CN101138981A - Railway vehicle - Google Patents
Railway vehicle Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101138981A CN101138981A CNA2007100021031A CN200710002103A CN101138981A CN 101138981 A CN101138981 A CN 101138981A CN A2007100021031 A CNA2007100021031 A CN A2007100021031A CN 200710002103 A CN200710002103 A CN 200710002103A CN 101138981 A CN101138981 A CN 101138981A
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- Prior art keywords
- vehicle
- frame member
- length direction
- web
- vehicle body
- Prior art date
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- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011796 hollow space material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B61—RAILWAYS
- B61D—BODY DETAILS OR KINDS OF RAILWAY VEHICLES
- B61D17/00—Construction details of vehicle bodies
- B61D17/04—Construction details of vehicle bodies with bodies of metal; with composite, e.g. metal and wood body structures
- B61D17/20—Communication passages between coaches; Adaptation of coach ends therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B61—RAILWAYS
- B61D—BODY DETAILS OR KINDS OF RAILWAY VEHICLES
- B61D15/00—Other railway vehicles, e.g. scaffold cars; Adaptations of vehicles for use on railways
- B61D15/06—Buffer cars; Arrangements or construction of railway vehicles for protecting them in case of collisions
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B61—RAILWAYS
- B61D—BODY DETAILS OR KINDS OF RAILWAY VEHICLES
- B61D17/00—Construction details of vehicle bodies
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B61—RAILWAYS
- B61D—BODY DETAILS OR KINDS OF RAILWAY VEHICLES
- B61D17/00—Construction details of vehicle bodies
- B61D17/04—Construction details of vehicle bodies with bodies of metal; with composite, e.g. metal and wood body structures
- B61D17/06—End walls
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Vibration Dampers (AREA)
- Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a car body of a railway vehicle capable of absorbing the energy caused when collision occurs to the end of the car body. The present invention comprises a strength member 15 disposed along the circumferential direction of the car body on the end of the car body, a strength member 16 disposed along the circumferential direction at a position rearward from the member 15, rib members 17 disposed along the longitudinal direction of the car body and connecting the two strength members, and an outer panel 18 covering the same. The longitudinal direction of the rib member 17 corresponds to the longitudinal direction of the car body. The rib member 17 is composed of two flanges 17c, 17d and a web 17b connecting the two flanges, and the side having the web 17b is welded to the outer panel 18 via fillet welding. A notch 21 opened to the edge of the flange is formed on the flange at the center of the longitudinal direction of the rib member 17. When collision load is applied, the notch 21 is valley-folded, by which the rib member is bent toward the direction opposite from the side to which the outer panel 18 is attached, so that the collision load can be absorbed sufficiently since the outer panel 18 will not interfere with the buckling of the rib member 17.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the energy absorbing structure of guideway vehicles such as rolling stock and single track.
Background technology
Guideway vehicle be in operation usually may with unpredictable object strikes.As unexpected bump object, can arrive big objects such as on-road vehicle, trees and rolling stock greatly, the little wisp that reaches the article relative to stone, snow piece with vehicle.In addition, the speed during bump may be from the low speed driving or the like of running at high speed.
At this, consider the situation that rolling stock and big objects at high speed are clashed into.When clashing into big objects at high speed, rolling stock will be subjected to the effect of impact of big load.In order to protect the chaufeur, the passenger that take in carrying machine not to be subjected to this bump, need make the local actively distortion of carrying the machine structure, absorb the energy of bump thus.
That is, following notion is proposed: with chaufeur, when the passenger takes with the structure of guideway vehicle with object strikes the time be not damaged be the space (below be called supporting region) of purpose and with object strikes the time, make the guideway vehicle structure actively distortion space (below the be called the impact zone) branch that absorbs Impact energy be opened on the structure of guideway vehicle.
