CN100384079C - Pole changer drive circuit of switched reluctance machine - Google Patents
Pole changer drive circuit of switched reluctance machine Download PDFInfo
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- CN100384079C CN100384079C CNB031096360A CN03109636A CN100384079C CN 100384079 C CN100384079 C CN 100384079C CN B031096360 A CNB031096360 A CN B031096360A CN 03109636 A CN03109636 A CN 03109636A CN 100384079 C CN100384079 C CN 100384079C
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a drive circuit for a pole changer of a switched reluctance motor, which comprises series capacitors, N pairs of motor coils, 2N coil diodes, N PNP type triodes, 2N switching devices, 2N first unilateral diodes, N second unilateral diodes and a plurality of resistors. After being rectified by the series capacitors, current is supplied to a motor. The motor coils are connected in parallel two by two, and the coil diodes are mutually connected in opposite directions. The PNP type triodes are connected in series on the upper parts of the motor coils, and the switching devices are connected in series on the lower parts of the motor coils. The first unilateral diodes are connected between the emitting electrodes of the PNP type triodes and the drain electrodes of the switching devices, and the second unilateral diodes are connected between the collecting electrodes of the PNP type triodes and the source electrodes of the switching devices. As a result, the number of upper switches can be reduced, the interference among the motor coils is eliminated, and additional power supplies and driving circuits are not need, so that the cost is reduced.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to switched reluctance machines (SRM) inverter drive circuit.
Background technology
The inverter circuit is a kind ofly to convert direct-current input power supplying to be supplied to load after the AC power electric power converter in general, is widely used on the household electrical appliance such as air conditioner, refrigerator, washing machine, cooking machine.
In addition, for the household appliances that used above-mentioned inverter circuit, the inverter drive system is by the switching time of a plurality of electric power devices in the drive signal decision inverter circuit of control device output, loads such as drive motors.
The electrical device of inverter circuit is divided into top group and bottom group usually, and the drive signal that is applied on the electrical device is generally pulse width modulating signal (PWM:Pulse-Width Modulation).
Below with reference to back accompanying drawing paper illustrated embodiment, the circuit of the switched reluctance machines inverter structure of prior art is carried out simple declaration.
Fig. 1 is the circuit diagram of the switched reluctance machines inverter structure of prior art.
As shown in Figure 1, the inverter circuit of general switched reluctance machines comprises that substantially direct current links capacitor C, N motor coil L a, Lb, Lc, Ld, upper switches device Q1a, Q1b, Q1c, Q1d and lower device Q2a, Q2b, Q2c, Q2d, first unilateral diode (free wheel diode) FRD3, FRD5, FRD7, FRD9 and the second unilateral diode FRD2, FRD4, FRD6, FRD8.Above-mentioned direct current is supplied to motor with direct voltage after linking the level and smooth rectification of power supply of capacitor C with input; Above-mentioned N motor coil L a, Lb, Lc, Ld are in parallel according to N; Above-mentioned upper switches device Q1a, Q1b, Q1c, Q1d and lower device Q2a, Q2b, Q2c, Q2d are connected on up and down on motor coil L a, Lb, Lc, the Ld; The first unilateral diode FRD3, FRD5, FRD7, FRD9 are connected between the collector electrode (collector) of above-mentioned dc terminal Vdc and lower device Q2a, Q2b, Q2c, Q2d; The above-mentioned second unilateral diode FRD2, FRD4, FRD6, FRD8 are connected between the emitter (emitter) and ground wire (GND) of upper switches device Q1a, Q1b, Q1c, Q1d.
The course of work to the inverter circuit of prior art switched reluctance machines with said structure describes below.
At first, above-mentioned direct current links capacitor C the power supply of importing is carried out level and smooth rectification, and direct voltage is supplied to switched reluctance machines (SRM), and then above-mentioned switched reluctance machines (SRM) begins rotation.Owing to be provided with the disk that has groove (Disk) that optics breaker (photo interrupt) and each link to each other, detect the position of rotor and export the position signalling of detected rotor by position transducer at motor internal.
If be used to excite the signal of A phase to pass to upper switches device Q1a and the lower device Q2a that is connected on the A phase motor coil L a respectively, so the upper switches device Q1a of above-mentioned A phase and lower device Q2a are switched on simultaneously.
