CN101170527A - A MLSE simplification detection method and its device based on MMSE - Google Patents
A MLSE simplification detection method and its device based on MMSE Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a MLSE simplifying detection method based on MMSE and a device of the method. The invention is used in a single carrier system; wherein the method comprises the following steps: the primary judgement sequence is generated from the user signals according to the channel estimation value and the minimum mean-square error MMSE standard. The peripheral expansion is implemented in the primary judgement sequence and undetermined sequence set is composed. The set is transversed. Sequence which has maximum likelihood with the user signals is selected from the set according to the maximum likelihood standard and is regarded as detection result; wherein, the device is provided with a MMSE detector(31) to implement pretreatment before a block ML detector(32). The method and the device greatly reduce the complication of MLSE operation; meanwhile, the performance is superior to the MMSE operation. On the basis of guaranteeing certain performance gain, the complication is greatly reduced at the cost of small quantity of performance; therefore, the detection method and the device which are simplified need the general requirement for hardware and the processing ability of the hardware and hence offer convenience for practical application.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the anti-interference detection of baseband transmission in the wireless telecommunication system, be specifically related under the relevant in a large number situations of detected data under single-carrier system, particularly the DFT-S-OFDM system, use maximum-likelihood sequence estimation Maximum likelihood sequence detection, be called for short MLSE, as the detection method and the device thereof of the main means of receiving terminal.
Background technology
For the baseband transmission system of reality, crosstalking is difficult to avoid.When cross talk effects is serious, must proofread and correct or equilibrium the transfer function of whole system, make it near undistorted transmission conditions.The equalizer of receiving terminal places the intermediate frequency or the base band of receiver usually, produce the characteristic opposite with the characteristic of channel, be used for offsetting channel the time become, interference that the multipath transmisstion characteristic causes, especially at the wireless transmitting system of High Data Rate, decline can bring serious intersymbol interference.
Present digital filter or equalizer can be divided into: time domain equalization and frequency domain equalization, linear equalization and nonlinear equalization, adaptive equalization and non-self-adapting equilibrium, transversary and lattice structure; Can divide on the algorithm: zero forcing algorithm, MMSE algorithm and RLS algorithm and their various variants, or the like.Different equalizers, its computation complexity, cost, convergence rate, stability, tracking performance etc. are also inequality, and the corresponding scope of application is arranged.
Maximum likelihood sequence detection is used for the detected symbol sequence as a kind of detection method of best performance.Its basic thought is all possible list entries of traversal, therefrom selects with receiving symbol to have the list entries of maximum comparability as testing result.Because MLSE does not adopt equalization filter, thereby having avoided strengthening the noise of having introduced, under complexity acceptable prerequisite good performance has been arranged, is first-selected detection method.But its complexity becomes the emphasis that algorithm design is paid close attention to.The Viterbi algorithm utilizes trrellis diagram that MLSE is simplified, under the situation that the complexity that sequence length, correlation length are brought increases gradually, can reduce time of delay and relevant memory spaces such as sequence path storage by the method for cutting of suboptimum, and in certain certain accuracy of assurance under the length parameter of blocking.But can not simply use above-mentioned algorithm for sequence, and need satisfy the situation decline low complex degree of performance requirement according to entire system structural design algorithm to pursue higher performance cost ratio through precoding.
The DFT-S-OFDM system adopts DFT transfer pair sequence to carry out precoding at transmitting terminal, makes being associated of mass data when improving performance, utilizes merely that the complexity of MLSE is too high to be required high and be difficult for realizing at receiving terminal hardware and disposal ability thereof.
Summary of the invention
The technical issues that need to address of the present invention provide a kind of MLSE simplification detection method and operative installations thereof, on the basis that guarantees certain performance gain, reduce complexity, can solve in the DFT-S-OFDM system because the related data that the transmitting terminal precoding is introduced, after through multipath channel and noise stack, use the high complexity issue that causes when the Maximum likelihood sequence detection algorithm detects at receiving terminal.