On the other hand, consider the situation of guideway vehicle and big object low speed impact.When low speed impact, it is smaller acting on that bump on the vehicle body compares when running at high speed.Therefore, even as the energy that when bump, acts on vehicle body when running at high speed can not be absorbed energetically, also can guarantee chaufeur and passenger's safety.Otherwise, preferably being made as crash-resistant structure, the load that vehicle is not acted on during the bump when running at high speed is out of shape.
In addition, when beam is out of shape, preferably can the controlled deformation direction and distortion starting point etc.
Be the example of following structure in the Non-Patent Document 1: the thing that will fly here defence plate be configured in the relative orbit direction be the bodywork length direction foremost, be adjacent the endergonic member of configuration.
Explanation is in the Patent Document 1, has used the energy absorbing structure of the hollow material of aluminum alloy system can effectively absorb energy on four limits.
Explanation is in the Patent Document 2,3,4, offers the hole on the panel of energy absorber, to absorb energy.
Patent Document 1: the spy opens the 2004-168218 communique
Patent Document 2: the spy opens the 2002-67952 communique
Patent Document 3: the spy opens the 2001-88698 communique
Patent Document 4: the spy opens the 2001-26268 communique
Non-Patent Document 1:Amar Ainoussa.Acrashowrthy high speed aluminiumtrain:thewestcoast main line class 390 tilting train, Proc.Imech Econf.“Whatcanwe?realistically?expect?from?carshworthiness?”.(2001)。
Summary of the invention
As mentioned above, seek load more than to a certain degree and do the time spent and be out of shape energetically absorbing energy, and the load below is to a certain degree constructed indeformable structure as the time spent.
Described purpose can followingly realize:
The marshalling vehicle middle vehicle the end or with this centre vehicle bonded assembly vehicle end,
Have along the operator's compartment lateral vertical side direction of vehicle end and along two tension members of roof, one of this tension member is positioned at the front end of bodywork length direction, and another is compared on the length direction of vehicle body in rear end side with previous,
The end of described vehicle body by the tension member of the described front and back of vehicle body, be welded on the frame member on this tension member and cover described frame member and the outside plate of described two tension members constitutes,
The length direction of described frame member is along the length direction of vehicle body,
This frame member is made of with the web that is connected these two flanges two flanges,
Described web side angle is welded on the outside plate,
Have otch on the described flange in the middle of the length direction of described frame member, wherein otch has opening in flange end,
On the described web between the length direction end of this otch and described frame member, has the hole.
Thus, when the front end effect bump load of vehicle body, load acts on frame member via tension member.Frame member buckles frame member at the position of otch.Even frame member is buckled, it can be to outside plate lateral bending song yet, and therefore, outside plate can not hinder and buckle, thereby can absorb Impact energy.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the block diagram of railway vehicle;
Fig. 2 is the lateral plan of the vehicle body end of Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is the block diagram of the frame member of one embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 4 is the IV view of Fig. 3;
Fig. 5 is the deformation pattern of the frame member of Fig. 3, Fig. 4;
Fig. 6 is the birds-eye view of the hole 21b of other embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 7 has been to use the birds-eye view of frame member in the hole of Fig. 6;
Fig. 8 is the IX view of Fig. 7;
Fig. 9 is the lateral plan of the distortion of the situation of expression when vehicle effect loading;
Figure 10 is the lateral plan of the present invention to the car body end of the example of vehicle body application;
Figure 11 is the block diagram of the frame member of other embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 12 is the block diagram of the frame member of other embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 13 is the block diagram of the frame member of other embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 14 is the block diagram of the frame member of other embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 15 is the block diagram of the frame member of other embodiment of the present invention.
Among the figure: 1 ... the framework 2 of rolling stock ... roof framework 3 ... car end framework 4 ... end framework 5 ... chassis reinforcement member 6 ... curb girder 10 ... supporting region (survivalzone) 11 ... impact zone 15,16 tension members 17,117 ... frame member 17b, 117g, 117m ... web 117c, 117d, 117e, 117f ... flange 21,24b, 25b, 26b ... otch 21b, 22,23,24,25,26 ... the hole.