Along with the upper switches device Q1a and the lower device Q2a of above-mentioned A phase is switched on simultaneously, apply dc terminal voltage Vdc to motor coil L a, so excited the electric current of the motor coil L a of A phase.
Then, the upper switches device Q1a and the lower device Q2a of above-mentioned A phase are closed, and are used to excite the signal of B phase to pass to upper switches device Q1b and the lower device Q2b that is connected on the B phase motor coil L a respectively.
At this moment, the electric current that is excited on the motor coil L a of A phase applies back voltage-Vdc and is eliminated by the first unilateral diode FRD3, direct current binding capacitor C, the second unilateral diode FRD2, along with the upper switches device Q1b and the lower device Q2b of above-mentioned B phase is switched on, apply dc terminal voltage Vdc to above-mentioned motor coil L b, so excited the electric current of the motor coil L b of B phase, on the direction of rotation of motor, produce moment of torsion, make the rotation that motor is well on.
Then, the upper switches device Q1b and the lower device Q2b of above-mentioned B phase are closed, and are used to excite the signal of C phase to be supplied to upper switches device Q1c and the lower device Q2c that is connected on the C phase motor coil L c respectively.
At this moment, the electric current that is excited on the motor coil L b of B phase is eliminated by back voltage-Vdc that the first unilateral diode FRD5, direct current binding capacitor C, the second unilateral diode FRD4 apply, along with the upper switches device Q1c and the lower device Q2c of above-mentioned C phase is switched on, apply dc terminal voltage Vdc to motor coil L c, so excited the electric current of the motor coil L c of C phase, on the direction of rotation of motor, produced moment of torsion.Produce moment of torsion successively by process same as described above, make the rotation that motor is well on.
Finally, the On/Off cycle of the upper switches device Q1a～Q1d of above-mentioned prior art and lower device Q2a～Q2d as shown in Figure 2.
Wherein, position transducer detects the position of above-mentioned rotor and detected rotor-position signal is offered microcomputer.So above-mentioned microcomputer output is used to control the signal of each phase.
But in the switched reluctance machines (SRM) of above-mentioned prior art, each phase (A, B, C, D) among switching device Q1a～Q1d, the Q2a～Q2d A mutually with C mutually, B is switched on asynchronism(-nization) mutually with D mutually, does not also adopt shared switching device, uses upper switches Q1a～Q1d and lower switches Q2a～Q2d according to the number of phase.
In order to reduce the switch number with the inverter cost of manufacture, general switched reluctance machines (SRM) inverter as shown in Figure 3 with 2N phase.
Such as, shown in the figure in On/Off cycle of each phase switch of Fig. 4, the A that 4 phase switch reluctance motor (SRM) inverters will not switch simultaneously mutually and C mutually, B is combined into shared upper switches device Q ' ac, Q ' bd use with D upper switches mutually mutually.
But, also pass through upper switches device Q ' ac as switched reluctance machines (SRM) inverter after Fig. 3 improvement, Q ' bd only reduces the switching device that has used certain number, and the switching device on top still needs extra power supply and drive circuit, still can not reduce production cost effectively.
So the switching device that need propose top need not 2N switched reluctance machines (SRM) the inverter drive circuit mutually of extra power supply and drive circuit, to reduce production costs.
Summary of the invention
In order to overcome the above-mentioned shortcoming that prior art exists, the invention provides a kind of switched reluctance machines inverter drive circuit of 2N phase, so that in the cycle that lower device is switched on, make shared upper switches device also be switched on, by the part that influences each other that produces between the coil diode blocking motor coil, to carry out pulse width modulation control, reduce the number of upper switches device, and extra power supply and drive circuit that the switching device on removal and top joins reduce production costs.
