=0 and e>=1.The d+e sum preferably is not more than 100, especially 1-30.R
12, R
13And R
14Most preferably be methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, sec.-propyl, normal-butyl, isobutyl-, sec.-butyl or the tertiary butyl.
In formula (19), R
15, R
16And R
17Be a Wasserstoffatoms or 1-6 carbon independently of one another, the alkyl of preferred 1-4 carbon is such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, sec.-propyl, normal-butyl, isobutyl-, sec.-butyl and the tertiary butyl; And alphabetical f and g satisfy condition f>=1 and g>=0 or f>=0 and g>=1.The f+g sum preferably is not more than 100, especially 1-30.R
15, R
16And R
17Most preferably be methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, sec.-propyl, normal-butyl, isobutyl-, sec.-butyl or the tertiary butyl.
If desired, can add the compound that contains acryloyl or methacryloyl.The example of such compound comprises propenoate and methacrylic ester; Such as SY-Monomer G, glycidyl acrylate and tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate; And isocyanic acid methacryloyl ester, 2-methylol methylacrylic acid and N, N-dimethyl aminoethyl methylacrylic acid.Other compound that contains reactive double bond also can add; Such as acrylic amide (for example N hydroxymethyl acrylamide, methylene-bisacrylamide, diacetone acrylamide); And vinyl compound, such as vinyl
azoles quinoline and vinylene carbonate.
So far, in order to form three-dimensional net structure, must add those that mention as above-mentioned and have the compound of at least two reactive double bonds.
Usually; In electrod composition with above-mentioned unsaturated polyurethanes compound (I) or diester compound that has a polyoxyalkylene composition and the monoester compound heating that has the polyoxyalkylene composition or be exposed to the radiation that is fit to form; Under electron beam, microwave or radio-frequency radiation; Perhaps with the mixture heating up of compound, to form three-dimensional net structure.
Need or have to the unsaturated polyurethanes compound and add the monoester compound (being a kind of monofunctional monomer) that has the polyoxyalkylene composition in the diester of polyoxyalkylene composition, because such adding has been introduced three-dimensional net structure with the polyoxyalkylene side chain.
There is not particular restriction for unsaturated polyurethanes compound (I) or diester compound that has a polyoxyalkylene composition and the relative proportion that has the monoester compound of polyoxyalkylene composition.
When the radiation of heating or be exposed to suitable form; Such as electron beam, microwave or radio-frequency radiation following time; Containing component (a) and (b) or binder polymer (c) mixes with component (d); Form the semiinterpenetrating polymer network structure, the three-dimensional net structure of the molecular chain of component (a) and (b) or polymkeric substance (c) and polymkeric substance interlocking wherein, the three-dimensional net structure of said polymkeric substance are through as (polymerization) reaction formation of the compound that has crosslinkable functionality of component (d).
Contain the binder polymer that the unitary thermoplastic resin of following general formula (14) can be used as the above-mentioned type (III)
In formula, alphabetical r is 3,4 or 5, alphabetical s is >=and 5 integer.
Said thermoplastic resin preferably passes through (E) polyol compound and (F) polyisocyanate compounds and (G) thermo-plastic polyurethane's resin of chain extension agent prepared in reaction.
The thermo-plastic polyurethane's resin that is fit to not only comprises the urethane resin with urethane bond, but also comprises the polyurethane-urea resin with urethane bond and urea key.
Preferred example as the polyol compound of above component (E) comprises polyester polyol, polyester polyether glycol, polyester-polycarbonate polyvalent alcohol, polycaprolactone polyvalent alcohol and composition thereof.
The number-average molecular weight that has as the polyol compound of component (E) is preferably 1000-5000, most preferably 1500-3000.The too small physical property that can reduce gained thermo-plastic polyurethane resin molding of the number-average molecular weight of polyol compound is such as thermotolerance and tensile elongation.On the other hand, number-average molecular weight is crossed conference increases the viscosity in the building-up process, has therefore reduced the production stability of thermo-plastic polyurethane's resin to be prepared.The number-average molecular weight of here using that relates to polyol compound is based on that the OH value measured according to JIS K1577 calculates.
Illustrative example as the polyisocyanate compounds of above component (F) comprises aromatic isocyanate; Such as tolylene diisocyanate, 4; 4 '-'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, PPDI, 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate and XDI; And aliphatic series or alicyclic diisocyanate, such as hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, 4,4 '-dicyclohexyl methane diisocyanate and hydrogenant XDI.
As the chain extension agent of said components (G) preferably molecular weight be no more than 300 and have two can with the low-molecular weight compound of NCO reactive activity Wasserstoffatoms.
Known various types of compound can be used as such low-molecular weight compound.Illustrative example comprises aliphatic diol, such as terepthaloyl moietie, Ucar 35 and 1, ammediol; Aromatics or alicyclic diol, such as such as 1, two (beta-hydroxy oxyethyl group) benzene, 1 of 4-, 4-cyclohexanediol and two (beta-hydroxy ethyl) terephthalates; Two amines are such as hydrazine, quadrol, 1,6-hexanediamine and benzene dimethylamine; And amino alcohol, such as AH.Can use in these compounds any, perhaps two or more mixture.
In the preparation of thermo-plastic polyurethane's resin, be favourable according to following ratio reaction with said components:
(E) 100 weight part polyol compounds;
(F) 5-200 weight part, preferred 20-100 weight part polyisocyanate compounds;
(G) 1-200 weight part, preferred 5-100 weight part chain extension agent.
