CN101126118A - Autofrettage process for a pump fluid end - Google Patents
Autofrettage process for a pump fluid end Download PDFInfo
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- CN101126118A CN101126118A CNA2007101464056A CN200710146405A CN101126118A CN 101126118 A CN101126118 A CN 101126118A CN A2007101464056 A CNA2007101464056 A CN A2007101464056A CN 200710146405 A CN200710146405 A CN 200710146405A CN 101126118 A CN101126118 A CN 101126118A
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Abstract
A multi-step autofrettage process for pre-treating a multi-cylinder reciprocating pump fluid end that has a central cylinder and at least two side cylinders is provided that includes autofrettaging the central cylinder; and autofrettaging the at least two side cylinders, wherein the autofrettaging of the central cylinder is performed independently of the autofettaging of the at least two side cylinders.
Description
Technical field
Generally speaking, the present invention relates to a kind of autofrettage method (autofrettageprocess) of the reciprocal fluid end of pump of multi-cylinder body being carried out mechanical pretreatment in order in the fluid end of cylinder body, to introduce residual compressive stress.
Background technology
The waterfrac treatment of formation downhole is a critical activity for influent.Usually, this is by vacuum pump oil the earth of contiguous down-hole and rock burst to be finished at down-hole elevated pressures place.Oil can flow to the down-hole to significantly improve well productivity (well productivity) by these tomographies then.Reciprocating pump, especially triplex pump generally are used for pumping down-hole high pressure fracturing liquid.Yet fluid end of pump is exposed to the influence that the cylinder body that will cause fluid end under the high pressure is subject to fatigure failure repeatedly.So requirement strengthens the fatigue resistance of the reciprocating type fluid end of pump cylinder body of multi-cylinder body.
Summary of the invention
The autofrettage method is used in the reciprocating type fluid end of pump inwall of multi-cylinder body and produces compressive residual stress, like this fluid end suffered tensile stress minimum in the pumping cycle.In the autofrettage method, the cylinder chamber of fluid end is exposed under the high hydrostatic pressure, and this will cause the medial region plastic yielding of fluid end, and the distortion of exterior lateral area then is elastic.When cancellation pressure, the exterior lateral area of fluid end is flexibly restored, and at this moment the medial region that produces plastic deformation then is under the stress.This stress has strengthened the fatigue resistance of fluid end.
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of autofrettage method that can improve the work-ing life of multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump fluid end.In one embodiment, the present invention includes the rapid autofrettage method of pretreated multistep of the multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump fluid end that is used to have center cylinder body and at least two side cylinder bodies, wherein, this method comprises carries out autofrettage to the center cylinder body; And at least two side cylinder bodies are carried out autofrettage.In this method, independently carry out to the autofrettage of center cylinder body with to the autofrettage of at least two side cylinder bodies.
Description of drawings
In conjunction with the drawings with reference to following detailed the present invention may be better understood these and other feature and advantage.In the accompanying drawing:
Fig. 1 is the skeleton view that is used for the multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump of autofrettage method of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the cross-sectional view of one of reciprocal fluid end of pump cylinder body of multi-cylinder body shown in Figure 1;
Fig. 3 is the sketch of an embodiment of autofrettage method of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is the synoptic diagram that is used for another multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump of autofrettage method of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is the sketch of another embodiment of autofrettage method of the present invention;
Fig. 6 is the sketch of the another embodiment of autofrettage method of the present invention.
Embodiment
As mentioned above, in oil well and gasser, multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump is usually used in pumping shaft bottom high pressure fracturing liquid to increase well productivity.Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of such pump 10.In illustrated embodiment, pump 10 is for having the triplex pump of three cylinder body 12A-12C, and each cylinder body all has and is configured to respect to its respective pistons 14A-14C movably.For presents, the center cylinder body in three cylinder bodies is called center cylinder body 12B, and remaining two cylinder body is called side cylinder body 12A, 12C.But, as following further discussed, pump 10 can be for having the pump of any suitable cylinder body quantity, for example pump (seven cylinder pumps) of the pump of five cylinder bodies (five cylinder pumps) or seven cylinder bodies.
