CN100428561C - A method to reclaim and dispose waste secondary lithium ion battery - Google Patents

A method to reclaim and dispose waste secondary lithium ion battery Download PDF

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Publication number
CN100428561C
CN100428561C CNB2006101649382A CN200610164938A CN100428561C CN 100428561 C CN100428561 C CN 100428561C CN B2006101649382 A CNB2006101649382 A CN B2006101649382A CN 200610164938 A CN200610164938 A CN 200610164938A CN 100428561 C CN100428561 C CN 100428561C
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battery
recovery
mentioned steps
lithium ion
secondary lithium
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CN1964129A (en
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夏志东
郭雅峰
雷永平
郭福
史耀武
毛倩瑾
刘建勇
王爱菊
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Beijing University of Technology
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/82Recycling of waste of electrical or electronic equipment [WEEE]
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/84Recycling of batteries or fuel cells

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  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
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Abstract

The related recovery and process method for waste secondary Li-ion cell comprises: separating cell shell, circuit board and cell core by mechanical means; discharging the core; then separating to obtain the shell and coiling material of cell core; putting the last one into some organic solvent to separate the cell polar material from collector foil, filtering to obtain the foil and active material for recovery by chemical way. With small investment, this invention is simple and safe and high yield.

Description

The recovery and treatment method of waste secondary lithium ion battery
Technical field
Belong to electron wastes recycling technical field, to ensure the pollution-free sustainable development of electronic industry.
Background technology
The present invention is the recycling technology that a kind of secondary lithium battery that produces at waste and old in a large number at present electronic products is researched and developed.Secondary lithium battery also can be described as chargeable lithium cell.All Countries all is faced with the problem of waste and old electric product recycling in the world.Secondary lithium battery is widely used in the portable type electronic product, as mobile phone, digital camera etc.Mobile phone is the very high communication tool of a kind of mortality.Though generally about 7 or eight years, the useful life of battery of mobile phone is shorter for its design service life, generally about 1 year, the battery of mobile phone life-span is short, adds that because mobile phone becomes littler and littler, function is more and more, price is more and more lower, and it is also more and more faster that people change the speed of mobile phone.Statistics shows, the cycle that global mobile subscriber changes new cell-phone is on average about 2 years, and in the comparatively flourishing countries and regions of some economy, it is shorter that the user changes the cycle of mobile phone.Especially China's mobile phone market is in the high-speed developing period; the current phone recoverable amount is near 300,000,000 ones; the amount of eliminating is estimated annual more than 2,000 ten thousand ones; as the high-tech rubbish of cybertimes, the waste secondary lithium ion battery that waste mobile phone and other electronic apparatuss produce has caused great processing crisis.
Secondary lithium battery mainly is made up of shell, control circuit board and battery etc.Battery also comprises materials compositions such as battery shell, both positive and negative polarity active material, collector paper tinsel, insulating material and electrolyte, and the battery internal material mainly becomes the wound form structure.
Usually all residual electric charges when waste and old secondary lithium battery is discarded, a large amount of battery accumulations can cause fire even blast, also may cause danger because of short circuit simultaneously when mechanical treatment.
Contain electrolyte and both positive and negative polarity material in the secondary lithium battery,, can cause great pollution environment if arbitrarily abandon.Electrolyte in the battery very easily decomposes, and the hydrogen fluoride that decomposes the back generation can volatilize, and causes environmental pollution and health hazard; Positive electrode mainly is the cobalt acid lithium that contains cobalt, and according to U.S. occupational health committee data, some compound of cobalt has potential carcinogenesis to human body.If therefore deal with improperly, discarded lithium battery will pollute.But, contain a large amount of recyclable resources in the battery again, as requirement, contain noble metals such as gold in lead-in wire and the control circuit owing to reliability, the recovery value of the cobalt in the electrode active material, lithium etc. is all very high.
At present more existing treatment technologies at old and useless battery.Patent ZL03113915.9 has invented the comprehensive recovery processing technique of a kind of disused mobile battery, process object is each specific admixture battery, its major technique is characterized as: (1) battery decapsidate and discharge fully: adopt machinery and remove the plastic casing of disused mobile battery outside in conjunction with artificial method, reclaim wherein the charging control circuit plate be connected sheet metal, the cell that obtains sent in the pretreatment pool discharge fully, put into pure water and metal iron powder in the pretreatment pool and carry out mechanical agitation, produce the discharge fully that battery is finished in short circuit by battery in the whipping process; (2) battery is pulverized: through the battery elimination moisture of discharge fully, it is broken to put into the vacuum pulverizer, in the process of fragmentation by the organic solvent in the method recovery refuse battery of vacuum distillation; (3) iron, the recovery of nickel and hydrogen-storage alloy