Measure according to following formula, the swelling ratio that thermoplastic resin has is at 150-800%, and preferred 250-500% is most preferably in the scope of 250-400%.
The dipping gram number (g) of thermoplastic resin before in the gram number (g) * 100/20 of dipping swollen thermoplastic resin after the 24 hours electrolyte solution ℃ down in the electrolyte solution under the swelling ratio (%)=20 ℃
The preferred example that can be used as the fluorinated polymer material of the above-mentioned type (IV) binder polymer comprises gathers inclined to one side 1; 1-difluoroethylene (PVDF), 1; 1-difluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (P (VDF-HFP)) and vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylcopolymer copolymer (P (VDF-CTFE)).Wherein, especially need preferably 50wt% at least of vinylidene fluoride content, most preferably the fluoropolymer of 70wt% at least.The preferably about 97wt% of the upper limit of vinylidene fluoride content in the fluoropolymer.
Weight-average molecular weight for fluoropolymer does not have particular restriction, but the preferred 500000-2000000 of weight-average molecular weight, most preferably 500000-1500000.Weight-average molecular weight is crossed to hang down and can be caused the excessive decline of physical strength.
The polarizable electrode compsn can be through adding mixing tank in binder solution; Wet mixing and preparing subsequently; Said binder solution is to be prepared by above-mentioned carbonaceousmaterial (if desired, comprising electro-conductive material), binder polymer and optional solvent.
The add-on of binder polymer is preferred 0.5-20 weight part, most preferably 1-10 weight part/100 weight part carbonaceousmaterials.
The polarizable electrode compsn of as above preparation is coated on the conduction of current device, therefore forms polarizable electrode.Can select and use normally used any positive and negative electrode running contact in double charge layer capacitor, but cathode collector preferably aluminium foil or aluminum oxide, anode collector preferably Copper Foil, nickel foil or surface forms the tinsel of copper facing or nickel film.
The paper tinsel that constitutes each running contact can be an Any shape, comprises the sheet of thin foil shape, plain film shape and perforated stamp shape.The thickness that paper tinsel has is 1-200 μ m normally.In order to optimize characteristic, such as density and pole strength as the carbonaceousmaterial of the part of entire electrode, preferred thickness is 8-100 μ m, especially 8-30 μ m.
Polarizable electrode can be extruded foreign body and prepare through fusing and fusion polarizable electrode compsn subsequently with form of film.
Above-mentioned separation scraper can be a normally used type in double charge layer capacitor.Illustrative example comprises (1) separation scraper with the preparation of liquid electrolyte dipping separation scraper matrix; The polymer binder that (2) will be used for polarizable electrode is shaped to film and the separation scraper for preparing; (3) separation scraper of forming by the gel electrolyte film; Said gel electrolyte film prepares to cause its swelling with the liquid electrolyte solvent impregnated resin through with swelling ratio (measuring according to above-mentioned formula) thermoplastic resin molded in the 150-800% scope subsequently.The liquid electrolyte that is used for this purpose can be any of the above-mentioned all kinds liquid electrolyte that is used for storage device electric.
In type (1) separation scraper, using separation scraper matrix can be to be generally used for a kind of in the double charge layer capacitor.The paper that the foreign body of paper, Mierocrystalline cellulose and spun glass that sheet, abaca sheet, glass fiber sheets, cellulose base electrolytic paper, the rayon fiber that illustrative example comprises polyolefine nonwoven fabric, polytetrafluoroethylporous porous membrane, kraft paper, processed by the foreign body of rayon fiber and sisal fibers processed is processed, with and the mixture of multilayer chip form.
The separation scraper of operable other type comprises that (2) are shaped to the separation scraper that film prepares through the polymer binder that will be used for polarizable electrode; (3) separation scraper of forming by gel electrolyte film; Said gel electrolyte film prepares to cause its swelling with the liquid electrolyte solvent impregnated resin through with swelling ratio (measuring according to above-mentioned formula) thermoplastic resin molded in the 150-800% scope subsequently.
Because the composition that said separation scraper had is identical with the polymer binder that is used for electrode (thermoplastic resin), thus electrode/separation scraper internal surface integral uniform and controlled, the feasible internal resistance that can further reduce electrical condenser.
Double charge layer capacitor of the present invention can through pile up, folding or coiling double charge layer capacitor assembly assembles, said double charge layer capacitor assembly is made up of the polarizable electrode of a pair of as above preparation and separation scraper wherein.Battery component is processed coin shapes, with being placed on condenser box, in a jar or laminate pack.Be full of assembly with liquid electrolyte subsequently, then mechanical seal casing (if jar) or heat-sealing (if laminate pack).
Because double charge layer capacitor of the present invention use above general formula (1) quaternary ammonium salt or season
salt as ionogen; Ionic conductivity is higher than double charge layer capacitor of the prior art; In addition, electrical condenser has the cold property and the wide potential well of high electrostatic capacitance, excellence.In addition, use as above-mentioned those low resistance polarizable electrode and make electrical condenser possibly be endowed high power density and energy density.
Because double charge layer capacitor of the present invention has been endowed such characteristic; They are suitable as the memory backup power supply and are used for cell phone, notebook and radio terminal very much; Be used for cell phone and portable audio equipment as power supply, be used for Personal Computer and miscellaneous equipment as uninterruptible power supply, and as various types of low current storage device electrics; Such as the load balancing power supply, be used in combination with solar electrical energy generation and wind power generation.In addition, can be highly suitable for the double charge layer capacitor that high electric current discharges and recharges and be used as high electric current storage device electric in the application such as electric car and power tool.
