CN101170263B - Electric system and method for upgrading capacitor performance - Google Patents
Electric system and method for upgrading capacitor performance Download PDFInfo
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- CN101170263B CN101170263B CN2006101428731A CN200610142873A CN101170263B CN 101170263 B CN101170263 B CN 101170263B CN 2006101428731 A CN2006101428731 A CN 2006101428731A CN 200610142873 A CN200610142873 A CN 200610142873A CN 101170263 B CN101170263 B CN 101170263B
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Abstract
An operable electric system that can selectively provides electric power for loads comprises: a super-capacitor, which can selectively store and discharge power; and a control module, which can be used to determine the operating ratio according to power-on status and power-off status of the super-capacitor. The control module can calculate voltage limits of super-capacitors according to the operating ratio, and regulate the operation of the super-capacitor according to the voltage limit.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates generally to energy storing device, especially relate to the object run life-span that reaches the ultra-capacitor energy storing device.
Background technology
Electronic, fuel cell and motor vehicle driven by mixed power comprise optionally (a plurality of) electric drive motor of drive wheels.Energy storing device is provided to the energy that storage is used for (a plurality of) electric drive motor is provided with electric power.Energy storing device such as ultra-capacitor can be used to provide the power short burst that may need during the vehicle operating.For example, be stored in energy in the ultra-capacitor can be used to engine startup and out of service, start auxiliary and/or regenerative braking.
When realizing ultra-capacitor, importantly determine the remaining life of this ultra-capacitor energy storing device.Fig. 1 shows the exemplary curve of the instantaneous predetermined age (Y) of ultracapacitor cell according to the cell voltage (V) that is used to change unit (cell) temperature (T).Y when this exemplary curve is included in 15 ℃ of temperature, 25 ℃, 35 ℃, 45 ℃, 55 ℃ and 65 ℃.These curves can be expressed according to following relational expression:
Y(V，T)＝10
(aT+bV+c) [1]
Wherein, a, b and c are constants.(T V) with the year is unit representation, and V is unit representation with the volt, and T is when ℃ being unit representation, and a=-0.03333333, b=-3.33333333 and c=10.1666666666 are effective value as Y.
Though above-mentioned expression formula is useful when the predetermined age snapshots in time of various discrete cell situations is provided, it neither reflects the bimetry based on the accumulative total effect of operation course, becomes the unit situation when also not showing.In addition, all undefined method that is used to limit ultracapacitor voltage in order to reach desired service life of expression formula of Fig. 1 and its representative.Therefore, continue to need improved apparatus and method, be used for especially optimizing the effective voltage scope of ultra-capacitor power supply, and reach desired service life changing utilization and operation interim simultaneously as for motor vehicle energy storing device.
Summary of the invention
Therefore, the invention provides a kind of electrical system, can operate this electrical system optionally provides electrical power to be provided with electric power to load.This electrical system comprises optionally stores and discharges the ultra-capacitor of electrical power and the control module of determining operation ratio according to the ON power supply status (power state) and the OFF power supply status of ultra-capacitor.Described control module is calculated the voltage limit of ultra-capacitor based on this operation ratio and is adjusted the operation of ultra-capacitor based on this voltage limit.
In other features, described control module is based on the target average life span (Y of ultra-capacitor
Target) the calculating voltage limit.According to the power supply status of ultra-capacitor, this Y
TargetEqual the minimum average life span (Y that allows
Operating) and minimum necessary average life span (Y
Idle) in one.
In another feature, described control module is calculated as interim ratio the ratio of running time and total time.If, then setting this operation ratio less than this interim ratio, the last value of operation ratio equals this interim ratio.
In another feature, described control module is calculated as interim ratio the ratio of running time and time threshold.If, then setting this operation ratio less than this interim ratio, the last value of operation ratio equals this interim ratio.
In another feature, described electrical system also comprises the temperature sensor in response to the temperature of this ultra-capacitor.Based on this temperature computation voltage limit.
In another feature, described control module determines that whether the power supply status of ultra-capacitor is the OFF state from the ON state-transition, and when described power supply status is OFF state and described total time during greater than threshold time from the ON state-transition, operation ratio is calculated as the ratio of running time and total time.
