CN100347896C

CN100347896C - Membrane electrode assembly for fuel cells and the manufacture method of the same

Info

Publication number: CN100347896C
Application number: CNB028298225A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 万年坊; 王刚; 徐海波; 陈梅
Original assignee: 许纲; 李三友
Priority date: 2002-11-20
Filing date: 2002-11-20
Publication date: 2007-11-07
Anticipated expiration: 2022-11-20
Also published as: CN1695264A; AU2002349740A8; AU2002349740A1; WO2004047211A1

Abstract

The present invention relates to a membrane electrode for fuel batteries and a method for manufacturing the membrane electrode. The membrane electrode for fuel batteries at least comprises a catalyst layer and a proton exchange membrane, wherein at least the catalyst layer and the proton exchange membrane are compounded on a thin porous electric conductive sheet, and the thin porous electric conductive sheet is used for conducting current to an external circuit. The method for manufacturing the membrane electrode for fuel batteries at least comprises the steps that the thin porous electric conductive sheet is manufactured as a substrate, and a plurality of through holes are processed on the thin porous electric conductive sheet; at least the catalyst layer and the proton exchange membrane are compounded on the thin porous electric conductive sheet in a layered mode, the close contact among lays is guaranteed, and both sides of the proton exchange membrane are at least partially contacted with the catalyst layer. The membrane electrode of the present invention has low material cost, and a fuel battery assembled by using the membrane electrode has the advantages of large weight, high volumetric specific power, convenient assembly and easy processing.

Description

Fuel cell membrane electrode and manufacturing method thereof

Field of the invention

The invention relates to the field of fuel cells, in particular to a fuel cell membrane electrode and a manufacturing method thereof.

Background

A fuel cell is a device that directly converts chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy. The fuel cell is mainly different from the conventional cell in that fuel and oxidant are stored outside the cell, and the cell can be continuously operated as long as the fuel and oxidant are supplied. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell has the advantages of low working temperature, quick start, high power density and energy density, no pollution to the environment, no noise and the like. As shown in fig. 31, a pem fuel cell is generally composed of a pem 24 ', a catalytic layer 25' and gas diffusion layers 26 'on both sides thereof, and a bipolar plate 10' with gas-conducting channels. It uses proton exchange membrane 24 'as electrolyte, the proton exchange membrane 24' simultaneously plays the role of preventing the reaction gas from mixing on both sides, there are catalyst layer 25 'directly contacting with the membrane on both sides of the membrane and gas diffusion layer 26' outside. The proton exchange membrane 24 ', the catalytic layer 25 ' and the gas diffusion layer 26 ' on both sides thereof are generally collectively referred to as a membrane electrode, which is a core component of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The operating principle of a fuel cell is that a fuel such as hydrogen gas is decomposed into protons (hydrogen ions) and electrons at an anode catalyst layer, the protons (hydrogen ions) pass through a membrane to reach an anode, and the electrons reach a cathode through an external circuit to react with an oxidant such as oxygen to generate water.

Anode: h₂→2H⁺+2e

Cathode: 2H⁺+1/2O₂+2e→H₂O

The total reaction is as follows:

in practical applications, due to the limited voltage generated by the single cells, the single cells areusually connected in series to form a cell stack to obtain higher voltage. As for the circuit connection mode of the battery pack, adjacent cells can be connected through the bipolar plate, i.e., the bipolar plate is used as both the cathode and the anode of the adjacent cells, and can also be connected through an external circuit. Meanwhile, for the cell stack, it is necessary to have flow fields for distributing two kinds of reaction gases, cooling the flow fields as necessary to dissipate the excessive heat generated when the cell stack is operated, and a current collector, a sealing member, and other parts.

For existing standard fuel cell membrane electrode structures, bipolar plate fuel cell stacks, the cost of each component is high. Such as bipolar plates, must meet the following specifications: 1. separating the oxidizing agent from the reducing agent 2, having a current collecting effect and therefore having to be a good conductor of electricity; 3. because the electrolyte of the existing fuel cell is acid or alkali, and the bipolar plate has to have corrosion resistance under the working potential; 4. flow fields for uniformly distributing reaction gases are required to be processed or arranged on the two sides of the bipolar plate; 5. should be a good conductor of heat to ensure uniform temperature distribution of the battery and implementation of the pyrotechnical scheme. Therefore, the bipolar plate has the advantages of difficult processing technology, long time, high cost, low volume specific power and weight specific power, and can not meet the requirements of small fuel cells, especially portable fuel cells, on high volume specific power and weight specific power.

For proton exchange membranes, it is not only a membrane material, but also a substrate for the electrolyte and electrode active substances. It is an ion-conducting polymer membrane having selective permeability, it must have good ion conductivity to reduce the internal resistance of the cell, sufficiently high mechanical and structural strength, stability to oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis, permeability of reactive species (such as hydrogen, oxygen and methanol) in the membrane as small as possible, sufficient diffusion rate of water molecules in the direction parallel to the membrane surface, surface properties suitable for binding with a catalyst, and the like. At present, the perfluorosulfonic acid membrane is the most widely used proton exchange membrane electrolyte, is developed successfully by Du Pont company, takes Nafion as a trademark, but the current cost still cannot meet the requirement of mass production.

Because the existing fuel cell is composed of the relatively independent proton exchange membrane 24 ', the catalytic layer 25' and the gas diffusion layer 26 'on both sides thereof, and the bipolar plate 10' with the gas guide channels, a certain pressure must be applied to press the two together, so as to reduce the interface contact between the catalytic layer 25 'and the proton exchange membrane 24', between the gas diffusion layer 26 'and the bipolar plate 10', improve the conductivity of electrons and the water heat transfer, thus adding some accessory devices, improving the assembly complexity, and increasing the cost of the fuel cell.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a fuel cell membrane electrode, which has lower material cost, and a fuel cell assembled by the membrane electrode has higher weight and volume specific power, is convenient to assemble and is easy to process.

The invention also aims to provide a manufacturing method of the fuel cell membrane electrode, which adopts materials with lower cost, reduces the manufacturing cost and improves the weight and volume specific power of the fuel cell.

The invention aims to realize the technical scheme that the fuel cell membrane electrode at least comprises a catalytic layer and a proton exchange membrane, wherein at least the catalytic layer and the proton exchange membrane are compounded on a porous conductive sheet, the porous conductive sheet conducts current to an external circuit, and the compound layer meets the following conditions: (1) the catalyst layers are respectively positioned at two sides of the proton exchange membrane and are in contact connection with the proton exchange membrane; (2) the porous conductive sheets are respectively positioned on two sides of the proton exchange membrane.

The invention also provides a manufacturing method of the fuel cell membrane electrode, which at least comprises the following steps:

(A) manufacturing a porous conductive sheet as a substrate;

(B) at least the catalyst layer and the proton exchange membrane are laminated on the porous conductive sheet, so that the layers are ensured to be closely contacted, and both sides of the proton exchange membrane are at least partially contacted with the catalyst layer.

Furthermore, the gas diffusion layer can also be compounded on the porous conductive sheet together with the catalyst layer and the proton exchange membrane.

The layered composition of the gas diffusion layer, the catalytic layer, the proton exchange membrane and the porous conductive sheet can comprise the following steps:

(B1) compounding a gas diffusion layer and a catalytic layer on a porous conductive sheet;

(B2) compounding a proton exchange membrane on the sheet-like finished product of the step (B1);

(B3) and (B2) bonding the two finished products of step (B) together by taking the proton exchange membrane end as a bonding surface to form a membrane electrode monomer.

The metal foil used as the matrix is provided with penetrating holes with different sizes, the aperture ratio accounts for 10 to 90 percent of the total area of the matrix, and the metal foil is subjected to surface treatment and ceramic treatment to improve the corrosion resistance and the conductivity. The metal foil may be a metal or alloy of titanium, nickel, stainless steel, niobium, aluminum, tantalum, copper, etc., and has a thickness of 1 μm to 100 μm. The metal foil can be perforated by laser machining, mechanical machining, electrochemical or chemical etching, and other methods for processing micro-holes, and the shape of the holes can be any conceivable geometric shape, so that the aperture ratio is 10 to 90 percent of the total area of the substrate.