magnetic component and electrolyte: the battery crushing thing is put into the battery cleaning reaction pond that is added with pure water, attachment on battery case and the collector is sloughed, and make between the material in the crushed material and react completely, reclaim iron with magnetic method then, nickel and hydrogen-storage alloy magnetic metal, with the method for filtering residue is separated, obtain containing potassium, lithium, fluorine, the filtrate of phosphorus and aluminium and filter cake, the magnetic metal that obtains is through further cleaning back smelt iron nickel rare earth alloy, and cleaning fluid adds in the cleaning reaction device again and reuses; (4) separation of contained material and utilization in the filter cake: sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide with heat carry out the acid dissolving to filter cake, wherein contained nickel, cobalt and cadmium all are dissolved in the solution with the form of ion, then are mainly metallic copper, material with carbon element, barrier film and organic plastics etc. in the residue; Filter out residue and from residue, separate copper; Adjust the pH value of gained filtered fluid and add carbonic hydroammonium with alkali, make elements such as wherein contained cadmium, iron, aluminium, copper, rare earth separate out with sedimentary form and obtain separating, obtain the mixed solution that composition is nickelous sulfate and cobaltous sulfate; (5) separation of cobalt and preparation nickel hydroxide electrode material: excessive cobalt in the nickel cobalt sulfate liquor is extracted earlier with organic extractant, make nickel-to-cobalt ratio wherein reach 19: 1, close the precipitation method with ammino then and prepare the ball-shape nickel hydroxide electrode material that uses for nickel-hydrogen battery; Being extracted into cobalt in the organic extractant strips out with sulfuric acid and obtains cobalt sulfate solution.
This technology at be each specific admixture battery, though process range is wide, this technical characterictic 1) in adopt the wet method discharge, electrolyte leakage, the processing of discharge medium has numerous and diverse operation in addition; Feature 3) adopt the fragmentation of integral battery door core in, electrode substance and carrier thin film and outer cover metal adhesion are very serious, make that follow-up separation process difficulty or separation are not thorough; Cleaning process after the fragmentation will consume a large amount of water; Pulverize jointly as if battery and other batteries that will contain cadmium simultaneously, because cadmium is bigger to human body and environmental toxicity, the therefore broken together diffusion that will pollute; In addition, feature 4) and 5) in repeatedly adopt bronsted lowry acids and bases bronsted lowry under higher temperature, to handle the simple metal of sneaking into, waste material not only, and require equipment to adopt the very high material of corrosion resistance certainly will cause processing cost too high, and be difficult to realize industrialization.
Summary of the invention
Weakness based on above technology, the present invention is intended to invent a kind of low cost, the treatment technology of free of contamination discarded secondary lithium battery, this technology at first adopts mechanical means with battery case, wiring board separates with battery, the directly recycling of the metal shell of battery, the plastic casing majority is engineering plastics, can reclaim according to other patented technology of the inventor (with the same inventor of the application, publication number CN1836874A), wiring board adopts the inventor's granted patent technology to carry out recycling treatment (with the same inventor of the application, patent No. ZL200410069248X); Then battery is adopted the discharge of circuit method, the battery after the discharge further adopts mechanical means to separate and obtains battery shell and battery winding body.The battery shell is generally aluminium alloy or stainless steel, can send into metallurgical system and directly reclaim.Battery is twined body put into organic solvent, dissolve electrolyte on the one hand, and the softening adhesive of dissolving, the polar material powder of battery is separated with collector paper tinsel materials such as (Copper Foils and aluminium foil), and, separate obtaining Copper Foil, aluminium foil, insulating paper strip, active material by filtering; Utilize the high price materials such as cobalt in the chemical method recovery active material at last.The characteristics of this technology are: (1) complete process and safety; (2) recovery technology is simple and direct, the material less investment, and energy consumption is low, and cost is low; (3) MAT'L recycling rate height.
The recovery and treatment method of waste secondary lithium ion battery provided by the present invention, Fig. 1 is seen in its technological process, it is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
Step 1) is disassembled waste secondary lithium ion battery, obtains wiring board, shell and battery;
Step 2) with above-mentioned steps 1) battery that obtains places circuit to discharge;
Step 3) is with above-mentioned steps 2) discharge after battery disassemble, obtain battery shell and battery winding arrangement;
Step 4) is with above-mentioned steps 3) the battery winding arrangement insert in the solvent and soak, electrolyte dissolves in the solvent gradually, the polar material powder will break away from the collector paper tinsel, isolate thin-band material and dusty material respectively by filtering, thin-band material comprises copper foil of affluxion body, aluminium foil and insulating paper, and dusty material is the both positive and negative polarity active material;
Step 5) is with above-mentioned steps 4) filter the solvent obtain and adopt distillation under vacuum to isolate electrolyte, solvent can be recycling; The both positive and negative polarity active material that obtains adopts chemical method to carry out the recovery of metal and other materials.