The other field of applicability of the present invention can be provided from the following detailed description that provides.Should be understood that, though these detailed explanations and specific example show the preferred embodiments of the present invention, just as illustrative purpose, rather than limitation of the scope of the invention.
Description of drawings
From detailed explanation and accompanying drawing, can more fully understand the present invention, wherein:
Fig. 1 is for being that the instantaneous predetermined age of ultra-capacitor of unit is with respect to the simplification curve that is the cell voltage of unit, wherein ℃ being that the temperature of unit is as parameter with the year with the volt according to prior art;
Fig. 2 is the electric schematic block diagram of simplification according to ultra-capacitor of the present invention system;
Fig. 3 is the electric schematic block diagram of simplification according to alternative ultra-capacitor system of the present invention;
The figure that Fig. 4 has the predetermined age consumption time, ultra-capacitor of 10% cycle of operation for basis;
The figure that Fig. 5 has the predetermined age consumption time, ultra-capacitor of 90% cycle of operation for basis; And
Fig. 6 is the flow chart by the performed step of ultracapacitor voltage limit control of the present invention.
Embodiment
Following description of preferred embodiments only actually is exemplary, and is by no means the restriction to the present invention, its application or use.For the sake of clarity, use identical reference number to identify similar elements in the accompanying drawings.Just as used herein like that, term " module " refers to (that share, special use or cohort) processor and memory, the combinational logic circuit of application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) (ASIC), electronic circuit, the one or more softwares of execution or firmware program and/or other suitable elements of described function is provided.Word " free time " or " idle condition " or " idling cycle " or " OFF " here be used interchangeably with expression from ultra-capacitor extract little power state or during, and word " RUN " or " running status " or " cycle of operation " or " ON " are used interchangeably with expression and just extract sizable power from ultra-capacitor.
Referring now to Fig. 2 and 3, show the electric schematic block diagram of simplification of electrical system 20 and 40 respectively.Described electrical system 20 and 40 sequence numbers of being submitted on July 14th, 2004 are to have a detailed description in 10/891,474 the U.S. Patent application, being disclosed in here by clearly combination of described U.S. Patent application.Specifically with reference to Fig. 2, electrical system 20 is determined the predetermined age of ultra-capacitor.More clearly, electrical system 20 comprises the capacitor state transducer 22-1...22-i...22-n of the temperature T i of one or more ultra-capacitor C1...Ci...Cn and the voltage Vi that measures at each capacitor C-i two ends and each capacitor Ci.
For convenience of explanation, according to the representational capacitor C and the representational state sensor 22 that have omitted accessory ID " i " this device is described.Each state sensor 22 all comprises the isolating difference amplifier and has the level shifter or the isolator 23 of the differential voltage input 24 that is connected across capacitor C two ends.Level shift amplifier or isolator 27 have the input 26 that is coupled to temperature sensor 25, and this temperature sensor and capacitor C thermal coupling are so that measure its temperature.Isolator 23 is coupled on the I/O 30 of measuring system 32 at the output on lead or the bus 29 at output on lead or the bus 28 and isolator 27.According to the character from the output signal of isolator 23,27, I/O 30 can be analog-digital converter (A/D) and/or digital quantizer or signal converter.
Described measuring system 32 also comprises program storage 34, odd-job memory (RAM) 35, nonvolatile memory (NV-MEM) 36, processor (CPU) 37 and timer 38 in addition, and it is coupled to each other and be coupled to I/O 30 via bus 31.Ultracapacitor voltage limit control of the present invention is carried out by processor 37.Described NV-MEM 36 is used to store the median of various variablees or parameter temporarily.Output bus or link 33 make described electrical system 20 it can be passed to one or more displays, warning function and/or other total or managerial vehicle functions to the result of the state estimation of capacitor C1...Ci...Cn and bimetry and/or any desired median.Provide input link 39, so that can be from for example ignition switch (not shown) or other vehicles or power control reception power up or power-off signal.
