CN100409976C - Plunger tip for die casting machines - Google Patents
Plunger tip for die casting machines Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN100409976C CN100409976C CNB2005100813506A CN200510081350A CN100409976C CN 100409976 C CN100409976 C CN 100409976C CN B2005100813506 A CNB2005100813506 A CN B2005100813506A CN 200510081350 A CN200510081350 A CN 200510081350A CN 100409976 C CN100409976 C CN 100409976C
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- Prior art keywords
- slip cap
- punch body
- die casting
- casting machines
- plunger tip
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- Expired - Fee Related
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- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 abstract description 17
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000004696 Poly ether ether ketone Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920002480 polybenzimidazole Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 229920002530 polyetherether ketone Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920003189 Nylon 4,6 Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 208000037656 Respiratory Sounds Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001315 Tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical group [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003733 fiber-reinforced composite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001230 polyarylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
- Bearings For Parts Moving Linearly (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a plunger tip for die casting machines which is excellent in slidability and sealing properties. The plunger tip comprises a tip main body ( 20 ) and is slidable inside a plunger sleeve ( 60 ) for pushing out a molten metal into a die. The tip main body ( 20 ) is made of a metal material and covered over an outer peripheral surface thereof with a slide sleeve ( 40 ) made of a rigid resin material exhibiting high slidability and excellent sealing properties on the inner surface of the plunger sleeve.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to employed drift in the casting of carrying out with die casting machine.
Background technology
The casting of carrying out with die casting machine is as being injected into by the motlten metal with nonferrous metal such as aluminium alloy or magnesium alloy etc. in the plunger bushing, and utilizing the drift that slides in plunger bushing its pressurization to be injected in the die cavity of mould and carry out.
Drift requires abrasion performance, cooling performance, generally uses high temperature tool steel (SKD-61) or beryllium-bronze to make.
For die casting machine, when the injection of metallic liquation, between drift and plunger bushing, can produce bigger resistance to sliding, so all need to spray the oiliness or the water miscible lubricant of graphite-like during general per injection to sliding surface.
But, if these lubricant contacting molten metal, lubricant will burn, and the gas of generation and residual lubricant can be blended in the motlten metal, thereby causes the quality reduction of die cast product or the problems such as operating environment deterioration of dispersing and being caused of lubricant material sometimes.Therefore, to not making with lubricator or having reduced the lubricant use amount and possessed the requirement of drift of stable injection performance more and more higher.
Therefore, the scheme of following drift has been proposed: the slip cap of on the periphery of drift, inlaying the tubular that constitutes by carbon fiber-reinforced composite material (C/C composite), thereby improved and the plunger bushing inner surface between sliding (for example, disclosing flat 09-94648 communique) with reference to Japan special permission.
By on the periphery of drift, slip cap being set, be improved with the sliding of plunger bushing inner surface, but because the coefficient of thermal expansion of C/C composite is a same degree with the metal material of drift, so in pressurization injection motlten metal, can expand hardly.Therefore, the sealing between plunger bushing and the slip cap reduces, and motlten metal can invade between plunger bushing and the slip cap sometimes, thereby damages their surface.
These damages can cause the reduction in durable life-span.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of the possess good sliding and the plunger tip for die casting machines of sealing.
In order to solve above-mentioned problem, plunger tip for die casting machines of the present invention has in plunger bushing and to slide, motlten metal is forced into punch body in the mould, wherein, punch body is made of metal material, and circumferential lateral surface is inlaid with the slip cap that is made of the hard resin material.
The hard resin material and the plunger bushing inner surface between good sliding and the sealing of performance.
In addition, in this manual, so-called hard resin material, the resin material of thermoplasticity, Thermocurable all can, but do not comprise the soft resin material.More particularly, so-called hard resin material is meant that spring rate is 6.895 * 10
7The resin material that Pa is above.
The circumferential lateral surface of punch body is inlaid with the slip cap by hard resin system.Sliding between the slip cap of hard resin system and the plunger bushing inner surface is good, thus do not need lubricant, even perhaps need lubricant also can significantly cut down use amount.
