CN100565980C - A kind of composite cathode material for lithium ion cell and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of composite cathode material for lithium ion cell and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN100565980C CN100565980C CNB2008103018459A CN200810301845A CN100565980C CN 100565980 C CN100565980 C CN 100565980C CN B2008103018459 A CNB2008103018459 A CN B2008103018459A CN 200810301845 A CN200810301845 A CN 200810301845A CN 100565980 C CN100565980 C CN 100565980C
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Abstract
A kind of composite cathode material for lithium ion cell of the present invention and preparation method thereof belongs to technical field of lithium ion.The objective of the invention is when keeping lithium ion battery silicon negative material height ratio capacity, improve the cycle performance of silicium cathode material.The solution of the present invention is to utilize lithium salts that the silica-base material that disordered carbon coats has been carried out surface modification treatment, promptly the surface preparation that is coated on Si/G/DC (silicon/graphite/disordered carbon) by lithium salts becomes composite negative pole material, can control the doff lithium degree of depth of silicon effectively, be a kind of specific capacity height that has, the composite cathode material for lithium ion cell of good cycling stability; And this material safety non-pollution presents higher thermal stability in multiple lithium salts electrolyte and solvent.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to negative material of a kind of lithium ion battery and preparation method thereof, belong to technical field of lithium ion.
Technical background
Lithium ion battery is compared advantage such as have the open circuit voltage height, energy density is big, long service life, memory-less effect, pollution-free and self discharge are little with traditional secondary cell, use more and more widely.Commercial at present lithium ion battery negative material has graphite, acetylene black, microballon carbon, petroleum coke, polymer pyrolysis, cracking carbon etc.It is very little that carbon class material takes off in the process change in volume in the embedding of lithium, has excellent cyclical stability, but carbon class negative material charging and discharging capacity is lower, theoretical capacity is 372mAh/g, and developed at present near theoretical value, can not adapt to the miniaturization development of present various portable electric appts and electric automobile widespread demand the large-capacity high-power chemical power source.On the other hand, the possibility that makes a breakthrough in a short time of positive electrode is less again.Therefore, a large amount of research has turned to searching can substitute the novel negative material system of material with carbon element, and wherein silicon is desirable candidate material, because it not only has high lithium storage content, theoretical capacity is 4200mAh/g, and the content in the earth is also very abundant simultaneously.Yet, silica-base material because of its first coulombic efficiency cycle performance low and extreme difference limited its practical application.Summary is got up, and hinder silica-base material to mainly contain three as the reason of lithium ion battery negative material: at first, the serious bulk effect that silicon exists in the charge and discharge cycles process causes the avalanche of material structure; Secondly, the structure heavy damage of material takes place to be caused to the irreversible transformation of unordered kenel by crystalline state in silicon in the doff lithium process; The 3rd, the poor electric conductivity of silicon, and with the inhomogeneous cycle performance that reduces silicon materials of lithium reaction.In recent years, vast battery operated person has carried out a large amount of research around silica-base material.For other silica-base material, the cycle performance of the silica-base material that disordered carbon (low graphitized carbon) coats has greatly improved, but coulombic efficiency and cycle performance are still far away from practical application first.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is when keeping lithium ion battery silicon negative material height ratio capacity, improve the cycle performance of silicium cathode material, utilize lithium salts that the silica-base material that disordered carbon coats has been carried out surface modification treatment, controlled the doff lithium degree of depth of silicon effectively.
A scheme of the composite negative pole material of lithium ion battery provided by the invention is to be coated on the composite material that the surface preparation of Si/G/DC (silicon/graphite/disordered carbon) forms by lithium salts; Described lithium salts be selected from lithium titanate, zirconates, hafnates or vanadate at least a.Preferred titanate, zirconates.
Wherein, the percentage by weight of each component is in the described composite negative pole material: lithium salts 0.1～20.0%, and silicon 5～90%, graphite 1～85%, surplus is a disordered carbon.
