CA2848991A1

CA2848991A1 - Methods and systems for co2 condensation

Info

Publication number: CA2848991A1
Application number: CA2848991A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Miguel Angel Gonzalez Salazar; Vittorio Michelassi; Christian Vogel
Original assignee: General Electric Co
Current assignee: General Electric Co
Priority date: 2011-09-30
Filing date: 2012-09-28
Publication date: 2013-04-04
Anticipated expiration: 2032-09-28
Also published as: BR112014005676B1; AU2012315807B2; MX2014003880A; US20130081409A1; EP2815194A2; WO2013049532A3; JP2015507731A; AU2012315807A1; WO2013049532A2; CA2848991C; CN104471335B; JP6154813B2; RU2014110121A; RU2606725C2; KR20140089527A; CN104471335A; KR101983343B1; AU2012315807C1; BR112014005676A2

Abstract

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, methods of condensing carbon dioxide (CO2) from a CO2 stream are provided. The method includes (i) compressing and cooling the CO2 stream to form a partially cooled CO2 stream, wherein the partially cooled CO2, stream is cooled to a first temperature. The method includes (ii) cooling the partially cooled CO2 stream to a second temperature fay magneto-caloric cooling to form a cooled CO2stream. The method further includes (iii) condensing at least a portion of CO2 in the cooled CO2 stream to form a condensed CO2 stream. Systems for condensing carbon dioxide (CO2) from a CO2 stream are also provided

Description

2 BACKGROUND
TECHNICAL FIELD
1000.11 The present disclosure relates to methods and systems for carbon dioxide (CO2) condensation using magneto-caloric cooling. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to methods and systems for CO2 condensation in an imercooled compression and pumping train using magneto-caloric cooling.
DISCUSSION OF RELATED ART
100021 Power generating processes that are based on combustion of carbon containing fuel typically produce CO2 as a byproduct. It may be desirable to capture Of otherwise separate the CO2 from the gas mixture to prevent the release of CO2 into the environment and/or to utilize CO2 in the power generation process or in other processes. It may be further desirable to liquelWcondense the separated CO2 to facilitate transport and storage of the separated CO2. CO2 compression, liquefaction and pumping trains may be used to liquefy CO2 for desired end-use applications.
However, methods for condensation/liquefaction of CO2 may be energy intensive.
100031 Thus, there is a need for efficient methods and systems for condensation of CO2. Further, there is a need for efficient methods and systems for condensation of CO2 in intercooled compression and pumping trains.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
100041 In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a method of condensing carbon dioxide (CO2) from a CO2 stream is provided. The method includes (i) compressing and cooling the CO2 stream to form a partially cooled CO?
stream, wherein the partially cooled CO2 stream is cooled to a first temperature. The method includes (ii) cooling the partially cooled CO2 stream to a second temperature by magneto-caloric cooling to form a cooled CO2 stream. The method further includes (iii) condensing at least a portion of CO2 in the cooled CO2 stream at the second temperature to form a condensed CO2 stream.
100051 In accordance with another aspect of the present invention a method of condensing carbon dioxide (CO2) from a CO2 stream is provided. The method includes (i) cooling the CO2 stream in a first cooling stage comprising a first heat exchanger to form a first partially cooled CO2 stream. The method further includes (ii) compressing the first partially cooled CO2 stream to .form a first compressed CO2 stream. The method further includes (iii) cooling the first compressed CO2 stream in a second cooling stage comprising a second heat exchanger to form a second partially cooled CO2 stream. The method further includes (iv) compressing the second partially cooled CO2 stream to form a second compressed CO2 stream. The method further includes (v) cooling the second compressed CO2 stream to a first temperature in a third cooling stage comprising a third heat exchanger to form a partially cooled CO2 stream. The method further includes (vi) cooling the partially cooled CO2 stream to a second temperature by magneto-caloric cooling to form a cooled CO2 stream.
The method further includes (vii) condensing at least a portion of CO2 in the cooled CO2 stream at the second temperature to form a condensed CO2 stream.
100061 In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, a system for condensing carbon dioxide (CO2) from a CO2 stream is provided. The system includes (I) one or more compression stages configured to receive the stream. The system further includes (ii) one or more cooling stages in fluid communication with the one or more compression stages, wherein a combination of the one or more compression stages and the one or more cooling stages is configured to compress and cool the CO2 stream to a first temperature to form a partially-cooled CO2 stream. The system further includes (iii) a magneto-caloric cooling stage configured to receive the partially-cooled CO2 stream and cool the partially-cooled CO2 stream to a second temperature to form a cooled CO2 stream. The system further includes (iv) a condmation stage configured to condense a portion of CO2 in the cooled CO2 stream at the second temperature, thereby condensing CO2 from the cooled compressed CO2 stream to form a condensed CO2 stream.