Secondary cell
Secondary cell of the present invention has positive pole and negative pole, the separation scraper between positive and negative electrode and electrolyte solution.Electrolyte solution is any of the above-mentioned liquid electrolyte that is used for storage device electric, has wherein added ionic conduction salt (in liquid electrolyte (2) and (3) that " liquid electrolyte that is used for storage device electric " joint is described).
Preparation anodal positive electrode active materials is fit to select according to desired use, cell types and other reason of electrode.For example, under the anodal situation in lithium secondary battery and lithium-ion secondary cell, can use chalcogen compound that can contain and discharge lithium ion and the chalcogen compound that contains lithium ion.
The said example that can contain and discharge the chalcogen compound of lithium ion comprises FeS
2, TiS
2, MoS
2, V
2O
6, V
6O
13And MnO
2
The specific examples that contains the chalcogen compound of lithium ion comprises LiCoO
2, LiMnO
2, LiMn
2O
4, LiV
3O
8, LiNiO
2And Li
xNi
yM
1-yO
2(wherein M is one or more metals that are selected from cobalt, manganese, titanium, chromium, vanadium, aluminium, tin, lead and zinc; 0.05≤x≤1.10; 0.5≤y≤1.0).
The negative active core-shell material of preparation negative pole is fit to select according to desired use, cell types and other reason of electrode.For example; Under the situation of the negative pole in lithium secondary battery and lithium-ion secondary cell; Basic metal, alkali metal alloy can be used, at least a oxide compound, sulfide or the nitride that is selected from the element of the periodic table of elements 8,9,10,11,12,13,14 and 15 families of lithium ion can be contained reversiblely and discharge, and the carbonaceousmaterial that can contain and discharge lithium ion.
The alkali-metal example that is fit to comprises lithium, sodium and potassium.The example of the alkali metal alloy that is fit to comprises metallic lithium, Li-Al, Li-Mg, Li-Al-Ni, sodium, Na-Hg and Na-Zn.
The illustrative example of the oxide compound of at least a element that is selected from periodic table of elements 8-15 family that can contain and discharge lithium ion comprises silicon oxide tin (SnSiO
3), bismuth oxide lithium (Li
3BiO
4) and zinc oxide lithium (Li
2ZnO
2).
The illustrative example of sulfide comprises iron sulphide lithium Li
xFeS
2(wherein 0≤x≤3) and cupric sulfide lithium Li
xCuS (0≤x≤3).
The illustrative example of nitride comprises the transition metal nitride that contains lithium, especially Li
xM
y(wherein M is cobalt, nickel or copper to N; And 0≤x≤3; 0≤y≤0.5) and nitrided iron lithium (Li
3FeN
4).
The example that can contain reversiblely and discharge the carbonaceousmaterial of lithium ion comprises graphite, carbon black, coke, vitreous carbon, thomel and any obtains sintered compact by these materials.
The binder polymer of processing positive and negative electrode is used for the identical of double charge layer capacitor with above-mentioned.Operable ionic conduction salt is the above conducting salt of describing at " liquid electrolyte that is used for storage device electric " joint.
Above-mentioned secondary cell can through pile up, folding or coiled battery assembly assembles, said battery component is made up of anodal and negative pole and separation scraper wherein.Battery component is processed coin shapes, with being placed on cell box, in a jar or laminate pack.Be full of assembly with electrolyte solution subsequently, then mechanical seal casing (if jar) or heat-sealing (if laminate pack).
If desired, can in electrolyte solution, add the aging material of reaction, such as the compound or the thermal ageing urethane of (methyl) propenoate, band epoxy group(ing) and react, to wear out.
Electrolyte solution (2) and (3) in " liquid electrolyte " joint, described can also be used for the mixed type storage device electric; Wherein negative or positive electrode is one; Such as normally used in double charge layer capacitor and other polarizable electrode; Otherwise another is that the active material such as normally used electrode in lithium-ion secondary cell-wherein is the material that can insert or take out lithium ion.
Embodiment
The synthetic embodiment, embodiments of the invention and the comparative example that below provide are used for describing in more detail the present invention, but therefore do not limit scope of the present invention.
Synthesizing of compound (3)
(Kanto Chemical Co. Inc.) mixes with 85ml 2-methoxy ethyl chlorine (Kanto Chemical) and the mixing solutions for preparing places autoclave and in 100 ℃ of reactions 24 hours with the 100ml diethylamine.Pressing in the reaction process is 1.3kgf/cm
2After 24 hours, in the mixture of sedimentary crystal that obtains and reaction soln, add the aqueous solution 200ml that contains 56g Pottasium Hydroxide (Katayama Chemical Inc.).Two organic phases using separating funnel to form are separated, and use 100ml methylene dichloride (Wako Pure ChemicalIndustries, Ltd.) extraction secondary.Merge isolating organic phase subsequently and, then add salt of wormwood (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) and anhydrate, and carry out vacuum filtration to remove with saturated brine solution washing.In rotatory evaporator, distill out the solvent in the organic phase that obtains, then resistates is carried out air distillation, obtain the cut that the 18.9g boiling point is about 135 ℃.
1This compound of H-NMR spectrum proof is a 2-methoxy ethyl diethylamine.
Next, 8.24g 2-methoxy ethyl diethylamine is dissolved in 10ml THF (WakoPure Chemical Industries), under the ice bath cooling, adds 4.0ml methyl-iodide (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) subsequently.After 30 minutes, from ice bath, shift out mixture, and stirred overnight at room temperature.The solvent in the gained reaction mixture is removed in vacuum distilling subsequently, and with the solid that obtains recrystallization from ethanol (Wako Pure Chemical Industries)-THF system, obtains 16g 2-methoxy ethyl diethylmethyl ammonium iodide.