Preferably the percentage by weight of each component is: lithium salts 1～5%, and silicon 15-30%, graphite 30-60%, surplus is a disordered carbon.More excellent is: lithium salts 1～2%, and silicon 21%, graphite 50%, surplus is a disordered carbon.
The present invention also provides a kind of method for preparing composite cathode material for lithium ion cell, may further comprise the steps:
1) disordered carbon coats the preparation of composite silicon based materials Si/G/DC: silica flour (preferred nano silica fume), graphite, pitch are dispersed in the organic solvent, wet-milling is 10～30 hours under inert gas shielding, dry then removing desolvated, under 650～1200 ℃, carry out the pitch cracking reaction, make in the disordered carbon after silicon/graphite is coated on the pitch cracking equably, make Si/G/DC;
Be the abundant dissolving that guarantees pitch and ball milling effect preferably, the weight ratio of organic solvents such as pitch and trichloroethylene between 1: 5～20, preferred 1: 12.
2) preparation of composite negative pole material: the predecessor that will prepare lithium salts is dissolved in the absolute ethyl alcohol; add Si/G/DC; 40～100 ℃ of constant temperature are stirred to dried; then under inert gas shielding, 350～1000 ℃ (preferred 450～650 ℃) down heat treated 2～15 hours (preferred 4～6 hours) make the anode material of salt coated Si/G/DC.
Implement when of the present invention, preferred scheme is: the particle diameter of silicon is less than 200nm, and average grain diameter is 50～120nm; The particle diameter of graphite is less than 20 μ m, and average grain diameter is 1～5 μ m.
In the preparation process of the present invention, graphite and nano-silicon are added in organic solvent (trichloroethylene etc.) solution of pitch, not only help the even dispersion of nano-silicon and native graphite, thereby form silica flour and closely contact the structure that is interweaved with graphite, and can avoid the cold welding of silicon and graphite to connect effectively, can stop the formation of SiC and the disordering degree of reduction graphite material effectively.And the employing wet-milling, silicon, graphite and pitch mix more even, equably A are coated on the Si/G/DC material by the solution method for coating.
Contact unlikely again generation SiC of while preferably for nano-silicon thoroughly being disperseed and having with graphite, ball milling speed is controlled at 200～500 commentaries on classics/min, preferred 250～350 commentaries on classics/min.The ball milling time was controlled at 8～25 hours, preferred 12～20 hours.
The present invention is by ball milling graphite, nano-silicon and be dissolved in the mixture that the pitch in the trichloroethylene equal solvent is formed, and drying, Pintsch process form the nucleocapsid structure that carbon coats silicon/graphite, have realized the effectively compound of silicon and carbon.Ball milling helps the even dispersion of nano-silicon and graphite, the change in volume of buffering silicon.Pitch cracking carbon is unordered type carbon, itself has the stable electrical chemical capacity, closely silicon and graphite is coated togather, and can not only cushion the change in volume of silicon, can and provide lithium ion and electron conduction with the silicon constraint again.Simultaneously, pitch cracking carbon can be cut apart encirclement with nano-silicon in electrode material, has stoped the reunion of nano-silicon in charge and discharge process.After being coated on the Si/G/DC material by lithium salts, can stop the reaction of electrolyte and Si/G/DC material and the degree of depth of control doff lithium effectively, make composite electrode keep Stability Analysis of Structures, greatly improve the cycle performance and the efficiency for charge-discharge of electrode material.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is: significantly improve the cycle performance of silicon composite cathode material, also kept the characteristic of silicon materials height ratio capacities simultaneously.This material safety non-pollution present higher thermal stability in multiple lithium salts electrolyte and solvent, and preparation technology is simple.
Description of drawings
The SEM of Fig. 1, Si/G/DC composite material.
Fig. 2,2%Li
2ZrO
3The SEM of the Si/NG/DC composite material that coats.
Fig. 3,2%Li
2ZrO
3The cycle performance curve of the Si/NG/DC composite material that coats.
Fig. 4,1%Li
2ZrO
3The cycle performance curve of the Si/NG/DC composite material that coats.
The cycle performance curve of Fig. 5, Si/NG/DC material.