Above-mentioned steps 2) in, discharge circuit resistance can be selected 0.1 ohm~100 ohm, discharging current 0.01A~10A, and discharge back cell voltage is lower than 1V;
Above-mentioned steps 3) in, dissolving can be selected organic solvent propylene carbonate ester (PC), one or more mixing of dimethyl formamide (DMF), dimethyl pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylacetylamide (DMAC) etc., this process can be assisted with mechanical external force, promptly auxiliary with mechanical oscillation or stirring, with separating of accelerate dissolution and electrode substance and collector.
Above-mentioned steps 5) in, chemical method is that sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide are added in the filter residue, and cobalt is dissolved fully, filters; The concentrating filter liquor crystallization obtains pure cobaltous sulfate crystal, and through further washing and filtering and oven dry, obtains the high-purity sulphuric acid cobalt powder, and the residue raffinate can enter and continue when handling to use next time.The residue filter residue mainly is graphite and acetylene black, can further develop.
The principle of system of selection of the present invention
At first according to the structure of secondary lithium battery, shell, control circuit board and battery etc. all are diverse monomer materials.Have only the battery internal material mainly to become the wound form structure, therefore take single disassembling above-mentioned several part-structures can be separated fully, reduced the cross pollution of material, thereby reduce the use of subsequent chemistry medicine.
Usually all residual electric charges when waste and old secondary lithium battery (rechargeable battery) is discarded, a large amount of battery accumulations can cause fire even blast, also may cause danger because of short circuit simultaneously when mechanical treatment.And therefore complete battery is difficult to complete battery discharge residual charge is put only because the band protective circuit is just ended discharge (below 2.8V) below certain voltage, so the application's technology is to carry out battery discharge to handle after removing protective circuit;
Because in battery structure, except electrode active material is pulverulence, other materials all is the complete material with certain mechanical property, if take whole broken, to consume lot of energy on the one hand, can cause a large amount of adhesions with the electrode powder material on the other hand, influence the separation of subsequent material.Battery case and battery sheathing material all are plastics and sheet metal, and the external force that needs when disassembling is less, can be manually or mechanical means disassemble fast.Mechanical Method can take machinery to cut, and is auxiliary with mould, if recovery is the battery that voltage is lower than 1V, then need not discharge, and can also take once to cut and disassemble.Can improve treatment effeciency like this, reduce processing cost.
Disassemble the processing of the plastic casing of acquisition and can reclaim resource with prior art " plastic handset sheathing material utilize again method " (with the same inventor of the application, publication number CN1836874A).Key step comprises 1) manual or machinery removes plain conductor and brass inserts on the phone housing; 2) above-mentioned plastics letter sorting is Merlon (PC), engineering plastic alloy (PC+ABS) two classes; 3) sorted plastics are carried out blasting treatment, remove face coat and gluing; 4) plastics after the sandblast are removed surface dust and foreign material with airflow scouring; 5) plastics after the cleaning adopt crush method to carry out fragmentation, metal after the particle after the fragmentation utilizes gravity separation or electrostatic separation to sieve in the particle and nonmetal separating; 6) adopt thermal analysis system to determine the extruding/injection temperature of plastics, under this temperature,, or directly be injection molded into plastic products plastics particle extruding pelletization.
The processing of disassembling the wiring board of acquisition can use prior art " the recycling technology of abandoned printed circuit board " (with the same applicant of the application, the patent No.: ZL200410069248X) reclaim resource.Key step comprises 1) according to substrate color, type and the identification of components and parts model and production of letter sorting various years and dissimilar printed substrates; 2) disassemble the components and parts that electrolytic capacitor on the printed substrate after the above-mentioned letter sorting and other tenors are concentrated; Perhaps the components and parts on the printed wire base board after the above-mentioned letter sorting are cut down with the machine cuts method, the realization components and parts separate with substrate; From the components and parts that separate, sort out electrolytic capacitor, sort out the components and parts that tenor is concentrated simultaneously; 3) adopt the broken above-mentioned printed substrate after disassembling or cutting of paddle type mill breaking method, the particle after the fragmentation is sieved, obtain the particle of different grain size scope; Metal after utilizing gravity separation or electrostatic separation to sieve in the particle and nonmetal separating; 4) adopt the broken above-mentioned electrolytic capacitor that sorts out of paddle type mill method, the capacitor case metal is stayed in the disintegrating machine chamber; And outer plastics package, internal base plate material and pin adopt gravity separation with metal and nonmetal separating; Adopt remaining components and parts after the broken above-mentioned letter sorting of paddle type mill crush method, behind particle screening after the fragmentation, utilize gravity separation or electrostatic separation will sieves metal and nonmetal separating in the particle of back.
Disassembling the metal shell of acquisition then can directly hand over metallurgical department to handle.