As will be further described below, in the embodiment shown in this figure, pump 10 comprises two portions, power end 16 and fluid end 18.Power end 16 comprises the bent axle 20 that power is provided by the electric machine assembly (not shown), in order to the piston 14A-14C of driving pump; Fluid end 18 comprises cylinder body 12A-12C, piston 14A-14C in cylinder body to-and-fro movement to suck low-pressure fluid and to discharge high pressure fluid.
For simplicity, Fig. 2 only shows the cross section of a cylinder body 12 of reciprocal fluid end of pump.But, 12 representatives of illustrated cylinder body as triplex pump, five cylinder pumps or seven cylinder pumps, reach any in those cylinder bodies in the multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump of other suitable pumps and so on.Therefore, any discussion about fluid end cylinder body 12 all is equally applicable to all three the cylinder body 12A-12C of triplex pump 10 among Fig. 1 or any one cylinder body in five cylinder pumps and seven cylinder pumps below; And following any discussion about piston 14 all is equally applicable to all three piston 14A-14C of triplex pump shown in Figure 1 10, or any one piston in five cylinder pumps and seven cylinder pumps.
As shown in Figure 1, and such as discussed below, each fluid end cylinder body 12A-12C comprises and is configured to the piston 14A-14C that can move with respect to cylinder body in the illustrated triplex pump 10.Usually, when being used for formation fracturing, the diameter of each piston 14A-14C is about 4.5 inches to about 6.5 inches, and the pressure that each piston 14 produces can be up to about 12,000 pounds/square inch (12 kip/square inch).
As shown in Figure 2, each cylinder body 12 comprises fluid cavity 22.Each piston 14 is installed in its corresponding cylinder body 12 and to-and-fro movement in fluid cavity 22 slidably.Piston 14 reciprocating effects are the fluid displacements that change in the fluid cavity 22.Cylinder body 12 also comprises the vacuum breaker as suction valve 24 and outlet valve 26 and so on, and the fluidic of these valve may command inflows and discharging current body cavity 22 flows when piston 14 to-and-fro movements.
As mentioned above, can make piston 14 to-and-fro movements by 20 rotations of electric motor driving bent axle.Action by fluid and spring force control suction valve 24 and outlet valve 26.For example, suction valve 24 is by means of being positioned in spring 30 between suction valve 24 and the spring backstop 32 towards sucking valve seat 28 bias voltages, promptly towards the off-position bias voltage.Similarly, outlet valve 26 is by means of being positioned in outlet valve spring 36 between outlet valve 26 and the spring backstop 38 towards discharging valve seat 34 bias voltages, promptly towards the off-position bias voltage.
When piston 14 outwards moves (left side in Fig. 2) by sealing gap (packing bore) 40, in fluid cavity 22, produce pressure and fall.This pressure falls the bias voltage that causes suction valve 24 counteracting springs 30 and moves to the open site, and makes fluid flow through suction valve 24 and incoming fluid chamber 22 by tail pipe 25.This stage of piston 14 motions can be referred to as " intake stroke ".
When piston 14 moved (right side in Fig. 2) in the opposite direction by sealing gap 40, spring 30 made suction valve 24 close, and the pressure in the fluid cavity 22 raises.Pressure raises and causes outlet valve 26 unlatchings and force fluid to flow out vent pipe 35 by outlet valve 26 to outflow from fluid cavity 22.Outlet valve 26 is held open when piston 14 lasting fluids in fluid cavity 22 are exerted pressure (about 2 kip/square inches are to about 12 kip/square inches usually).As everyone knows, piston 14 motion and wherein fluid this high pressure phase of discharging by outlet valve 26 be called as " discharge stroke ".
Setting the pumping frequency is 2 hertz (being twice pressure cycling of per second), stands the Cyclic Stress of very repeatedly counting at short operation life inner fluid end 18.These Cyclic Stress will cause the fatigue damage of fluid end 18.Fatigue is included in the damage process that crackle begins to show on the free surface of cyclic stress lower member.Crackle increases with the determined speed of pulsating stress and material properties, up to crackle even as big as till proving that these parts are impaired.Because fatigue cracking originates in the surface usually, be under compressed state, this surface to be applied prestress so check the strategy of this failure mechanisms.
