CN100405426C - 减少量化噪声的方法和相应的设备 - Google Patents

减少量化噪声的方法和相应的设备 Download PDF

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CN100405426C
CN100405426C CNB038198738A CN03819873A CN100405426C CN 100405426 C CN100405426 C CN 100405426C CN B038198738 A CNB038198738 A CN B038198738A CN 03819873 A CN03819873 A CN 03819873A CN 100405426 C CN100405426 C CN 100405426C
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塞巴斯蒂安·魏特布吕克
赖纳·茨温
卡洛斯·科雷亚
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Thomson Licensing SAS
International Digital Madison Patent Holding SAS
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G09EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09GARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/22Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
    • G09G3/28Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels
    • G09G3/288Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels
    • G09G3/291Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels controlling the gas discharge to control a cell condition, e.g. by means of specific pulse shapes
    • GPHYSICS
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    • G09GARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/2007Display of intermediate tones
    • G09G3/2044Display of intermediate tones using dithering
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    • G09G3/2007Display of intermediate tones
    • G09G3/2018Display of intermediate tones by time modulation using two or more time intervals
    • G09G3/2022Display of intermediate tones by time modulation using two or more time intervals using sub-frames
    • GPHYSICS
    • G09EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09GARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/22Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
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    • G09G3/288Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels
    • G09G3/296Driving circuits for producing the waveforms applied to the driving electrodes
    • GPHYSICS
    • G09EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09GARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2320/00Control of display operating conditions
    • G09G2320/02Improving the quality of display appearance
    • G09G2320/0271Adjustment of the gradation levels within the range of the gradation scale, e.g. by redistribution or clipping
    • G09G2320/0276Adjustment of the gradation levels within the range of the gradation scale, e.g. by redistribution or clipping for the purpose of adaptation to the characteristics of a display device, i.e. gamma correction
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    • G09G3/00Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
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    • G09G3/22Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
    • G09G3/28Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels
    • G09G3/288Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels

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Abstract

等离子体显示板是纯线性显示器,且并不表现出如CRT等的非线性伽马行为,从而必须以数字形式对信号施加人工伽马函数。此伽马函数增加了暗区域中的量化步长,而在亮区域中,量化步长将减小。基本思想在于:在伽马化处理之后,应用自适应噪声滤波。所述自适应滤波是适用于伽马化量化噪声的专用滤波。换句话说,针对暗区域,所述滤波将为最大,当区域的亮度增加时,其功效将自动减小。