The specific embodiment
Below, with reference to the description of drawings embodiments of the invention.
Utilize Fig. 1~Fig. 6 to illustrate to have used in the guideway vehicle first embodiment when of the present invention.
At first, utilize Fig. 1 that the structure of guideway vehicle is described.In Fig. 1, the side framework 4 of the framework 1 of guideway vehicle face by the roof framework 2 that forms roof, about relatively the bodywork length direction forms the end framework 3 of the face of closed at both ends, relative bodywork length direction formed and the chassis reinforcement member 5 that forms floor constitute.The opening that window W and gangway are arranged on side framework 4.
This framework 1, the impact zone 11 of the energy that produces when the supporting region 10 of protection chaufeur and passenger's life and absorption are clashed into during by bump constitutes.Supporting region 10 is arranged at the central authorities of vehicle lengthwise direction.
In this figure, with the middle vehicle that does not possess actuating device structure is described, but for the vehicle with actuating device, the relative position of impact zone 11 and supporting region 10 can not change yet.
Fig. 2 represents the lateral plan of impact zone 11.This impact zone 11 locates to be positioned at the end of rear end side in front in the car, locates to be positioned at the end (with the connecting portion side of its place ahead or front vehicle) of its length direction in the middle car of marshalling vehicle.
Constitute the primary member of impact zone 11, by outside plate 18 formations in the front and back tension member that constitutes operator's compartment 15,16 (being commonly referred to corner post, column etc.) of impact zone 11, the frame member 17 that connects front and back tension member 15,16 and covering tension member 15,16, frame member 17 outsides.
In Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, the cross section of frame member 17 is U word shape, is welded with outside plate 18 at U word shape web 17b side angle.Welded corner joint both can be carried out continuously, also can carry out discontinuously.In the both sides of web 17b flange 17c, 17d are arranged.On flange 17c, the 17d of the centre of frame member 17 length directions, be provided with otch 21.Otch 21 is offered in the end of flange 17c, 17d.
In addition, on the U word shape web 17b (towards the face of outside plate), the end of close length direction is provided with hole 22,22.
In such formation, when the load more than to a certain degree (bump load) acted on the length direction of tension member 15, outside plate 18 distortion in the tension member 15 and the outside thereof with energy absorbing, were done the time spent it are indeformable and load to a certain degree below.
Load more than to a certain degree (hereinafter referred to as over load) is done the time spent, because frame member 17 has otch 21 in the centre of length direction, therefore, being out of shape thus, the position begins to carry out.As shown in Figure 5, when being out of shape, otch 21 sides become trench.Owing to outside plate 18 is arranged,, therefore, can be out of shape and absorb energy so even otch 21 sides are folded to trench, outside plate can not be involved in trench yet at the dorsal part that becomes trench.
In addition, be provided with opening 22,23 near the U word shape web 17b the length direction two ends of frame member 17, therefore, as shown in Figure 5, when frame member 17 was considered as a whole, web 17b was deformed into the mountain shape.Therefore, outside plate 18 distortion, the car outside becomes convex relatively.If this distortion does not take place, and partial buckling produces continuously, and deformation direction be can not control the time, and broken residual amount increases, thereby can not guarantee effective resistance to compression.In addition, if, just might exert an influence to chaufeur and passenger to the inboard distortion of car.Therefore, controlling laterally, bulging deformation is useful.
Embodiment 2
Among the described embodiment, the web 17b of the frame member 17 of cross section U word shape is welded on the outside plate 18, but, also outside plate 18 can be welded on the front end of flange 17c, 17d as Fig. 6, Fig. 7, shown in Figure 8.Thus, welding is simple.