Embodiment
Further specify the present invention below in conjunction with embodiment.
The preparation method of the composite negative pole material of lithium ion battery may further comprise the steps:
1) the preparation disordered carbon coats composite silicon based materials, Si/G/DC:
With the 1.2g average grain diameter is that 50nm nano silica fume and 2.8g native graphite add and be dissolved with in the trichloroethylene of 4g pitch, and ratio of grinding media to material is 15: 1, and with the rotating speed ball milling of 250 commentariess on classics/min 18 hours, ball milling finished then to be stirred under 70 ℃ dried under argon shield;
Under argon shield, handle 2h down at 1000 ℃, naturally cool to room temperature then.Wherein, the Ar gas velocity is 100ml/min, and heating rate is 5 ℃/min, makes the Si/G/DC material that disordered carbon coats.Behind the Si/G/DC material porphyrize with 300 mesh standard sieve sieving for standby.
2) Li
2ZrO
3The preparation of coated Si/G/DC material: will prepare Li
2ZrO
3Predecessor Zr (NO
3)
4Add in the absolute ethyl alcohol under constantly stirring in 1: 2 ratio of chemical dose with LiAc, the dissolving back adds the Si/G/DC material of aequum fully, and constant temperature is stirred to dried; Then under argon shield, made in 5 hours 650 ℃ of following heat treated and to contain 2% Li
2ZrO
3The Si/G/DC anode material that coats.
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 coat Li for Si/G/DC
2ZrO
3The sem photograph of front and back, as can be seen from Figure, silicon has formed the bulky grain nucleocapsid structure after being coated by carbon, and material is after lithium salts coats, and it is more level and smooth that material surface becomes.
The preparation of electrode and the assembling test of battery: Li
2ZrO
3The Si/NG/DC composite material that coats is made active material, and SuperP makes conductive agent, and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is made adhesive, and the three is mixed into uniform slurry with 85: 5: 10 mass ratio respectively under room temperature.The slurry that stirs is used on the scraper coated copper foil, toasted and roll backlash and make electrode plates through infrared lamp.Subsequently, pole piece places behind 100 ℃ of following vacuumize 12h weighing and puts it into the dry again 8h of corresponding mould.At last the electrode slice of making is formed bipolar electrode button 2016 simulated batteries as the negative pole of lithium ion battery and to electrode.To electrode is metal lithium sheet, and the lithium electrode consumption is excessive.Electrolyte is to contain 1mol/L LiPF
6DEC+EC (volume ratio DEC: EC=1: 1), barrier film polypropylene Celgard2400.The simulated battery assembling process is finished in being filled with the glove box of high-purity argon gas.Electrochemical property test adopts Guangzhou to hold up a day battery performance testing device, and the charge and discharge current density is 168mA/g, and the charging/discharging voltage window is 0.02～1.5V, and the test environment temperature is 25 ± 2 ℃.
Negative material by embodiment 1 visible lithium ion battery of the present invention has following advantage:
1, specific capacity height.Cracking disordered carbon clad nano silicon and graphite in the composite negative pole material of lithium ion battery of the present invention, because composite negative pole material contains a certain amount of silicon, silicon is the main embedding lithium active body of composite material, has improved the lithium storage content of composite negative pole material.The cracking disordered carbon is cut apart silicon in electrode material and is surrounded and constraint, helps the embedding of lithium and deviates from.The ion and the electron conduction of electrode have been improved with the graphite that the silicon of abundant dispersion closely contacts.Cracking carbon coats the specific area that the formed bulky grain nucleocapsid structure of silicon/graphite has reduced material.Further reduced the specific area of material by the coating of Li salt, thereby made in the circulation first because the capacitance loss that formation SEI film causes reduces the efficiency for charge-discharge raising.
The composite negative pole material of lithium ion battery of the present invention is in 25 ± 2 ℃ of environment, and embedding lithium capacity is 544mAh/g first, and the highest embedding lithium capacity reaches 583mAh/g.