Then, 15.0g 2-methoxy ethyl diethylmethyl ammonium iodide is dissolved in 100ml zero(ppm) water, adds 6.37g silver suboxide (Kanto Chemical) subsequently and stirred 3 hours.The vacuum filtration reaction mixture then under agitation adds 42% Tetrafluoroboric acid (Kanto Chemical) gradually to remove deposition subsequently, reaches about 5-6 until the pH of reaction soln.With the postlyophilization reaction soln, use vacuum pump to remove water wherein fully, obtain 12.39g compound (3) at last, its at room temperature (25 ℃) be liquid.
Fig. 1 is the NMR spectrum (solvent: deuterochloroform) of compound (3).
Synthesizing of compound (4)
Except replacing with iodoethane the methyl-iodide, according to the compound (4) of the mode synthetic following formula identical with synthetic embodiment 1.With the white crystal that obtains after lyophilize recrystallization from ethanol, obtain pure products.
Fig. 2 is the NMR spectrum (solvent: deuterochloroform) of compound (4).
Synthesizing of compound (5)
Except using tetramethyleneimine to replace diethylamine and the temperature of reaction in the autoclave be set at 90 ℃, according to the compound (5) of the mode synthetic following formula identical with synthetic embodiment 1.Title product at room temperature (25 ℃) is a liquid.
Fig. 3 is the NMR spectrum (solvent: deuterochloroform) of compound (5).
Synthesizing of compound (6)
Except using piperazine to replace diethylamine and the temperature of reaction in the autoclave be set at 100 ℃, according to the compound (6) of the mode synthetic following formula identical with synthetic embodiment 1.Title product at room temperature (25 ℃) is a liquid.
Fig. 4 is the NMR spectrum (solvent: deuterochloroform) of compound (6).
Synthesizing of compound (7)
At first, the toluene solution of 200ml triethyl phosphine (content of triethyl phosphine about 20%, Kanto Chemical product) is mixed and reacts with 50ml 2-methoxy ethyl chlorine (Kanto Chemical), under refluxing, reaction was carried out 24 hours.Distilling off solvent under normal pressure then uses vacuum pump subsequently, and residual solvent and unreacted reagent are removed through distillation fully.Resistates is recrystallization from ethanol-THF system, obtains 45g 2-methoxy ethyl triethyl chlorination
.
Next; The 20.0g 2-methoxy ethyl triethyl chlorination
that obtains thus is dissolved in 100ml zero(ppm) water, adds 10.89g silver suboxide (Kanto Chemical) then and mixture was stirred 2 hours.Remove deposition through vacuum filtration subsequently, then under agitation add 42% Tetrafluoroboric acid (Kanto Chemical) gradually, reach about 5-6 until the pH of reaction soln.With the postlyophilization reaction soln, use vacuum pump to remove water wherein fully, obtain 23.87g compound (7), its at room temperature (25 ℃) be liquid.
Synthesizing of compound (8)
At first, will be according to being dissolved in 50ml acetonitrile (Kanto Chemical) with 10.0g 2-methoxy ethyl diethylmethyl ammonium iodide that synthetic embodiment 1 identical method obtains.Next, (Kishida Chemical Co. Ltd.) also is dissolved in wherein fully, and stirred solution is 15 minutes then to add two (trifyl) imide lis of 9.5g.
Remove acetonitrile through vacuum distilling, in resistates, add entry subsequently, make organic phase be separated into two phases.Isolate organic phase subsequently also with water washing 5 times, to remove impurity.
Then use vacuum pump, place decompression down the organic phase after the washing, and remove fully and anhydrate, obtain 6.8g compound (8), it at room temperature is a liquid.
Fig. 5 is the NMR spectrum (solvent: deuterochloroform) of compound (8).
Synthesizing of compound (9)
At first, will be according to being dissolved in 50ml acetonitrile (Kanto Chemical) with 10.0g 2-methoxy ethyl diethylmethyl ammonium iodide that synthetic embodiment 1 identical method obtains.Next, add 9.26g phosphofluoric acid silver (Aldrich Chemical Co., Ltd. provides), stirred the mixture then 1 hour.
Use the Celite filter reaction mixture, removing solid wherein, and remove and desolvate, subsequently under vacuum with the resistates complete drying, obtain 10.1g compound (9), it at room temperature is a liquid.
Fig. 6 is the NMR spectrum (solvent: deuterochloroform) of compound (9).
Synthesizing of compound (10)
Except the add-on that replaces phosphofluoric acid silver and silver trifluoromethanesulfonate with silver trifluoromethanesulfonate (Aldrich Chemical) and 2-methoxy ethyl diethylmethyl ammonium iodide etc. mole; According to obtaining compound (10) with synthetic embodiment 7 identical methods, its at room temperature (25 ℃) be liquid.
Fig. 7 is the NMR spectrum (solvent: deuterochloroform) of compound (10).
Synthesizing of compound (11)
Except replace acetonitrile with chloroform (Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd.) as the moles such as solvent, the add-on of using trifluoroacetic acid silver (Aldrich Chemical) replacement phosphofluoric acid silver and trifluoroacetic acid silver and 2-methoxy ethyl diethylmethyl ammonium iodide; According to obtaining compound (11) with synthetic embodiment 7 identical methods, its at room temperature (25 ℃) be liquid.
