CN100403037C - Method and device for measuring AC electricity - Google Patents
Method and device for measuring AC electricity Download PDFInfo
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- CN100403037C CN100403037C CNB2004101010172A CN200410101017A CN100403037C CN 100403037 C CN100403037 C CN 100403037C CN B2004101010172 A CNB2004101010172 A CN B2004101010172A CN 200410101017 A CN200410101017 A CN 200410101017A CN 100403037 C CN100403037 C CN 100403037C
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a measuring technique, particularly to a method and a device for measuring alternate current, which are used for measuring the frequency and the effective value of single-phase alternating current. The method comprises steps: an AC signal which is measured is rectified into a half wave signal; the half wave signal is rectified into a square signal with the same frequency; the pulse number of the square wave signal is counted, and the peak value of the half wave signal is sampled; the frequency and the effective value of the AC signal which is measured are determined according to the counted value and the sampled value. The measuring device comprises a half wave rectifying circuit which is used for rectifying the input AC signal into the half wave signal, a schmitt trigger circuit which is used for outputting the square wave signal, and a measuring circuit which is used for sampling the peak value of the half wave signal, counting the pulse number of the square wave signal, and determining the frequency and the effective value of the AC signal according to the sampled value and the counted value. The method and the device of the present invention can be used for safely and conveniently measuring the frequency and the effective value of the single-phase alternating current in a high precision way.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the measuring technology in electronics or the communication, specifically refer to a kind of method and apparatus of the measurement alternating current that can test single-phase alternating current frequency and effective value.
Background technology
In the equipment or system of the electronics or the communications field, all need to utilize alternating current to be used as the energy source of system or equipment, and then go to guarantee that system or equipment can operate as normal, realize its function, general alternating current all is a sinusoidal ac, and alternating voltage can be formulated as, and u (t)=A * sin (2 π f * t), wherein: A is an alternating voltage peak, and the alternating voltage effective value is
Average voltage is
The alternating voltage frequency is f.Parameters such as the frequency of detection sinusoidal voltage or electric current and effective value can be used for the protection of Power Supply Monitoring and components and parts.
Prior art one: the patent No. is that the power information that 02289437 Chinese patent discloses a kind of three-phase alternating voltage and size of current is measured card, utilize electric current, voltage sensor that the 220V civil power is converted to d. c. voltage signal about 0 to 8V, measure the voltage and current value of direct current signal then, utilize measurement result to calculate the effective value of alternating current voltage and electric current again.This metering circuit utilizes resistance and electric capacity to finish the conversion of AC signal to direct current signal, realizes dividing potential drop and filter action simultaneously.The defective of this metering circuit is: when fortuitous events such as thunderbolt occur causes alternating current superpotential or excess current, cause the result of the impaired inefficacy of metering circuit easily.And metering circuit directly introduces 220V voltage, in case misoperation also may endanger operator's personal safety.
Prior art two: application number is measuring method and the device that 02107167 Chinese patent application discloses a kind of three-phase alternating current frequency, by sampled voltage or current signal, ask for the angular velocity of voltage or electric current rotating vector, and then utilize rotating vector angular velocity reduced frequency.Though this measurement mechanism antijamming capability is strong, but shortcoming is the circuit structure complexity, when utilizing rotating vector angular velocity reduced frequency, the floating-point operation that needs large amount of complex, performance requirement to ADC (AD converter) is higher relatively, and this measurement mechanism is exclusively used in the three-phase alternating current frequency measurement, can not be used to measure civilian single-phase 220V electric main.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides a kind of method and apparatus of measuring alternating current, in order to frequency and the effective value of measuring single-phase alternating current effectively, described measuring method realizes through the following steps:
A: with tested AC signal rectification is half-wave voltage signal;
B: the square-wave signal that described half-wave voltage signal is shaped as same frequency;
C: add up described square-wave signal umber of pulse, and the peak value of the described half-wave voltage signal of sampling;
D: frequency and the effective value of determining described tested AC signal according to the peak value of square-wave signal umber of pulse in the C step and half-wave voltage signal; Described tested ac voltage signal frequency is identical with the square-wave signal frequency, the peak value relation in direct ratio of the effective value of described tested alternating current and the half-wave voltage signal of sampling out.