In addition, sliding between the slip cap of hard resin system and the plunger bushing inner surface is good, and the difficult burn that causes by molten metal that produces, so can reduce because of molten metal invades between slip cap and the plunger bushing or the damage of the constituent material that molten metal burn causes, can improve significantly the durable life-span.
In addition, directly contact with the liquation metal and the front end that is warmed up to about 600～700 ℃ drift is made of punch body, described punch body is made by metal material, so can also prevent the performance degradation that causes because of heat of the slip cap of hard resin system.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the partial sectional view of formation that the injection mechanism of drift of the present invention has been used in expression.
Fig. 2 is the partial sectional view of embodiment of representing to dispose vertically the drift of a plurality of slip caps.
Fig. 3 is the partial sectional view of different embodiment of representing to have disposed vertically the drift of a plurality of slip caps.
The specific embodiment
Formation to the injection mechanism of die casting machine supplying melting metal is shown in Fig. 1.As shown in Figure 1, injection mechanism constitutes by be equipped with columned drift 10 slidably in the plunger bushing cylindraceous 60 that is connected with die casting machine.Rear end side at drift 10 is connected with plunger rod 70, and plunger rod 70 links to each other with drive unit (not shown), back and forth drift 10 is slided in plunger bushing 60 by making plunger rod 70, thereby the motlten metal that will be filled in the plunger bushing 60 is supplied with to die casting machine.
＜punch body 20 〉
On the circumferential lateral surface of punch body 20, spread all over a groove 26 that is formed with wider width along axial (length direction) of inlaying slip cap 40 allly.The base end side side of groove 26 is formed by the front end face of pressing pressure cylinder 22.
The front end of punch body 20 as shown in Figure 1, be formed with undergauge head 21, make drift 10 enter into easily in the plunger bushing 60.
For the temperature that prevents punch body 20 rises, preferably at the inner water-cooling structure that is equipped with of the hollow of punch body 20.In this case, as shown in Figure 1, form cooling with managing 72, make the hollow internal communication of this cooling tube 72 and punch body 20 in the inside of plunger rod 70.
In addition, do not need at drift 10 under the situation of cooling construction, the inside of drift 10 also can form solid.
Preferably, the axial width of groove 26 is 50～90% of a drift sliding part total length (among Fig. 1 shown in the X), and the degree of depth then is preferably about 5～10mm.
The base end side of punch body 20 is connected and makes on the plunger rod 70 that drift 10 moves back and forth in plunger bushing 60 as shown in Figure 1.
＜slip cap 40 〉
As shown in Figure 1, slip cap 40 is the cylinders that are embedded in the groove 26 of punch body 20, makes of the hard resin material.Slip cap 40 can followingly be installed on the punch body 20: after being mounted to slip cap 40 in the groove 26, will being embedded on the punch body 20 and by pressure cylinder 22 and fixing with screw thread 23, and thus can be so that slip cap 40 can not come off from groove 26.
In addition, slip cap 40 along the circumferential direction can also be divided into a plurality of, for example two parts are made.By slip cap 40 is made the branch open form, have following advantage: can directly be installed on the groove 26 and needn't take off by pressure cylinder 22, and, in slip cap 40 deteriorations in, drift 10 is taken out from plunger bushing 60, also can not change slip cap 40 even do not take off by pressure cylinder 22.In addition, in this case, do not need, can will constitute one yet by pressure cylinder 22 and punch body 20 by pressure cylinder 22.
Preferably, the width of slip cap 40 and groove 26 as one man, form 50～90% size of the circumferential lateral surface that covers punch body 20.This be because, if the slip load that the occupied area of slip cap 40 less than 50% of the circumferential lateral surface of punch body 20, then acts in the unit are on the inner surface of plunger bushing 60 becomes big, thereby sliding reduces, in long-term use, produce the burn phenomenon sometimes.