Fig. 8 is the NMR spectrum (solvent: deuterochloroform) of compound (11).
Embodiment 1-5
Double charge layer capacitor
The electrolytic salt that will in synthetic embodiment 1-5, prepare is dissolved in propylene carbonate (PC) respectively, and concentration is 2.0M, and in the following manner, uses the gained electrolyte solution to produce double charge layer capacitor.
At first; The alkali activation products of processing with activated carbon MSP-20 (Kansai Netsukagaku K.K.), by resol are mixed to form paste according to specified proportion (activated carbon/conductive carbon/urethane resin/NMP=41.9: 3.7: 2.2: 52.2) with conductive carbon, urethane resin and N-Methyl pyrrolidone (NMP); Provide the polarizable electrode compsn thus, be used for the positive pole and the negative pole of double charge layer capacitor.Use scraper, the pasty state polarizable electrode compsn that obtains is put on the aluminium sheet, forming thickness is the dry film of 100 μ m, and drying is 4 hours under 80 ℃, rolls subsequently, obtains polarizable electrode thus.The cellulose base separation scraper is placed between a pair of polarizable electrode, assemble each battery.Subsequently above-mentioned electrolyte solution is injected the battery that assembles respectively, obtain double charge layer capacitor.
The comparative example 1
Except using tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (being used for non-water double charge layer capacitor as electrolytic salt usually); And the unsaturated carbonate propylene ester solution (concentration is about 1.5M) that uses this electrolytic salt is produced double charge layer capacitor as outside the electrolyte solution according to the same way as of the invention described above embodiment.
The comparative example 2
Except the carbonic allyl ester solution (concentration is 1M) that uses tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate as the electrolyte solution, produce double charge layer capacitor according to the same way as of the invention described above embodiment.
Electrostatic capacitance and ionic conductivity:
The double charge layer capacitor that in the invention described above embodiment and comparative example, produce carries out current density and discharges and recharges test under following condition, thus measurement of electrostatic capacity.And at-20 ℃ of following ionic conductivities of measuring.
The capacitance measurement condition:
At 1.59mA/cm
2Current density be set under the voltage of 2.0-2.5V, each double charge layer capacitor is discharged and recharged.Under constant current, charge to electrical condenser; In case voltage reaches preset value, under this voltage, continue charging at least 2 hours, then with 1.59mA/cm
2Current density discharge.The summation of electric energy is calculated electric capacity during by discharge.The result sees the following form 1.
Table 1
| ? | Electrolytic salt | Electrolytic salinity (M) | Electric capacity (F/g) | -20 ℃ ionic conductivity (mS/cm) |
| |
Compound (3) | 2.0 | 32.1 | 7.3 |
| |
Compound (4) | 2.0 | 31.0 | 6.2 |
| |
Compound (5) | 2.0 | 33.5 | 6.8 |
| |
Compound (6) | 2.0 | 31.8 | 5.8 |
| |
Compound (7) | 2.0 | 30.5 | 5.6 |
| The comparative example 1 | TEA | Saturated (1.5) | 27.0 | ? |
| The comparative example 2 | TEA | 1.0 | 24.0 | 3.5 |
From table 1, obviously can find out; Compare with the comparative example, use quaternary ammonium salt or season
salt higher as the electric capacity that embodiment of the invention 1-5 reached of electrolytic salt.
In addition, although salt concn is higher than the comparative example among the embodiment 1-5, the deposition of electrolytic salt does not take place.Ionic conductivity is higher than comparative example 2 these results has proved the use of these electrical condensers, because can obtain more electric energy at low temperatures.In comparative example 1, electrolytic salt is precipitated out from electrolyte solution, makes to measure ionic conductivity.
Double charge layer capacitor
Electrolytic salt that will preparation in synthetic embodiment 1 is dissolved in the mixed solvent of propylene carbonate and NSC 11801, and (PC/EC=9: 1), obtaining concentration is the electrolyte solution of 2.0M.Then, the polarizable electrode of two coated on both sides of preparation (8 * 16cm) with the polarizable electrode (8 * 16cm) of two one-sided coatings.Welding nickel strip terminal on electrode.
Through following method assembling polarizable electrode, process experimental double charge layer capacitor-a pair of bilateral electrode stack is stacked in the middle part, and place a single-sided electrode respectively in its two outside surfaces outsides, forming positive and negative electrode, and these electrode stack are stacked as the stratiform thing.The double charge layer capacitor that obtains is discharged and recharged experiment.Use discharge curve to measure according to the energy equivalent method, electric capacity is 180F.
Double charge layer capacitor
(1) produces activated carbon by (polycarbodiimide)
In the presence of 0.12 weight part carbodiimide catalysts (1-phenyl-3-methyl-phospholene oxides (phospholene oxide)); Through with 54 weight parts 2 in the 500 weight part zellons; 4-tolylene diisocyanate and 2; 80/20 mixture of 6-tolylene diisocyanate is in 120 ℃ of reactions 4 hours, with preparation polycarbodiimide solution.Remove through vacuum distilling subsequently and desolvate, obtain full-bodied liquid polycarbodiimide resin.
Down handled the carbodiimide resins 5 hours and completely solidified at 300 ℃, then through 800 ℃ of following thermal treatments 1 hour to carry out carbonization.Under 900 ℃, the carbide that obtains being carried out steam activation handles: comprise water is introduced with the speed per hour of every weight part carbide 5 weight parts, obtain the required activated carbon of 6.2 weight parts thus.