Specifically, the block diagram of electrical system 40 is shown with reference to Fig. 3.This electrical system 40 is similar to the electrical system 20 of Fig. 2. Electrical system 20 and 40 difference are that electrical system 20 uses a plurality of electric capacity state sensors 22 to measure the state of each capacitor C1...C-n individually.Electrical system 40 comprises a single electric capacity state sensor, and it measures the common state of series capacitor C1...C-n, and data splitting is reported to measuring system 32 '.This state sensor is similar to state sensor 22, and the element 43-49 of state sensor is equivalent to the element 23-29 of state sensor 22 in operation.The element of measuring system 32 ' is similar to those elements of described measuring system 32.
The discussion of the operation that relates to electrical system 20,40 subsequently is applicable to any of this two kinds of devices.For convenience of description, suppose to use the electrical system 20 of Fig. 2 and only consider individual unit.Those skilled in the art is to be understood that according to the description here: it is also conceivable that a plurality of unit under the situation of the device that uses described electrical system 20, electrical system 40 or these two combination.
As at sequence number be describe in detail in 10/891,474 the U.S. Patent application like that, the predetermined age (Y of electrochemical capacitance
Proj) determine according to following equation:
Y
proi＝Y
exp/{∑[t
s/Y(V(t
n)，T(t
n))]+∑(Δt/Y
off)} [2]
Referring now to Fig. 4, show the predetermined age of exemplary ultra-capacitor according to the consumption time with 10% cycle of operation.According to be the bimetry of unit with the year with hour being that the consumption time relation curve plotting of unit goes out predetermined age and instantaneous life expectancy.Predetermined age be basically instantaneous life expectancy time weight output Y (T, V).Initial when being in idle pulley, the two all is in the predetermined age of ultra-capacitor and instantaneous life expectancy on its highest level.Yet when this ultra-capacitor was switched to operational mode, instantaneous life expectancy was because of higher average working voltage or temperature or these two sharply minimizing.When ultra-capacitor when idle pulley switches to operational mode, predetermined age reduces according to equation 2.On the contrary, when ultra-capacitor when operational mode switches to idle pulley, predetermined age increases according to equation 2.Predetermined age in the rapid decline of run duration and the trend passing in time that part is recovered in idle pulley subsequently obtain relaxing.Along with the continuation of time, predetermined age converges on the target design life-span.
Referring now to Fig. 5, the predetermined age of ultra-capacitor was shown according to the consumption time with 90% cycle of operation.Axle in the figure is similar to the axle of Fig. 4.The feature of instantaneous life expectancy is different from the feature that is associated with 10% cycle of operation.When ultra-capacitor running time 90% the time, for these two instantaneous life expectancy of free time operation and utilization and operation with respect to for the instantaneous life expectancy of the relation among Fig. 4, being raised.According to equation 2, predetermined age is followed the tracks of instantaneous life expectancy.Figure 4 and 5 explanation: although the behaviour in service difference can reach identical average life span by controlling instantaneous life expectancy according to running status and utilization and operation cycle.
For fixed capacity, the working voltage scope that increases ultra-capacitor will increase its energy storage, but can the temporary transient life expectancy that reduces this device.On the contrary, the maximum voltage that can reduce ultra-capacitor increases the instantaneous life expectancy of this device.But, owing to described maximum voltage is lowered, so for the system with fixed capacity, the energy of storing by ultra-capacitor also is lowered.This energy relationship can be characterized by following equation:
W wherein
cBe to be the energy of being stored of unit with the joule, C is that electric capacity and V are voltage.Maximum system energy requirement and system's working voltage define minimum needed electric capacity and system cost.Because electrochemical capacitance has operation and inoperative cycle, so the ultracapacitor voltage limit of the present invention control is provided at the chance of temporarily moving down than the more high voltage that is allowed under the situation of having only a continuous or single operational mode.Therefore, electric capacity and system cost can be minimized.The inoperative cycle when being in the voltage (that is: the average life span of increase) of reduction can be used to alleviate the undesirable effect of higher working voltage (that is: the average life span of minimizing).