Also comprise before the peak value of the described half-wave voltage signal of sampling in described step C: described half-wave voltage signal is carried out integration.
Before described steps A, also comprise: tested AC signal step-down is isolated.
The umber of pulse of described square-wave signal is repeatedly the mean value of statistical value, and described peak value is the mean value of a plurality of half-wave sampled values; The frequency of described tested AC signal equates that with the frequency of described square-wave signal the peak value of effective value and described half-wave voltage signal is in direct ratio.
A kind of device of measuring alternating current comprises:
Half-wave rectifying circuit: with the AC signal rectification of input is half-wave voltage signal;
Schmidt trigger circuit: under the triggering of described half-wave voltage signal, export square-wave signal;
Metering circuit: the peak value of the described half-wave voltage signal of sampling, the umber of pulse of adding up described square-wave signal is determined the frequency and the effective value of described AC signal according to the peak value of described square-wave signal umber of pulse and half-wave voltage signal.
Also comprise the integrating circuit that described half-wave voltage signal is carried out integration, be connected between the input end of the output terminal of described half-wave rectifying circuit and metering circuit.
Also comprise the isolating transformer that described AC signal is carried out step-down, be connected described AC signal after the first siding ring of described isolating transformer and first resistance serial connection, second siding ring second resistance of connecting, described second resistance, one end ground connection, non-earth terminal connects the input end of described half-wave rectifying circuit.
Described half-wave rectifying circuit comprises first operational amplifier, and its inverting input connects the non-earth terminal of described second resistance through the 3rd resistance, and normal phase input end is through the 5th resistance eutral grounding, and output terminal connects inverting input through the 4th resistance; Perhaps,
Described half-wave rectifying circuit is the electric bridge that four diodes are formed.
Described schmidt trigger circuit comprises second operational amplifier, its inverting input connects the output terminal of described half-wave rectifying circuit, normal phase input end respectively through the 6th resistance connect positive supply, through the 7th resistance eutral grounding, connect output terminal through the 8th resistance, output terminal is exported described square-wave signal; Perhaps,
Described schmidt trigger circuit is an integrated schmidt trigger, the output terminal of the described half-wave rectifying circuit of its input termination, and output terminal is exported described square-wave signal.
Described metering circuit comprises analog to digital converter, in order to the described half-wave voltage signal of sampling; And single-chip microcomputer, in order to adding up the umber of pulse of described square-wave signal, and determine the frequency and the effective value of described AC signal according to sampled value and statistical value.
Use alternating current measuring method of the present invention and measurement mechanism, the frequency and the effective value of measurement ac voltage signal that can be convenient and safe, a kind of measurement mechanism of degree of precision especially is provided for civilian single-phase sinusoidal ac, when measured signal has distortion, can also accurately measure by increasing integrating circuit, the security of using buffer circuit can improve metering circuit on the one hand, reduce low-frequency distortion, suppress high-frequency harmonic, improve the accuracy of measurement result, can also realize the step-down measurement by transformer simultaneously, guarantee operating personnel's personal safety.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 measures the embodiment circuit structure block diagram of the device of alternating current for the present invention;
Fig. 2 is tested alternating voltage waveform, half-wave voltage signal waveform and square-wave signal synoptic diagram;
Fig. 3 measures embodiment one circuit structure diagram of the device of alternating current for the present invention;
Fig. 4 measures embodiment two circuit structure diagrams of the device of alternating current for the present invention.
Embodiment
As shown in Figure 1, Fig. 1 is a present embodiment circuit structure block diagram, comprises buffer circuit, is used for tested ac voltage signal is carried out step-down; Half-wave rectifying circuit: with the AC signal rectification of input is half-wave voltage signal; Schmidt trigger circuit: output one square-wave signal under the triggering of described half-wave voltage signal; Metering circuit: the peak value of the described half-wave voltage signal of sampling, add up the umber of pulse of described square-wave signal, determine the frequency and the effective value of described AC signal according to sampled value and statistical value, tested ac voltage signal forms the half-wave voltage signal that amplitude is directly proportional with it after buffer circuit step-down, half-wave rectifying circuit rectification, half-wave voltage signal triggers Schmidt trigger and exports the identical square-wave signal of a frequency, waveform relationship describes in detail with specific embodiment as shown in Figure 2 below.