This can finish by the autofrettage method, and described electrothermal prestressing is handled and comprised that locating to introduce residual compressive stress convection cell end 18 for portion's free surface (promptly being exposed to the surface under the fracturing liquid in the fluid end cylinder body 12) within it carries out mechanical pretreatment.During autofrettage, fluid end cylinder body 12 is under the high hydrostatic pressure.Pressure during autofrettage causes the plastic yielding of fluid end cylinder body 12 wall interior regions.Because stress level is decayed along wall thickness, so the distortion of the external region of wall remains elastic.Remove hydrostatic pressure by the time, the external region of wall just trends towards being returned to their primary formation state.
But the plastic deformation of the medial region of same wall has limited this distortion.As a result, the medial region of the wall of fluid end cylinder body 12 continues the carrying residual compressive stress.This stress has strengthened the fatigue resistance of fluid end.The effect of autofrettage method depends on the unrelieved stress scope of inner-wall surface and their magnitude.
The autofrettage method comprises the single fluid static pressure step of each cylinder body that acts on many cylinder pump, that is to say, under the situation of triplex pump, three all cylinder bodies deform simultaneously.Pressure depends on the size of pump, for example in piston diameter is 5.5 inches multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump, can adopt the prestressed pressure of about 55 kip/square inches.
Yet the autofrettage method that computer model demonstrates this one step is not best, and it produces less residual compressive stress in the cylinder body of the center of fluid end.Its reason is because the deformation of center cylinder body by the common deformation constraint of the side cylinder body of many cylinder pump, therefore produces less plastix strain in the cylinder body of center during autofrettage, to produce little residual compressive stress subsequently.As a result, the intravital tensile stress of central cylinder may be higher, causes the operation life of fluid end 18 shorter.
In one embodiment, the autofrettage method of the fluid end 18 of many cylinder pump 10 recited above comprises two step method, in the step therein, to center cylinder body 12B and all the other cylinder body 12A, 12C carries out autofrettage dividually, and in another step, perhaps to all the other cylinder body 12A, 12C or all cylinder body 12A-12C are carried out autofrettage simultaneously.Computer model shows that this two step method can improve the unrelieved stress of fluid end 18 and distribute, thereby causes prolong the work-ing life of fluid end 18.
Fig. 3 shows the fluid end 18 that is used for multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump 10 with at least three cylinder bodies (being cylinder body 12A-12C in the situation of triplex pump shown in Figure 1 10) and carries out the rapid autofrettage method 300 of pretreated multistep.Below the method shown in Figure 3 that is used in combination pump shown in Figure 1 10 is narrated.In one embodiment, autofrettage method 300 comprises first step 310, and this step comprises to center cylinder body 12B and all the other cylinder bodies, is side cylinder body 12A in this case that 12C carries out autofrettage dividually.Step 310 comprises that only applying hydrostatic pressure on the cylinder body 12B of center discharges this static pressure then.In one embodiment, this hydrostatic pressure can be in about 55 kip/square inches in the scope of about 65 kip/square inches.
In one embodiment, the order of above-mentioned steps is that step 310 and 320 can be put upside down, and that is to say, can implement offside cylinder body 12A earlier, 12C carries out the step 320 of autofrettage; The step 310 that next enforcement is carried out autofrettage to center cylinder body 12B.In any sequence of steps, can be higher than offside cylinder body 12A, the autofrettage pressure of 12C to the autofrettage pressure of center cylinder body 12B.Although the front has provided exemplary autofrettage pressure, still can adopt other suitable pressure, even these pressure have exceeded above-mentioned scope.In one embodiment, can determine optimum autofrettage pressure from suitable computer model, mechanical property, the pressure of autofrettage method, the autofrettage pressure that it has considered the fluid end material is applied to one of area on the fluid end, other factors.