Different on the basis that runs on pre-operator (pre-operator) of ultra-capacitor.Therefore, the expectation cycle of operation (∑ t
s) and idling cycle (∑ Δ t) and ∑ t
sWith the ratio of ∑ Δ t or the accumulation in these two cycles and will be from the operator to the operator and different.Target life objective and the cell voltage limit provide performance benefits by set up independently according to operation and idling cycle in the ultracapacitor voltage limit of the present invention control.Other benefit is by realizing according to the cycle of operation voltage limit relevant with state with the ratio adjustment of idling cycle.As long as implement suitable control method, just can under the situation in the useful life of not damaging system, obtain described performance benefits based on the feedback of these parameters.
According to following relational expression, ultracapacitor voltage limit control of the present invention provides the cycle of operation (∑ t
s) to idling cycle (∑ Δ t) and the cycle of operation (∑ t
s) ratio (α) of sum:
α＝∑t
s/(∑t
s+∑Δt) [4]
Thereby the fractional part of α representative operation.Therefore, value (1-α) representative and the fractional part of not using or idling cycle is associated.Utilize α and, can determine suitable maximum set point ultracapacitor cell voltage limit (V about the information of current operation conditions
Limit).If can satisfy the minimal design life-span target of ultra-capacitor, so V
LimitThe voltage that can be allowed to exactly.
According to following relational expression, Y
ProjBe defined by the function of α:
Y
proj＝Y
exp/{α*Y
exp/Y
operating+(1-α)*Y
exp/Y
idle} [5]
Perhaps
Y
proj＝1/{α/Y
operating+(1-α)/Y
idle} [6]
With
1/Y
proj＝α/Y
operating+(1-α)/Y
idle [7]
By the supposition independent variable is Y
Operating, then correlated variables is Y
IdleDraw following relational expression by rearranging equation 7:
Y
idle＝[(1-α)/α]*Y
operating/{[Y
operating/(α*Y
proj)]-1 [8]
For 0＜α＜1; With
Y
Idle=Y
Operating=designed life [9]
For α=1 or α=0
If at described time portion operation, then Y
ProjBe target design life-span, Y
OperatingFor minimum allows average life span, and Y
IdleBe minimum necessary average life span at described time portion.
The control of the ultracapacitor voltage limit is V with the maximum voltage limit of this ultra-capacitor
Limit, with during the cycle of operation, provide minimum value Y (V, T)＞Y
Operating, and the maximum voltage that limits this ultra-capacitor with guarantee Y during idling cycle (V, T)＞Y
IdleDetermine V according to following relational expression
Limit:
V
limit＝[c+aT-log(Y
target)]/-b [10]
This relational expression draws from above-mentioned equation 1.The example values of coefficient a, b and c comprises-0.03333333 respectively ,-3.33333333 and 10.16666666.Y
TargetDuring the cycle of operation, equal Y
Operating, and during idling cycle, equal Y
Idle
Referring now to Fig. 6, describe the performed step of ultracapacitor voltage limit control in detail.In step 600, t is passed through in control
sMake t
nIncrement.In step 602, control determines whether power supply status (PS) is ON.If PS is ON, is controlled at so in the step 604 and continues.If PS is not ON, is controlled at so in the step 606 and continues.In step 604, ultra-capacitor temperature (T) is determined in control.In step 608, ON time (t is determined in control
ON) be (t running time
RUN) and t
nSum, and definite accumulated time (t
ALL) be OFF time (t
OFF) and t
ONSum.
In step 610, control determines whether PS is converted to OFF from ON.If PS is not converted to OFF from ON, then is controlled in the step 612 and continues.If PS is converted to OFF from ON, then is controlled in the step 614 and continues.In step 612, t is determined in control
ALLWhether greater than the threshold time limit (t
LIM).If t
ALLGreater than t
LIM, then be controlled in the step 616 and continue.If t
ALLBe not more than t
LIM, then be controlled in the step 618 and continue.In step 616, interim ratio (α is set in control
TEMP) equal t
ONWith t
ALLThe ratio.In step 618, α is set in control
TEMPEqual t
ONWith t
LIMThe ratio.In step 620, α is determined in control
TEMPWhether greater than α.If α
TEMPGreater than α, then be controlled in the step 622 by setting α and equal α
TEMPUpgrade α, and be controlled at continuation in the step 624.If α
TEMPBe not more than α, then be controlled in the step 624 and continue.