Above-mentioned first technical problem of the present invention solves like this, and a kind of MLSE simplification detection method is provided, and is applied in the single-carrier system baseband transmission, is detected by the subscriber signal of receiving terminal to its extraction, may further comprise the steps:
1.1) according to channel estimation value, from described subscriber signal, generate the first sequence of declaring according to least mean-square error MMSE criterion;
1.2) just declare sequence and in the sequence scope that sends symbol, carry out circumferential expansion described, derive other sequences and just declare with this that sequence is common forms arrangement set to be adjudicated;
1.3) described set is traveled through, therefrom selecting with described subscriber signal according to maximum-likelihood criterion and described channel estimation value has the sequence of maximum likelihood as testing result.
Wherein:
Channel estimation value can be predefined representative value, also can be that receiving terminal channel estimator actual estimated produces; The algorithm of carrying out above-mentioned MMSE criterion can be by independently MMSE detector execution, and this MMSE detector is realized simple and extensively existence; The complexity of traversal step 1.3) declines to a great extent, and common MLSE processor can reach requirement.
According to MLSE simplification detection method provided by the invention, described subscriber signal is that receiving terminal extracts from the original multiuser multiplexing signal of its reception.
According to MLSE simplification detection method provided by the invention, described maximum-likelihood criterion is that the actual transmission signal that possible hide in receiving subscriber signal compares by signal and the actual reception subscriber signal that the channel that meets channel estimation value arrives receiving terminal in conjunction with noise, the difference minimum be maximum likelihood.
According to MLSE simplification detection method provided by the invention, step 1.2) in extended mode include, but are not limited to following two kinds:
(1) expansion described step 1.2) is the Hamming distance expansion: according to sequence that sends symbol and the described Hamming distance comparative result of just declaring sequence, the sequence of selecting to fall in the specified scope adds described set; Described scope be less than or smaller or equal to designated value P.
(2) expansion described step 1.2) is the planisphere expansion: according to the planisphere of transmitting terminal modulator approach and the distinct symbols False Rate of its introducing, replace in maximum under the restriction of symbolic number P ', select False Rate to be higher than that the symbolic substitution of designated value is described just to be declared respective symbol in the sequence, produce new sequence and add described set.
According to MLSE simplification detection method provided by the invention, described False Rate is set up grade, False Rate is high-grade low, select grade less than or just declare respective symbol in the sequence, produce new sequence and add described set smaller or equal to the symbolic substitution of given level is described.
According to MLSE simplification detection method provided by the invention, described MLSE simplification detection method also comprises step 1.4): with described testing result as just declaring sequence, repeating said steps 1.2) and 1.3).
According to MLSE simplification detection method provided by the invention, described receiving terminal also comprises interference signal restorer and arrester, described MLSE simplification detection method also comprises the signal that utilizes described restorer to recover the air interface form of described testing result correspondence, be considered as interference signal, eliminate by described arrester to other users.
According to MLSE simplification detection method provided by the invention, described single-carrier system includes, but are not limited to DFT-S-OFDM system or IFDMA system.
According to MLSE simplification detection method provided by the invention, described system comprises transmitting terminal and receiving terminal, the sequence scope of described transmission symbol be described transmitting terminal might the actual sequence that sends.
Above-mentioned another technical problem of the present invention solves like this, provide a kind of MLSE that simplifies based on the MMSE algorithm to simplify checkout gear, be built in the single-carrier system in the receiving terminal, comprise from the input to the output, connect successively subscriber signal is carried out the MMSE detector of MMSE detection and exports the piece ML detector that carries out Maximum likelihood sequence detection on the basis of just declaring sequence in this MMSE detection, also comprise the channel estimator that connects described MMSE detector and piece ML detector, for they provide channel estimation value.
Simplify checkout gear according to MLSE provided by the invention, comprise being connected independently with described ML detector or being built in and cut apart length selection module in the described ML detector.
Simplify checkout gear according to MLSE provided by the invention, also comprise the interference signal arrester that is connected with described input on the interference signal restorer that is connected with described output and its output; Described interference signal arrester output is connected with described ML detector.
MLSE simplification detection method and device thereof based on MMSE provided by the invention, replacing directly a large amount of relevant subscriber signals being carried out MLSE with the result after the MMSE algorithm process handles, greatly reduce the complexity of MLSE algorithm, be better than the MMSE algorithm on the performance simultaneously, on the basis that guarantees certain performance gain, with a small amount of detection performance is that cost greatly reduces detection complexity, makes that detection method and the device after simplifying is general to hardware and disposal ability requirement thereof, thereby is convenient to practical application.