Description

减少量化噪声的方法和相应的设备
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于减少由数字显示设备的信号处理期间的量化而引起的噪声的方法和设备,其中以具有多个滤波系数的数字滤波器对以噪声进行充电的信号进行数字滤波。
背景技术
代表等离子显示板的PDP利用只能“接通”或“断开”的放电单元矩阵阵列。因此,可以将其定义为纯数字显示器。而且,与其中通过对光发射的模拟控制来表现灰度电平的CRT(阴极射线管)或LCD(液晶显示器)不同,PDP通过调制每帧的光脉冲数(保持脉冲)来控制灰度电平。这种时间调制将由眼睛在与眼睛的时间响应相对应的时间段内进行积分。由于通过以给定频率发生的光脉冲数来描述幅度视频,更多的幅度意味着更多的光脉冲,从而意味着更多的“接通”时间。因此,这类调制也被称为PWM,脉冲宽度调制。
这种PWM导致了一种PDP图像质量问题:整体噪声电平,尤其是在画面的较暗区域中。这是由于以下事实而引起的:所显示的亮度与脉冲数成线性关系,但眼睛响应和对噪声的敏感度却不是线性的。在较暗的区域中,眼睛比在较亮的区域中更为敏感。这意味着即使现在的PDP能够显示ca.255个离散视频电平,在较暗区域中,量化误差将是非常明显的。此外,对所有视频画面进行预校正,以补偿来自于标准显示器(例如CRT)的传统伽马曲线。由于等离子体显示器是纯线性显示器,并不提供这种非线性的伽马行为,因而应当在显示器级以数字形式实现人工伽马函数。此伽马函数增加了暗区域中的量化步长,而降低了亮区域中的量化步长。此外,量化步长的增加将极大地增加出现在画面中的噪声的电平。
下面,将对视频信号的伽马化之后的量化噪声进行描述。
用于在等离子体上再现视频电平的方法(PWM)导致了一种PDP图像质量问题:较大的量化补偿,尤其是在画面的暗区域中,强烈地增加了这些区域中的噪声电平。这是由于以下事实而引起的:所显示的亮度与用于驱动发光元件的脉冲数成线性关系,但眼睛响应和对噪声的敏感度却不是线性的。在较暗的区域中,眼睛比在较亮的区域中更为敏感。这意味着即使现在的PDP能够显示ca 255个离散视频电平,在较暗区域中,量化误差将是非常明显的。
此外,通过γ-1函数对所有视频画面进行预校正,以补偿来自于标准显示器(例如CRT)的传统伽马曲线(γ)。由于等离子体显示器是纯线性显示器,并不提供这种非线性的伽马行为,因而应当在显示器级以数字形式实现人工伽马函数。此伽马函数增加了暗区域中的量化步长,而降低了亮区域中的量化步长。
应用于8比特电平的标准伽马函数采用以下公式: Out ( x , y ) = 255 · ( In ( x , y ) 255 ) γ , 以γ≈2作为示例。图1示出了这种函数。其表明,应用于8比特电平的伽马函数在暗区域中产生较强的量化效应。例如,在伽马化,即应用γ函数之后,将低于12的所有输入电平一起设置为0。下表示出了对一些视频电平的计算的细节:
  输入(8-比特)   输出(浮点)   输出(8-比特)
  0   0   0
  1   0.003921569   0
  2   0.015686275   0
  3   0.035294118   0
  4   0.062745098   0
  5   0.098039216   0
  6   0.141176471   0
  7   0.192156863   0
  8   0.250980392   0
  9   0.317647059   0
  10   0.392156863   0
  11   0.474509804   0
  12   0.564705882   1
  13   0.662745098   1
  14   0.768627451   1
  15   0.882352941   1
  16   1.003921569   1
  17   1.133333333   1
  18   1.270588235   1
  19   1.415686275   1
  20   1.568627451   2
  21   1.729411765   2
  22   1.898039216   2
  23   2.074509804   2
  ...   ...   ...
  250   245.0980392   245
  251   247.0627451   247
  252   249.0352941   249
  253   251.0156863   251
  254   253.0039216   253
  255   255   255
此表格表明:在暗区域中,存在比输入值更少的输出值,这意味着增加了量化补偿。相反,在高电平中,存在比输出值更少的输入值(例如,没有输入能产生数值246),这意味着减少了量化噪声。
标准数字画面遇到了依赖于用于数字化的比特数的量化噪声的问题。此外,所有自然序列均包含一些自然噪声(主要是高斯噪声)。这些噪声效果的整体可视性也依赖于产生一类喧闹效应(bustlingeffect)的时间变化。
图2示出了标准数字视频画面在伽马化之前的视频值。其示出了针对部分画面的三个颜色分量R、G、B的量化噪声和自然噪声的示例。其时间变化增强了这种噪声。
现在,将给出对在具有模拟伽马化函数(显像管行为)的CRT上所获得的效果的估计。针对此估计,假设白色的亮度为100cd/m2,而且CRT行为可以表示为: CRT ( x , y ) = 100 · ( In ( x , y ) 255 ) γ , γ = 2 . 在这种情况下,CRT上的噪声模式将变形为如图3所示。针对每个分量R、G、B,根据三个模式R、G、B的亮度值,计算出CRT屏幕上的平均噪声值和平均误差值。
应当将此与在等离子体显示器的情况下所产生的噪声进行比较。首先,将在数字电平(8比特)上执行伽马化,如图4所示。针对三个分量R、G、B,对如图2所给出的输入值进行去伽马化。在输出,获得数字值。
然后,针对每个数字值,在等离子体是纯线性***的假设下,可以计算出亮度值,数值255与100cd/m2相匹配。可以估计噪声结构的可视性,如图5所示,其对应于图3,但是在PDP的情况下。
对等离子体上的噪声结构的估计表明:暗区域中增加的量化步长导致了较强的噪声图案。因此,与标准显示器相比,噪声的喧闹效应在等离子体屏幕上强烈地增加(平均误差可能达到80%)。其也通过人类的视觉***行为遵循对数定律的事实(对低电平比高电平更为敏感)而增强。
如前面所解释的那样,在暗区域中,噪声在等离子体上比在其他显示器上(如CRT)更容易被看见。因此,应当在PDP上实施一类噪声减少算法。实际上,多种显示器已经设置了这样的算法。然而,标准噪声减少算法还具有如清晰度损耗、运动假像(在硬边缘之后的拖尾)等缺陷。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的是提供一种用于以改进的方式减少噪声的方法和设备。