The gas diffusion layer of the membrane electrode of the fuel cell is an electronic conductive porous material which is formed by mixing an electronic conductive material, a pore-forming component and a binder. The electronic conductive material is carbon powder, metal powder or metal ceramic powder with high conductivity and the like; the pore-forming component is particles with a loose structure, and is carbon powder or carbon fiber; the binder is a polymer that is a partially or fully fluorinated carbon polymer, or other polymer having hydrophobic properties.

The catalytic layer of the membrane electrode of the fuel cell is composed of a conductive porous material containing platinum and platinum alloy, and can be divided into two types of hydrophobic performance and hydrophilic performance. The catalyst layer with hydrophobic property is made of conductive porous material which at least contains one kind of hydrophobic polymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene and other polymers as binder, and platinum or platinum alloy as catalyst, wherein the platinum or platinum alloy can be attached on carrier carbon or other conductive powder. The catalyst layer with hydrophilic property is formed by a conductive material which at least contains hydrophilic polymer such as perfluorosulfonic acid resin as a binder and platinum or platinum alloy as a catalyst, wherein the platinum or platinum alloy can be attached on carrier carbon or other conductive powder.

The ion conducting polymer of the fuel cell membrane electrode may be proton (H) conducting⁺) The ion conducting polymer can be a finished product membrane, such as Nafion, or a perfluorinated sulfonic acid ion exchange membrane resin, which is coated on the surface of the catalytic layer after being melted.

The invention has the advantages that firstly, because the proton exchange membrane and the catalyst layer are directly compounded on the porous conductive sheet and the current is conducted to an external circuit by the porous conductive sheet, the invention avoids the adoption of a bipolar plate with large processing technology difficulty, long time and high cost, has compact volume and light weight, improves the weight and volume specific power of the fuel cell and reduces the cost. Secondly, because the proton exchange membrane and the catalyst layer are directly compounded on the porous conductive sheet, the battery does not need to apply certain pressure to reduce interface contact and improve electron conductivity and water heat transfer, thereby reducing some accessory devices, reducing the complexity of assembly and reducing the cost. And thirdly, as the ionic conducting polymer can be adopted, and is coated on the surface of the catalytic layer or the porous conducting sheet after being melted to directly form a film as an electrolyte, the finished product proton exchange membrane with high price is avoided, and the cost of the fuel cell is greatly reduced.

Drawings

The following drawings are intended to illustrate the present invention in more detail, and are an embodiment of the present invention, but not to limit the scope of the present invention.

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a membrane electrode structure of a fuel cell according to example 1 of the present invention;

FIG. 1A is a schematic view of a via structure on a porous conductive sheet of the present invention;

FIG. 1B is a schematic view of another via structure on a porous conductive sheet of the present invention;

FIG. 1C is a schematic view of yet another via structure on a porous conductive sheet according to the present invention;

FIG. 2A is a schematic view showing the steps of manufacturing a membrane electrode according to example 1 of the present invention;

FIG. 2B is a schematic view showing another manufacturing step of a membrane electrode according to example 1 of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing the structure of example 2 of the membrane electrode of the present invention;

FIG. 4A is a schematic view showing the steps of manufacturing a membrane electrode according to example 2 of the present invention;

FIG. 4B is a schematic view showing another manufacturing step of a membrane electrode according to example 2 of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing the structure of example 3 of the membrane electrode of the present invention;

FIG. 6A is a schematic view showing the steps for producing a membrane electrode according to example 3 of the present invention;

FIG. 6B is a schematic view showing another manufacturing step of a membrane electrode according to example 3 of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic view showing the structure of membrane electrode example 4 of the present invention;

FIG. 8A is a schematic view showing the steps of manufacturing a membrane electrode according to example 4 of the present invention;

FIG. 8B is a schematic view showing another manufacturing step of a membrane electrode according to example 4 of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a schematic view showing the structure of example 5 of the membrane electrode of the present invention;

FIG. 10A is a schematic view showing the steps for producing a membrane electrode according to example 5 of the present invention;

FIG. 10B is a schematic view showing another manufacturing step of a membrane electrode according to example 5 of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a schematic view showing the structure of example 6 of a membrane electrode according to the present invention;

FIG. 12A is a schematic view showing the steps of manufacturing a membrane electrode according to example 6 of the present invention;

FIG. 12B is a schematic view showing another manufacturing step of a membrane electrode according to example 6 of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a schematic view showing the structure of example 7 of a membrane electrode according to the present invention;

FIG. 14A is a schematic view showing the steps of manufacturing a membrane electrode according to example 7 of the present invention;

FIG. 14B is a schematic view showing another manufacturing step of a membrane electrode of example 7 of the present invention;

FIG. 15 is a schematic view showing the structure of example 8 of a membrane electrode according to the present invention;

FIG. 16A is a schematic view showing the steps for producing a membrane electrode according to example 8 of the present invention;

FIG. 16B is a schematic view showing another manufacturing step of a membrane electrode according to example 8 of the present invention;

FIG. 17 is a schematic view showing the structure of example 9 of a membrane electrode according to the present invention;

FIG. 18A is a schematic view showing the steps of manufacturing a membrane electrode according to example 9 of the present invention;

FIG. 18B is a schematic view showing another manufacturing step of a membrane electrode according to example 9 of the present invention;

FIG. 19 is a schematic view showing the structure of a membrane electrode of example 10 of the present invention;

FIG. 20A is a schematic view showing the steps of manufacturing a membrane electrode according to example 10 of the present invention;

FIG. 20B is a schematic view showing another manufacturing step of a membrane electrode assembly according to example 10 of the present invention;

FIG. 21 is a schematic view showing the structure of example 11 of a membrane electrode according to the present invention;

FIG. 22A is a schematic view showing the production steps of a membrane electrode according to example 11 of the present invention;

FIG. 22B is a schematic view showing another production step of a membrane electrode of example 11 of the present invention;

FIG. 23 is a schematic view showing the structure of example 12 of a membrane electrode according to the present invention;

FIG. 24A is a schematic view showing the steps of producing a membrane electrode according to example 12 of the present invention;

FIG. 24B is a schematic view showing another production step of a membrane electrode assembly according to example 12 of the present invention;

FIG. 25 is a schematic view showing the structure of example 13 of a membrane electrode according to the present invention;

FIG. 26A is a schematic view showing the production steps of a membrane electrode according to example 13 of the present invention;

FIG. 26B is a schematic view showing another production step of a membrane electrode assembly according to example 13 of the present invention;

FIG. 27 is a schematic view showing the structure of example 14 of a membrane electrode according to the present invention;

FIG. 28A is a schematic view showing the steps of producing a membrane electrode according to example 14 of the present invention;

FIG. 28B is a schematic view showing another manufacturing step of a membrane electrode assembly according to example 14 of the present invention;

FIG. 29 is a schematic view showing the structure of a membrane electrode of example 15 of the present invention;

FIG. 30A is a schematic view showing the production steps of a membrane electrode according to example 15 of the present invention;

FIG. 30B is a schematic view showing another production step of a membrane electrode according to example 15 of the present invention;

FIG. 31 is a schematic view of a conventional membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell.