Description of drawings
Further the present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments.
Fig. 1 is a DFT-S-OFDM system transmitting terminal signal processing schematic diagram.
Fig. 2 is a DFT-S-OFDM system receiving terminal signal processing schematic diagram.
Fig. 3 is that MLSE provided by the invention simplifies the checkout gear structural representation.
Embodiment
At first, inventive concept is described:
(1) the invention provides a kind of MLSE detection algorithm of simplification, may further comprise the steps:
Sequence to be checked at first is MMSE and is detected, and obtains just declaring sequence;
With the distance is that the extension rule of judging is expanded just declaring sequence, derives with it just to declare the sequence to be adjudicated that sequence is a plurality of MLSE at center;
Travel through as candidate's list entries of determining with remained to be adjudicated sequence, therefrom selecting with receiving sequence has the sequence of maximum likelihood as court verdict.
(2) certain extension rule can be in the above-mentioned steps: bit expanded rule, i.e. Hamming distance extension rule, spreading parameter
Wherein S is the long M of user u
ujust declare sequence,
Be the symbol sebolic addressing to be adjudicated of the MLSE that under P restriction, derives, promptly satisfy all can be used as smaller or equal to all symbol sebolic addressings of P from Hamming_distance with S Hamming square
, what become the MLSE that derives waits to adjudicate one of symbol sebolic addressing.
(3) certain extension rule can also be in the above-mentioned steps: the constellation extension rule, the constellation extension rule is the planisphere according to selected modulator approach, structure by planisphere is set out, the different divided rank of possibility with the symbol erroneous judgement, its grade is designated as Level, might as well make the big more grade of erroneous judgement possibility, Level is low more.Behind selected Level, just declare the respective symbol of sequence with the symbolic substitution that grade was comprised of the corresponding Level of being less than or equal to.
(4) court verdict of MLSE can also be considered as the center in the above-mentioned steps, derive again the sequence to be adjudicated of MLSE, carry out ML then and detect judgement.
The second, illustrate that the MLSE that the invention provides a kind of simplification simplifies checkout gear, as shown in Figure 3, comprises at least: channel estimator 33, MMSE detector 31 and carry out the piece ML detector 32 of Maximum likelihood sequence detection.Wherein, the ML detector 32 general subsidiary length of cutting apart are selected module 36.
The subscriber signal to be detected that extracts is at first sent into MMSE shortcut calculation receiver and is carried out the MMSE detection, and channel estimator provides channel estimation value for MMSE detects, and obtains just declaring sequence.Expand just declaring sequence with certain extension rule, derive that just to declare symbol with it be that the sequence to be adjudicated of a plurality of MLSE at center send piece ML detector to detect.
The MLSE that the present invention simplifies simplifies checkout gear except parts separately, can also comprise interference signal restorer 34 and interference signal arrester 35, the signal that has ruled out recovers by interference signal, revert to the signal of air interface form, be considered as interference signal to other users, eliminate by the interference signal arrester, thereby reduce interference other users.
The 3rd, describe the present invention to use the inventive method and device solves DFT-S-OFDM system practical problem in detail as example:
(1) the transmitting terminal data send modulated process, as shown in Figure 1, in the DFT-S-OFDM system, the bit stream of input is at first through ovennodulation, and the symbol that obtains is through the DFT precoding, carry out allocation of carriers after, send after adding Cyclic Prefix, through multidiameter fading channel, introduce noise, be received termination afterwards and take in row detection judgement.Special DFT-S-OFDM technology, in step 12: the step 11:DFT conversion that adds before the subcarrier mapping, realize the expansion of data symbol frequency domain, thereby providing better subcarrier mapping with when reducing peak-to-average force ratio PAPR, make between the big quantity symbol and produced correlation, be equivalent to increase greatly constraint length, thereby the trrellis diagram detection algorithm of Viterbi is no longer suitable here.
