CN100422073C - 在控制NOx中储存和注入氨 - Google Patents

在控制NOx中储存和注入氨 Download PDF

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CN100422073C
CN100422073C CNB038127164A CN03812716A CN100422073C CN 100422073 C CN100422073 C CN 100422073C CN B038127164 A CNB038127164 A CN B038127164A CN 03812716 A CN03812716 A CN 03812716A CN 100422073 C CN100422073 C CN 100422073C
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L·P·拜里曼
J·M·扎布斯科
L·S·西蒙斯
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Abstract

描述了一种用于储存氨并将其注入发动机的废气流中以减少氮氧化物的***。将氨以氨与水的液体混合物(70)的形式储存在容器(50)中。在一个***中，该混合物流经一个部分与废气管(16)接触的管道(62)，将混合物加热，并使氨与水分离，在喷嘴(84)处将氨进一步加热，从而在将氨注入废气管的上游部分之前使其活化。

Description

在控制NOx中储存和注入氨
背景技术
在我们早期的专利5224346和5992141中，我们描述的试验显示：通过注入与氮氧化物反应生成氮气和水的氨(NH3)，可以减少发动机废气中的氮氧化物(NO和NO2)或NOX的量。一个实际问题是如何储存要注入废气流中的氨。氨可以在约150psi的压力下作为液体储存，因为当氨在减压下离开容器时变为气体。在较高压力下储存氨通常是不可取的，因为存在***的危险，还可能快速泄漏氨.储存氨的另一种方法是作为尿素(H2NCONH2)水溶液的形式储存，然后将其注入废气流。但与氨相比，尿素与氮氧化物反应变成氮气和水需要更长的时间。因为当废气经废气管进入大气时，废气流的温度下降得非常快，所以希望反应能够非常快地进行，使它们能够在废气总管内及其附近的高温下进行，从而使大部分注入的材料(氨或尿素)能够与氮氧化物反应。一种很有价值的***是不需高压就能够储存氨(NH3)，从而能够直接将氨注入热废气中并与氮氧化物快速反应。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个实施方案，本发明提供一种储存氨并将其注入发动机废气的***，该***能够安全储存氨，并且能够将其注入废气中与氮氧化物快速反应.氨作为氨和水的液体混合物储存。优选将氨作为每100g水中有25-70g氨的混合物储存，更优选为每100g水中有30-70g氨。通过一个导管将该液体混合物从容器中抽出。在一个***中，用废气加热该导管，将氨与水分离。在另一个***中，将氨和水的混合物直接注入废气.
本发明的新特征具体体现在附加的权利要求书中。当参考附图阅读下面的说明书时，可以对本发明有最好的理解。
附图说明
图1是简化的装有本发明的减少污染装置的发动机示意图。
图2的图线作为温度函数示出氨在水中的饱和质量变化。
图3与图2类似，但该图线作为温度函数示出氨在氨和水的混合物中的饱和百分数(质量)的变化。
图4是图1***的局部放大图，该图示出将氨和水的液体混合物分离成气态氨和水蒸汽。
图5是图2所示装置的局部剖视图。
图6是简化的本发明另一个实施方案的***的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1示出本发明的***10，其中发动机12具有汽缸，燃料和空气在其中燃烧后驱动机轴14。燃烧产生的热废气经废气管16进入大气。废气管包括与多个汽缸连接的用于收集排出的废气的总管20。沿废气管设置的催化转化器22广泛用于车辆发动机中以减少污染。
图1示出氨注入***30，其包括氨源32。注入器装置33包括计量阀34和管36，管36在40处具有管段62和喷嘴。来自氨源32的氨经由计量阀34由管36进入氨注入位置40，氨在此处被注入废气管16与热废气混合。位置40位于废气总管20内或其附近，使氨能够遇到非常热的废气(在高发动机负荷下通常高于1100°F)，以促进氨和废气的反应，从而将氮氧化物还原。
根据本发明，氨源32是盛放氨和水的混合物70的容器50。图2包括图线52，示出在不同温度下氨在含100g水的溶液中饱和的氨的质量。图3包含类似的图线54，示出氨在氨和水的溶液中的饱和质量百分数。可以看出：氨百分数(质量)从32°F的47％开始，经72°F的33％，直到降至212°F的0％。实际上，使用者可以根据气温变化氨的百分数，但优选设置为约25％的氨，除非混合物的温度升到高于约105°F，否则氨不会从混合物中逸出。另外，该容器远离发动机，并用空气将其冷却，以避免将容器加热。如果容器被加热使得气态氨在高压下集聚且压力超过某一极限值(如2psi)时，则安全阀60(图1)将气态氨慢慢地排放到大气中。氨的排放速度非常慢，因此没有危险。抽出液体时，为了避免液体上方出现真空，止回阀61(图1)可以让空气进入。
输送氨和水的混合物的管36具有缠绕在废气管16周围的管段62，用于将流经管36的氨和水的混合物快速加热，并将部分氨输送到注入位置40。
图4示出在将氨注入废气管之前氨和水在分离段68是如何分离的。开始时，在如75°F的温度下混合物70流经管36，到达管段62，管段62和废气管是换热的关系，从而管段62内的物质被快速加热。氨的起始百分数约为25％，在混合物到达温度约为105°F的位置72之前，氨不会作为气体释放出来。随着混合物温度慢慢升高，逐渐有更多的氨释放出来。在位置74处，混合物的温度约为200°F，并且只有百分之几的氨还保留在混合物中。在图4中，用80表示的其余氨沿管端部82继续前行，沿路径83输送氨到达84所示的注入器。注入器可以是我们的早期专利5992141中所述类型，在氨注入温度很高的废气之前，该注入器能够将气态氨快速加热，从而将氨活化(将一些氨分解成其组分)后注入废气流。
图4中所示沿路径91移动的液体90只含有百分比非常低的氨，对该液体进行处理。一种处理方法如图1所示，氨的百分比非常低的液体沿管92移动，在94处注入废气管。在位置94处，废气的温度已经降至约250°F，在这种情况下，少量的注入水蒸发后成为废气流的一部分，然后排入大气。应当注意的是，在需要升压的注入***30中，可以设置小型泵。在图1中，计量阀34受电路100控制，电路100还控制将燃料从燃料管线104注入发动机汽缸的燃料注入器102。正如在我们的早期专利5992141中所讨论的那样，这样可以根据发动机的负荷改变氨的量，从而更有效地中和氮氧化物。
图6示出***110，其包括盛放有氨(NH3)和水(H2O)的混合物70的容器112。可以向混合物70中加入其它成分，但申请人优选的混合物是大部分是水和氨。需要氨还原氮氧化物，水用于保持氨，水是由于其良好的特性而易于处理的液体。在***110中，申请人将可能有约25wt％氨和水的混合物70直接通向设置在在废气总管附近或其内部的上游的废气管16中的喷嘴84。该***的缺点是水和氨一起注入热的废气中，这将更为快速地冷却废气。但因为氨和水的量非常小，所以水的冷却作用非常小。该***的缺点还有：氨在注入废气流之前没有被加热太多，因此在注入之前只有很低百分数的氨(如果有的话)被活化分解成其组分(NH2和NH)。但即使其还原氮氧化物的效果没有那么大，这种简化的***110也是有用的。
因此，本发明提供了一种通过将氨注入废气而减少发动机废气中的氮氧化物的***，该***有利于氨的储存。氨作为氨和水的混合物(可以存在其它液体)储存，为了避免产生加压的氨气，氨的百分数优选是约15％-50％。在一个***中，将混合物加热，使大部分氨转化为气态，并使其与仍为液体的水分离，将气态氨进一步加热，从而将其至少一部分活化，然后在废气总管附近或在废气总管中将其注入热的废气中。在一个简化的***中，氨和水的混合物15流向废气管，氨和水都被注入废气管中。
尽管已经对本发明的特定实施方案进行了描述和说明，但应当认识到：对于本领域普通技术人员来说，很容易进行一些变化和改动，因此，应当理解权利要求书应覆盖这些改动和等同物。