Detailed Description

Example 1

As shown in fig. 1, the present invention provides a fuel cell membrane electrode, which at least comprises a catalyst layer 2 and a proton exchange membrane 1, wherein at least the catalyst layer 2 and the proton exchange membrane 1 are compounded on a porous conductive sheet 3, and the porous conductive sheet 3 conducts current to an external circuit, and in order to ensure the normal operation of the membrane electrode of the present invention, the compound layer should satisfy the following conditions: (1) the catalyst layers 2 are respectively positioned at two sides of the proton exchange membrane 1 and are in contact connection with the proton exchange membrane 1; (2) the porous conductive sheets 3 are respectively positioned at two sides of the proton exchange membrane 1. Thus, because the proton exchange membrane 1 and the catalyst layer 2 are directly compounded on the porous conductive sheet 3, and the current is conducted to an external circuit by the porous conductive sheet 3, a bipolar plate with high processing technology difficulty, long time and high cost is avoided, so that the fuel cell utilizing the invention has compact volume and light weight, the weight and the volume specific power of the fuel cell are improved, and the cost is reduced.

The manufacturing method of the fuel cell membrane electrode at least comprises the following steps:

(A) manufacturing a porous conductive sheet 3 as a matrix;

(B) at least the catalyst layer 2 and the proton exchange membrane 1 are laminated on the porous conductivesheet 3, so that the layers are ensured to be closely contacted, and the two sides of the proton exchange membrane 1 are at least partially contacted with the catalyst layer 2.

Because the proton exchange membrane 1 and the catalyst layer 2 are directly compounded on the porous conductive sheet 3, the battery does not need to apply certain pressure to reduce interface contact and improve electron conductivity and water heat transfer, thereby reducing some accessory devices, reducing the assembly complexity and reducing the cost.

In the present invention, the porous conductive sheet 3 may be a metal foil or a carbon paper or a carbon cloth with a plurality of through holes 31. The metal of the metal foil may be titanium, nickel, stainless steel, niobium, aluminum, tantalum, copper, or an alloy. The thickness of the metal foil is 1 μm to 100 μm.

Since the pem fuel cell is operated under strong acidic conditions, the metal will be corroded to affect the proton exchange capacity of the pem 1. In addition, in general, metals tend to form an oxide thin film having poor conductivity on the surface. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the porous conductive sheet 1 should be subjected to surface treatment and ceramic treatment to improve the acid corrosion resistance and stable conductivity, so as to ensure long service life and stable operation performance of the battery. Since the adopted ceramic corrosion prevention technology is not in the scope of the protection of the present patent application, the detailed description is omitted

As shown in fig. 1A to 1C, a through hole 31 may be formed in the metal foil forming the porous conductive sheet 3 by laser processing, mechanical processing, electrochemical or chemical etching, and other conventional methods for forming a hole, and the through hole 31 may have various shapes such as a circle, a rectangle, a polygon, and the like. Inthis embodiment, the porous conductive sheet 3 made of carbon paper or carbon cloth may be used, and since the carbon paper or carbon cloth itself has the through holes 31 made of mesh, the punching operation is not necessary. The opening rate of the through holes 31 on the porous conductive sheet 3 can be adjusted between 10% and 90%, and generally, under the same opening rate, the more the holes are opened, the smaller the hole diameter is, the easier the film is formed on the foil, and the relative electron stroke is shorter. The larger the opening ratio, the larger the contact area between the catalyst layer 2 and the proton exchange membrane 1, the better the proton flow performance, but the larger the opening ratio, and particularly the smaller the cross-sectional area of the foil in the current direction, the higher the resistance. Therefore, the opening rate and the opening shape of the through-hole 31 can be determined to meet the needs of various practical use cases by taking comprehensive consideration of the specific cases.

In the step (B), the layered composition of the catalyst layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may be performed by the following steps:

(B1) compounding the catalyst layer 2 on the conductive foil 3;

(B2) compounding the proton exchange membrane 1 on the sheet-like finished product of the step (B1);

(B3) and (B2) bonding the two finished products of step (B) together by taking the end of the proton exchange membrane 1 as a bonding surface to form a membrane electrode monomer.

The method can adopt the ion conductive polymer which is coated on the porous conductive sheet 3 after being melted to directly form a film as the electrolyte, thereby avoiding the adoption of the finished product proton exchange membrane with high price and greatly reducingthe cost of the fuel cell.

In this embodiment, in the step (B), the catalyst layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, and the porous conductive sheet 3 may be laminated and combined by the following steps:

(B1) compounding a catalytic layer 2 on the porous conductive sheet 3;

(B2) and (C) compounding the proton exchange membrane 1 between the two finished products in the step (B1) in a hot-pressing or fusion bonding mode, and ensuring that the proton exchange membrane 1 is in contact with the catalyst layers 2 on the two sides of the proton exchange membrane to form a membrane electrode monomer.

In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 1, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 of the membrane electrode are arranged in the following order: the device comprises a catalyst layer 2, a porous conductive sheet 3, a proton exchange membrane 1, a porous conductive sheet 3 and a catalyst layer 2; the catalyst layers 2 on both sides of the porous conductive sheet 3 are in contact with the proton exchange membrane 1 through the through holes 31 on the porous conductive sheet 3.

Specifically, in this embodiment, as shown in fig. 2A, the layered combination of the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may include the following steps:

(B1) preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on one side of a substrate of the porous conductive sheet 2 to form a catalyst layer 2;

(B2) preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, coating the solution on the other side of a substrate of a porous conductive sheet 3 to form a proton exchange membrane 1, and enabling a composite catalytic layer 2 on the other side of the porous conductive sheet 3 to be in contact with the proton exchange membrane 1 through a through hole 31 on the porous conductive sheet 3;

(B3) and (B2) bonding the finished product obtained in the step (B) by taking the end coated with the ion conductive polymer as a bonding surface to form a membrane electrode monomer.

The catalyst layer 2 in the step (B1) may be coated on the through holes 31 of the porous conductive sheet 3, and in the step (B2), after the proton exchange membrane 1 is coated on both sides of the porous conductive sheet 3, the catalyst in the through holes 31 contacts with the proton exchange membrane 1, so as to realize the contact connection between the catalyst layer 2 and the proton exchange membrane 1. In the step (B1), the catalyst layer 2 may be coated with a continuous layer on the through holes 31 of the porous conductive sheet 3, and in the step (B2), after the proton exchange membrane 1 is coated on both sides of the porous conductive sheet 3, the catalyst layer 2 contacts with the proton exchange membrane 1 through the catalyst layer coated continuously in the through holes 31, so that the gas permeability can be increased, the consumption of the catalyst layer 2 can be reduced, and the thickness can be reduced.

The ion-conducting polymer may be proton (H) conducting⁺) For example, a perfluorosulfonic acid ion exchange membrane resin is used, and the molten polymer is coated on the surface of the catalyst layer.

In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 2B, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may be laminated and combined by the following steps:

(B1) preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on one side of a substrate of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a catalyst layer 2;

(B2) and (B1) compounding the protonexchange membrane 1 between the porous conductive sheets 3 prepared in the step (B1) by a hot-pressing or fusion bonding method, wherein the catalyst layer 2 compounded on the other side of the porous conductive sheet 3 is contacted with the proton exchange membrane 1 through the through holes 31 on the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a membrane electrode monomer.

In the embodiment, the porous conductive sheet 3 is directly contacted with the catalyst layer 1, and the other side is compounded with the proton exchange membrane 1, so that the method has short electronic flow, electrons can be directly led out from the porous conductive sheet 3, and the resistance is low.

The catalyst layer 2 is mainly composed of a conductive porous material containing platinum and platinum alloy, the platinum or platinum alloy can be attached to carrier carbon, and the catalyst layer 2 contains pore-forming agent. The catalytic layer 2 may be a catalytic layer having a hydrophobic property or a catalytic layer having a hydrophilic property. The catalyst layer with hydrophobic property is made of conductive porous material which at least contains one kind of hydrophobic polymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene and other polymers as binder, and platinum or platinum alloy as catalyst, wherein the platinum or platinum alloy can be attached on carrier carbon or other conductive powder. The catalyst layer with hydrophilic property is formed by a conductive material which at least contains hydrophilic polymer such as perfluorosulfonic acid resin as a binder and platinum or platinum alloy as a catalyst, wherein the platinum or platinum alloy can be attached on carrier carbon or other conductive powder.