Preferably, the external diameter (maximum outside diameter) identical or roughly the same (Fig. 2) of the outside dimension of slip cap 40 and punch body 20 or than the external diameter big (Fig. 1 and Fig. 3) of punch body 20.Even as shown in Figure 2, under the external diameter of slip cap 40 and the identical or roughly the same situation of the external diameter of punch body 20, because the hard resin material can thermal expansion, so also can guarantee the sealing in the plunger bushing 60.In addition, reaching as shown in Figure 3 as Fig. 1, the external diameter of slip cap 40 is than under the big situation of the external diameter (maximum outside diameter) of punch body 20, and the diameter difference is that 0.02mm above (one-sided difference of height is more than the 0.01mm) is comparatively desirable.By making the diameter difference is more than the 0.02mm, and punch body 20 can not contact with the inner surface of plunger bushing 60, can guarantee the good sliding and the sealing of slip cap 40.
In addition, slip cap 40 can be made of a cylinder as shown in Figure 1, also can do like that as shown in Figures 2 and 3 to become and dispose a plurality of formations in the axial direction.Under the situation that disposes a plurality of slip caps 40 vertically, as shown in Figure 2, can form a plurality of grooves 26, make slip cap 40 with minute open form and be embedded in structure in each groove 26 respectively.In addition, also can make in the groove 26 of punch body 20 ring-type distance piece 24 with metal material and be inserted into formation between the slip cap 40,40.
No matter under any situation, all preferably, 50～90% zone of the area of the circumferential lateral surface of punch body 20 is occupied by slip cap 40.
In order to be easily inserted in the plunger bushing 60, preferably, about the internal diameter little 0.02～0.08mm of outside dimension than plunger bushing 60 of slip cap on the diameter 40.This difference in size is more little, then the time can obtain stable sliding more in injection, and can prevent that metallic solution from invading from the gap, thereby can bring into play good sealing.
The hard resin material that constitutes slip cap 40 is selected from possess the material with the good sliding of plunger bushing 60 and stable sealing.
It is 6.895 * 10 that the hard resin material is preferably selected spring rate
7The material that Pa is above, thermal coefficient of expansion (linear expansion coefficient) is bigger than punch body 20.This is because, then be subjected in the thermal expansion inner surface that punch body 20 might contact stud plug sleeve 60 when slip cap 40 and punch body 20 if hard resin material coefficient of thermal expansion coefficient ratio punch body 20 is little.Specifically, the thermal coefficient of expansion of stearic resin material is 1.2 * 10
-5/ ℃ more than more satisfactory.
In addition, preferably the thermal coefficient of expansion of stearic resin material on be limited to 6 * 10
-5/ ℃ below, be 5 * 10
-5/ ℃ with next desirable more.This be because, if thermal coefficient of expansion is greater than 6 * 10
-5/ ℃, then being subjected in the thermal expansion at slip cap 40 can excessive thermal expansion, thereby and the resistance to sliding meeting between the plunger bushing 60 become big.
Make water-cooling structure as mentioned above by inner surface with punch body 20, can prevent that temperature from rising, but from because of contacting under the heat conducting effect of the punch body 20 that heats up with 600～700 ℃ molten metal, the temperature of slip cap 40 can rise inevitably.Therefore, the sliding that produces in order to prevent to follow the material deterioration and the reduction of sealing, preferably, stearic resin material is chosen as load deflection temperature (heat distortion temperature) and is higher than 200 ℃ material.In addition, the mensuration of load deflection temperature is that benchmark carries out with JIS/K7207, K6911.
It is then ideal that slip cap 40 selects to possess the material of above-mentioned characteristic, as this stearic resin material, for example can list polyamide (PA), polybenzimidazoles (PBI), polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK), polyimides (PI).For example (trade mark: Network ラ リ ア Application ト ジ ヤ パ Application system) on sale on market, polyimides is with trade name ベ ス ペ Le (trade mark: E.I.Du Pont Company's system) on sale on market with trade name セ ラ ゾ one Le for polybenzimidazoles.
In addition, by in these stearic resins, adding materials such as carbon fiber or boron nitride powder, can further improve lubricity.