Considering has in U user's the DFT-S-OFDM system, the bit of each user's input serial to parallel conversion of flowing through, and every m bit divides one group into, carries out constellation mapping, obtains respective symbol, promptly modulates.User 1 symbol can be expressed as S
1 1, S
2 1..., S
M1 1The symbol of user U can be expressed as S
1 U, S
2 U..., S
MU USubscript is used to distinguish the user in the formula, and footnote is represented the sequence number of user symbol, M wherein
uThe sub-carrier number that expression user u distributes.The symbol of different user u is made M respectively
uThe DFT conversion of point obtains the symbolic vector through precoding.Symbol after the user u precoding can be expressed as C
1 u, C
2 u..., C
Mu uWith all users' conversion gained according to certain regular allocation to subcarrier, i.e. subcarrier mapping.Available centralised allocation, distributed allocation or other methods of salary distribution allocation of symbols after with precoding is to subcarrier.Sub-carrier vector (0...0, C after the employing centralised allocation
1 1C
2 1... C
M1 1C
1 2C
2 2... C
M2 2... C
1 UC
2 U... C
MU U, 0...0)
TSub-carrier vector (0...0, C after the employing distributed allocation
1 1C
1 2... C
11 UC
2 1C
2 2... C
2 U... C
M 1C
M 2... C
M U, 0...0)
TSymbol after distributing is made the DFT conversion that N is ordered, wherein N=M in regular turn
1+ M
2+ ...+M
UBe sent to multidiameter fading channel through the processing that adds Cyclic Prefix, serial to parallel conversion.
(2) receiving terminal Data Receiving demodulating process, as shown in Figure 2, receiving terminal at first carries out step 21:DFT-S-OFDM demodulation, at first remove the Cyclic Prefix of received signal in the demodulation after, it is made fast fourier transform fast Fourier transform, be called for short FFT; Carry out step 22 successively then: the user is carried out the carrier wave inverse mapping, step 23: therefrom extract targeted customer's signal, step 24: send MLSE algorithm detector, by branch's step 241: channel estimating, the channel estimation value of input can obtain to detect user's signal vector.For the present invention, the MLSE algorithm detector is the MLSE algorithm detector through simplifying.More than complete process can be expressed as formula I:
y＝H*P*S+w I
Wherein, y is the column vector that receives, i.e. the matrix of N*1; S is the symbol rank vector after modulation, the i.e. matrix of N*1; P represents list entries is made precoding and allocation of carriers comprehensive function; H is a channel matrix, i.e. the N*N square formation; W is the response of white Gaussian noise at frequency domain.
Because each user's input bit stream is separate, and precoding carries out at unique user, so formula I can be reduced to formula II:
y
user[u]＝H
user[u]*P
user*S
user[u]+w
user[u] II
Wherein parameter all is at user u, y
UserBe the unique user column vector that receives, i.e. M
u* 1 matrix; S
UserBe the user symbol column vector after modulation, i.e. M
u* 1 matrix; P herein
UserOnly be precoding, i.e. M
u* M
uSquare formation, do not relate to the allocation of carriers process.Wherein, M
uBe the sub-carrier number of distributing to this user u, M
uIt is 25 multiple.
By the structure of above-mentioned DFT-S-OFDM as can be known, the existence of precoding makes the M of user u
uIndividual symbol associates.No matter to M
uThe distribution requirement, still consider from later development angle, use under the situation that the MLSE algorithm detects, all need a kind of reduction complexity, the optimized Algorithm of guaranteed performance adapts to the trend of development.This also is foothold of the present invention.
(3) in order to reduce complexity, again can be at the performance gain that to a certain degree keeps bringing on the structure.The present invention considers that the least mean-square error with linear equalization detects MMSE and nonlinear equalization MLSE combines, and is the center with the first result of declaring of MMSE, and limits the list entries scope of MLSE examination, to reduce complexity; The list entries scope of combination of these two kinds of equalization methods simultaneously and examination is set and can be guaranteed certain performance again.Concrete detection algorithm is as follows.