Example 2

The basic structure and manufacturing method of the present invention are the same as those of embodiment 1, and are not described herein again.

As shown infig. 3, the present embodiment is different from embodiment 1 in that, in the present embodiment, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 of the membrane electrode of the present invention are arranged in the following order: porous conductive sheet 3, catalyst layer 2, proton exchange membrane 1, catalyst layer 2, porous conductive sheet 3.

In this embodiment, since the catalytic layer 2 is in direct layer contact with the proton exchange membrane 1, the contact area is large, and the proton passage path is short and uniform.

In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 4A, after the porous conductive sheet 3 is manufactured by the method described in embodiment 1, the layered combination of the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may include the following steps:

(B2) preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating the solution on the catalyst layer 2 to form a proton exchange membrane 1;

As shown in fig. 4B, the layered combination of the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may also include the following steps:

(B2) and (B1) compounding the proton exchange membrane 1 between the catalyst layers 2 prepared in the step (B1) by a hot pressing or fusion bonding method to form a membrane electrode monomer.

Other structures and methods of this embodiment are the same as those of embodiment 1, and are not described in detail here. Since the basic structure and method of the present embodiment are the same as those of embodiment 1, the advantageous effects described in embodiment 1 are also obtained.

Example 3

As shown in fig. 5, the present embodiment is different from embodiment 1 in that, in the present embodiment, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 are arranged in the following order: the catalyst layer 2, the porous conductive sheet 3, the proton exchange membrane 1, the catalyst layer 2 and the porous conductive sheet 3; the catalyst layers 2 on both sides of the porous conductive sheet 3 are in contact with the proton exchange membrane 1 through the through holes 31 on the porous conductive sheet 3.

The manufacturing method of the membrane electrode of the present embodiment is different from that of embodiment 1 in that, as shown in fig. 6A, in the present embodiment, the layered combination of the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may include the following steps:

(B2) preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, coating the solution on the other side of a substrate of aporous conductive sheet 3 to form a proton exchange membrane 1, and enabling a composite catalytic layer 2 on the other side of the porous conductive sheet 3 to be in contact with the proton exchange membrane 1 through holes in the porous conductive sheet 3;

(B3) preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating the solution on the catalytic layer 2 formed in the step (B1) to form a proton exchange membrane 1;

(B4) and (C) bonding the one-piece finished product obtained in the step (B2) and the one-piece finished product obtained in the step (B3) by taking the end coated with the ion conductive polymer as a bonding surface to form a membrane electrode monomer.

As shown in fig. 6B, in this embodiment, the layered combination of the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may adopt the following steps:

(B2) and (B1) compounding the proton exchange membrane 1 between the porous conductive sheets and the catalytic layers of the two finished products in the step (B1) by a hot-pressing or fusion bonding method, wherein the catalytic layers 2 at two sides of the porous conductive sheets 3 are contacted with the proton exchange membrane 1 through the through holes 31 on the porous conductive sheets 3 to form a membrane electrode monomer.

Example 4

As shown in fig. 7, the difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that, in this embodiment, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 are arranged in the following order: the catalyst layer 2, the porous conductive sheet 3, the catalyst layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, the catalyst layer 2, the porous conductive sheet 3 and the catalyst layer 2.

As shown in fig. 8A and 8B, the manufacturing method of the membrane electrode in this embodiment is different from that of embodiment 1 in that the layered combination of the catalyst layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may adopt the following steps:

(B1) preparing the catalyst into a solution, and respectively coating the solution on two sides of a substrate of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form catalyst layers 2;

(B2) preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating the solution on the catalytic layer 2 on one side of the solution to form a proton exchange membrane 1;

(B3) and (B2) bonding the two pieces of finished products coated with the ion conductive polymer end as a bonding surface to form a membrane electrode monomer.

As shown in fig. 8B, the layered combination of the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may also include the following steps:

(B2) and (B1) compounding the proton exchange membrane between the catalyst layers of the two finished products in the step (B1) by a hot pressing or surface gel bonding method to form a membrane electrode monomer.

In this embodiment, the catalytic layers 2 may be all catalytic layers having hydrophobic properties. The catalyst layer 2 outside the porous conductive sheet 3 can also be a catalyst layer with hydrophobic property to increase the ventilation effect, and the catalyst layer 2 sandwiched between the porous conductive sheet 3 and the proton exchange membrane 1 can be a catalyst layer with hydrophilic property.

Example 5

As shown in fig. 9, the present embodiment is different from embodiment 1 in that, in the present embodiment, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 are arranged in the following order: the catalyst layer 2, the porous conductive sheet 3, the catalyst layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, the catalyst layer 2 and the porous conductive sheet 3.

As shown in fig. 10A, the manufacturing method of the membrane electrode in this embodiment is different from that in embodiment 1, in that the layered combination of the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may include the following steps:

(B1) preparing the catalyst into a solution, and respectively coating the solution on two sides of a substrate of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form catalyst layers 2; preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating the solution on the catalytic layer 2 on one side of the solution to form a proton exchange membrane 1;

(B2) preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on one side of a substrate of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a catalyst layer 2; preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating the solution on the catalyst layer 2 to form a proton exchange membrane 1;

(B3) and (C) bonding the one-piece finished product obtained in the step (B1) and the one-piece finished product obtained in the step (B2) by taking the end coated with the ion conductive polymer as a bonding surface to form a membrane electrode monomer.

As shown in fig. 10B, in the manufacturing method of the membrane electrode according to the present embodiment, the layer combination of the catalyst layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may include the following steps:

(B2) preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on one side of a substrate of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a catalyst layer 2;

(B3) compounding the proton exchange membrane 1 between the catalyst layer 2 of the finished product in the step (B1) and the finished product in the step (B1) by a hot-pressing or fusion bonding method; constitute the membrane electrode monomer.

Other structures and methodsof this embodiment are the same as those of embodiment 1, and are not described in detail here. Since the basic structure and method of the present embodiment are the same as those of embodiment 1, the advantageous effects described in embodiment 1 are also obtained.

Example 6

As shown in fig. 11, the present embodiment is different from embodiment 1 in that, in the present embodiment, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 are arranged in the following order: the catalyst layer 2, the porous conductive sheet 3, the catalyst layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, the porous conductive sheet and the catalyst layer 2; the catalyst layers 2 on both sides of the porous conductive sheet 3 are in contact with the proton exchange membrane 1 through the through holes 31 on the porous conductive sheet 3.

As shown in fig. 12A, the manufacturing method of the membrane electrode in this embodiment is different from that of embodiment 1 in that the layered combination of the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may include the following steps:

(B2) preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on one side of a substrate of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a catalyst layer 2; preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, coating the solution on the other side of a substrate of a porous conductive sheet 3 to form a proton exchange membrane 1, and enabling a composite catalytic layer 2 on the other side of the porous conductive sheet 3 to be in contact with the proton exchange membrane 1 through a through hole 31 on the porous conductive sheet 3;

As shown in fig. 12B, in the manufacturing method of the membrane electrode according to the present embodiment, the layer combination of the catalyst layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may include the following steps:

(B3) compounding the proton exchange membrane 1 between the catalytic layer 2 of the finished product in the step (B1) and the porous conductive sheet 3 of the finished product in the step (B1) by a hot-pressing or fusion bonding method; constitute the membrane electrode monomer.

Example 7

As shown in fig. 13, this embodiment is different from embodiment 1 in that, in this embodiment, a gas diffusion layer 4 can be combined with a catalytic layer 2 and a proton exchange membrane 1 on the porous conductive sheet 3. In this embodiment, the arrangement order of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, and the porous conductive sheet 3 after being combined is as follows: the proton exchange membrane comprises a gas diffusion layer 4, a catalyst layer 2, a porous conductive sheet 3, a proton exchange membrane 1, a porous conductive sheet 3, a catalyst layer 2 and a gas diffusion layer 1; the catalyst layers 2 on two sides of the porous conductive sheet 3 are contacted with the proton exchange membrane 1 through holes on the porous conductive sheet 3.