2, the stable circulation performance is good in the charge and discharge process.Nano-silicon in the composite negative pole material of lithium ion battery of the present invention is distributed in the cracking disordered carbon and graphite matrix of low bulk effect.Change in volume in the time of cushioning the silicon doff lithium preferably with the compact carbon carrier of silicon.The coating of lithium salts has not only stoped electrolyte to contact with silicon and the direct of material with carbon element, and has effectively controlled the embedding lithium degree of depth of silicon, makes composite electrode structure in circulation keep stable, thereby makes combination electrode material have good cyclical stability.
Fig. 3 is the cycle performance curve of present embodiment composite negative pole material, and reversible capacity is 426mAh/g first, and 10 times circulation back reversible capacity is stabilized in about 530mAh/g, and decay does not appear in reversible capacity after the circulation of 75 cycles.
Embodiment 2
Its preparation process is with embodiment 1, and difference is Li
2ZrO
3Covering amount be 1%.Electrode preparation method and electrode composition are identical with embodiment 1 with method of testing.Fig. 4 is the cycle performance curve of present embodiment composite negative pole material, and discharge capacity is 552mAh/g first, and capacity increases to some extent in 20 times initial circulations, but 30 circulation back capacity attenuations are very fast, and embedding lithium capacity is 311mAh/g after the circulation of 75 cycles.
Embodiment 3
Its preparation process is with embodiment 1, and difference is Li
2ZrO
3Covering amount be 3%.Electrode preparation method and electrode composition are identical with embodiment 1 with method of testing.3%Li
2ZrO
3The reversible capacity first of clad material is 331mAh/g.The embedding lithium degree of depth of material is too shallow to cause specific capacity to be a greater impact, and can not demonstrate the characteristics of material height ratio capacity.
The comparative example 1
Preparation process is with 1 of embodiment, and difference is not coat Li
2ZrO
3Electrode preparation method and electrode composition are identical with embodiment 1 with method of testing.Fig. 5 is not for coating Li
2ZrO
3The cycle performance curve of composite negative pole material.The lithium of the embedding first capacity 778mAh/g of material, but capacity attenuation is very fast, and embedding lithium capacity is 328mAh/g after the circulation of 75 cycles.
In addition, the composite negative pole material safety non-pollution of lithium ion battery of the present invention, composite negative pole material presents higher thermal stability in multiple lithium salts electrolyte and solvent, improved the cycle efficieny of electrode and the security reliability of clang ion battery.Adopt lithium ion battery (LIB) non-environmental-pollution of this composite negative pole material preparation, can be used for driving the vehicles such as mobile communication apparatus, miniaturized electronics, electric motor car and hybrid electric vehicle etc.
Claims (7)
1, a kind of composite cathode material for lithium ion cell is characterized in that: it is to be coated on the composite material that the surface preparation of silicon/graphite/disordered carbon forms by lithium salts; Described lithium salts be selected from lithium titanate, zirconates, hafnates or vanadate at least a; The percentage by weight of each component is in the described composite negative pole material: lithium salts 1～2%, and silicon 21%, graphite 50%, surplus is a disordered carbon.
2, composite cathode material for lithium ion cell according to claim 1 is characterized in that its preparation method may further comprise the steps:
1) disordered carbon coats the preparation of composite silicon based materials silicon/graphite/disordered carbon: silica flour, graphite, pitch are dispersed in the organic solvent, ball milling under inert gas shielding, dry then removing desolvated, under 650～1200 ℃, carry out the pitch cracking reaction, make in the disordered carbon after silicon/graphite is coated on the pitch cracking equably, make silicon/graphite/disordered carbon;
2) preparation of composite negative pole material: the predecessor that will prepare lithium salts is dissolved in the absolute ethyl alcohol; silicon/graphite/the disordered carbon that adds the step 1) preparation; constant temperature is stirred to dried for 40～100 ℃; under inert gas shielding, make the anode material that lithium salts coats silicon/graphite/disordered carbon then 350～1000 ℃ of following heat treated.