In step 614, control is set PS and is equaled OFF.In step 626, t is determined in control
ALLWhether more than or equal to t
LIMIf t
ALLBe not more than or be not equal to t
LIM, then be controlled in the step 630 and continue.If t
ALLMore than or equal to t
LIM, then be controlled in the step 628 and set α and equal t
ONWith t
ALLRatio, and make t
ONWith t
OFFReset.In step 630, control store (t running time
ALL=t
ON), t
OFFAnd ratio data, and set t
nEqual zero.
In step 624, control according to following relational expression based on Y
Thr, α and side-play amount (k
OFFSET) calculate Y
Operating:
Y
operating＝αY
thr+k
OFFSET [11]
k
OFFSETBut thereby be provided for keeping idle life-span target and make the unit set-point voltage remain on the interior a kind of means of range of management, and Y
ThrIt is the system design life-span.In step 632, Y is determined in control
OperatingWhether greater than Y
ThrIf Y
OperatingGreater than Y
Thr, then be controlled in the step 634 and continue.If Y
OperatingBe not more than Y
Thr, then be controlled in the step 636 and continue.In step 634, Y is set in control
OperatingEqual Y
Thr, and in step 638, continue.In step 636, Y is determined in control
OperatingWhether less than minimum threshold (Y
Thrmin).If Y
OperatingLess than Y
Thrmin, then be controlled at and set Y in the step 640
OperatingEqual Y
Thrmin, and in step 638, continue.If Y
OperatingBe not less than Y
Thrmin, then be controlled in the step 638 and continue.
In step 638, control determines whether PS is ON.If PS is not ON, then is controlled in the step 642 and continues.If PS is ON, then is controlled in the step 644 and continues.In step 642, control according to above-mentioned equation 8 based on α, Y
OperatingAnd Y
ProjCalculate Y
Idle, and be controlled at continuation in the step 644.In step 644, control is determined V according to above-mentioned equation 10
Lim, and control finishes.Moving described electrical system 20,40, is V with the voltage limit with ultra-capacitor
Lim, so that during the cycle of operation, provide greater than Y
OperatingMinimum life, and during idling cycle, provide greater than Y
IdleLife-span.
In step 606, control determines whether PS changes ON into from OFF.If PS does not change ON into from OFF, then control finishes.If PS changes ON into from OFF, then be controlled in the step 646 and set PS and equal ON.In step 648, control obtains t again from memory
OFF, t
RUN, α and V
LimIn step 650, t is set in control
OFFEqual t
OFFWith t
nSum.In step 652, t is set in control
nEqual zero and control end.
Those skilled in the art can understand now from the foregoing description: these overview instructions of the present invention can realize with various forms.Therefore, though describe the present invention in conjunction with specific examples of the present invention, but should so not limit true scope of the present invention, reason is that other modifications are conspicuous based on the research to accompanying drawing, specification and following claims for the professional and technical personnel.
Claims (23)
1. optionally provide electrical power to come load is provided with the exercisable electrical system of electric power, comprising:
Ultra-capacitor, it is optionally stored and discharges electrical power; And
Control module, its running status and idle condition according to described ultra-capacitor is determined operation ratio, calculates the voltage limit of described ultra-capacitor according to described operation ratio, and adjusts the operation of described ultra-capacitor according to described voltage limit.
2. the electrical system of claim 1, wherein said control module based target average life span Y
TargetCalculate described voltage limit.
3. the electrical system of claim 2, wherein said Y
TargetDuring the cycle of operation of described ultra-capacitor, equal the minimum average life span Y that allows
OperatingWith during the idling cycle of described ultra-capacitor, equal minimum necessary average life span Y
Idle
4. the electrical system of claim 1, wherein said control module is calculated as the ratio of running time and total time with interim ratio, if wherein the original value of described operation ratio is less than described interim ratio, then sets described operation ratio and equals described interim ratio.
5. the electrical system of claim 1, wherein said control module is calculated as the ratio of running time and time threshold with interim ratio, if wherein the original value of described operation ratio is less than described interim ratio, then sets described operation ratio and equals described interim ratio.
6. the electrical system of claim 1 also comprises the temperature sensor in response to described ultra-capacitor temperature, wherein based on the described voltage limit of described temperature computation.