In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 14A, the layered combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, and the porous conductive sheet 3 may include the following steps:

(B1) compounding a gas diffusion layer 4 and a catalyst layer 2 on a porous conductive sheet 3;

In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 14B, the layered combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may adopt the following steps:

As further shown in fig. 14A, the layered combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may specifically include the following steps:

(B1) coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on one side of a base body of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a gas diffusion layer 4;

(B2) preparing the catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on the gas diffusion layer 4 formed in the step (B1) to form the catalyst layer 2;

(B3) preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating the solution on the other side of the substrate of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a proton exchange membrane;

(B4) and (B2) bonding the two pieces of finished products coated with the ion conductive polymer end as a bonding surface to form a membrane electrode monomer.

As further shown in fig. 14B, the layer-by-layer combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, and the porous conductive sheet 3 may also specifically include the following steps:

(B1) coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on one side of a base body of the porous conductive sheet 3 to forma gas diffusion layer 4;

(B2) preparing the catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on the gas diffusion layer formed in the step (B1) to form a catalyst layer;

(B3) and (B1) compounding the proton exchange membrane between the two finished products in the step (B1) by a hot pressing or surface gel bonding method to form the membrane electrode monomer.

In the present embodiment, the gas diffusion layer 4 of the fuel cell membrane electrode may be composed of an electronically conductive porous material. The material is prepared by mixing an electronic conductive material, a pore-forming component and a binder. The electronic conductive material can be carbon powder, metal ceramic powder with high conductivity and the like; the pore-forming component is a loose-structure particle, which can be carbon powder and carbon fiber; the binder is a polymer which may be a partially or fully fluorinated carbon polymer, as well as other polymers having hydrophobic properties.

Example 8

The basic structure and manufacturing method of the present invention are the same as those of embodiment 7, and are not described again here.

As shown in fig. 15, this embodiment is different from embodiment 7 in that, in this embodiment, the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, and the porous conductive sheet 3 are arranged in the following order: the proton exchange membrane comprises a gas diffusion layer 4, a porous conductive sheet3, a catalytic layer 2, a proton exchange membrane 1, a catalytic layer 2, a porous conductive sheet 3 and a gas diffusion layer 4.

As shown in fig. 16A, the manufacturing method of this embodiment is different from that of embodiment 7 in that the layer combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may specifically adopt the following steps:

(B2) preparing the catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on the other side of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a catalyst layer 2;

(B3) an ion-conductive polymer capable of conducting protons is made into a solution, and the solution is applied to the catalyst layer 2 formed by (B2 to form a proton exchange membrane 1;

(B4) and (B3) bonding the two pieces of finished products coated with the ion conductive polymer end as a bonding surface to form a membrane electrode monomer.

In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 14B, the following steps may also be adopted for the layered combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalyst layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, and the porous conductive sheet 3:

(B2) preparing the catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on the other side of the electric foil 3 to form a catalyst layer 2;

(B3) and compounding the proton exchange membrane between the catalyst layers 2 of the two finished products in the step (B2) by a hot pressing or surface gel bonding method to form a membrane electrode monomer.

Other structures and methods of this embodiment are the same as those of embodiment 7, and will not be described in detail. Since the basic structure and method of this embodiment are the same as those of embodiment 7, the advantageous effects described in embodiment 1 are also obtained.

Example 9

As shown in fig. 17, this embodiment is different from embodiment 7 in that, in this embodiment, the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, and the porous conductive sheet 3 are arranged in the following order: porous conductive sheet 3, gas diffusion layer 4, catalyst layer 2, proton exchange membrane 1, catalyst layer 2, gas diffusion layer 4, porous conductive sheet 3.

The manufacturing method of this embodiment differs from that of embodiment 7 in that, as shown in fig. 18A, in this embodiment, the following steps can be specifically adopted for the layered combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3:

(B3) preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating the solution on the catalytic layer 2 formed in (B2) to form a proton exchange membrane;

In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 18B, the layered combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may also include the following steps:

(B3) and compounding the proton exchange membrane between the catalyst layers 2 of the two finished products in the step (B1) by a hot pressing or surface gel bonding method to form a membrane electrode monomer.

Other structures and methods of this embodiment are the same as those of embodiment 7, and will not be described in detail. Since the basic structure and method of this embodiment are the same as those of embodiment 7, the advantageous effects described in embodiment 7 are also obtained.

Example 10

As shown in fig. 19, this embodiment is different from embodiment 7 in that, in this embodiment, the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, and the porous conductive sheet 3 are arranged in the following order: the proton exchange membrane comprises a gas diffusion layer 4, a porous conductive sheet 3, a gas diffusion layer 4, a catalyst layer 2, a proton exchange membrane 1, a catalyst layer 2, a gas diffusion layer 4, a porous conductive sheet 3 and a gas diffusion layer 4.

The manufacturing method of this embodiment is different from embodiment 7 in that, as shown in fig. 20A, in this embodiment, the layered combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may include the following steps:

(B1) coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on two sides of a porous conductive sheet 3 substrate respectively to form a gas diffusion layer 4;

(B2) preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on the gas diffusion layer 4 on one side of the solution to form a catalyst layer 2;

(B3) preparing an ion-conducting polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating the solution on the catalytic layer 2 formed in B2) to form a proton-exchange membrane;

In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 20B, the layered combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may also include the following steps:

(B1) coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on two sides of a base body of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a gas diffusion layer 4;

(B3) and (B) compounding the proton exchange membrane 1 between the two catalyst layers 2 of the two finished products in the step (B2) by a hot pressing or fusion bonding method to form a membrane electrode monomer.

Example 11

As shown in fig. 21, this embodiment is different from embodiment 7 in that, in this embodiment, the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, and the porous conductive sheet 3 are arranged in the following order: the proton exchange membrane comprises a gas diffusion layer 4, a catalyst layer 2, a porous conductive sheet 3, a proton exchange membrane 1, a catalyst layer 2, a porous conductive sheet 3 and a gas diffusion layer 4; the catalyst layers 2 on both sides of the porous conductive sheet 3 are in contact with the proton exchange membrane 1 through the through holes 31 on the porous conductive sheet 3.

The manufacturing method of the membrane electrode of the present embodiment differs from embodiment 7 in that, as shown in fig. 22A, the layered combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, and the porous conductive sheet 3 may include the following steps:

(B1) preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on one side of a substrate of a porous conductive sheet 3 to form a catalyst layer 2; coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on the catalyst layer 2 to form a gas diffusion layer4;

(B2) coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on one side of a base body of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a gas diffusion layer 4; preparing the catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on the other side of the substrate of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a catalyst layer 2;

(B3) preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating (B1) the other side of the porous conductive sheet 3 and the catalyst layer 2 formed in (B2) respectively to form a proton exchange membrane 1;

In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 22B, the layered combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may also include the following steps:

(B1) preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on one side of a substrate of a porous conductive sheet 3 to form a catalyst layer 2; coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on the catalyst layer 2 to form a gas diffusion layer 4;

(B3) and (C) compounding the proton exchange membrane between the two finished products in the steps (B1) and (B2) by a hot pressing or surface gel bonding method to form a membrane electrode monomer.

Example 12

As shown in fig. 23, this embodiment is different from embodiment 7 in that, in this embodiment, the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, and the porous conductive sheet 3 are arranged in the following order: the proton exchange membrane comprises a gas diffusion layer 4, a catalyst layer 2, a porous conductive sheet 3, a catalyst layer 2, a proton exchange membrane 1, a catalyst layer 2, a porous conductive sheet 3, a catalyst layer 2 and a gas diffusion layer 4.