3, a kind of method for preparing the described composite cathode material for lithium ion cell of claim 1 may further comprise the steps:
1) disordered carbon coats the preparation of composite silicon based materials silicon/graphite/disordered carbon: silica flour, graphite, pitch are dispersed in the organic solvent, ball milling under inert gas shielding, dry then removing desolvated, under 650～1200 ℃, carry out the pitch cracking reaction, make in the disordered carbon after silicon/graphite is coated on the pitch cracking equably, make silicon/graphite/disordered carbon;
2) preparation of composite negative pole material: the predecessor that will prepare lithium salts is dissolved in the absolute ethyl alcohol; silicon/graphite/the disordered carbon that adds the step 1) preparation; constant temperature is stirred to dried for 40～100 ℃; under inert gas shielding, make the anode material that lithium salts coats silicon/graphite/disordered carbon then 350～1000 ℃ of following heat treated.
4, the method for preparing composite cathode material for lithium ion cell according to claim 3 is characterized in that: the silica flour particle diameter is less than 200nm, and average grain diameter is 50～120nm.
5, the method for preparing composite cathode material for lithium ion cell according to claim 3 is characterized in that: the particle diameter of graphite is less than 20 μ m, and average grain diameter is 1～5 μ m.
6, the method for preparing composite cathode material for lithium ion cell according to claim 3 is characterized in that: the described organic solvent of step 1) is: trichloroethylene, toluene, carbon disulfide or oxolane.
7, preparation composite cathode material for lithium ion cell method according to claim 3, it is characterized in that: the described ball milling speed of step 1) is controlled at 200～500 commentaries on classics/min, and the ball milling time was controlled at 8～25 hours.
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| CN101859886A (en) * | 2010-05-27 | 2010-10-13 | 深圳市德兴富电池材料有限公司 | Lithium ion battery anode material and preparation method thereof |
| US20120100403A1 (en) * | 2010-10-26 | 2012-04-26 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | Electrolytic cell and method of estimating a state of charge thereof |
| CN102891297B (en) * | 2012-11-10 | 2015-05-13 | 江西正拓新能源科技股份有限公司 | Silicon-carbon composite material for lithium ion battery and preparation method thereof |
| CN102931413A (en) * | 2012-11-15 | 2013-02-13 | 中国电子科技集团公司第十八研究所 | Lithium ion battery cathode material |
| CN103413923B (en) * | 2013-08-26 | 2016-01-20 | 重庆大学 | A kind of negative material of lithium ion battery and the preparation method of lithium ion battery |
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| CN103872295A (en) * | 2014-04-04 | 2014-06-18 | 西华师范大学 | Multi-component nanometer silicon-based material as well as preparation method thereof, composite material and preparation method of composite material |
| CN104143629A (en) * | 2014-08-06 | 2014-11-12 | 广东省工业技术研究院(广州有色金属研究院) | Method for preparing Si/C/graphite composite negative electrode material |
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Address after: 611436 Xinghua Road, Xinjin Industrial Park, Sichuan, Chengdu, China, 5 Patentee after: Chengdu Zhongke energy Polytron Technologies Inc Address before: 610200 Sichuan Province, Chengdu City Industrial Port Shuangliu Jiaolong Park Nanhai Road 15 Patentee before: Chengdu Zhongke Laifang Energy Technology Co., Ltd. |
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Address after: 611430 75 Xinghua 6 Road Industrial Park, Deng Shuang Town, Xinjin, Chengdu, Sichuan Patentee after: Chengdu Zhongke Laifang Energy Technology Co., Ltd. Address before: 611436 Xinjin County Industrial Park, Xinghua 5 road, Chengdu, Sichuan Patentee before: Chengdu Zhongke energy Polytron Technologies Inc |
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Address after: 611430 75 Xinghua 6 Road Industrial Park, Deng Shuang Town, Xinjin, Chengdu, Sichuan Patentee after: Sichuan Yindile Materials Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd. Address before: 611430 75 Xinghua 6 Road Industrial Park, Deng Shuang Town, Xinjin, Chengdu, Sichuan Patentee before: Chengdu Zhongke Laifang Energy Technology Co., Ltd. |
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