CN100357685C - 一种空气分离的方法和装置 - Google Patents

一种空气分离的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN100357685C
CN100357685C CNB2004100651899A CN200410065189A CN100357685C CN 100357685 C CN100357685 C CN 100357685C CN B2004100651899 A CNB2004100651899 A CN B2004100651899A CN 200410065189 A CN200410065189 A CN 200410065189A CN 100357685 C CN100357685 C CN 100357685C
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江楚标
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SUZHOU XINGLU AIR SEPARATION PLANT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Co Ltd
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Abstract

一种空气分离的方法和装置，涉及到在低温下利用精馏来分离空气的方法和装置。在空气分离的过程中，使用了膨胀制冷用原料空气和返流污氮(或返流氮)这两种不同工质的膨胀机。膨胀制冷用原料空气和返流污氮(或返流氮)各自在不同的压力和不同的温度下进行膨胀，向外做功，为空气分离过程提供冷量。分离过程采用双级精馏塔，精馏塔由下塔，上塔和两塔之间的冷凝蒸发器组成。下塔的操作压力是0.65MPa(表压)以上，上塔的操作压力是0.08MPa(表压)以上。采用这样的方法和装置来分离空气，单位产品的电耗有明显的下降，可优化性能价格比，使用和维修也更方便和经济。