100071 Other embodiments, aspects, features, and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from the following detailed description, the accompanying drawings, and the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES
100081 These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:
100091 FIG. I is a flow chart tbr a method of CO2 condensation from a stream, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
100101 FIG. 2 is a flow chart for a method of CO2 condensation from a stream, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
100111 FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a system for CO2 condensation from a CO2 stream, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
100121 FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a system for CO2 condensation from a CO2 stream, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
100131 FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a system for CO2 condensation from a CO2 stream, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
100141 FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a system for CO2 condensation from a CO2 stream, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
100151 FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a system for CO2 condensation from a CO2 stream, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
100161 FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a system for CO2 condensation from a CO2 stream, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

3 100171 FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a system for CO2 condensation from a CO2 stream, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
100181 FIG. 10 is a pressure versus temperature diagram for CO2.
DETAI LED DESCRIPTION
100191 As discussed in detail below, embodiments of the present invention include methods and systems suitable for CO2 condensation. As noted earlier, liquefying and pumping of CO2 may require high energy input. For example, a.
pressure of approximately 60 bar may be required to liquefy CO2 at 20 C. In some embodiments, an intermediate magnetic cooling step advantageously lowers the temperature to less than 0 "C, significantly reducing the required work of the overall system. In some embodiments, depending on the coefficient of performance of the magneto-caloric cooling system, an overall efficiency improvement of about 10 percent to about 15 percent may be possible using the methods and systems described herein.
100201 Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification and claims, may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that could permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term or terms, such as "about", is not limited to the precise value specified. In some instances, the approximating language may correspond to the precision of an instrument for measuring the value.
100211 in the following specification and the claims, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
100221 In one embodiment, as shown in Figures 1 and 3, a method If) for condensing carbon dioxide from a CO2 stream is provided. The term "CO2 stream", as used herein, refers to a stream of CO2 gas mixture emitted as a result of the processing of fuels, such as, natural gas, biomass, gasoline, diesel fuel, coal, oil shale, fuel oil, tar sands, and combinations thereof In some embodiments, the CO2 stream includes a CO2 stream emitted from a gas turbine. In particular embodiments, the