The technical solution adopted for the present invention to solve the technical problems is:
A kind of switched reluctance machines inverter drive circuit, the switched reluctance machines that is used for the 2N phase, comprise series capacitance, the motor coil that N is two, N the upper switches device that the positive-negative-positive triode constitutes, N is to lower device, N is to first unilateral diode, N second unilateral diode, series capacitance is carried out the input power supply after the level and smooth rectification, the direct voltage that obtains is supplied to motor, N pair motor coil is parallel with one another, per two become a pair of, the upper switches device of N positive-negative-positive triode formation is connected on the top of the two motor coil of N, N is connected on the bottom of each two motor coil of N to lower device, it is characterized in that: described drive circuit comprises that also N is to coil diode (FRD15～FRD18) and a plurality of resistance (R1～R6), (FRD11～FRD14) is connected to the upper switches device (Q11a that N positive-negative-positive triode constitutes to N to first unilateral diode, Q12a) emitter and N are to lower device (between each drain electrode of Q13a～Q16a), (FRD19～FRD20) is connected the upper switches device (Q11a of N positive-negative-positive triode formation to N second unilateral diode, Q12a) collector electrode and N are to lower device (between the source electrode of Q13a～Q16a), resistance (the R1 on N top, R4) upper end is connected upper switches device (Q11a, Q12a) base stage, the lower end is respectively by the resistance (R2 of N to the bottom, R3, R5, R6), be connected to motor coil (La, Lb, Lc, Ld) with the lower device (junction of the drain electrode of Q13a～Q16a), as bottom switching device (Q13a～when Q16a) being switched on, (R1～R6) makes the upper switches device (Q11a that the positive-negative-positive triode constitutes to a plurality of resistance, Q12a) base stage stream has drive current, in order to control the two motor coil (La of N, Lb, Lc, Ld) electric current between flows, (each end to diode among the FRD15～FRD18) is connected to corresponding motor coil (La to N to the coil diode, Lb, Lc, Ld) upper end, the other end continues mutually in the other direction mutually and connects upper switches device (Q11a, Q12a) collector electrode.
Aforesaid switched reluctance machines inverter drive circuit, wherein (time point of Q13a～Q16a) be switched on is switched on the upper switches device (Q11a, Q12a) that constitutes of positive-negative-positive triode, and (Q13a～Q16a) pent time point is closed the switching device in the bottom in lower device.
Aforesaid switched reluctance machines inverter drive circuit, wherein switched reluctance machines inverter drive circuit also comprises N electric capacity (C2, C3), electric capacity (C2, C3) upper end respectively with the corresponding upper switches device (Q11a that constitutes by the positive-negative-positive triode, Q12a) emitter connects, the lower end is connected respectively to the resistance (R1 on top, R4) lower end, upper switches device (the Q11a that the positive-negative-positive triode constitutes, Q12a) (time point of Q13a～Q16a) be switched on is switched in lower device, at lower device (the pent time point of Q13a～Q16a), N electric capacity (C2, C3) make the upper switches device (Q11a that the positive-negative-positive triode constitutes, Q12a) still keep the ON time of special time.
Description of drawings
The present invention is further described below in conjunction with drawings and Examples.
Fig. 1 is the circuit diagram of the switched reluctance machines inverter structure of prior art.
Fig. 2 is the passage of time figure in ON/OFF cycle of the switched reluctance machines inverter of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is the circuit diagram of the switched reluctance machines inverter structure with 2N phase of prior art.
Fig. 4 is the passage of time figure in ON/OFF cycle of the switched reluctance machines inverter of Fig. 3.
Fig. 5 is the circuit diagram of the structure of switched reluctance machines inverter drive circuit of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is the passage of time figure of Fig. 5.
Fig. 7 is the passage of time figure of switched reluctance machines inverter drive circuit that the coil diode of Fig. 5 is not set.
The number in the figure explanation:
C1: series capacitance C2, C3: electric capacity
Q11a, Q12a: upper switches device Q13a～Q16a: lower device
R1～R6: resistance FRD11～FRD14: first unilateral diode
FRD15～FRD18: coil diode FRD19～FRD20: second unilateral diode
La:A phase motor coil L b:B phase motor coil
Lc:C phase motor coil L d:D phase motor coil
Embodiment
The present invention mainly will illustrate the drive circuit of the switched reluctance machines inverter of 2N phase, in order to embody aim of the present invention, only to 2N mutually in the switched reluctance machines inverter drive circuit of 4 phases of simple form describe for embodiment.