Description

一种空气分离的方法和装置
技术领域  本发明涉及到一种空气分离的方法和装置，特别涉及到在低温下利用精馏来分离空气的方法和装置。
背景技术  在本发明提出之前，在低温下利用精馏来分离空气是一种公知的工业生产技术。通常的方法是：经过压缩机压缩的空气在预冷***中冷却并在净化***中除去水蒸汽，二氧化碳等有害杂质后分为两股气流。一股气流为膨胀制冷用空气流，它经过增压机增压及水冷器冷却后进入换热器，降低温度后进入膨胀机，空气对外做功，降压降温后，再返回换热器复热后回到压缩机的进口或去水冷塔。另一股气流为分离用空气流，它经过换热器降温到飽和温度或部份带液后进入精馏塔下塔的底部。精馏塔一般由下塔，上塔和冷凝蒸发器组成。空气在下塔中得到初步分离，在底部获得含氧较多的富氧液空，富氧液空被引出下塔后经过过冷及节流膨胀进入上塔，作为上塔的回流液。下塔的顶部获得氮气，少部份可作为产品被加热后外供，其余氮气在冷凝蒸发器内与液氧换热而冷凝成为液氮。该液氮的一部分成为下塔的回流液，另一部分液氮被引出下塔后经过过冷大部份经节流膨胀进入上塔，作为上塔的回流液，少部份也可作为产品外供。在上塔的底部获得液氧，一部份液氧可作为产品引出，大部份液氧在冷凝蒸发器内被氮气所加热成为气氧，一部份气氧也可作为产品被加热后外供，大部份气氧则作为上升气流参与精馏。上塔的顶部可获得氮气及(或)污氮气。在上塔的适当部位还可以抽提出含氩较高的馏份，在制氩***通过精馏可获得产品氩。下塔可以不出纯液氮而出污液氮，这时上塔也只出污氮气。采用这样的方法和装置来分离空气获得不同形态的氧，氮和氩，特别是液态氧、氮产品及(或)压力氧、氮产品，单位产品的电耗较局。
发明内容  本发明的目的是提出一种新的低温下空气分离的方法和装置，使单位产品的电耗较大的下降。装置的性能价格比更优良。使用维护也更简便。
本发明是通过以下的技术措施来实现的。本发明的主要技术特征是：在空气分离的过程中，使用了膨胀制冷用原料空气和返流污氮(或返流氮)这两种不同工质的膨胀机。膨胀制冷用原料空气和返流污氮(或返流氮)各自在不同的压力和不同的温度下进行膨胀，向外做功，为空气分离过程提供冷量。分离过程采用双级精馏塔，精馏塔由下塔，上塔和两塔之间的冷凝蒸发器组成。下塔的操作压力是0.65MPa(表压，下同)以上，上塔的操作压力是0.08MPa以上。而且返流污氮(或返流氮)膨胀机是增压透平膨胀机。
经过压缩机压缩的空气在在预冷***中冷却并在净化***中除去水蒸汽，二氧化碳等有害杂质后分为两股气流。一股气流为膨胀制冷用空气流，它经过膨胀机增压机增压及水冷器冷却后进入主换热器，降低温度后进入膨胀机，空气对外做功，降压降温后，再返回主换热器被加热后回到压缩机的进口或去水冷塔。另一股气流为分离用空气流，它经过主换热器降温到饱和温度或部分带液后进入精馏塔的下塔底部后，成为下塔的上升气流，在塔板上与下降液流充分接触进行热量和质量的交换。在下塔的底部获得含氧较多的富氧液空。该富氧液空被引出下塔后，先经过液空过冷器被由上塔顶部来的返流污氮(和返流氮)过冷，再经过节流膨胀进入上塔成为上塔的回流液之一。在下塔的顶部获得的氮气，少部分可作为产品被加热后外供。大部分氮气在两塔之间的冷凝蒸发器内与液氧换热而冷凝成液氮。该液氮的一部分成为下塔的回流液。其余的液氮从冷凝蒸发器引出后经过液氮过冷器被由上塔顶部来的返流污氮(和返流氮)过冷，少部分作为产品外供；大部分经过节流膨胀进入上塔的顶部成为上塔的另一支回流液。上述两股回流液成为上塔的下降液流。在塔板上下降液流与上升气流充分接触进行热量和质量的交换。在上塔的底部获得液氧，少部分可作为产品外供，大部分液氧在两塔之间的冷凝蒸发器内被氮气加热成气氧，少部分气氧可作为产品被加热后外供，其余的气氧成为上塔的上升气流。上塔顶部获得的返流污氮(或返流氮)进入返流污氮(或返流氮)膨胀机，气体对外做功，降压降温后返回主换热器被加热后进入工艺预定位置。当上塔的顶部获得大量纯氮气产品(又称返流氮)时，进入返流污氮(或返流氮)膨胀机的气体就是产品氮气(返流氮)。
在本发明中，在上塔的顶部获得的返流污氮(或返流氮)的温度较低，可以在液氮过冷器和液空过冷器中被加热。因此返流污氮(或返流氮)膨胀机则可位于液氮过冷器之前；或位于液氮过冷器和液空过冷器中间；或位于液空过冷器之后。
在本发明中，进入返流污氮(或返流氮)膨胀机的气体也可以取自主换热器中的返流污氮(或返流氮)的通道。
在本发明中，膨胀制冷用空气膨胀机和返流污氮(或返流氮)膨胀机是同时开动运行的。
在本发明中，返流污氮(或返流氮)膨胀机是增压透平膨胀机。
在本发明中，下塔不出纯液氮而出污液氮时，上塔也只出污氮气。
在本发明中，在上塔的适当位置抽出含氩较高的氩馏份去制氩***制得氩产品。
在本发明中，还设置低温预冷器，由外界的致冷机组，如氟利昂致冷机组，氨致冷机组等向相关气流提供冷量。
在本发明中，还设置高压换热器及低温泵，在外供液体产品的同时，还能外供部分内压缩气体产品。
本发明实施上述技术措施之后，单位产品的电耗有明显的下降，初步测算可降低10％。可优化性能价格比。使用和维修也更方便和经济。
附图说明 附图1，2分别为实施例一，二的空气分离方法和装置示意图。内中设备序号如下：1为膨胀机增压机，2为水冷器，3为主换热器，4为膨胀制冷空气膨胀机，5为精馏塔，6为下塔，7为上塔，8为冷凝蒸发器，9为液空过冷器，10为液氮过冷器，11为返流污氮(或返流氮)膨胀机，12为低温预冷器，13为低温致冷机组。此外相关的物料流也作如下编号：101为原料空气，102为制冷用原料空气，103为分离用原料空气，104为富氧液空，105为返流污氮(或返流氮)，106为液氧产品，107为液氮，108为液氮产品，109为氩馏分。
具体实施方式  下面结合附图和实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
实施例一  经过压缩机压缩的在预冷***中冷却并在净化***中除去水蒸汽，二氧化碳等有害杂质后的原料空气101分为两股气流。一股气流为膨胀制冷用原料空气流102，它经过膨胀机增压机1增压及水冷器2冷却后进入主换热器3，降低温度后进入膨胀制冷用空气膨胀机4，空气对外做功，降压降温后，再返回主换热器3复热后回到压缩机的进口或去水冷塔。另一股气流为分离用原料空气流103，它经过主换热器3降温到饱和温度或部份带液后，进入精馏塔5的下塔6，精馏塔5由下塔6，上塔7和两塔之间的冷凝蒸发器8组成。下塔6的操作压力是0.65MPa，上塔7的操作压力是0.08MPa。分离用原料空气流103进入下塔6的底部，成为下塔6的上升气流，在塔板上与下降液流充分接触进行热量和质量的交换。在下塔6的底部获得含氧较多的富氧液空104。该富氧液空104被引出下塔6后，先经过液空过冷器9被由上塔7顶部来的返流污氮105过冷，再经过节流膨胀进入上塔7成为上塔7的回流液之一。在下塔6的顶部获得的氮气，少部分可作为产品被加热后外供，大部分氮气在两塔之间的冷凝蒸发器8内与液氧换热而冷凝成液氮。该液氮的一部分成为下塔6的回流液。其余的液氮107经过液氮过冷器10被由上塔7顶部来的返流污氮105过冷，少部分作为产品108外供；大部分经过节流膨胀进入上塔7的顶部成为上塔7的另一支回流液。上述两股回流液成为上塔7的下降液流。在塔板上下降液流与上升气流充分接触进行热量和质量的交换。在上塔7的底部获得液氧，少部分液氧可作为产品106外供，其余液氧在两塔之间的冷凝蒸发器8内被氮气加热成气氧，少部分气氧可作为产品被加热后外供，其余气氧成为上塔7的上升气流。在上塔7的顶部获得的返流污氮105在液氮过冷器9和液空过冷器10中被加热后进入返流污氮膨胀机11，气体对外做功，降压降温后再进入主换热器3与原料空气换热，之后去工艺预定位置。膨胀制冷用空气膨胀机4和返流污氮膨胀机11是同时开动运行的。
在上塔的适当位置抽出含氩较高的氩馏份109去制氩***制得氩产品。
实施例二 在与实施例一相同的空气分离方法和装置的情况中，为了降低产品的能耗，在主换热器3的适当部位设置低温预冷器12。并采用低温致冷机组13向空气提供冷量。
本发明不局限于上述实施方式，不论在其方法或装置上作任何变化，凡具有空气和返流污氮这两种不同工质的膨胀机，且下塔的操作压力是0.65MPa(表压)以上，上塔的操作压力是0.08MPa(表压)以上的双级精馏空气分离方法和装置均落在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (9)