Claims (8)

1. 发动机(10)，其包括用于在空气中燃烧烃以产生功的装置(12)，其中所述装置还产生含氮氧化物的废气流，所述发动机具有废气管(16)，所述废气在排入大气之前经过废气管(16)，改进之处包括：
氨源(32)，其包括盛放氨(80)和水(90)的液体混合物的容器(50)；
与所述氨源(32)偶联的注入器装置(33)，用于从此接收氨并将氨注入所述废气管，和所述注入器装置包括管段(62)，该管段(62)与所述废气管换热相关，从而用废气的热量加热所述氨和水的液体混合物。
2. 权利要求1的发动机，其中所述氨和水的液体混合物中每100g水含有25-70g氨。
3. 权利要求1或2的发动机，其包括分离段(68)，该分离段接收所述被加热的液体混合物，将液体水与气态氨分离，并将引导它们通过不同的路径(91，83)，并将气态氨注入所述废气管。
4. 权利要求1或2的发动机，其中所述注入器装置还包括管(36)和与该管(36)偶联的喷嘴(84)，该管(36)输送来自所述氨源(32)的氨和水的液体混合物，所述喷嘴(84)将所述混合物注入所述废气管。
5. 一种减少发动机废气中的氮氧化物的方法，其中所述发动机在空气存在下燃烧烃并产生废气流，该方法包括：
将氨和水的液体混合物(70)抽出容器(50，112)，加热部分抽出所述容器的所述液体混合物，从而使氨与水分离，并至少将所述氨注入所述废气流。
6. 权利要求5的方法，其包括进一步加热所述分离出的氨，并单独将所述加热后的氨注入所述废气流。
7. 权利要求5的方法，其中所述注入步骤包括将所述液体混合物的水和氨都注入所述废气流。
8. 权利要求5或6的方法，其包括储存所述液体混合物，其中所述液体混合物中每100g水含有25-70g氨。
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US20030200743A1 (en) 2003-10-30
US6852292B2 (en) 2005-02-08
DE60318420D1 (de) 2008-02-14
JP2005524012A (ja) 2005-08-11
US20050129599A1 (en) 2005-06-16
EP1497225B1 (en) 2008-01-02
EP1497225A1 (en) 2005-01-19
EP1497225A4 (en) 2005-10-05
WO2003091155A1 (en) 2003-11-06
AU2003224871A1 (en) 2003-11-10
ATE382418T1 (de) 2008-01-15

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