As shown in Figure 3, the receiver that the subscriber signal to be detected that extracts is sent into built-in MLSE simplification checkout gear of the present invention detects, subscriber signal to be detected at first is MMSE by MMSE detector 31 detects, i.e. judgement for the first time, the court verdict that obtains is called just declares sequence.MMSE belongs to the symbol judgement algorithm, and the performance of antagonism intersymbol interference is not as MLSE, but realization is simple, and complexity is relatively low.Consider the above-mentioned advantage of MMSE, do just to declare with it, though the performance of court verdict, comprise the error rate or frame error rate, descend to some extent, expand but it is just declared symbol with certain extension rule, derive with declare at the beginning of it symbol be the center a plurality of MLSE wait that adjudicating sequence does Maximum likelihood sequence detection by piece ML detector 32 again.Utilize MMSE of increase just to be judged to the quantity of waiting to adjudicate symbol sebolic addressing that cost has been dwindled MLSE like this, the quantity reduction amount that the waiting of this MLSE adjudicated symbol sebolic addressing is along with the selection and the extension rule of spreading parameter change, performance also changes thereupon, thereby reduced the complexity when only doing the sequence judgement by MLSE, performance is better than MMSE, is inferior to the performance of optimum MLSE algorithm.According to performance requirement, the court verdict of MLSE can be considered as the center, derive again the sequence to be adjudicated of MLSE, select spreading parameter and extension rule simultaneously, more can when reducing complexity, reach the performance of expectation.
The symbol sebolic addressing to be adjudicated of the MLSE that spreading parameter of just declaring and extension rule decision are derived, the note spreading parameter is P or P ', the extension rule that the present invention specifically provides comprises: 1. bit expanded rule and 2. constellation extension rule.
1. adopt spreading parameter P, in the bit expanded rule, i.e. Hamming distance extension rule, spreading parameter
Wherein S is the long M of user u
ujust declare sequence,
Be the symbol sebolic addressing to be adjudicated of the MLSE that under P restriction, derives, promptly satisfy with S Hamming square from Hamming_distance, all can be used as smaller or equal to all symbol sebolic addressings of P
, what become the MLSE that derives waits to adjudicate one of symbol sebolic addressing.
2. adopt spreading parameter P ', the constellation extension rule is the planisphere according to selected modulator approach, is set out by the structure of planisphere, the different divided rank of possibility with the symbol erroneous judgement, its grade is designated as Level, might as well make the big more grade of erroneous judgement possibility, and Level is low more.Behind selected Level, just declare the respective symbol of sequence with the symbolic substitution that grade was comprised of the corresponding Level of being less than or equal to.What this moment, P ' indicated is different with P in the bit expanded rule, but the long M of user u
ujust declare the symbolic number that will be replaced in the sequence.
As seen in above-mentioned two kinds of methods, the symbol sebolic addressing to be adjudicated of the MLSE that derives under the constellation extension rule, owing to considered the constellation structures characteristic of modulation itself, considered by the possibility difference of introducing on the constellation structures that causes error code to produce, possibility is dwindled the scope of waiting to adjudicate symbol sebolic addressing of MLSE effectively according to this, make the first symbol of declaring sequence of more likely being judged by accident, it is possible correct symbol, by the symbol sebolic addressing to be adjudicated of income MLSE, in the hope of in next step MLSE that carries out judgement, obtaining correct court verdict.Like this reduce MLSE wait adjudicate symbol sebolic addressing in, increased the performance of algorithm.
At last, summary description essence of the present invention: the basic thought of Maximum likelihood sequence detection is all possible list entries of traversal, therefrom selects with receiving symbol to have the list entries of maximum comparability as testing result.The least mean-square error of linear equalization is detected MMSE in the present invention and nonlinear equalization MLSE combines, and having solved MLSE, to wait to adjudicate symbol sebolic addressing too much, the problem that the complexity that causes increases.The detection algorithm that the present invention adopts, the detection range that the result who detects based on MMSE dwindles MLSE is the complexity that cost greatly reduces Maximum likelihood sequence detection with a little performance, thereby very high using value is arranged.
Claims (10)
1. the MLSE simplification detection method based on MMSE is applied in the single-carrier system baseband transmission, is detected by the subscriber signal of receiving terminal to its extraction, it is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
1.1) according to channel estimation value, from described subscriber signal, generate the first sequence of declaring according to least mean-square error MMSE criterion;
1.2) just declare sequence and in the sequence scope that sends symbol, carry out circumferential expansion described, derive other sequences and just declare with this that sequence is common forms arrangement set to be adjudicated;
1.3) described set is traveled through, therefrom selecting with described subscriber signal according to maximum-likelihood criterion and described channel estimation value has the sequence of maximum likelihood as testing result.
2. according to the described MLSE simplification detection method of claim 1, it is characterized in that, described step 1.2) expansion is the Hamming distance expansion: according to the sequence and the described Hamming distance comparative result of just declaring sequence of arbitrary transmission symbol, the sequence of selecting to fall in the specified scope adds described set; Described scope be less than or smaller or equal to designated value P.