根据本发明,通过一种用于减少由数字显示设备的信号处理期间的量化过程而引起的噪声的方法来解决此目的,其中通过以具有多个滤波系数的数字滤波器对以所述噪声进行充电的信号进行数字滤波,以及根据要对其进行滤波的所述信号的数值,改变所述滤波系数中的至少一个。
此外,通过一种用于减少由数字显示设备的信号处理期间的量化而引起的噪声的设备来解决上述目的,所述设备包括:数字滤波装置,用于对以所述噪声进行充电的信号进行数字滤波,所述滤波装置具有多个滤波系数;以及控制装置,与所述数字滤波装置相连,用于根据要对其进行滤波的所述信号的数值,改变所述滤波系数中的至少一个。
在从属权利要求中,阐明了对本发明的更为优选的发展。
有利地,可以提供一种噪声减少算法,其具有降低视频电平的效果,从而对低电平(严重噪声区域)施加最大滤波,而对亮区域(较少噪声,对噪声减少算法更为挑剔)不施加滤波或施加非常低的滤波。可以在等离子体的伽马化处理之后,施加这种自适应噪声滤波。所述自适应滤波是适用于伽马化量化噪声的专用滤波。换句话说,该滤波对于暗区域最大,而当区域的亮度增加时,其功效将自动降低。
根据本发明的滤波的应用得到了以下优点:
·在其严重区域中,降低了等离子体板上的噪声。
·并未降低画面的清晰度,或者细节并未消失。
·运动假像并未出现。
附图说明
在附图中示出了本发明的典型实施例,并将在以下的描述中,对其进行更为详细的解释。附图为:
图1:要应用于视频信号的标准伽马函数;
图2:针对画面的三个颜色分量的量化噪声和自然噪声的示例;
图3:设置有模拟量化功能的CRT上的噪声模式;
图4:以8比特数字电平执行的伽马化;
图5:对量化后PDP上的噪声结构的可见性的估计;
图6:应用于当前像素的滤波器掩码;
图7:示出了滤波器参数的变化的示意图;
图8:二维中值滤波器的结构;
图9:中值滤波器的实现;
图10:中值滤波器的变体;
图11:自适应中值滤波的实现;以及
图12:本发明算法的硬件实现。
具体实施方式
为了更好地理解本发明的概念,现在,作为优选实施例,示出了两类标准噪声减少算法。
低通滤波
分析将局限于基于3个像素和三个行的2维低通滤波器。显然,通过应用递归性(需要帧存储器),这种滤波器可以在空间维度上(更多或更少像素、更多或更少行)以及时间方向上加以延伸。
在下文中,示出了已知的三种标准类型的低通滤波器(3×3):
1 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 16 1 2 1 2 4 2 1 2 1
多种掩码将以如图6所示的当前像素为中心,通过以方框所环绕的数字21表示。图中还示出了对滤波结果的计算。更具体地,将3×3像素的掩码应用于以当前像素为中心的画面上。然后,在以所述掩码定界的数值之间实现卷积,如图6清晰所示的滤波器给出了如图6右侧所示的结果数值。
在等离子体的情况下,可以开发两类视频适应低通滤波器,如下所示:
1 ( 8 · α + 1 ) α α α α 1 α α α α 1 ( 4 · ( α + β ) + 1 ) β α β α 1 α β α β
在这两类PDP滤波中,系数α和β将具有随当前像素的亮度而减小的数值。在图7中示出了这些参数的可能变化的两个示例。
此低通滤波已经很好地适应了PDP要求,只是可能会对锐利转变产生一些干扰。将以位于白元素附近的当前暗像素的情况作为示例。在这种情况下,此白元素将用于并非目标的低通滤波。因此,应当对滤波添加更多的适应性,如下所述。
为了进一步的解释,以x0描述屏幕上的当前像素,周围的像素使用如下定义:
x 2 x 3 x 4 x 1 x 0 x 5 x 8 x 7 x 6
基于此假设,将如下定义针对PDP的更为一般的适应低通滤波:
1 Σ i = 0 i = 8 a i a 2 a 3 a 4 a 1 a 0 a 5 a 8 a 7 a 6
其中a0=1,以及ai=fi(X0,xi)。
作为示例,可以如下描述函数fi
Figure C0381987300103
Δ表示对可以由滤波加以考虑的邻接限制。此解决方案将很好地适应于两个相邻像素之间的较大差值的情况。
中值滤波
在本分析的开始,将滤波器限制为基于3个像素和三个行的2维低通滤波器。显然,通过应用递归性(需要帧存储器),这种滤波器可以在空间维度上(更多或更少像素、更多或更少行)以及时间方向上加以延伸。
在分析窗口中,中值滤波器选择具有中值的像素。为此目的,分析窗口包含将对其进行排序的排序的奇数个像素。于是,新计算出的数值将为具有中间位置的数值。中值滤波器3×3的示例如图8所示。可以将其写为如下公式:
med ( x 2 x 3 x 4 x 1 x 0 x 5 x 8 x 7 x 6 ) = med ( x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 , x 6 , x 7 , x 8 )
图9示出了基于如MIN()和MAX()等简单函数(比较器)简单实现中值滤波器的方式。
可以使用其他中值滤波器,如可以如图10所示进行定义的滤波器max/median。这些函数实现了具有多个分析方向的三个中值的最大值或中值。
在任何情况下,必然的是,具有2N+1个像素大小的中值滤波器抑制了画面中具有小于或等于N的大小的全部细节。
因此,在PDP自适应中值滤波的情况下,可以根据当前像素的值,使用多种滤波器。图11示出了这种自适应滤波的可能实现,根据视频电平,对滤波器进行选择。其只示出了在PDP中的伽马化处理之后的自适应中值滤波实现的示例。
一般滤波
如上所述,主要思想是使用一种噪声减少算法,在当前像素的视频电平增加时,其具有减小的效果。此外,将在可以在因为如抖动等其他操作而对多于8个的比特上进行的伽马化处理之后应用该滤波。显然,应当在噪声减少之后,进行如抖动等操作,以便不被噪声减少自身而使其失效。
算法实现:
图12示出了算法的可能硬件实现。
将RGB输入画面转发给伽马函数模块:其可以包括LUT或数学函数。将此模块的输出(8比特或更多)转发给噪声减少模块。噪声减少模块根据当前像素值,以相同的比特分辨率,应用不同的噪声减少滤波器。然后,将输出转发给抖动模块,其应用不同类型的抖动(例如,如在本申请人名下的EP-A-1136974、EP-01250199.5和EP-02291924.5中所述)。由随后的子场编码模块、串行/并行转换器、并行动作等离子体控制器和最终的PDP如通常那样进行进一步的信号处理。
如上所述,主要思想在于:针对其中噪声真正造成干扰(眼睛敏感度更强、伽马化严重)而细节信息更少地被关注的暗区域,具有最大的噪声减少。另一方面,滤波的水平将随着亮度的升高而减小,直至对于其中噪声较少造成干扰(无量化效应、较低眼睛敏感度)但细节信息更多地被关注的高亮度电平,不进行滤波。