Under this situation, be arranged on the connecting portion of web 17b and flange 17c (17d) with the otch 21 cooresponding slotted hole 21b of the centre that is arranged at frame member 17 length directions.This is in order to strengthen the intensity of this connecting portion.
In Fig. 6, be that bending is carried out at the center with the centre of the Width of slotted hole 21b, bend to web 17b and flange 17c, 17d, constitute frame member 17.For example, the width of slotted hole 21b is about 40mm.
Fig. 7, Fig. 8 represent described such frame member that constitutes 17.21b is the hole that is equivalent to the otch 21 of Fig. 3.Otch 22b, 23b are equivalent to the hole 22,23 of Fig. 3.Otch 22b, 23b are at the front opening of flange 17c, 17d.
Fig. 9 is corresponding the present invention (Figure 10) conventional example.Shown in Fig. 9 (a), on tension member 15 during service load, main frame member 17 support loadings to exist in this short transverse.Under this situation, if frame member 17 and tension member 16 do not produce distortion, then the stress that produces on frame member 17 and the tension member 16 becomes low value.
On the other hand, shown in Fig. 9 (b), on the tension member 15 of the position that does not dispose frame member 17 (17c, 17d) during service load when midway location service load (at frame member 17c, 17d), frame member 17c, 17d support loading near this position.
Under this situation, proportional with the distance of frame member 17c, 17d and stress point, produce moment of deflection.That is, the distance of frame member 17c, 17d and stress point is long more, and moment of deflection is big more.Therefore, frame member 17c, 17d and tension member 15 produce flexural deformation, and the stress that produces on frame member 17c, 17d and the tension member 15 becomes high value.
At this moment, if frame member 17 in the sparse configuration of short transverse, then will inevitably produce high stress.If dispose the interval of frame member 17c, 17d densely, then the load that produces when tension member 17 begins to be out of shape because of bump is too high.
Therefore, do the time spent at high load, the moment of deflection that acts on tension member 15 and the frame member 17-becomes big, produces high stress on two members.
Utilize Figure 10 that the 2nd embodiment of the present invention is described.With the connecting portion of the frame member 117 that is connected in tension member 15, frame member 117 is Y word shape and enlarges.And tension member 16 sides do not enlarge.
Therefore, the fulcrum with frame member 117 supporting tension members 15 becomes many.So for example, even under the situation of the function of height load that does not dispose frame member 117, the distance from load point to the supporting-point that is supported by frame member 117 also can shorten.Therefore, the moment of deflection of generation little than existing example.
That is, shown in Figure 10 (b), under the situation of the function of height load that does not dispose frame member 117c, 117d, mainly with near the front end support loading of the expansion of frame member 117c, 117d this height.Under this situation, proportional and produce flexural deformation with the distance of the end of the frame member 117c, the 117d that enlarge and load point, but compare with the configuration space of frame member 117 in the length (distance) of tension member 15 side branches, it is long to be not so good as its length.Therefore, because the flexural deformation that produces on tension member 15 and frame member 117 is little, so the stress that produces on frame member 117 and the tension member 15 becomes low value.
Under the situation of must be endergonic big load effect, the weak point of the intensity of frame member 117 is to expand as the position of Y word shape and the connecting portion of no branch part.Because the cross section of the weak point of intensity and the radical of frame member 117 are with existing identical, therefore, the load of generation can be with existing identical when buckling.
In Figure 11, Figure 11 is the enlarged drawing that the front of the frame member 117 of Figure 10 is the frame member 117 of Y word shape expansion.Become web 117g between flange 117e, the 117f of flange 117c, 117d, expansion.Outside plate 18 both can be positioned at web 117b side, also can be positioned at flange 117c, 117d, 117e, 117f side.
In Figure 12, between the flange 117e, the 117f that enlarge, disposed flange 117c, 117d and the web 117b of the frame member 117 of cross section U word shape.Web 117b and web 117g between flange 117e, the 117f that enlarges also can be overlapping.Outside plate 18 is arranged on web 117b side or flange 117c, 117d, 117e, 117f side.