3. according to the described MLSE simplification detection method of claim 1, it is characterized in that, described step 1.2) expansion is the planisphere expansion: according to the planisphere of transmitting terminal modulator approach and the distinct symbols False Rate of its introducing, replace in maximum under the restriction of symbolic number P ', select False Rate to be higher than that the symbolic substitution of designated value is described just to be declared respective symbol in the sequence, produce new sequence and add described set.
4. according to the described MLSE simplification detection method of claim 3, it is characterized in that, described False Rate is set up grade, and False Rate is high-grade low, select grade less than or just declare respective symbol in the sequence, produce new sequence and add described set smaller or equal to the symbolic substitution of given level is described.
5. according to the described MLSE simplification detection method of claim 1, it is characterized in that described MLSE simplification detection method also comprises step:
1.4) with described testing result as just declaring sequence, repeating said steps 1.2) and 1.3).
6. according to the described MLSE simplification detection method of claim 1, it is characterized in that, described receiving terminal also comprises interference signal restorer and arrester, described MLSE simplification detection method also comprises the signal that utilizes described restorer to recover the air interface form of described testing result correspondence, be considered as interference signal, eliminate by described arrester to other users.
7. according to the described MLSE simplification detection method of claim 1, it is characterized in that described single-carrier system can be DFT-S-OFDM system or IFDMA system.
8. the MLSE based on MMSE simplifies checkout gear, be built in the single-carrier system in the receiving terminal, it is characterized in that, comprise from the input to the output, connect successively subscriber signal is carried out the MMSE detector (31) of MMSE detection and exports the piece ML detector (32) that carries out Maximum likelihood sequence detection on the basis of just declaring sequence in this MMSE detection, also comprise the channel estimator (33) that connects described MMSE detector and piece ML detector.
9. described according to Claim 8 MLSE simplifies checkout gear, it is characterized in that, comprises being connected independently with described ML detector (32) or being built in cutting apart length selection module (36) in the described ML detector (32).
10. described according to Claim 8 MLSE simplifies checkout gear, it is characterized in that, also comprises the interference signal arrester (35) that is connected with described input on the interference signal restorer (34) that is connected with described output and its output; Described interference signal arrester output is connected with described ML detector.
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102006251A (en) * | 2010-11-23 | 2011-04-06 | 山东大学 | Turbo enhancement method of MIMO (multi-input multi-output) wireless communication receiver |
| CN102006250A (en) * | 2010-11-23 | 2011-04-06 | 山东大学 | Turbo enhancement method for MIMO-SCFDE wireless communication receiver |
| WO2014107835A1 (en) * | 2013-01-08 | 2014-07-17 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Apparatus and methods for estimating optical ethernet data sequences |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US6839378B1 (en) * | 1998-01-12 | 2005-01-04 | Ericsson, Inc. | Method and apparatus for multipath delay estimation in direct sequence spread spectrum communication systems |
| KR20050039883A (en) * | 1999-09-21 | 2005-04-29 | 인터디지탈 테크날러지 코포레이션 | Multiuser detector for variable spreading factors |
| US7526037B2 (en) * | 2004-12-31 | 2009-04-28 | Broadcom Corporation | Reduced complexity detector for multiple-antenna systems |
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Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102006251A (en) * | 2010-11-23 | 2011-04-06 | 山东大学 | Turbo enhancement method of MIMO (multi-input multi-output) wireless communication receiver |
| CN102006250A (en) * | 2010-11-23 | 2011-04-06 | 山东大学 | Turbo enhancement method for MIMO-SCFDE wireless communication receiver |
| CN102006251B (en) * | 2010-11-23 | 2013-06-05 | 山东大学 | Turbo enhancement method of MIMO (multi-input multi-output) wireless communication receiver |
| CN102006250B (en) * | 2010-11-23 | 2013-06-05 | 山东大学 | Turbo enhancement method for MIMO-SCFDE wireless communication receiver |
| WO2014107835A1 (en) * | 2013-01-08 | 2014-07-17 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Apparatus and methods for estimating optical ethernet data sequences |
| US9363110B2 (en) | 2013-01-08 | 2016-06-07 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Apparatus and methods for estimating optical Ethernet data sequences |
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