The invention provides a kind of switched reluctance machines inverter drive circuit, the switched reluctance machines that is used for the 2N phase, comprise series capacitance, the motor coil that N is two, N the upper switches device that the positive-negative-positive triode constitutes, N is to lower device, N is to first unilateral diode, N second unilateral diode, series capacitance is carried out the input power supply after the level and smooth rectification, the direct voltage that obtains is supplied to motor, N pair motor coil is parallel with one another, per two become a pair of, the upper switches device of N positive-negative-positive triode formation is connected on the top of the two motor coil of N, N is connected on the bottom of each two motor coil of N to lower device, this drive circuit comprises that also N is to coil diode FRD15～FRD18 and a plurality of resistance R 1～R6, N is connected to the upper switches device Q11a that N positive-negative-positive triode constitutes to first unilateral diode FRD11～FRD14, between the emitter of Q12a and N each drain electrode to lower device Q13a～Q16a, N second unilateral diode FRD19～FRD20 is connected the upper switches device Q11a that N positive-negative-positive triode constitutes, between the collector electrode of Q12a and N the source electrode to lower device Q13a～Q16a, the resistance R 1 on N top, the R4 upper end is connected upper switches device Q11a, the emitter of Q12a, the lower end is respectively by the resistance R 2 of N to the bottom, R3, R5, R6, be connected to motor coil L a, Lb, Lc, between the drain electrode of Ld and lower device Q13a～Q16a, when bottom switching device Q13a～Q16a is switched on, a plurality of resistance R 1～R6 make the upper switches device Q11a that the positive-negative-positive triode constitutes, Q12a base stage stream has drive current, in order to control the two motor coil L a of N, Lb, Lc, electric current between the Ld flows, N is connected to motor coil L a to coil diode FRD15～FRD18 one end, Lb, Lc, the Ld upper end, the other end continues mutually in the other direction mutually and connects upper switches device Q11a, the collector electrode of Q12a.
Upper switches device Q11a, Q12a that this positive-negative-positive triode constitutes are switched at the time point that lower device Q13a～Q16a is switched on, and are closed at the pent time point of the switching device Q13a～Q16a of bottom.
This switched reluctance machines inverter drive circuit also comprises N capacitor C 2, C3, capacitor C 2, C3 are in parallel with resistance R 1, the R4 on top, upper switches device Q11a, Q12a that the positive-negative-positive triode constitutes are switched at the time point that lower device Q13a～Q16a is switched on, at the pent time point of lower device Q13a～Q16a, N capacitor C 2, C3 make the upper switches device Q11a that the positive-negative-positive triode constitutes, the ON time that Q12a still keeps special time.
Microcomputer receives the position signalling of position transducer institute perception, and according to the drive circuit output pulse width modulation signal (PWM) of position signalling to each lower device Q13a～Q16a.
At first, in (A) interval of Fig. 6, A phase gate signal (a) is imposed on the lower device Q13a of A phase as gate signal, by resistance R 1, R2 conducting simultaneously upper switches device Q11a, the direct voltage Vdc that obtains by the level and smooth rectification of series capacitance C1 is supplied to motor coil L a by upper switches device Q11a and lower device Q13a, and capacitor C 2 is charged to certain voltage by the dividing potential drop of resistance R 1, R2.Even lower device Q13a is closed then, the charging voltage by capacitor C 2 can make upper switches device Q12 keep conducting state in a special time.In said process, the voltage at the motor coil L a two ends that A produces on mutually shown in the interval A phase motor coil L a both end voltage waveform (c) of Fig. 6 (A) repeatedly ' Vdc ' and ' 0 '; Electric current on the motor coil L a that A produces mutually increases earlier and arrives then that certain is saturated in a flash shown in interval (d) of Fig. 6 (A).
Then, lower device Q13a, Q14a by the interval A phase gate signal (a) of Fig. 6 (B) and C mutually gate signal (b) be switched on, after capacitor C 2 certain hours, upper switches device Q11a is closed.At this moment the flow through second unilateral diode FRD19, coil diode FRD15, the first unilateral diode FRD11 of the electric current of A phase motor coil L a; The both end voltage (c) of the A phase motor coil L a that Fig. 6 (B) is interval becomes '-Vdc '; Electric current (d) on A phase motor coil L a sharply reduces.Electric current sharply reduces～electric current on the motor coil becomes 0, then be cut off by the diode electrically flow path, then A phase motor coil both end voltage be ' 0 '.