The manufacturing method of the membrane electrode of the present embodiment differs from embodiment 7 in that, as shown in fig. 24A, the layered combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, and the porous conductive sheet 3 may include the following steps:

(B1) preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on two sides of a substrate of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a catalyst layer 2;

(B2) coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on the catalyst layer 2 on one side to form a gas diffusion layer 4;

(B3) preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating the solution on the catalytic layer 2 on the other side to form a proton exchange membrane 1;

In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 24B, the layered combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may also include the following steps:

Example 13

As shown in fig. 25, this embodiment is different from embodiment 7 in that, in this embodiment, the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, and the porous conductive sheet 3 are arranged in the following order: the proton exchange membrane comprises a gas diffusion layer 4, a catalyst layer 2, a porous conductive sheet 3, a catalyst layer 2, a proton exchange membrane 1, a catalyst layer 2, a gas diffusion layer 4 and a porous conductive sheet 3.

The manufacturing method of the membrane electrode of the present embodiment differs from embodiment 7 in that, as shown in fig. 26A, the layered combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, and the porous conductive sheet 3 may include the following steps:

(B1) preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on two sides of a substrate of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a catalyst layer 2; coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on the catalyst layer 2 on one side to form a gas diffusion layer 4;

(B2) coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on one side of a base body of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a gas diffusion layer 4; preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on a gas diffusion layer 4 to form a catalyst layer 2;

(B3) preparing an ion-conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating the solution on the catalyst layer 2 formed in (B1) and (B2) to form a proton-exchange membrane;

In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 26B, the layered combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may also include the following steps:

(B3) and (C) compounding the proton exchange membrane between the catalyst layers 2 of the two finished products in the steps (B1) and (B2) by a hot pressing or surface gelling bonding method to form a membrane electrode monomer.

Example 14

As shown in fig. 27, this embodiment is different from embodiment 7 in that, in this embodiment, the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, and the porous conductive sheet 3 are arranged in the following order: the proton exchange membrane comprises a gas diffusion layer 4, a catalyst layer 2, a porous conductive sheet 3, a catalyst layer 2, a proton exchange membrane 1, a catalyst layer 2, a porous conductive sheet 3 and a gas diffusion layer 4.

The manufacturing method of the membrane electrode of the present embodiment differs from embodiment 7 in that, as shown in fig. 28A, the layered combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, and the porous conductive sheet 3 may include the following steps:

(B2) preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on one side of a substrate of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a catalyst layer 2; coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on the other side of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a gas diffusion layer 4;

In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 28B, the layered combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may also include the following steps:

(B2) preparing the catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on one side of the porous conductive sheet substrate to form a catalyst layer 2; coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on the other side of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a gas diffusion layer 4;

Example 15

As shown in fig. 29, this embodiment is different from embodiment 7 in that, in this embodiment, the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, and the porous conductive sheet 3 are arranged in the following order: the proton exchange membrane comprises a gas diffusion layer 4, a catalyst layer 2, a porous conductive sheet 3, a catalyst layer 2, a proton exchange membrane 1, a porous conductive sheet 3, a catalyst layer 2 and a gas diffusion layer 4; the catalyst layers 2 on both sides of the porous conductive sheet 3 are in contact with the proton exchange membrane 1 through the through holes 31 on the porous conductive sheet 3.

The manufacturing method of the membrane electrode of the present embodiment differs from embodiment 7 in that, as shown in fig. 30A, the layered combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1, and the porous conductive sheet 3 may include the following steps:

(B2) preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on one side of a substrate of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a catalyst layer 2; coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on the catalytic layer of the porous conductive sheet 3 to form a gas diffusion layer 4;

(B3) preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating the catalyst layer 2 formed in (B1) and the other side of the porous conductive sheet 3 formed in (B2) to form a proton exchange membrane 1;

In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 30B, the layered combination of the gas diffusion layer 4, the catalytic layer 2, the proton exchange membrane 1 and the porous conductive sheet 3 may also include the following steps:

(B2) preparing the catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on one side of the porous conductive sheet substrate to form a catalyst layer 2; coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on the catalyst layer 2 to form a gas diffusion layer 4;

(B3) and (C) compounding the proton exchange membrane between the catalytic layer 2 and the porous conductive sheet 3 of the two finished products of the steps (B1) and (B2) by a hot pressing or surface gel bonding method to form a membrane electrode monomer.

Other structures and methodsof this embodiment are the same as those of embodiment 7, and will not be described in detail. Since the basic structure and method of this embodiment are the same as those of embodiment 7, the advantageous effects described in embodiment 7 are also obtained.

The above examples are several specific embodiments of the present invention, and are only used for illustrating the present invention and not for limiting the present invention. The composite mode of the membrane electrode of the invention can be various, and the change of each different arrangement mode belongs to the scope of the invention as long as the function of the membrane electrode can be realized. In addition, the membrane electrode of the present invention is not limited to proton exchange membrane fuel cells, and can be used as an electrolyte electrode of other electrochemical reaction devices, such as water electrolyzers, chlor-alkali industrial electrolyzers, electrochemical sensors, and the like.

Claims

1. A fuel cell membrane electrode at least comprises a catalyst layer and a proton exchange membrane, and is characterized in that the membrane electrode takes a porous conductive sheet as a carrier, the porous conductive sheet is a metal foil provided with a plurality of through holes, at least the catalyst layer and the proton exchange membrane are compounded on the porous conductive sheet, when the fuel cell works, current passes through and is directly supplied to a load through a conductor along the surface direction of the porous conductive sheet, and the membrane electrode meets the following conditions: (1) the catalyst layers are respectively positioned at two sides of the proton exchange membrane and are in contact connection with the proton exchange membrane; (2) the porous conductive sheets are respectively positioned on two sides of the proton exchange membrane; (3) the two porous conductive sheets can collect current and supply it directly to the load of the fuel cell through the conductor.

2. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 wherein a gas diffusion layer is laminated to said porous conductive sheet together with a catalyst layer and a proton exchange membrane.

3. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the catalytic layer, the proton exchange membrane and the porous conductive sheet are combined in the following order: the proton exchange membrane comprises a catalyst layer, a porous conductive sheet, a proton exchange membrane, a porous conductive sheet and a catalyst layer; the catalyst layers on two sides of the porous conductive sheet are contacted with the proton exchange membrane through the through holes on the porous conductive sheet.

4. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the catalytic layer, the proton exchange membrane and the porous conductive sheet are combined in the following order: porous conductive thin slice, catalyst layer, proton exchange membrane, catalyst layer, porous conductive thin slice.

5. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the catalytic layer, the proton exchange membrane and the porous conductive sheet are combined in the following order: the catalyst layer, the porous conductive sheet, the proton exchange membrane, the catalyst layer and the porous conductive sheet; the catalyst layers on two sides of the porous conductive sheet are contacted with the proton exchange membrane through the through holes on the porous conductive sheet.

6. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the catalytic layer, the proton exchange membrane and the porous conductive sheet are combined in the following order: the proton exchange membrane comprises a catalyst layer, a porous conductive sheet, a catalyst layer, a proton exchange membrane, a catalyst layer, a porous conductive sheet and a catalyst layer.

7. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the catalytic layer, the proton exchange membrane and the porous conductive sheet are combined in the following order: the proton exchange membrane comprises a catalyst layer, a porous conductive sheet, a catalyst layer, a proton exchange membrane, a catalyst layer and a porous conductive sheet.

8. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the catalytic layer, the proton exchange membrane and the porous conductive sheet are combined in the following order: the proton exchange membrane comprises a catalyst layer, a porous conductive sheet, a catalyst layer, a proton exchange membrane, a porous conductive sheet and a catalyst layer; the catalyst layers on two sides of the porous conductive sheet are contacted with the proton exchange membrane through the through holes on the porous conductive sheet.

9. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 2 wherein said gas diffusion layer, catalytic layer, proton exchange membrane and porous conductive sheet are combined in the order of: the device comprises a gas diffusion layer, a catalyst layer, a porous conductive sheet, a proton exchange membrane, a porous conductive sheet, a catalyst layer and a gas diffusion layer; the catalyst layers on two sides of the porous conductive sheet are contacted withthe proton exchange membrane through the through holes on the porous conductive sheet.

10. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 2 wherein said gas diffusion layer, catalytic layer, proton exchange membrane and porous conductive sheet are combined in the order of: the proton exchange membrane comprises a gas diffusion layer, a porous conductive sheet, a catalytic layer, a proton exchange membrane, a catalytic layer, a porous conductive sheet and a gas diffusion layer.

11. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 2 wherein said gas diffusion layer, catalytic layer, proton exchange membrane and porous conductive sheet are combined in the order of: porous conductive sheet, gas diffusion layer, catalyst layer, proton exchange membrane, catalyst layer, gas diffusion layer, porous conductive sheet.

12. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 2 wherein said gas diffusion layer, catalytic layer, proton exchange membrane and porous conductive sheet are combined in the order of: the gas diffusion layer, porous conductive sheet, gas diffusion layer, catalysis layer, proton exchange membrane, catalysis layer, gas diffusion layer, porous conductive sheet, gas diffusion layer.

13. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 2 wherein said gas diffusion layer, catalytic layer, proton exchange membrane and porous conductive sheet are combined in the order of: the proton exchange membrane comprises a gas diffusion layer, a catalyst layer, a porous conductive sheet, a proton exchange membrane, a catalyst layer, a porous conductive sheet and a gas diffusion layer; the catalyst layers on two sides of the porous conductive sheet are contacted with the proton exchange membrane through the through holes on the porous conductive sheet.

14. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 2 wherein said gas diffusion layer, catalytic layer, proton exchange membrane and porous conductive sheet are combined in the order of: the device comprises a gas diffusion layer, a catalyst layer, a porous conductive sheet, a catalyst layer, a proton exchange membrane, a catalyst layer, a porous conductive sheet, a catalyst layer and a gas diffusion layer.

15. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 2 wherein said gas diffusion layer, catalytic layer, proton exchange membrane and porous conductive sheet are combined in the order of: the device comprises a gas diffusion layer, a catalyst layer, a porous conductive sheet, a catalyst layer, a proton exchange membrane, a catalyst layer, a gas diffusion layer and a porous conductive sheet.

16. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 2 wherein said gas diffusion layer, catalytic layer, proton exchange membrane and porous conductive sheet are combined in the order of: the device comprises a gas diffusion layer, a catalyst layer, a porous conductive sheet, a catalyst layer, a proton exchange membrane, a catalyst layer, a porous conductive sheet and a gas diffusion layer.

17. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 2 wherein said gas diffusion layer, catalytic layer, proton exchange membrane and porous conductive sheet are combined in the order of: the device comprises a gas diffusion layer, a catalyst layer, a porous conductive sheet, a catalyst layer, a proton exchange membrane, a porous conductivesheet, a catalyst layer and a gas diffusion layer; the catalyst layers on two sides of the porous conductive sheet are contacted with the proton exchange membrane through the through holes on the porous conductive sheet.

18. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 wherein said metal of said metal foil is titanium, nickel, stainless steel, niobium, aluminum, tantalum, copper or an alloy.

19. A fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 wherein said metal foil has a thickness of from 1 μm to 100 μm.

20. A fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to any one of claims 1 to 17 wherein said porous, electrically conductive sheets have an open porosity of from 10% to 90% of the total area of the substrate.

21. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 wherein said metal foil has a circular, rectangular or polygonal shape with through holes.

22. A fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to any one of claims 1 to 17 wherein the porous electrically conductive sheet has a surface treatment and/or a ceramicization treatment on its surface to improve its corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity.

23. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to any one of claims 1-17 wherein said catalytic layer consists essentially of an electrically conductive porous material comprising platinum or a platinum alloy attached to a support carbon, the catalytic layer comprising a pore-forming agent.

24. A fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to any one of claims 1 to 17 wherein said catalytic layer is a hydrophobic catalytic layer.

25. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 24 wherein said hydrophobic catalytic layer is comprised of an electrically conductive porous material comprising at least one hydrophobic polymer as a binder and platinum or a platinum alloy as a catalyst attached to a carrier carbon or conductive powder.

26. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to any one of claims 6 to 8, 12 and 14 to 17, wherein the catalytic layer on the outer side of the porous conductive sheet is a hydrophobic catalytic layer, and the catalytic layer on the inner side is a hydrophilic catalytic layer.

27. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 26 wherein said hydrophobic catalytic layer is comprised of an electrically conductive porous material comprising at least one hydrophobic polymer as a binder and platinum or a platinum alloy as a catalyst attached to a carrier carbon or conductive powder.

28. A fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to any one of claims 2 and 9 to 17 wherein said gas diffusion layer is formed from an electronically conductive porous material formed by mixing an electronically conductive material, a pore-forming component and a binder.

29. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 28 wherein said electronically conductive material is carbon powder, metal powder or cermet powder having high electrical conductivity.

30. A fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 28 wherein said pore-forming component is a loose-structured particle of carbon powder or carbon fiber.

31. A fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 28 wherein said binder is a polymer which is a partially or fully fluorinated carbon polymer or a polymer having hydrophobic properties.

32. A fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to any one of claims 1 to 17 wherein said proton exchange membrane is an ion conducting polymer capable of conducting protons.

33. A method for manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode, at least comprising the steps of;

(A) manufacturing a porous conductive sheet as a substrate, wherein the porous conductive sheet is a metal foil provided with a plurality of through holes;

34. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 33, wherein said laminating of said catalyst layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B1) compounding a catalytic layer on the porous conductive sheet;

35. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 33, wherein said laminating of said catalyst layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B1) compounding a catalytic layer on the porous conductive sheet;

(B2) and (C) compounding the proton exchange membrane between the two finished products in the step (B1) in a hot-pressing or fusion bonding mode, and ensuring that the proton exchange membrane is in contact with the catalyst layers on the two sides of the proton exchange membrane to form a membrane electrode monomer.

36. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 33, wherein said laminating of said catalyst layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B1) preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on one side of a porous conductive sheet substrate to form a catalyst layer;

(B2) preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, coating the solution on the other side of the porous conductive sheet substrate to form a proton exchange membrane, and contacting a composite catalytic layer on the other side of the porous conductive sheet with the proton exchange membrane through holes in the porous conductive sheet;

37. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 33, wherein said laminating of said catalyst layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B2) and (B1) compounding the proton exchange membrane between the porous conductive sheets prepared in the step (B1) by a hot pressing or surface gel bonding method, wherein the catalyst layer compounded on the other side of the porous conductive sheets is contacted with the proton exchange membrane through the through holes on the porous conductive sheets to form a membrane electrode monomer.

38. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 33, wherein said laminating of said catalyst layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B2) preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating the solution on the catalytic layer to form a proton exchange membrane;

39. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 33, wherein said laminating of said catalyst layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B2) and (B1) compounding the proton exchange membrane between the catalyst layers to form the membrane electrode monomer.

40. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 33, wherein said laminating of said catalyst layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B3) preparing an ion-conducting polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating the solution on the catalytic layer formed in the step (B1) to form a proton exchange membrane;

41. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 33, wherein said laminating of said catalyst layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B2) and (B1) compounding the proton exchange membrane between the porous conductive sheets and the catalyst layers of the two finished products in the step (B1) by a hot pressing or surface gel bonding method, wherein the catalyst layers positioned at two sides of the porous conductive sheets are contacted with the proton exchange membrane through holes on the porous conductive sheets to form a membrane electrode monomer.

42. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 33, wherein said laminating of said catalyst layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B1) preparing the catalyst into a solution, and respectively coating the solution on two sides of the porous conductive sheet substrate to form catalyst layers;

43. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 33, wherein said laminating of said catalyst layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

44. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 33, wherein said laminating of said catalyst layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B1) preparing the catalyst into a solution, and respectively coating the solution on two sides of the porous conductive sheet substrate to form catalyst layers; preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating the solution on the catalytic layer on one side of the solution to form a proton exchange membrane;

(B2) preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on one side of a porous conductive sheet substrate to form a catalyst layer; preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, coating the solution on the other side of the porous conductive sheet substrate to form a proton exchange membrane, and contacting a composite catalytic layer on the other side of the porous conductive sheet with the proton exchange membrane through holes in the porous conductive sheet;

45. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 33, wherein said laminating of said catalyst layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B2) preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on one side of a porous conductive sheet substrate to form a catalyst layer;

(B3) compounding the proton exchange membrane between the catalytic layers of the finished product in the step (B1) and the finished product in the step (B2) by a hot pressing or surface gel bonding method; constitute the membrane electrode monomer.

46. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 33, wherein in the step (B), the gas diffusion layer, the catalyst layer, and the proton exchange membrane are laminated on the porous conductive sheet.

47. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 46, wherein said laminating of said gas diffusion layer, said catalytic layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

48. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 46, wherein said laminating of said gas diffusion layer, said catalytic layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B1) compounding a gas diffusion layer and a catalyst layer on the porous conductive sheet;

49. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 46, wherein said laminating of said gas diffusion layer, said catalytic layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B1) coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on one side of a porous conductive sheet substrate to form a gas diffusion layer;

(B3) preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating the solution on the other side of the porous conductive sheet substrate or the catalytic layer to form a proton exchange membrane;

50. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 46, wherein said laminating of said gas diffusion layer, said catalytic layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B3) and (B2) compounding the proton exchange membrane between the two finished products in the step (B2) by a hot pressing or surface gel bonding method to form the membrane electrode monomer.

51. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 46, wherein said laminating of said gas diffusion layer, said catalytic layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B2) preparing the catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on the other side of the porous conductive sheet substrate to form a catalyst layer;

(B3) preparing an ion-conducting polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating the solution on the catalytic layer formed in the step (B2) to form a proton exchange membrane;

52. The method of manufacturing afuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 46, wherein said laminating of said gas diffusion layer, said catalytic layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B3) and (B1) compounding the proton exchange membrane between the catalyst layers of the two finished products in the step (B1) by a hot pressing or surface gel bonding method to form a membrane electrode monomer.

53. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 46, wherein said laminating of said gas diffusion layer, said catalytic layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B1) coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on one side of a porous conductive sheet substrate to form a gas diffusion layer; preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on a gas diffusion layer to form a catalyst layer;

(B2) coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on one side of a porous conductive sheet substrate to form a gas diffusion layer; preparing the catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on the other side of the porous conductive sheet substrate to form a catalyst layer;

(B3) forming a proton exchange membrane by applying an ion-conductive polymer capable of conducting protons to the catalytic layer formed in (B1) or (B2) in a solution state;

(B4) and (B3)bonding the two pieces of finished products coated with the ion conductive polymer end as a bonding surface to form a membrane electrode monomer.

54. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 46, wherein said laminating of said gas diffusion layer, said catalytic layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

55. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 46, wherein said laminating of said gas diffusion layer, said catalytic layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B1) respectively coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on two sides of a porous conductive sheet substrate to form gas diffusion layers;

(B2) preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on the gas diffusion layer on one side of the catalyst to form a catalyst layer;

(B3) preparing an ion-conducting polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating the solution on the catalytic layer formed in B2) to form a proton exchange membrane;

56. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 46, wherein said laminating of said gas diffusion layer, said catalytic layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B1) coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on two sides of a porous conductive sheet substrate to form a gas diffusion layer;

(B3) and (B2) compounding the proton exchange membrane between the catalyst layers of the two finished products in the step (B2) by a hot pressing or surface gel bonding method to form a membrane electrode monomer.

57. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 46, wherein said laminating of said gas diffusion layer, said catalytic layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B1) preparing the catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on two sides of the porous conductive sheet substrate to form a catalyst layer;

(B2) coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on one catalytic layer to form a gas diffusion layer;

(B3) preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and coating the solution on the catalytic layer on the other side to form a proton exchange membrane;

58. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 46, wherein said laminating of said gas diffusion layer, said catalytic layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

59. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 46, wherein said laminating of said gas diffusion layer, said catalytic layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B1) preparing the catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on two sides of the porous conductive sheet substrate to form a catalyst layer; coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on one catalytic layer to form a gas diffusion layer;

(B2) preparing a catalyst intoa solution, and coating the solution on one side of a porous conductive sheet substrate to form a catalyst layer; coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on the other side or the catalytic layer to form a gas diffusion layer;

(B3) preparing an ion conductive polymer capable of conducting protons into a solution, and respectively coating the solution on the catalytic layer formed in the step (B1) and the catalytic layer formed in the step (B2) or on the porous conductive sheet and the catalytic layer to form a proton exchange membrane;

60. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 46, wherein said laminating of said gas diffusion layer, said catalytic layer, said proton exchange membrane and said porous conductive sheet comprises the steps of:

(B2) preparing a catalyst into a solution, and coating the solution on one side of a porous conductive sheet substrate to form a catalyst layer; coating a layer of electronic conductive porous material on the other side or the catalytic layer to form a gas diffusion layer;

(B3) and (C) compounding the proton exchange membrane between the catalytic layers or the porous conductive sheets of the two finished products of the steps (B1) and (B2) by a hot-pressing or surface gel bonding method to form a membrane electrode monomer.

61. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 33 wherein said metal of said metal foil is titanium, nickel, stainless steel, niobium, aluminum, tantalum, copper or an alloy.

62. A fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 33 wherein said metal foil has a thickness of from 1 μm to 100 μm.

63. The method for manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to any one of claims 33 to 60, wherein the porous conductive sheet has an open porosity of 10% to 90% of the total area of the substrate.

64. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 33, wherein the shape of the through-hole provided in the metal foil is circular, rectangular or polygonal.

65. A fuel cell membrane electrode assembly manufacturing method according to any one of claims 33 to 60 wherein the surface of the porous conductive sheet is subjected to surface treatment and/or ceramming to improve corrosion resistance and conductivity.

66. The method of any one of claims 33-60 wherein the catalytic layer is comprised primarily of an electrically conductive porous material comprising platinum or a platinum alloy attached to a support carbon, the catalytic layer comprising a pore former.

67. The method of manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to any one of claims 33 to 60 wherein said catalytic layer is a hydrophobic catalytic layer.

68. The method of claim 67, wherein said hydrophobic catalyst layer is comprised of an electrically conductive porous material comprising at least one hydrophobic polymer as a binder and platinum or a platinum alloy as a catalyst, wherein said platinum or platinum alloy is attached to a carrier carbon or an electrically conductive powder.

69. The method for manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode according to any one of claims 33 to 60, wherein the catalytic layer on the outer side of the porous conductive sheet is a hydrophobic catalytic layer, and the catalytic layer on the inner side is a hydrophilic catalytic layer.

70. The method for manufacturing a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to any one of claims 33 to 60, wherein said hydrophobic catalyst layer is made of a conductive porous material comprising at least one hydrophobic polymer as a binder, and platinum or a platinum alloy as a catalyst, wherein platinum or a platinum alloy is attached to a carrier carbon or conductive powder.

71. The method of making a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to any one of claims 46 to 60 wherein said electronically conductive porous material is formed by mixing an electronically conductive material, a pore-forming component and a binder.

72. The method of claim 71, wherein said electronically conductive material is carbon powder, metal powder or cermet powder with high conductivity.

73. The method of claim 71 wherein said pore-forming component is a loose-structured particle comprising carbon powder or carbon fiber.

A method of making a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly according to claim 71 wherein said binder is a polymer which is a partially or fully fluorinated carbon polymer or a polymer having hydrophobic properties.