As shown in Figure 3, embodiment one specifically comprises:
1, buffer circuit:
The low power isolating transformer of the general employing of this buffer circuit, as: signal transformer, be connected described AC signal after the first siding ring of described isolating transformer and first resistance serial connection, second siding ring second resistance of connecting, described second resistance, one end ground connection, non-earth terminal connects the input end of described half-wave rectifying circuit, a tested AC signal of side joint of transformer, the damping resistance step-down of first siding ring series connection 300K Ω, second siding ring connects 1K Ω resistance, guarantee that transformer enters the linear work district, the former polar curve circle number of turn of transformer, consequent pole coil turn ratio is 1: 1.
If tested AC signal is to introduce by the electric main transformer, then can be directly with the electric main transformer as buffer circuit, can satisfy the purpose of isolating the measured signal loop and measuring the loop, need not increase isolating transformer more separately.
2, half-wave rectifying circuit:
Described half-wave rectifying circuit comprises first operational amplifier, its inverting input connects the non-earth terminal of described second resistance through the 3rd resistance, normal phase input end is through the 5th resistance eutral grounding, output terminal connects inverting input through the 4th resistance, when practical application, select operational amplifier U1 for use with rail-to-rail (signal can reach positive-negative power voltage) output characteristics, cooperate R3, R4, R5, the realization ratio is amplified, R3, R4 constitutes oppositely amplification, R5 is used for the Operational Character bias current, when operational amplifier only applies the forward working power, the half-wave voltage signal that output terminal output is directly proportional with AC signal.U1 (comprising following U2) can select the rail-to-rail operational amplifier of low speed, as the LMC6482 of NS company.
Half-wave rectification also can be realized by the electric bridge (also claiming bridge circuit) that four diodes are formed, and still compares with the half-wave rectifying circuit that operational amplifier is realized, the precision of bridge circuit is relatively poor, is applicable to the measurement not high to accuracy requirement.
3, schmidt trigger circuit:
Described schmidt trigger circuit comprises second operational amplifier, its inverting input connects the output terminal of described half-wave rectifying circuit, normal phase input end respectively through the 6th resistance connect positive supply, through the 7th resistance eutral grounding, connect output terminal through the 8th resistance, output terminal is exported described square-wave signal; Perhaps,
Described schmidt trigger circuit is an integrated schmidt trigger, the output terminal of the described half-wave rectifying circuit of its input termination, and output terminal is exported described square-wave signal.
Be specially: operational amplifier U2 cooperates R6, R7, R8, realizes schmidt trigger, and the triggering level computing formula is as follows:
When output from 0 to 1, trigger voltage:
When output from 1 to 0, trigger voltage:
If power source voltage Vcc=5V when setting R6=4.7K Ω, R7=1K Ω, R8=20K Ω, calculates V1 and V2:
As seen, trigger voltage V1 can effectively reduce burr and disturb less than V2, improves precision.Can also adopt integrated Schmidt trigger (as 74LV123) substitution operation amplifier architecture, its input end connects the output terminal of U1, output terminal connect the C51 single-chip microcomputer /INT0 gets final product.
4, metering circuit:
Described metering circuit comprises analog to digital converter, in order to the described half-wave voltage signal of sampling; And single-chip microcomputer, in order to adding up the umber of pulse of described square-wave signal, and determine the frequency and the effective value of described AC signal according to sampled value and statistical value.Metering circuit can adopt the CPU (single-chip microcomputer) of integrated ADC during concrete the application, also can be made of discrete adc circuit and single-chip microcomputer, and wherein, the adc circuit part can gating low speed ADC, and as ADC0809, CPU can select the C51 series monolithic.The sample frequency of general low speed ADC approximately is 10KHz, is far longer than 50Hz electric main signal frequency, can satisfy the requirement of measuring accuracy.If the measurement higher frequency signals is chosen proper A DC and is measured for many times to improve precision.