In the above-mentioned course of work, if do not have coil diode FRD15, FRD16, A mutually and C with shared upper switches device Q11a, demonstrate the abnormal operation that causes owing to the phase mutual interference shown in (B ') interval of Fig. 7.
(C) interval of Fig. 6 is C phase gate signal (b) applies gate signal as the lower device Q14a to the C phase interval, by resistance R 1, R3 conducting simultaneously upper switches device Q11a, the direct voltage Vdc that obtains by the level and smooth rectification of series capacitance C1 is supplied to C motor coil L c mutually by upper switches device Q11a and lower device Q14a, and capacitor C 2 is charged to certain voltage by the dividing potential drop of resistance R 1, R3.Even lower device Q14a is closed then, still can keep the conducting state of certain hour by the charging voltage upper switches device Q11a of capacitor C 2.In said process, the both end voltage of the motor coil L c that produces mutually at C repeatedly ' Vdc ' and ' 0 '.At this moment the both end voltage of the motor coil L a that produces mutually of A is because the switch of bottom is in closed condition, so as (c) in Fig. 6 (C) interval shown in, become ' 0 '.
Then, lower device Q13a, Q14a by the interval A phase gate signal (a) of Fig. 6 (D) and C mutually gate signal (b) be switched on, after capacitor C 2 certain hours, upper switches device Q11a also is closed.At this moment, at the electric current of C phase motor coil L c the flow through second unilateral diode FRD19, coil diode FRD16, the first unilateral diode FRD12; The both end voltage of C phase motor coil L c becomes '-Vdc '; Electric current on C phase motor coil sharply reduces.Electric current sharply reduces～become 0 at the electric current of C phase motor coil, then be cut off by the diode electrically flow path, then C phase motor coil both end voltage become ' 0 '.A phase motor coil L a both end voltage (c) is subjected to the influence along with the second unilateral diode FRD19 of C phase motor coil current start, and the both end voltage of motor coil is synchronous mutually with C, from '-Vdc ' changes to ' 0 '.
In the above-mentioned course of work, if do not have coil diode FRD15, FRD16, A mutually and the switch Q11a of C with shared top demonstrates the abnormal operation that causes owing to the phase mutual interference shown in (D ') interval of Fig. 7.
Wherein, the B circuit structure diagram with D phase motor coil L b, Ld mutually is identical with C phase motor coil L a, Lc mutually with A, will obtain identical waveform, so in this description will be omitted.In the inverter drive circuit embodiment of switched reluctance machines of the present invention (SRM), though adopted 4 phases, to the also suitable technological thought of the present invention of switched reluctance machines (SRM) inverter of 2N phase.
The effect of invention
In sum, switched reluctance machines (SRM) the inverter circuit by 2N phase of the present invention can bring following effect:
In the cycle that lower device is switched on, share the upper switches device and also be switched on, the 2N phase The inverter of switched reluctance machines (SRM) uses when sharing the upper switches device, interdicts by the coil diode So the mutual interference sections that produces between the motor coil is can be according to desirable pulse width modulating signal Control, reduce to be used for the upper switches device on switched reluctance machines (SRM) inverter of 2N phase Number need not additionally to arrange the required power supply of upper switches device and drive circuit simultaneously, gives birth to thereby reduce Produce cost.