(2) produce double charge layer capacitor
Except being dissolved in propylene carbonate and preparing the 2.0M electrolyte solution through synthesizing the electrolytic salt that obtains among the embodiment 1; And in polarizable electrode, use the activated carbon of as above preparation to replace outside the MSP-20, according to producing double charge layer capacitor with embodiment 6 identical modes.
The double charge layer capacitor that obtains is discharged and recharged experiment.Use discharge curve to measure according to the energy equivalent method, electric capacity is 180F.
Double charge layer capacitor
With activated carbon (MSP-20; Kansai Netsukagaku K.K. production), electro-conductive material (Denka Black HS100; Denki Kagaku Kogyo K.K. produces) and tackiness agent (PVdF900; Kureha Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. produces) with the relative weight of 100: 3: 5 (based on 100 weight part activated carbon) than as filler material.With these weighting agents and N-N-methyl-2-2-pyrrolidone N-(NMP) (Inc. produces for 1 grade of product, Katayama Chemical) with 100: 212.5 weighting agents: the NMP weight ratio is mixed, and forms paste.Paste is applied to aluminium/AlO with the width of 90mm
x(Ltd. produces sheet for 30CB, Japan Capacitor IndustrialCo.; 250 * 150 * 0.030mm), subsequent drying (80 ℃), roll (the about 0.7g/cm of packing density
3), and be cut into the size of 50.0mm (width of coating zone is 40.0mm) * 20.0mm, obtain electrode.
The electrode that selection weight is about 0.092g is as positive pole, and weight is about the electrode of 0.096g as negative pole.With width is that the aluminum strip of 3.0mm is soldered to positive pole, and is that the nickel bar of 3.0mm is soldered to negative pole with width.
Through opposite two positive poles as above processing of mounting direction and two negative poles and two Mierocrystalline cellulose separation scrapers that are cut into 54.0mm * 22.0mm size wherein (FT40-35, Nippon Kodoshi Corporation produces; Thickness 0.035mm), form the electrode group.Above-mentioned 30CB sheet (the thickness 30 μ m of aluminium strip have been welded above in the electrode group, also comprising; 50.0mm * 20.0mm) as Al/AlO
xReference electrode, and intermediate spacer.
The quaternary salt that will in synthetic embodiment 6, obtain is as liquid electrolyte, with the volume impouring above-mentioned electrode group (100.0 volume %) identical with the volume of above-mentioned electrode group.To be full of following 30 minutes of the vacuum that electrolytical electrode group places about 76torr subsequently, and range upon range of packing, double charge layer capacitor obtained.
The comparative example 3
With tetraethyl ammonium-BF
41.0M solution in propylene carbonate (LIPASTE-P/EAFIN, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd.) as the liquid electrolyte impouring according in the series of cells that obtains with embodiment 8 same way as, to form double charge layer capacitor.
To carry out following electric test (1)-(3) according to the double charge layer capacitor that the invention described above embodiment 8 and comparative example 3 obtain, measure the temperature dependency and the self-discharge performance of initial capacitance, discharge performance.
(1) initial capacitance
Below circulation is carried out three times, under 10mA and 2.5V, charges to the cut-off current (25 ℃) of 1mA, and have a rest 1 hour (25 ℃) are discharged to the 0.0V discharge subsequently by (25 ℃) under 10mA.
(2) temperature dependency of discharge performance
Under 10mA and 2.5V, charge to the cut-off current (x ℃) of 1mA, then had a rest 6 hours, be discharged to the 0.0V discharge by (x ℃) in 10mA subsequently.Temperature value (x) is-20.0,0.0,25.0,40.0 and 60.0 ℃.
(3) self-discharge performance
Under 10mA and 2.5V, charge, reach the cut-off current (25 ℃) of 1mA, subsequently electrical condenser is remained on 60.0 ℃.
Above-mentioned electric result of experiment is seen Fig. 9-11.
Can find out obviously that from Fig. 9 the electrical condenser that obtains among electric weight that the double charge layer capacitor that obtains according to the embodiment of the invention 8 reaches and the comparative example is basic identical.
Figure 10 shows that the double charge layer capacitor that obtains according to the embodiment of the invention 8 is not easy to reach discharge capacity in low temperature one side, but reaches good discharge capacity in high temperature one side.
Figure 11 shows,, also have suitable self-discharge performance according to the embodiment of the invention 8 and the double charge layer capacitor that comparative example 3 obtains.
Therefore, when ionic liquid itself when the liquid electrolyte, obviously can obtain having the double charge layer capacitor that is equivalent to use the performance that conventional organic electrolyte solution obtains.Therefore, from the angle go out of cost with safety, said ionic liquid itself can be used as useful liquid electrolyte, is used for storage device electric.
Secondary cell
(1) preparation of electrolyte solution
Prepare electrolyte solution through mixing in the quaternary salt (ionic liquid) that obtains at the synthetic embodiment 6 of 70.8 weight parts and dissolving two (trifyl) imide lis of 29.2 weight parts.
(2) anodal preparation
Anodal through following material being stirred and mixes the preparation pasty state: 91 weight part LiCoO
2Be dissolved in solution 60 weight parts and the 5 weight part N-N-methyl-2-2-pyrrolidone N-s of 90 weight part N-N-methyl-2-2-pyrrolidone N-s as conducting material, 10 weight part poly(vinylidene fluoride)s (PVDF) as positive active material, 3 weight part Ketjenblack.
With scraper positive electrode composition is applied on the aluminium foil, forms the dry film of thickness 100 μ m.Then descended dry 2 hours, roll then, obtain LiCoO at 80 ℃
2Anodal.