Battery wound form structure is under the effect of organic dissolving, electrolyte can be dissolved in the organic solvent on the one hand, avoid its decomposition to cause material to run off and environmental pollution, on the other hand, the both positive and negative polarity dusty material bonds together by bonding agent and spreads upon on the collector paper tinsel, organic solvent can soften the dissolving bonding agent, thereby make dusty material to separate from the collector paper tinsel, assist simultaneously with mechanical agitation or vibration the wound form structure is opened fully, it is more thorough to make that the both positive and negative polarity material separates with current collector material.
Can react (formula 1) of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide and positive pole material of lithium cobalt acid makes its dissolving, and this moment, negative material graphite did not dissolve, and therefore can also after filtration they be separated by this reaction; Because the atomic weight of Li is 7, cobalt be 59, therefore its mass ratio reaches Li in cobalt acid lithium: Co<1: 8 promptly enters back Li in the solution +: Co 2+Ratio also less than 1: 8, and the solubility in water is more or less the same (about 30%) under lithium sulfate and the cobaltous sulfate normal temperature, when therefore concentrating, the cobaltous sulfate preferential crystallization is separated out, and by washing, can obtain the high-purity sulphuric acid cobalt, remaining liq enters next round and uses, not discharging.
2LiCoO 2+ 3H 2SO 4+ H 2O 2→ Li 2SO 4+ 2CoSO 4+ 4H 2O+O 2↑ (formula 1)
The recovery and treatment method of the waste secondary lithium ion battery that the application provided at be at present a large amount of secondary lithium batteries (being chargeable lithium ion battery) that use, do not contain the battery of poisonous material cadmium, so treatment process safety.Since disassemble with discharge processes in what take is the monomer processing mode, make material obtain maximum separation in the monomer mode, and do not need pulverization process, do not produce cross pollution like this between the material, therefore only need to handle polar material during subsequent chemistry is handled, the consumption of chemicals is few, and energy consumption is also few; Discharge is to adopt circuit method technology, and cleaning does not need aqueous medium, also do not pulverize the cleaning of material, so the consumption of water is also considerably less; Chemical method process in the step 5) is not used highly basic, and carries out at normal temperatures, and therefore the corrosion resistance to equipment requires and can lower; So the entire process cost is lower, cooperate automatic conveying device, can realize the industrialization of highly effective and safe cleaning.
Description of drawings
The recovery processing technique flow process of the discarded secondary lithium battery of Fig. 1;
Embodiment
Processing example below by concrete illustrates effect of the present invention.
Example 1:
Sign has the waste battery of " lithium ion battery " printed words, model A4NN4229A, nominal voltage 3.7V, weight 19.6g, actual measurement voltage 3.6V.Carry out craft and disassemble, obtain plastic casing (being designated PC), wiring board and battery.Battery is put into discharge circuit, 3.5 ohm of circuitous resistances, and voltage drops to 0.3V after 20 minutes, and battery is continued to obtain battery shell (aluminium) and battery winding arrangement with manually disassembling.The battery winding arrangement is inserted in the propylene carbonate ester of 20ml, and 70 ℃ were soaked 30 minutes, and the soft disengaging collector of positive and negative pole material paper tinsel takes out copper foil of affluxion body, aluminium foil and insulating paper strip, and filtration obtains atrament.Solution distills under 0.5 atmospheric pressure environment through 70 ℃, collects 5ml raffinate (electrolyte is at the concentrate of propylene carbonate ester), obtains the 17g distillate in addition, is propylene carbonate ester, can continue to use; Sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide solution (volume ratio 1: 1) are joined in the atrament that filters acquisition gradually, and solution reddens, and no longer includes new dissolving behind the 2hr and takes place, and filters, and black powder is graphite and acetylene black, can be used as pigment.The red solution normal temperature that obtains is air-dry to be concentrated, and crystallization goes out crystal gradually, and behind the filtration washing, 400 ℃ of oven dry 2hr obtain rose-colored powder 4g, are the anhydrous slufuric acid cobalt powder.
Example 2:
Sign has the waste battery of " lithium ion battery " and " Li-ion " printed words, model TJT-SA P802, nominal voltage 3.6V, weight 19.6g, actual measurement voltage 0.1V.Machinery cuts, and obtains plastic casing (being designated PC), wiring board and battery.Battery does not need discharge, and directly further machinery cuts, and obtains battery shell (aluminium) and battery winding arrangement.The battery winding arrangement is inserted in the dimethylacetylamide of 20ml, soaking at room temperature, and auxiliary with mechanical agitation, after 30 minutes, the soft collector paper tinsel that breaks away from fully of positive and negative pole material takes out copper foil of affluxion body, aluminium foil and insulating paper strip, and filtration obtains atrament.Solution distills under 0.2 atmospheric pressure environment through 50 ℃, collects 6ml raffinate (electrolyte is at the concentrate of dimethylacetylamide), obtains the 16g distillate in addition, is dimethylacetylamide, can continue to use; Sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide solution (volume ratio 1: 1) are joined in the atrament that filters acquisition gradually, and solution reddens, and no longer includes new dissolving behind the 2hr and takes place, and filters, and black powder is graphite and acetylene black, can be used as pigment.The red solution normal temperature that obtains is air-dry to be concentrated, and crystallization goes out crystal gradually, and behind the filtration washing, 420 ℃ of oven dry 2hr obtain rose toner art 4.5g, are the anhydrous slufuric acid cobalt powder.