7. the electrical system of claim 1, wherein said control module determines whether the power supply status of described ultra-capacitor changes described idle condition into from described running status, and when described power supply status changes described idle condition and described total time into during greater than threshold time from described running status, described operation ratio is calculated as the ratio of running time and total time.
8. increase the working voltage scope of ultra-capacitor and the method for energy storage capacity, comprising:
The cycle of operation and inoperative cycle based on described ultra-capacitor are determined operation ratio;
Calculate the voltage limit of described ultra-capacitor based on described operation ratio; And
Adjust the operation of described ultra-capacitor based on described voltage limit.
9. the method for claim 8, wherein based target average life span Y
TargetDetermine described voltage limit.
10. the method for claim 9, wherein said Y
TargetDuring the cycle of operation of described ultra-capacitor, equal the minimum average life span Y that allows
OperatingWith during the idling cycle of described ultra-capacitor, equal minimum necessary average life span Y
Idle
11. the method for claim 8 also comprises: interim ratio is calculated as the ratio of running time and total time,, then sets described operation ratio and equal described interim ratio if wherein the original value of described operation ratio is less than described interim ratio.
12. the method for claim 8 also comprises: interim ratio is calculated as the ratio of running time and time threshold,, then sets described operation ratio and equal described interim ratio if wherein the original value of described operation ratio is less than described interim ratio.
13. the method for claim 8 also comprises: monitor the temperature of described ultra-capacitor, wherein based on the described voltage limit of described temperature computation.
14. the method for claim 8 also comprises:
Whether the power supply status of determining described ultra-capacitor changes idle condition into from running status; And
When described power supply status changes described idle condition and described total time into during greater than threshold time from described running status, described operation ratio is calculated as the ratio of running time and total time.
15. increase the working voltage scope of ultra-capacitor and the method for energy storage capacity, comprising:
Whether the power supply status of determining described ultra-capacitor is in running status and the idle condition;
Calculate the operation ratio of described ultra-capacitor based on described power supply status;
Calculate the voltage limit of described ultra-capacitor based on described operation ratio; And
Adjust the operation of described ultra-capacitor based on described voltage limit.
16. the method for claim 15, wherein based target average life span Y
TargetDetermine described voltage limit.
17. the method for claim 16, wherein said Y
TargetDuring the cycle of operation of described ultra-capacitor, equal the minimum average life span Y that allows
OperatingWith during the idling cycle of described ultra-capacitor, equal minimum necessary average life span Y
Idle
18. the method for claim 17 wherein is when operation, Y when described power supply status
TargetEqual Y
Operating, and when described power supply status is the free time, Y
TargetEqual Y
Idle
19. the method for claim 8 also comprises: determine whether described power supply status changes described idle condition into from described running status.
20. the method for claim 19, also comprise: when described power supply status not when described running status changes described idle condition into, interim ratio is calculated as the ratio of running time and total time, if wherein the original value of described operation ratio is less than described interim ratio, then sets described operation ratio and equal described interim ratio.
21. the method for claim 19, also comprise: when described power supply status not when described running status changes described idle condition into, interim ratio is calculated as the ratio with time threshold in running time, if wherein the original value of described operation ratio is less than described interim ratio, then sets described operation ratio and equal described interim ratio.
22. the method for claim 19 also comprises: when described power supply status changes described idle condition and described total time into during greater than threshold time from described running status, described operation ratio is calculated as the ratio of running time and total time.
23. the method for claim 15 also comprises: monitor the temperature of described ultra-capacitor, wherein based on the described voltage limit of described temperature computation.
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|---|---|---|---|
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Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1439867A (en) * | 2002-02-21 | 2003-09-03 | 欧姆龙株式会社 | Predictive method for surplus life, temperature testing structure and electronic device |
| CN1721866A (en) * | 2004-07-14 | 2006-01-18 | 通用汽车公司 | Ultracapacitor useful life prediction |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1439867A (en) * | 2002-02-21 | 2003-09-03 | 欧姆龙株式会社 | Predictive method for surplus life, temperature testing structure and electronic device |
| CN1721866A (en) * | 2004-07-14 | 2006-01-18 | 通用汽车公司 | Ultracapacitor useful life prediction |
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