Built-in interrupt service routine among the CPU, setting measurement cycle at first, when the square wave of U2 output when the Vcc upset is 0, start CPU and begin to carry out measurement (this mechanism is called " external interrupt of CPU "), in a measuring period, CPU counts (this program is called " interrupt service routine ") to the square-wave pulse of schmidt trigger output, starts the half-wave voltage signal of ADC sampling half-wave rectification output simultaneously, and the maximal value that samples is the peak value of half-wave voltage signal voltage.After CPU finishes the sampling of the counting of square-wave pulse and half-wave voltage signal peak value, calculate the frequency and the effective value of tested AC signal according to following method:
1, calculated rate:
The frequency of tested AC signal equals the frequency of square-wave signal, and the umber of pulse of establishing statistics is m, and be n measuring period, the frequency of tested AC signal
Can set as the case may be measuring period, generally is set at 1 second, and the square-wave pulse number of CPU statistics is the frequency of tested AC signal like this, for improving precision, can repeatedly add up, at last with the mean value of statistics repeatedly as net result.
2, calculate effective value:
If the scale factor of metering circuit is B, the peak value of the half-wave voltage signal that samples is M, and then the effective value of tested AC signal is
Damping resistance R1, the operational amplifier U1 of the no-load voltage ratio of scale factor B and transformer, transformer primary side serial connection is relevant with the factors such as gain of U2, adjusts or directly measures according to concrete circuit component values.According to different accuracy requirements, CPU can control ADC and sample out in a measuring period, the peak value of each that pass through or several half-wave voltage signal wherein, averaging then is used for calculating effective value to improve measuring accuracy, and the peak value of one of them half-wave of also can only sampling out is used for calculating effective value.
Embodiment two as shown in Figure 4, when the ac voltage signal wave form distortion is big, can between the input end of the output terminal of described half-wave rectifying circuit and metering circuit, connect the RC integrating circuit, this integrating circuit is made of resistance R 9 and capacitor C 1, the peak value that ADC samples out is the mean value N of half-wave voltage signal, and then the effective value of tested AC signal is
In sum, finish the electric main signal frequency and the effective value measurement needs the following step:
S1: utilize isolating transformer to realize the isolation of tested electric main signal circuit and metering circuit;
The purpose that adopts isolating transformer to insert measured signal is: when one prevents that superpotential or excess current from appearring in circuit, and the impaired inefficacy of metering circuit; Its two assurance operating personnel's personal safety.The wattage transformer that buffer circuit can adopt 1: 1 is realized.The secondary side output and the proportional AC signal of measured signal of isolating transformer.
S2: with the ac voltage signal rectification of isolating transformer output is half-wave voltage signal;
Half-wave rectifying circuit can have the operational amplifier of rail-to-rail characteristic or diode bridge to realize by apparatus.By above two steps, obtained the proportional half-sinusoid signal of effective value of an effective value and tested AC signal.
S3: the half-wave voltage signal of rectification output is shaped as square-wave signal through schmidt trigger circuit;
As shown in Figure 2, in this step, trigger a Schmidt trigger by the half-wave voltage signal of utilizing rectification to obtain, obtain one with the identical square-wave signal of tested AC signal frequency.
S4: the umber of pulse of square-wave signal in the statistics setting cycle, and when arrival is prolonged in the decline of square-wave signal, start analog to digital converter and half-wave voltage signal is carried out synchronized sampling, the peak value of at least one half-wave voltage signal of sampling out.
S5: close frequency and the effective value that sampled result is calculated measured signal according to statistics;
The frequency of square-wave signal equals: pulse number is divided by measurement period, and result of calculation is the frequency of tested ac voltage signal.The peak value of the half-wave voltage signal of sampling out in the effective value of tested alternating current and previous step relation in direct ratio.
This method can also improve measuring accuracy by two measures:
When if the distortion of 1 AC signal is big, can be with half-wave voltage signal through the filtering of RC integrating circuit, the mean value of the half-wave voltage signal behind the integration of sampling is again calculated the effective value of tested AC signal then.
2, in step S4, count the square-wave pulse in a plurality of cycles, get its mean value as last result, and the peak value of a plurality of half-waves of sampling, get the effective value that its mean value is calculated tested AC signal.