By correspondingly increasing the quantity of autofrettage step, the rapid autofrettage method of multistep can be applied to triplex pump or have on the pump more than three cylinder bodies.For example, Fig. 4 schematically shows the fluid end 418 of five cylinder pumps with five cylinder body 412A-412E.The rapid autofrettage method 500 of multistep shown in Figure 5 shows an embodiment for the autofrettage step of this pump.
As shown in the figure, in one embodiment, first step 510 comprises center cylinder body 412C and remaining cylinder body is carried out autofrettage dividually.In this case, remaining cylinder body comprises first group of side cylinder body 412B of next-door neighbour center cylinder body 412C, 412D and be separated by second group of side cylinder body 412A of a cylinder body of center cylinder body 412C, 412E.Step 510 comprises that only applying hydrostatic pressure to center cylinder body 412C cancels this hydrostatic pressure then.In one embodiment, this hydrostatic pressure can be in about 55 kip/square inches in the scope of about 65 kip/square inches.
The 3rd step 530 comprised that 412E carried out autofrettage simultaneously, and misaligns heart cylinder body 412C and first group of side cylinder body 412B to second group of side cylinder body 412A, and 412D carries out autofrettage.This step 530 comprises the while to second group of side cylinder body 412A, and 412E applies hydrostatic pressure and cancels this hydrostatic pressure then.In one embodiment, described hydrostatic pressure can be in about 55 kip/square inches in the scope of about 65 kip/square inches.
For realizing with increasing the autofrettage step from each newly-increased again group side cylinder body of center cylinder body 412C.In one embodiment, above-mentioned steps 510,520 and 530 can be put upside down and/or implement with random order.Although the front has provided exemplary autofrettage pressure, still can adopt other suitable pressure, even these pressure have exceeded above-mentioned scope.As mentioned above, in one embodiment, can from suitable computer model, determine optimum autofrettage pressure.
Fig. 6 shows and is used for the reciprocal fluid end of pump 18 of the multi-cylinder body with at least three fluid end cylinder bodies is carried out the rapid autofrettage method 600 of pretreated multistep.As shown in the figure, in one embodiment, first step 610 comprises that all cylinder bodies of convection cell end carry out autofrettage (for example, all cylinder body 12A-12C of triplex pump shown in Figure 1, or all cylinder body 412A-412E of five cylinder pumps shown in Figure 4) simultaneously.This step 610 comprises that applying hydrostatic pressure to all cylinder bodies simultaneously cancels this hydrostatic pressure then.In one embodiment, described hydrostatic pressure can be in about 55 kip/square inches in the scope of about 65 kip/square inches.
Compare with the one step process, the rapid autofrettage method 300 of multistep described above, each method in 500 and 600 all can make the unrelieved stress that is improved through pretreated pump distribute, and the intravital area of central cylinder that is under the residual compressive stress condition is bigger.The minimum fluid end that also can prolong of this tensile stress that makes the pump period fluid end be stood moves work-ing life.It should be noted, the rapid autofrettage method of multistep is used for many cylinder pump that formation fracturing is used are carried out pre-treatment, also this pre-treatment pump can be used for any other suitable occasion though above discussion mainly concentrates on.For example, exemplary utilization comprises one of coil pipe application, cement applications, other suitable applications in oil well industry.
Above description is carried out in conjunction with the preferred embodiments of the present invention.Those skilled in the art should recognize, under the prerequisite that does not exceed design of the present invention and scope, can make remodeling and conversion to described structure and working method.Therefore, should not think that above description only is suitable for illustrated and illustrated definite structure in the accompanying drawing, be used to support these claims and above description should be understood as to merge with claims kissing the most complete and that the most clearly put down in writing protection domain.
Claims (28)
1. one kind is used for the triplex pump fluid end that comprises a center cylinder body and two side cylinder bodies is carried out the rapid autofrettage method of pretreated multistep, and wherein, this method comprises:
Described center cylinder body is carried out autofrettage; And
Described two side cylinder bodies are carried out autofrettage, wherein said the center cylinder body is carried out autofrettage and described two side cylinder bodies are carried out autofrettage is independent the execution.