Claims (3)
1. switched reluctance machines inverter drive circuit, the switched reluctance machines that is used for the 2N phase, comprise series capacitance, the motor coil that N is two, N the upper switches device that the positive-negative-positive triode constitutes, N is to lower device, N is to first unilateral diode, N second unilateral diode, series capacitance is carried out the input power supply after the level and smooth rectification, the direct voltage that obtains is supplied to motor, N pair motor coil is parallel with one another, per two become a pair of, the upper switches device of N positive-negative-positive triode formation is connected on the top of the two motor coil of N, N is connected on the bottom of each two motor coil of N to lower device, it is characterized in that: described drive circuit comprises that also N is to coil diode (FRD15～FRD18) and a plurality of resistance (R1～R6), (FRD11～FRD14) is connected to the upper switches device (Q11a that N positive-negative-positive triode constitutes to N to first unilateral diode, Q12a) emitter and N are to lower device (between each drain electrode of Q13a～Q16a), (FRD19～FRD20) is connected the upper switches device (Q11a of N positive-negative-positive triode formation to N second unilateral diode, Q12a) collector electrode and N are to lower device (between the source electrode of Q13a～Q16a), resistance (the R1 on N top, R4) upper end is connected upper switches device (Q11a, Q12a) base stage, the lower end is respectively by the resistance (R2 of N to the bottom, R3, R5, R6), be connected to motor coil (La, Lb, Lc, Ld) with the lower device (junction of the drain electrode of Q13a～Q16a), as bottom switching device (Q13a～when Q16a) being switched on, (R1～R6) makes the upper switches device (Q11a that the positive-negative-positive triode constitutes to a plurality of resistance, Q12a) base stage stream has drive current, in order to control the two motor coil (La of N, Lb, Lc, Ld) electric current between flows, (each end to diode among the FRD15～FRD18) is connected to corresponding motor coil (La to N to the coil diode, Lb, Lc, Ld) upper end, the other end continues mutually in the other direction mutually and connects upper switches device (Q11a, Q12a) collector electrode.
2. switched reluctance machines inverter drive circuit according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: (time point of Q13a～Q16a) be switched on is switched on the upper switches device (Q11a, Q12a) that described positive-negative-positive triode constitutes, and (Q13a～Q16a) pent time point is closed the switching device in the bottom in lower device.
3. switched reluctance machines inverter drive circuit according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described switched reluctance machines inverter drive circuit also comprises N electric capacity (C2, C3), electric capacity (C2, C3) upper end respectively with the corresponding upper switches device (Q11a that constitutes by the positive-negative-positive triode, Q12a) emitter connects, the lower end is connected respectively to the resistance (R1 on top, R4) lower end, upper switches device (the Q11a that the positive-negative-positive triode constitutes, Q12a) (time point of Q13a～Q16a) be switched on is switched in lower device, at lower device (the pent time point of Q13a～Q16a), N electric capacity (C2, C3) make the upper switches device (Q11a that the positive-negative-positive triode constitutes, Q12a) still keep the ON time of special time.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB031096360A CN100384079C (en) | 2003-04-11 | 2003-04-11 | Pole changer drive circuit of switched reluctance machine |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB031096360A CN100384079C (en) | 2003-04-11 | 2003-04-11 | Pole changer drive circuit of switched reluctance machine |
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| CN1536755A CN1536755A (en) | 2004-10-13 |
| CN100384079C true CN100384079C (en) | 2008-04-23 |
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| CNB031096360A Expired - Fee Related CN100384079C (en) | 2003-04-11 | 2003-04-11 | Pole changer drive circuit of switched reluctance machine |
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| WO2023164883A1 (en) * | 2022-03-03 | 2023-09-07 | 罗灿 | Yoke-winding-based multi-pole and multi-speed direct-current stator |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5548196A (en) * | 1993-02-27 | 1996-08-20 | Goldstar Co., Ltd. | Switched reluctance motor driving circuit |
| US5771166A (en) * | 1996-01-29 | 1998-06-23 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Asymmetrical bridge inverter circuit for driving a switched reluctance motor |
| CN1318897A (en) * | 1999-06-04 | 2001-10-24 | Lg电子株式会社 | Apparatus and method for driving switched reluctance motor |
-
2003
- 2003-04-11 CN CNB031096360A patent/CN100384079C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5548196A (en) * | 1993-02-27 | 1996-08-20 | Goldstar Co., Ltd. | Switched reluctance motor driving circuit |
| US5771166A (en) * | 1996-01-29 | 1998-06-23 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Asymmetrical bridge inverter circuit for driving a switched reluctance motor |
| CN1318897A (en) * | 1999-06-04 | 2001-10-24 | Lg电子株式会社 | Apparatus and method for driving switched reluctance motor |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| Power convertor circuits for switched reluctance motors with the minimum number of switches. C POLLOCK,B.W.WILLIAMS.IEE PROCEEDINGS,Vol.137 No.6. 1990 * |
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