Embodiment
In the plunger bushing of SKD-61 system, make the test drift (example 1 to 7 and comparative example) that is inlaid with the slip cap that makes with material shown in the subordinate list 1.Make this drift slip and molten aluminium alloy (ADC12) is pressed in the mould manufacturing die cast product, the relatively durable number of times of product property and drift.
Table 1
| The slip cap material | Side occupied area (%) | The load deflection temperature (℃) | Thermal coefficient of expansion (/ ℃) | Durable number of times (frequency injection) | |
| Example 1 | PA46 | 80 | 285 | 3×10 -5 | 1050 |
| Example 2 | PBI | 80 | 435 | 2.3×10 -5 | 1520 |
| Example 3 | PEEK | 80 | 315 | 1.5×10 -5 | 1200 |
| Example 4 | PI | 55 | 330 | 5.4×10 -5 | 1000 |
| Example 5 | PAR | 80 | 180 | 2.1×10 -5 | 300 |
| Example 6 | PEI | 80 | 210 | 5.6×10 -5 | 900 |
| Example 7 | PEEK | 45 | 315 | 1.5×10 -5 | 450 |
| Comparative example | The C/C composite | 80 | 150 |
For the example of table 1, PA46 is a polyamide 46, and PBI is a polybenzimidazoles, and PEEK is a polyether-ether-ketone, and PI is a polyimides, and PAR is a polyarylate, and PEI is a polyimide.These all are hard resin materials.
As a comparative example, making with the C/C composite is the drift of slip cap material.
Use above-mentioned drift, under the injection pressure of 50Mpa, molten aluminium alloy (ADC12) is injected in the mould, the sliding of more durable number of times (frequency injection) and drift 10.The results are shown in the right hurdle of table 1.
As can be seen from Table 1, example 1～7 is compared with comparative example, and frequency injection is many, and the durable life-span is long.This be because, the hard resin material of slip cap radially expands because of thermal expansion, thus slip cap compare with the slip cap of the low C/C composite of coefficient of thermal expansion moving with sliding in state of being close to of the inner surface of plunger bushing, improved sealing property.Below, the result of his-and-hers watches 1 specifically studies.
For example 1, although produced tiny crackle on slip cap, sliding is stable, and frequency injection is 1050 times, has shown good durability.
For example 2, on slip cap, do not crack, and sliding to be stable, frequency injection is 1520 times, has shown optimum durability.
For example 3, although produced tiny crackle on slip cap, sliding is stable, and frequency injection is 1200 times, has shown good durability.
For example 4,, but still has the durability more than 1000 times although slip cap is reduced to 55% with respect to the occupied area of punch body circumferential lateral surface.
For example 5, because the load deflection temperature of slip cap is lower, so, on slip cap, produced bigger crackle owing to being accompanied by the deterioration that temperature rises and produces.Therefore as can be known, the load deflection temperature of stearic resin material is comparatively desirable more than 200 ℃.
For example 6, because the thermal coefficient of expansion of slip cap is bigger, rise and thermal expansion, thereby resistance to sliding increases between itself and plunger bushing so slip cap is accompanied by temperature.Therefore as can be known, the thermal coefficient of expansion of stearic resin material is 6.0 * 10
-5/ ℃ below comparatively desirable, in order further to improve durability, be made as 5.0 * 10
-5/ ℃ with next even more ideal.
For example 7, although the initial stage sliding is stable, along with the increase of frequency injection, sliding reduces, and has produced burn between slip cap and plunger bushing.As its reason, can think because slip cap is less with respect to the occupied area of the circumferential lateral surface of punch body, so and the slip between plunger bushing load become big.Hence one can see that, and slip cap is comparatively desirable more than 50% with respect to the occupied area of the circumferential lateral surface of punch body.
On the other hand, for comparative example, because slip cap makes with the C/C composite, so just there is aluminum melt to invade the slip cap part after using 150 times, resistance to sliding is risen and can not be re-used.As its reason, can think, because the coefficient of thermal expansion of C/C composite is lower, so can not keep enough sealings.