Claims (4)

1, a kind of recovery and treatment method of waste secondary lithium ion battery is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
Step 1) is disassembled waste secondary lithium ion battery, obtains wiring board, shell and battery;
Step 2) with above-mentioned steps 1) battery that obtains places circuit to discharge;
Step 3) is with above-mentioned steps 2) discharge after battery disassemble, obtain battery shell and battery winding arrangement;
Step 4) is with above-mentioned steps 3) the battery winding arrangement insert in the solvent and soak, electrolyte dissolves in the solvent gradually, the polar material powder will break away from the collector paper tinsel, isolate thin-band material and dusty material respectively by filtering, thin-band material comprises copper foil of affluxion body, aluminium foil and insulating paper, and dusty material is the both positive and negative polarity active material;
Step 5) is with above-mentioned steps 4) filter the solvent obtain and adopt distillation under vacuum to isolate electrolyte; The both positive and negative polarity active material that obtains adopts chemical method to carry out the recovery of metal and other materials.
2, the recovery and treatment method of waste secondary lithium ion battery according to claim 1 is characterized in that, above-mentioned steps 2) in, discharge circuit resistance is 0.1 ohm~100 ohm, discharging current 0.01A~10A.
3, the recovery and treatment method of waste secondary lithium ion battery according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, above-mentioned steps 3) in, organic solvent propylene carbonate ester, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl pyrrolidone, one or more mixing of dimethylacetylamide are selected in dissolving.
4, the recovery and treatment method of waste secondary lithium ion battery according to claim 1 is characterized in that, above-mentioned steps 5) in, chemical method is that sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide are added in the filter residue, and cobalt is dissolved fully, filters; The concentrating filter liquor crystallization obtains pure cobaltous sulfate crystal, and through further washing and filtering and oven dry, obtains the high-purity sulphuric acid cobalt powder.
CNB2006101649382A 2006-12-08 2006-12-08 A method to reclaim and dispose waste secondary lithium ion battery Expired - Fee Related CN100428561C (en)

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