4 CO2 stream includes a CO2 gas mixture emitted from a coal or natural gas-fired power plant 100231 In some embodiments, the CO2 stream further includes one more of nitrogen, nitrogen dioxide, oxygen, or water vapor. In some embodiments, the stream further includes impurities or pollutants, examples of which include, but are not limited to, nitrogen, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, unbumt hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the CO2 stream is substantially free of the impurities or pollutants. In particular embodiments, the CO2 stream essentially includes carbon dioxide.
100241 In some embodiments, the amount of impurities or pollutants in the CO2 stream is less than about 50 mole percent. In some embodiments, the amount of impurities or pollutants in the CO2 stream is less than about 20 mole percent.
In some embodiments, the amount of impurities or pollutants in the CO2 stream is in a range from about 10 mole percent to about 20 mole percent. in some embodiments, the amount of impurities or pollutants in the CO2 stream is less than about 5 mole percent.
100251 In one embodiment, the method includes receiving a CO2 stream NI, as indicated in Fig. 3, from a hydrocarbon processing, combustion, gasification or a similar power plant (not shown). As indicated in Figures 1 and 3, at step 11, the method 10 includes compressing and cooling the CO2 stream 101 to form a partially cooled CO2 stream 201. In some embodiments, the CO2 stream 101 may be compressed using or more compression stages 120. In some embodiments, the CO2 stream may be cooled using or more cooling stages 110.
100261 In some embodiments, the CO2 strewn 101 may be compressed to a desired pressure by using one or more compression stages, as indicated by 120 in Fig.
3. As indicated in Fig. 3, the compression stage 120 may further include one or more compressors, such as, 121 and 122, in some embodiments. It should be noted that in Fig. 3, the two compressors 121 and 122 are shown as an exemplary embodiment only and the actual number of compressors and their individual configuration may vary depending on the end result desired. In one embodiment, the CO2 stream may be compressed to a pressure and temperature desired for the magnetic cooling and condensation steps 12 and 13, respectively. In some embodiments, the CO2 stream 101 may be compressed to a pressure in a range from about 1() bar to about 60 bar prior to the magnetic cooling step 12. In particular embodiments, the CO2 stream 101 may be compressed to a pressure in a range from about 20 bar to about 40 bar prior to the magnetic cooling step 12.
100271 In some embodiments, the CO2 stream 101 may be cooled to a desired temperature by using one or more cooling stages, as indicated by 110 in Fig.
3. As indicated in Fig. 3, the cooling stage 110 may further include one or more heat exchangers, such as, 111, 112 and 113, in some embodiments. It should be noted that in Fig. 3, the three heat exchangers 111. 112, and 113 are shown as an exemplary embodiment only and the actual number of heat exchangers and their individual configuration may vary depending on the end result desired. In some embodiments, one or more of the heat exchangers may be cooled using a cooling medium. In some embodiments, one more of the heat exchangers may be cooled using cooling air, cooling water, or both, as indicated by 115 in Fig. 3. In some embodiments, the cooling, stage mw further include one or more intercoolers to cool the exhaust gas stream 101 without affecting the pressure.
100281 it should be further noted that in Fig. 3, the configuration of cooling stage 110 and compression stage 120 is shown as an exemplary embodiment only and the actual configuration may vary depending on the end result desired. For example, in some other embodiments, the method may include cooling the CO2 stream in a heat exchanger 111 prior to compressing the CO2 stream in a compressor 121 (not shown).
100291 In some embodiments, the method further includes cooling the CO2 stream 101 to a first temperature by expanding the CO2 stream in one or more expanders 123, as indicated in Fig. 8. :In some embodiments the method includes an expansion step that decreases the pressure of the CO2 stream 101 from absolute pressure levels greater than about 20 bar to pressure levels of around 20 bar, thereby decreasing the temperature of the CO2 stream 101 to values lower than that may be reached by air or water cooling. Without being hound any theory, it is believed that by employing the expansion step, the overall duty of the magneto-caloric cooling step 12 may be reduced, as the inlet temperature of the partially-cooled CO2 stream to the magneto-caloric step may be lower than that without an expansion step. In some embodiments, the work extracted in the expansion step may be .further used for the magneto-caloric cooling step 12.
f 00301 In one embodiment, the CO2 stream 101 may be cooled to a temperature and pressure desired for the magnetic cooling and condensation steps 12 and 13. In one embodiment, the method includes compressing and cooling the CO2 stream 101 to form a partially cooled CO2 stream 201, as indicated in Fig. 3.
In one embodiment, the method further includes cooling the CO2 stream 101 to a first temperature by expanding the CO2 stream in one or more expanders 123 to form the partially cooled CO2 stream 201, as indicated in Fig. 8.
100311 In one embodiment, the method includes cooling the partially cooled CO2 strewn 201 to a first temperature. In some embodiments, the partially cooled CO2 stream 201 may be cooled to a temperature M a range from about 5 degrees Celsius to about 35 degrees Celsius, prior to the magnetic cooling step 12. In particular embodiments, the partially cooled CO2 stream 201 may be cooled to a temperature in a range from about 10 degrees Celsius to about 25 degrees Celsius, prior to the magnetic codling step 12.
100321 As noted earlier, in the absence of an additional magnetic cooling step, CO2 in the partially cooled CO2 stream 201 is typically liquefied at a temperature in a range from about 20 degrees Celsius to about 25 degrees Celsius. The condensation temperature is determined by the temperature of the cooling medium, which can be cooling water or air. As shown in Fig. 10, at a condensation temperature in a range from about 20 degrees Celsius to about 25 degrees Celsius, an absolute pressure of approximately 60 bar is required to liquefy CO2. In contrast, by cooling the stream to a temperature in a range from about -25 degrees Celsius to about 0 degrees Celsius, lower pressure may be advantageously used for condensing CO2 from the partially cooled CO2 stream 201.
100331 In one embodiment, the method further includes, at step 12, cooling the partially cooled CO2 stream 201 to a second temperature by magneto-caloric cooling to form a cooled CO2 stream 302, as indicated in Figures 1 and 3. In one embodiment, the method includes cooling the partially-cooled CO2 stream 201 using a magneto-caloric cooling stage 200, as indicated in Fig. 3.
100341 In some embodiments, a magneto-caloric cooling stage 200 includes a heat exchanger 212 and an external magneto-caloric cooling device 211. In some embodiments, the magneto-caloric cooling device 211 is configured to provide cooling to the heat exchanger 212, as shown in Fig. 3.
100351 In one embodiment, the magneto-caloric cooling device 2n includes a cold and a hot heat exchanger, a permanent magnet assembly or an induction coil magnet assembly, a regenerator of magneto-caloric material, and a heat transfer fluid cycle. In one embodiment, the heat transfer fluid is pumped through the regenerator and the heat exchanger by a fluid pump (not shown).
10036] In one embodiment, the magneto-caloric cooling devices works on an active magnetic regeneration cycle (AMR) and provides cooling power to a heat transfer fluid by sequential magnetization and demagnetization of the magneto-caloric regenerator with flow reversal heat transfer flow. In some embodiments, the sequential magnetization and demagnetization of the magneto-caloric regenerator may be provided for by a rotary set-up where the regenerator passes through a bore of the magnet system. In some other embodiments, the sequential magnetization and demagnetization of the magneto-caloric regenerator may be provided for by a reciprocating linear device. An exemplaiy magnet assembly and magneto-caloric cooling device are described in US Patent Application Serial No. 12/392,115_ filed on February 25, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for any and all purposes, so long as not directly contradictory with the teachings herein.