1.一种空气分离的方法，包括：
(1)经过压缩机压缩，预冷***冷却并在净化***中除去有害杂质后的空气(101)分为膨胀制冷用原料空气流(102)和分离用原料空气流(103)，
(2)膨胀制冷用原料空气流(102)经过膨胀机增压机(1)增压及水冷器(2)冷却后进入主换热器(3)，降低温度后进入膨胀制冷用原料空气膨胀机(4)，在膨胀制冷用原料空气膨胀机(4)中降压降温后返还主换热器(3)，出主换热器(3)后回到压缩机进口或去氮水***的水冷塔，
(3)分离用原料空气流(103)经过主换热器(3)后进入精馏塔(5)，在精馏塔(5)内分离成为各种形态的氧，氮产品和氩馏分，
其特征在于：
(1)从精馏塔(5)的上塔(7)获得的返流污氮(105)或返流氮进入返流污氮或返流氮膨胀机(11)，在该膨胀机(11)中降压降温后进入换热器(3)被加热后去工艺预定位置，
(2)膨胀制冷用原料空气膨胀机(4)和返流污氮或返流氮膨胀机(11)是同时开动运行的，
(3)精馏塔(5)的下塔(6)的操作压力为0.65MPa(表压)以上，而上塔(7)的操作压力为0.08MPa(表压)以上。
2.权利要求1所述的一种空气分离的方法，其特征在于：从精馏塔(5)的上塔(7)获得的返流污氮(105)或返流氮在进入液氮过冷器(10)之前进入返流污氮或返流氮膨胀机(11)。
3.权利要求1所述的一种空气分离的方法，其特征在于：从精馏塔(5)的上塔(7)获得的返流污氮(105)或返流氮经过液氮过冷器(10)之后进入返流污氮或返流氮膨胀机(11)。
4.权利要求1所述的一种空气分离的方法，其特征在于：从精馏塔(5)的上塔(7)获得的返流污氮(105)或返流氮经过液氮过冷器(10)和液空过冷器(9)之后进入返流污氮或返流氮膨胀机(11)。
5权利要求1所述的一种空气分离的方法，其特征在于：从精馏塔(5)的上塔(7)获得的返流污氮(105)或返流氮经过液氮过冷器(10)和液空过冷器(9)后进入主换热器(3)初步被加热后进入返流污氮或返流氮膨胀机(11)降压降温后，再进入主换热器(3)被加热后去工艺预定位置。
6.一种空气分离的装置，依次由
(1)对空气进行加压和除去有害杂质使之成为原料空气的压缩机，预冷***，和净化***，
(2)对膨胀制冷用空气进行增压和冷却的膨胀机增压机(1)，水冷器(2)，以及将膨胀制冷用空气进行降压降温的膨胀制冷用原料空气膨胀机(4)，
(3)对各种不同的流体进行冷热交换的主换热器(3)，液空过冷器(9)和液氮过冷器(10)，
(4)将分离用原料空气进行分离获得产品的精馏塔(5)组成，
利用管道依次将压缩机，预冷***，净化***，膨胀机增压机(1)，水冷器(2)，主换热器(3)与精馏塔(5)相互连接；在精馏塔(5)后，仍利用管道依次将液氮过冷器(10)，液空过冷器(9)，主换热器(3)相互连接，
其特征在于：
(1)在液氮过冷器(10)之前，或液氮过冷器(10)与液空过冷器(9)之间，或液空过冷器(9)与主换热器(3)之间有将返流污氮或返流氮进行降压降温的返流污氮或返流氮膨胀机(11)，
(2)精馏塔(5)是双级精馏塔，由操作压力为0.65MPa(表压)以上的下塔(6)，操作压力为0.08MPa(表压)以上的上塔(7)和两塔之间的冷凝蒸发器(8)组成。
7.根据权利要求6所述的一种空气分离装置，其特征在于：返流污氮或返流氮膨胀机(11)是增压透平膨胀机。
8.根据权利要求6所述的一种空气分离的装置，  其特征在于：设有低温预冷器(12)。
9.根据权利要求6所述的一种空气分离的装置，其特征在于：由外界提供冷量的致冷机组是低温致冷机组(13)。
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