Embodiment 6
In Figure 13, frame member 20 is the members with the tension member 15 side Y word shape branches of the frame member 117 of Fig. 3.Leaning on tension member 16 sides, be provided with the hole 24,24 that is equivalent to otch 21 in flange 16 sides than flange 117e, the 117f of Y word shape branch and connecting portion 117i, the 117j of flange 117g, 117h.Thus, the position that is provided with hole 24,24 becomes the weakest position of intensity.Hole 24 is a lengthwise.
Outside plate 18 can be provided with arbitrarily shown in the embodiment of Figure 11, Figure 12.
According to such formation, do the time spent at excessive load, owing to be out of shape from hole 24b, the 24b of the weak part of intensity, thereby can controlled deformation.
Embodiment 7
In Figure 14, on porose 24 flange 117c, 117d, be provided with otch 24b, 24b.Thus, the position that is provided with otch 24b, 24b becomes the weakest position of intensity.With tension member 15,16 bonded assembly web 117b on hole 26 is set, hole 25 is set on web 117k, 117m.
Outside plate 18 is arranged at web 117b side.
According to such formation, do the time spent at excessive load, distortion begins to carry out from the position of otch 24b, 24b.Distortion so that the mode that enters the otch side and become trench carry out.In addition, when frame member 117 is considered as a whole, enter otch 24b, the 24b side is deformed into trench, hole 25,26 is deformed into the mountain.
Embodiment 8
In Figure 15, otch 24b, 24b are identical.Otch 25b, the 25b that will be equivalent to hole 25 are arranged on flange 117e, 117f, 117g, the 117h.The otch 26b that is equivalent to hole 26 is arranged on flange 117c, the 117d.Otch 25b, 26b, a hole as being provided with respectively on flange 17c, the 17d of Fig. 7, Fig. 8 and the web 17b also can be arranged on web 117b and flange 117c, 117d, 117e, 117f, 117g, the 117h.
Outside plate 18 is arranged at web 17b side.
Claims (3)
1. guideway vehicle, it is characterized in that: the marshalling vehicle middle vehicle the end or with this centre vehicle bonded assembly vehicle end, have along the operator's compartment lateral vertical side direction of vehicle end and along two tension members of roof, one of this tension member is positioned at the front end of bodywork length direction, another compares length direction along vehicle body in rear end side with previous
The end of described vehicle body by the described tension member of the described front and back of vehicle body, be welded on the frame member on this tension member and cover described frame member and the outside plate of described two tension members constitutes,
The length direction of described frame member is along the length direction of vehicle body,
This frame member is made of with the web that is connected these two flanges two flanges,
Described web side angle is welded on the described outside plate,
Have otch on the described flange in the middle of the length direction of described frame member, this otch has opening in flange end,
On the described web between the length direction end of this otch and described frame member, has the hole.
2. guideway vehicle, it is characterized in that: the marshalling vehicle middle vehicle the end or with this centre vehicle bonded assembly vehicle end, have along the operator's compartment lateral vertical side direction of vehicle end and along two tension members of roof, one of this tension member is positioned at the front end of bodywork length direction, another compares length direction along vehicle body in rear end side with previous
The end of described vehicle body by the described tension member of the described front and back of vehicle body, be welded on the frame member on this tension member and cover described frame member and the outside plate of described two tension members constitutes,
The length direction of described frame member is along the length direction of vehicle body,
This frame member is made of with the web that is connected these two flanges two flanges,
The nose angle of described flange is welded on the described outside plate,
Curve with described web and described flange is the center, has otch on described flange, described web,
On the described web between the length direction end of this otch and described frame member, has the hole.