Claims (9)

1.一种用于减少由具有数字驱动的像素的显示设备的信号处理期间的量化过程而引起的噪声的方法,其中
通过具有多个滤波系数的数字滤波器对承受所述噪声的信号进行数字滤波,所述信号包括所述显示设备的像素的视频电平,
其特征在于根据要对其进行滤波的所述信号的当前像素的视频电平,改变所述滤波系数中的至少一个。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述滤波包括一维和/或二维低通滤波。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述滤波包括一维和/或二维中值滤波。
4.根据权利要求1到3之一所述的方法,其特征在于在当前像素的亮度增加时,滤波系数的值减小。
5.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于在低通滤波器的情况下,所述低通滤波器具有以下矩阵式:
1 Σ i = 0 i = 8 a i a 2 a 3 a 4 a 1 a 0 a 5 a 8 a 7 a 6
其中a0=1,以及ai=fi(x0,xi),其中x0是当前像素,xi是所述当前像素的周围像素,其中i∈[1,8];
其中,所述函数fi如下:
Figure C038198730002C2
以及
Figure C038198730002C3
其中Δ为邻接限制,以及α和β是预定义的参数。
6.一种用于减少由具有数字驱动的像素的显示设备的信号处理期间的量化而引起的噪声的设备,所述设备包括:
数字滤波装置,用于对承受所述噪声的信号进行数字滤波,所述滤波装置具有多个滤波系数,以及所述信号包括所述显示设备的每个像素的视频电平,
其特征在于控制装置,与所述数字滤波装置相连,用于根据要对其进行滤波的所述信号的当前像素的视频电平,改变所述滤波系数中的至少一个。
7.根据权利要求6所述的设备,其特征在于所述滤波装置包括一维和/或二维低通滤波器。
8.根据权利要求6所述的设备,其特征在于所述滤波装置包括一维和/或二维中值滤波器。
9.根据权利要求6到8之一所述的设备,其特征在于在当前像素的亮度增加时,滤波系数的值可由所述控制装置减小。
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