(3) preparation of lithium secondary battery
Be cut into diameter 12mm respectively with as above obtain anodal with as the metallic lithium of negative pole; With polyolefin porous membrane (E25MMS; Tonen Tapyrus Co.; Ltd. produce) place between the positive pole and negative pole of above-mentioned 12mm diameter as separation scraper, and the electrolyte solution impouring that will as above prepare and impregnated in wherein, form the lithium secondary battery of Coin shape.
Secondary cell
Except using through mixing and dissolve the electrolyte solution that quaternary salt (ionic liquid) that the synthetic embodiment 1 of 90.6 weight parts obtains and 9.4 weight part LiBF4s prepare, according to being production Coin shape lithium secondary batteries with embodiment 9 identical methods.
The secondary cell that the foregoing description 9 and 10 is obtained carries out the charge/discharge experiment, and wherein the upper voltage limit in the process of charging is set at 4.2V, and the stopping potential in the discharge process is set at 3V, and current density is 0.025mA/cm
2Experimentize through charging of constant current low pressure and constant current discharge.
Discovery is based on the LiCoO in the secondary cell among the embodiment 9
2, discharge capacity is 117.8mAh/g, and based on LiCoO among the embodiment 10
2Discharge capacity be 115.4mAh/g.As lithium secondary battery, the two is enough values.Figure 12 has shown the performance map of the secondary cell charge/discharge that embodiment 9 obtains.
As stated; Because the present invention be used for the electrolytic salt of storage device electric be have at least one alkoxyalkyl as wherein substituent quaternary ammonium salt or season
salt; Its fusing point is low, and in non-aqueous organic solvent, has excellent solubleness.Therefore, when using these quaternary salt preparations to be used for the liquid electrolyte of storage device electric, liquid electrolyte can be set at the concentration higher than prior art, and electrolytic salt can not deposit out at low temperatures.The storage device electric (for example secondary cell and double charge layer capacitor, and the electrical condenser of other type) that therefore, can obtain having excellent low-temperature performance and have high charge/discharge performance and high electrostatic capacitance.
Because ionic liquid of the present invention is produced easily and is handled; And have than the wideer potential well of the known ionic liquid of prior art; They itself also can be used as and can be lower than the novel electrolytes that moves under the room temperature; Perform well in metal and alloy galvanic deposit, electroplate and be used for the electrochemical apparatus of stored energy, such as various types of batteries and electrical condenser.
Claims (23)
1. the electrolytic solution that is used for storage device electric is characterized in that being made up of separately at the ionic liquid below 50 ℃ the fusing point shown in following (4 '),
In the formula, R
1-R
4Expression is the alkyl or the formula R '-O-(CH of same or different types of 1-5 carbon each other
2)
n-alkoxyalkyl, R ' expression methyl or ethyl, n is the integer of 1-4, and, R
1And R
2Form ring, R
3And R
4In at least 1 be said alkoxyalkyl, Y representes univalent anion.
2. the electrolytic solution that is used for storage device electric is characterized in that comprising the fusing point shown in the formula (4 ') at ion liquid at least a kind and non-aqueous organic solvent below 50 ℃,
In the formula, R
1-R
4Expression is the alkyl or the formula R '-O-(CH of same or different types of 1-5 carbon each other
2)
n-alkoxyalkyl, R ' expression methyl or ethyl, n is the integer of 1-4, and, R
1And R
2Form ring, R
3And R
4In at least 1 be said alkoxyalkyl, Y representes univalent anion.
3. the electrolytic solution that is used for storage device electric, it is characterized in that comprising the fusing point shown in following (4 ') is down solid ionic conductivity salt at ion liquid at least a kind below 50 ℃ with normal temperature,
In the formula, R
1-R
4Expression is the alkyl or the formula R '-O-(CH of same or different types of 1-5 carbon each other
2)
n-alkoxyalkyl, R ' expression methyl or ethyl, n is the integer of 1-4, and, R
1And R
2Form ring, R
3And R
4In at least 1 be said alkoxyalkyl, Y representes univalent anion.
4. each described electrolytic solution that is used for storage device electric of claim 1-3, wherein, the ring in the said formula (4 ') is a pyrrolidine ring.
5. each described electrolytic solution that is used for storage device electric of claim 1-3, wherein, the R ' in the said formula (4 ') is a methyl.
6. each described electrolytic solution that is used for storage device electric of claim 1-3, wherein, institute
Stating Y is BF
4 -, PF
6 -, (CF
3SO
2)
2N
-, CF
3SO
3 -Or CF
3CO
2 -
7. each described electrolytic solution that is used for storage device electric of claim 1-3, wherein, said ionic liquid is by following formula (5) expression,
In the formula, the Me represent methylidene.
8. each described electrolytic solution that is used for storage device electric of claim 1-3, wherein, said ion liquid fusing point is below 25 ℃.
9. the described electrolytic solution that is used for storage device electric of claim 2, wherein, said non-aqueous organic solvent is to comprise ethylene carbonate or the Texacar PC mixed solvent as staple.
10. the described electrolytic solution that is used for storage device electric of claim 9; Wherein, Said non-aqueous organic solvent is to be selected from a kind of in ethylene carbonate, Texacar PC, vinylene carbonate, methylcarbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate and the diethyl carbonate, or its two or more mixed solvent.
11. the described electrolytic solution that is used for storage device electric of claim 3, wherein, said ionic conductivity salt is lithium salts.
12. the described electrolytic solution that is used for storage device electric of claim 3 wherein, also comprises non-aqueous organic solvent.