2. the method for claim 1, wherein describedly two side cylinder bodies are carried out autofrettage comprise simultaneously these two side cylinder bodies are carried out autofrettage.
3. the method for claim 1, wherein, the autofrettage pressure that described center cylinder body is carried out putting on during the autofrettage this center cylinder body is greater than the autofrettage pressure that described two side cylinder bodies is carried out put on during the autofrettage these two side cylinder bodies.
4. the method for claim 1, wherein before described step of two side cylinder bodies being carried out autofrettage, carry out described step of the center cylinder body being carried out autofrettage.
5. the method for claim 1, wherein before described step of the center cylinder body being carried out autofrettage, carry out the described step that two side cylinder bodies are carried out autofrettage.
6. one kind is used for the triplex pump fluid end that comprises a center cylinder body and two side cylinder bodies is carried out the rapid treatment process of pretreated multistep, and wherein, this method comprises:
Described center cylinder body is applied hydrostatic pressure to produce compressive residual stress therein;
Discharge the hydrostatic pressure on the cylinder body of described center;
Described two side cylinder bodies are applied hydrostatic pressure to produce compressive residual stress therein; And
Discharge the hydrostatic pressure on described two side cylinder bodies, wherein said the center cylinder body is applied hydrostatic pressure and described two side cylinder bodies are applied hydrostatic pressure is independent the execution.
7. method as claimed in claim 6 wherein, describedly applies hydrostatic pressure to two side cylinder bodies and comprises simultaneously these two side cylinder bodies are applied hydrostatic pressure.
8. method as claimed in claim 6 wherein, is applied to hydrostatic pressure on the cylinder body of described center greater than the hydrostatic pressure that is applied in described two side cylinder bodies on any.
9. method as claimed in claim 6 wherein, carried out described the center cylinder body is applied step with the release fluids static pressure before the described step that two side cylinder bodies is applied with the release fluids static pressure.
10. method as claimed in claim 6 wherein, carried out described two side cylinder bodies are applied step with the release fluids static pressure before the described step that the center cylinder body is applied with the release fluids static pressure.
11. one kind is used for the multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump that comprises a center cylinder body and at least two group side cylinder bodies is carried out the rapid autofrettage method of pretreated multistep, wherein, this method comprises:
Described center cylinder body is carried out autofrettage;
Carry out autofrettage to first group in the described at least two group side cylinder bodies; And
Carry out autofrettage to second group in the described at least two group side cylinder bodies, wherein said the center cylinder body is carried out autofrettage and described to carry out autofrettage to first and second groups at least two group side cylinder bodies be independent the execution.
12. method as claimed in claim 11, wherein, first group of second side cylinder body that comprises the first side cylinder body of first side setting that is close to described center cylinder body and be close to second side setting of described center cylinder body in the described at least two group side cylinder bodies.
13. method as claimed in claim 12, wherein, second group of the 4th side cylinder body that comprises the 3rd side cylinder body of the side setting that is close to the described first side cylinder body and be close to the side setting of the described second side cylinder body in the described at least two group side cylinder bodies.
14. method as claimed in claim 13, wherein, simultaneously the described first and second side cylinder bodies are carried out autofrettage, wherein simultaneously the described third and fourth side cylinder body is carried out autofrettage, wherein said the first and second side cylinder bodies are carried out autofrettage and described the third and fourth side cylinder body is carried out autofrettage is independent the execution.
15. method as claimed in claim 11, wherein, the autofrettage pressure that described center cylinder body is carried out putting on during the autofrettage this center cylinder body is greater than the autofrettage pressure that described first and second groups of side cylinder bodies is carried out put on during the autofrettage these first and second groups of side cylinder bodies.
16. method as claimed in claim 11 wherein, was carried out described step of the center cylinder body being carried out autofrettage before described step of first and second groups of side cylinder bodies being carried out autofrettage.
17. method as claimed in claim 11, wherein, described multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump is five cylinder pumps.
18. method as claimed in claim 11, wherein, described multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump is seven cylinder pumps.