Use alternating current measuring method of the present invention and measurement mechanism, the frequency and the effective value of measurement ac voltage signal that can be convenient and safe, a kind of measurement mechanism of degree of precision especially is provided for civilian single-phase sinusoidal ac, when measured signal has distortion, can also accurately measure by increasing integrating circuit, the security of using buffer circuit can improve metering circuit on the one hand, reduce low-frequency distortion, suppress high-frequency harmonic, improve the accuracy of measurement result, can also realize the step-down measurement by transformer simultaneously, guarantee operating personnel's personal safety.
Claims (11)
1. a method of measuring alternating current is characterized in that: comprise the following steps:
A: with tested AC signal rectification is half-wave voltage signal;
B: the square-wave signal that described half-wave voltage signal is shaped as same frequency;
C: add up described square-wave signal umber of pulse, and the peak value of the described half-wave voltage signal of sampling;
D: frequency and the effective value of determining described tested AC signal according to the peak value of square-wave signal umber of pulse in the C step and half-wave voltage signal; Described tested ac voltage signal frequency is identical with the square-wave signal frequency, the peak value relation in direct ratio of the effective value of described tested alternating current and the half-wave voltage signal of sampling out.
2. the method for measurement alternating current as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: also comprise before the peak value of the described half-wave voltage signal of sampling in described step C: described half-wave voltage signal is carried out integration.
3. the method for measurement alternating current as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that: also comprised before described steps A: tested AC signal step-down is isolated.
4. the method for measurement alternating current as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that: the umber of pulse of described square-wave signal is repeatedly the mean value of statistical value, and described peak value is the mean value of a plurality of half-wave sampled values.
5. the method for measurement alternating current as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that: the frequency of described tested AC signal equates that with the frequency of described square-wave signal the peak value of effective value and described half-wave voltage signal is in direct ratio.
6. device of measuring alternating current is characterized in that: comprising:
Half-wave rectifying circuit: with the AC signal rectification of input is half-wave voltage signal;
Schmidt trigger circuit: under the triggering of described half-wave voltage signal, export square-wave signal;
Metering circuit: the peak value of the described half-wave voltage signal of sampling, the umber of pulse of adding up described square-wave signal is determined the frequency and the effective value of described AC signal according to the peak value of described square-wave signal umber of pulse and half-wave voltage signal.
7. the device of measurement alternating current as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that: also comprise the integrating circuit that described half-wave voltage signal is carried out integration, be connected between the input end of the output terminal of described half-wave rectifying circuit and metering circuit.
8. as the device of claim 6 or 7 described measurement alternating currents, it is characterized in that: also comprise the isolating transformer that described AC signal is carried out step-down, be connected described AC signal after the first siding ring of described isolating transformer and first resistance serial connection, second siding ring second resistance of connecting, described second resistance, one end ground connection, non-earth terminal connects the input end of described half-wave rectifying circuit.
9. as the device of claim 6 or 7 described measurement alternating currents, it is characterized in that: described half-wave rectifying circuit comprises first operational amplifier, its inverting input connects the non-earth terminal of described second resistance through the 3rd resistance, normal phase input end is through the 5th resistance eutral grounding, and output terminal connects inverting input through the 4th resistance; Perhaps,
Described half-wave rectifying circuit is the electric bridge that four diodes are formed.
10. as the device of claim 6 or 7 described measurement alternating currents, it is characterized in that: described schmidt trigger circuit comprises second operational amplifier, its inverting input connects the output terminal of described half-wave rectifying circuit, normal phase input end respectively through the 6th resistance connect positive supply, through the 7th resistance eutral grounding, connect output terminal through the 8th resistance, output terminal is exported described square-wave signal; Perhaps,
Described schmidt trigger circuit is an integrated schmidt trigger, the output terminal of the described half-wave rectifying circuit of its input termination, and output terminal is exported described square-wave signal.
11. the device as claim 6 or 7 described measurement alternating currents is characterized in that: described metering circuit comprises analog to digital converter, in order to the described half-wave voltage signal of sampling; And single-chip microcomputer, in order to adding up the umber of pulse of described square-wave signal, and determine the frequency and the effective value of described AC signal according to sampled value and statistical value.
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