13. double charge layer capacitor; Has a pair of polarizable electrode, the separation scraper between this polarizable electrode and electrolytic solution; It is characterized in that; Said electrolytic solution is made up of separately at the ionic liquid below 50 ℃ the fusing point shown in the formula (4 '), and perhaps, said electrolytic solution comprises by the fusing point shown in the formula (4 ') at ionic liquid below 50 ℃ and non-aqueous organic solvent:
In the formula, R
1-R
4Expression is the alkyl or the formula R '-O-(CH of same or different types of 1-5 carbon each other
2)
n-alkoxyalkyl, R ' expression methyl or ethyl, n is the integer of 1-4, and, R
1And R
2Form ring, R
3And R
4In at least 1 be said alkoxyalkyl, Y representes univalent anion.
14. the described double charge layer capacitor of claim 13, wherein, said X is a nitrogen-atoms, and R ' is a methyl, and n is 2.
15. the described double charge layer capacitor of claim 13, wherein, said ring is a pyrrolidine ring.
16. claim 13 or 15 described double charge layer capacitors, wherein, said R ' is a methyl.
17. each described double charge layer capacitor of claim 13-15, wherein, said Y is BF
4 -, PF
6 -, (CF
3SO
2)
2N
-, CF
3SO
3 -Or CF
3CO
2 -
18. the described double charge layer capacitor of claim 13, wherein, said ionic liquid is by following formula (5) expression,
In the formula, the Me represent methylidene.
19. claim 13-15 and 18 each described double charge layer capacitors, wherein, said ion liquid fusing point is below 25 ℃.
20. claim 13-15 and 18 each described double charge layer capacitors, wherein, it is solid ionic conductivity salt at normal temperatures that said electrolytic solution also comprises.
21. claim 13-15 and 18 each described double charge layer capacitors, wherein, said polarizable electrode comprises carbonaceousmaterial by resins as staple.
22. the described double charge layer capacitor of claim 21, wherein, said resin is resol or gathers the carbodiimide resin.
23. the described double charge layer capacitor of claim 21, wherein, said carbonaceousmaterial is through carbonized phenolic resin or gathers the carbodiimide resin that the resin activation with carbonization prepares then.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001087221 | 2001-03-26 | ||
| JP2001-87221 | 2001-03-26 | ||
| JP2001272834 | 2001-09-10 | ||
| JP2001-272834 | 2001-09-10 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB028086694A Division CN100406431C (en) | 2001-03-26 | 2002-03-25 | Ionic liquid electrolyte salt for storage device electrolytic solution for storage device electric double layer capacitor and secondary battery |
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| CN2008100865044A Expired - Lifetime CN101284791B (en) | 2001-03-26 | 2002-03-25 | Electrolytic solution for storage device, and electric double layer capacitor |
| CN200810086503XA Expired - Lifetime CN101284790B (en) | 2001-03-26 | 2002-03-25 | Ionic liquid |
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| CN200810086503XA Expired - Lifetime CN101284790B (en) | 2001-03-26 | 2002-03-25 | Ionic liquid |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN102956373B (en) * | 2011-08-18 | 2016-01-13 | 海洋王照明科技股份有限公司 | Electrolyte and compound method thereof |
| CN103387731A (en) * | 2012-05-08 | 2013-11-13 | 海洋王照明科技股份有限公司 | Gel polymer electrolyte membrane and preparation method thereof |
| CN103632858B (en) * | 2012-08-28 | 2016-09-21 | 江苏国泰超威新材料有限公司 | A kind of electrolyte and the electrochemical element of this electrolyte of use |
| JP6051757B2 (en) * | 2012-10-16 | 2016-12-27 | 日清紡ホールディングス株式会社 | Ionic liquid |
| JP6090561B2 (en) * | 2012-10-16 | 2017-03-08 | 日清紡ホールディングス株式会社 | Electrolyte salt and electrolyte for power storage device, and power storage device |
| JP6285264B2 (en) * | 2014-04-17 | 2018-02-28 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Electrolyte for fluoride ion battery and fluoride ion battery |
| CN104022307A (en) * | 2014-06-24 | 2014-09-03 | 东莞市凯欣电池材料有限公司 | Electrolyte as well as preparation method thereof and lithium sulfur battery |
| CN111821811B (en) * | 2019-04-19 | 2022-05-27 | 天津大学 | Dication ionic liquid containing ether bond and nitrogen heterocycle and having physical and chemical absorption effects and method for trapping sulfur dioxide |
| CN110600802B (en) * | 2019-08-22 | 2022-06-24 | 东莞维科电池有限公司 | High-safety lithium ion battery electrolyte and lithium ion battery |
| CN110797065B (en) * | 2019-11-01 | 2021-09-03 | 西安交通大学 | Information storage and reading system based on metal-ionic liquid interface potential difference |
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| DE3126522A1 (en) * | 1981-07-04 | 1983-01-20 | Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen | QUATERNAIRE AMMONIUM SALTS AND METHOD FOR THEIR PRODUCTION |
| WO2004075479A1 (en) * | 2003-02-19 | 2004-09-02 | Victor Company Of Japan Limited | Control information transmission method, relay server, and controllable device |
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2002
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- 2002-03-25 CN CN200810086503XA patent/CN101284790B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| E.I.Cooper et al.Ambient Temperature Plastic Crystal Fast Ion Conductors (Plicfics).《Sclid State Ionics》.1986,第18&19卷570-576. * |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| CN101284790B (en) | 2012-05-23 |
| CN101284790A (en) | 2008-10-15 |
| CN101284791A (en) | 2008-10-15 |
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