19. one kind is used for the multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump fluid end that comprises at least three fluid end cylinder bodies is carried out the rapid autofrettage method of pretreated multistep, this method comprises:
Simultaneously all described at least three fluid end cylinder bodies are carried out autofrettage; And
Center cylinder body in described at least three fluid end cylinder bodies is carried out autofrettage, wherein said all at least three fluid end cylinder bodies are carried out autofrettage and described the center cylinder body is carried out autofrettage is independent the execution.
20. method as claimed in claim 19, wherein, the autofrettage pressure that described center cylinder body is carried out putting on during the autofrettage this center cylinder body is greater than the autofrettage pressure that all described at least three fluid end cylinder bodies is carried out put on during the autofrettage these all at least three fluid end cylinder bodies.
21. method as claimed in claim 19, wherein, described multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump is a triplex pump, so that described at least three fluid end cylinder bodies comprise three cylinder bodies.
22. method as claimed in claim 19, wherein, described multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump is five cylinder pumps, so that described at least three fluid end cylinder bodies comprise five cylinder bodies.
23. method as claimed in claim 19, wherein, described multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump is seven cylinder pumps, so that described at least three fluid end cylinder bodies comprise seven cylinder bodies.
24. one kind is used for the multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump fluid end that comprises at least three fluid end cylinder bodies is carried out the rapid autofrettage method of pretreated multistep, this method comprises:
Simultaneously all described at least three fluid end cylinder bodies are applied the first fluid static pressure to produce compressive residual stress thereon;
Discharge the hydrostatic pressure on all described at least three fluid end cylinder bodies;
Center cylinder body in all described at least three fluid end cylinder bodies is applied second hydrostatic pressure to produce compressive residual stress thereon; And
Discharge the hydrostatic pressure on the cylinder body of described center, wherein said step and the described step that applies second hydrostatic pressure that applies the first fluid static pressure is independent the execution.
25. method as claimed in claim 24, wherein, described second hydrostatic pressure is greater than described first fluid static pressure.
26. method as claimed in claim 24, wherein, described multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump is a triplex pump, so that described at least three fluid end cylinder bodies comprise three cylinder bodies.
27. method as claimed in claim 24, wherein, described multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump is five cylinder pumps, so that described at least three fluid end cylinder bodies comprise five cylinder bodies.
28. method as claimed in claim 24, wherein, described multi-cylinder body reciprocation pump is seven cylinder pumps, so that described at least three fluid end cylinder bodies comprise seven cylinder bodies.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US80562106P | 2006-06-23 | 2006-06-23 | |
| US60/805,621 | 2006-06-23 | ||
| US11/558,261 | 2006-11-09 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101126118A true CN101126118A (en) | 2008-02-20 |
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ID=39094252
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNA2007101464056A Pending CN101126118A (en) | 2006-06-23 | 2007-06-25 | Autofrettage process for a pump fluid end |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN101126118A (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2358157C2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103707133A (en) * | 2013-12-17 | 2014-04-09 | 湘潭大学 | Efficient and low-damage high-static hydraulic pressure grinding method for engineering ceramics |
| CN109296525A (en) * | 2018-12-18 | 2019-02-01 | 中国有色(沈阳)泵业有限公司 | A kind of propulsive liquid of diaphragm pump chamber |
-
2007
- 2007-06-22 RU RU2007123573/06A patent/RU2358157C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-06-25 CN CNA2007101464056A patent/CN101126118A/en active Pending
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103707133A (en) * | 2013-12-17 | 2014-04-09 | 湘潭大学 | Efficient and low-damage high-static hydraulic pressure grinding method for engineering ceramics |
| CN109296525A (en) * | 2018-12-18 | 2019-02-01 | 中国有色(沈阳)泵业有限公司 | A kind of propulsive liquid of diaphragm pump chamber |
| CN109296525B (en) * | 2018-12-18 | 2024-06-04 | 中国有色(沈阳)泵业有限公司 | Diaphragm pump propelling liquid cavity |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| RU2007123573A (en) | 2008-12-27 |
| RU2358157C2 (en) | 2009-06-10 |
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Application publication date: 20080220 |