The drift of example does not make with lubricator, so do not have the situation in the die cast product that lubricant is blended into making, can obtain colory die cast product.And, owing to do not make with lubricator, thus the generation of the gas that the burning because of lubricant causes can also be prevented, thus can prevent the deterioration of operating environment.
In addition, in order further to improve sliding and sealing, also can jet lubrication agent on the inner surface of plunger bushing 60, but compared with the pastly can use a small amount of as far as possible lubricant.
So long as those skilled in the art just can carry out distortion of the present invention and change in the scope that does not break away from aim of the present invention, within the scope of the present invention that these various distortion are also included within claims to be put down in writing.
The present invention has the slip cap of hard resin system, has good sealing and sliding thus, and the durable life-span is long, as can make stable die cast product to push down with drift be useful.
Claims (7)
1. plunger tip for die casting machines has in plunger bushing (60) and slides, motlten metal is forced into punch body (20) in the mould, it is characterized in that,
Punch body (20) is made of metal material, and circumferential lateral surface is inlaid with the slip cap (40) that is made of the hard resin material.
2. plunger tip for die casting machines as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, the zone more than 50% of the area of the circumferential lateral surface of punch body (20) is inlaid with slip cap (40).
3. plunger tip for die casting machines as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, the front end of punch body (20) is made of identical metal material with the circumferential lateral surface of not inlaying slip cap (40).
4. plunger tip for die casting machines as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, the maximum outside diameter of slip cap (40) is identical or roughly the same with the external diameter of punch body (20).
5. plunger tip for die casting machines as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, on diameter, the external diameter of slip cap (40) form more than the big 0.02mm of maximum outside diameter than punch body (20).
6. plunger tip for die casting machines as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, slip cap (40) is formed by the hard resin material of load deflection temperature than 200 ℃ high.
7. plunger tip for die casting machines as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, slip cap (40) is 1.2 * 10 by thermal coefficient of expansion
-5/ ℃～6 * 10
-5/ ℃ the hard resin material form.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP187436/04 | 2004-06-25 | ||
| JP2004187436 | 2004-06-25 | ||
| JP169046/05 | 2005-06-09 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1712154A CN1712154A (en) | 2005-12-28 |
| CN100409976C true CN100409976C (en) | 2008-08-13 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2005100813506A Expired - Fee Related CN100409976C (en) | 2004-06-25 | 2005-06-27 | Plunger tip for die casting machines |
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| Country | Link |
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Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102133624A (en) * | 2011-03-04 | 2011-07-27 | 广东科达机电股份有限公司 | Injection plunger |
| IT201600087839A1 (en) * | 2016-08-29 | 2018-03-01 | Cpr Suisse S A | PISTON FOR A DIE CASTING MACHINE |
| JP6308695B1 (en) * | 2016-12-07 | 2018-04-11 | 株式会社ソディック | Injection molding machine |
| JP2022050742A (en) * | 2020-09-18 | 2022-03-31 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Plunger tip and sliding method |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0994648A (en) * | 1995-09-28 | 1997-04-08 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Plunger tip |
| US6415705B1 (en) * | 1999-09-29 | 2002-07-09 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyoda Jidoshokki Seisakusho | Swash plate type compressor piston whose end section is formed of a material different from that of swash-plate engaging portion |
| US20020153120A1 (en) * | 2001-03-22 | 2002-10-24 | Masafumi Ito | Die-casting method and die-casting apparatus |
-
2005
- 2005-06-27 CN CNB2005100813506A patent/CN100409976C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0994648A (en) * | 1995-09-28 | 1997-04-08 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Plunger tip |
| US6415705B1 (en) * | 1999-09-29 | 2002-07-09 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyoda Jidoshokki Seisakusho | Swash plate type compressor piston whose end section is formed of a material different from that of swash-plate engaging portion |
| US20020153120A1 (en) * | 2001-03-22 | 2002-10-24 | Masafumi Ito | Die-casting method and die-casting apparatus |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1712154A (en) | 2005-12-28 |
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