3. guideway vehicle, it is characterized in that: the marshalling vehicle middle vehicle the end or with this centre vehicle bonded assembly vehicle end, have along the operator's compartment lateral vertical side direction of vehicle end and along two tension members of roof, one of this tension member is positioned at the front end of bodywork length direction, another compares length direction along vehicle body in rear end side with previous
The end of described vehicle body by the described tension member of the described front and back of vehicle body, be welded on a plurality of frame members on this tension member and cover described frame member and the outside plate of described two tension members constitutes,
The length direction of described frame member is along the length direction of vehicle body,
This frame member is made of with the web that is connected these two flanges two flanges,
The end side Y word shape ground branch of the vehicle body of the length direction of described frame member, another is distolateral not to have branch.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2006243544A JP5092323B2 (en) | 2006-09-08 | 2006-09-08 | Rail vehicle |
JP2006243544 | 2006-09-08 | ||
JP2006-243544 | 2006-09-08 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN101138981A true CN101138981A (en) | 2008-03-12 |
CN101138981B CN101138981B (en) | 2012-05-09 |
Family
ID=38895551
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN2007100021031A Expired - Fee Related CN101138981B (en) | 2006-09-08 | 2007-01-10 | Railway vehicle |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20080060544A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1897775B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5092323B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100836090B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101138981B (en) |
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CN102066179A (en) * | 2009-08-19 | 2011-05-18 | 西日本旅客铁道株式会社 | Body structure of rolling stock |
CN103459230A (en) * | 2011-04-04 | 2013-12-18 | 奥地利西门子公司 | Rail vehicle having an attached deformation zone |
CN104512429A (en) * | 2013-09-30 | 2015-04-15 | 南车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司 | End wall structure of railway vehicle and processing method of end wall structure |
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JP3512753B2 (en) * | 2001-04-20 | 2004-03-31 | 川崎重工業株式会社 | Railcar collision energy absorption structure |
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-
2006
- 2006-09-08 JP JP2006243544A patent/JP5092323B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-01-10 CN CN2007100021031A patent/CN101138981B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-01-10 KR KR1020070002855A patent/KR100836090B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2007-01-11 EP EP07250099A patent/EP1897775B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2007-01-12 US US11/622,531 patent/US20080060544A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN102015408A (en) * | 2009-03-25 | 2011-04-13 | 西日本旅客铁道株式会社 | Improvement of body structure of rolling stock |
US8707873B2 (en) | 2009-03-25 | 2014-04-29 | West Japan Railway Company | Bodyshell structure of railcar |
CN102066179A (en) * | 2009-08-19 | 2011-05-18 | 西日本旅客铁道株式会社 | Body structure of rolling stock |
CN102066179B (en) * | 2009-08-19 | 2013-10-16 | 西日本旅客铁道株式会社 | Body structure of rolling stock |
CN103459230A (en) * | 2011-04-04 | 2013-12-18 | 奥地利西门子公司 | Rail vehicle having an attached deformation zone |
US9421985B2 (en) | 2011-04-04 | 2016-08-23 | Siemens Ag Oesterreich | Rail vehicle having an attached deformation zone |
CN103459230B (en) * | 2011-04-04 | 2017-02-15 | 奥地利西门子公司 | Rail vehicle having an attached deformation zone |
CN104512429A (en) * | 2013-09-30 | 2015-04-15 | 南车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司 | End wall structure of railway vehicle and processing method of end wall structure |
CN104512429B (en) * | 2013-09-30 | 2017-05-03 | 中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司 | End wall structure of railway vehicle and processing method of end wall structure |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR100836090B1 (en) | 2008-06-09 |
JP2008062817A (en) | 2008-03-21 |
JP5092323B2 (en) | 2012-12-05 |
EP1897775A1 (en) | 2008-03-12 |
KR20080023086A (en) | 2008-03-12 |
US20080060544A1 (en) | 2008-03-13 |
EP1897775B1 (en) | 2012-07-04 |
CN101138981B (en) | 2012-05-09 |
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