100371 In some embodiments, the heat at the hot heat exchanger may be delivered to the ambient environment In some other embodiments, the heat at the hot heat exchanger may be delivered to the return flow of the condensed and liquefied CO2 after the pumping of the liquid CO2, as described herein later.
100381 As noted earlier, the magneto-caloric cooling stage further includes a heat exchanger 212, wherein the magneto-caloric cooling device 211 is configured to provide cooling to the heat exchanger 212. In one embodiment, the heat exchanger 212 is in fluid communication with the one or more cooling stages 110 and the one or more compression stages 120. In one embodiment, the heat exchanger 212 is in fluid communication with the partially cooled CO2 stream 201 generated after the compression and cooling step 11.
100391 In some embodiments, the magneto-caloric cooling device 211 is configured to provide cooling to the heat exchanger 212 such that the partially cooled CO2 stream 201 is cooled to the second temperature. In one embodiment, the second temperature is in a range of from about 0 degrees Celsius to about-25 degrees Celsius.
In one embodiment, the second temperature is in a range of from about 5 degrees Celsius to about-20 degrees Celsius. As noted earlier, the step 13 of cooling the partially-cooled CO2 stream in the magneto-caloric cooling stage results in a cooled CO2 stream.
100401 In some embodiments, the magneto-caloric cooling device 211 is configured to provide cooling to the heat exchanger 212 such that the partially cooled CO2 stream 201 is cooled to the second temperature, such that CO2 condenses from the cooled CO2 stream. As noted earlier, the method includes compressing the stream 101 to a pressure in a range from about 20 bar to about 40 bar, in some embodiments. As indicated in Fig. 10, at a pressure level of 40 bar, the CO2 condenses at a temperature of 5 C. Further, as indicated in Fig. 10, at a pressure level of 20 bar, the CO2 condenses at a temperature of -20 C.
[00411 In one embodiment, the method further includes, at step 13, condensing at least a portion of CO2 in the cooled CO2 stream at the second temperature, thereby condensing CO2 from the cooled CO2 stream to form a condensed CO2 stream 302. In one embodiment, the method includes condensing at least a portion of CO2 in the cooled CO2 stream at a pressure in a range of from about 20 bar to about 60 bar. In one embodiment, the method includes condensing at least a.
portion of CO2 in the cooled CO2 stream at a pressure in a range of from about 20 bar to about 40 bar. Accordingly, the method of the present invention advantageously allows for condensation of CO2 at a lower pressure, in some embodiments.
f00421 In some embodiments, the method includes performing the steps of cooling the partially cooled CO2 stream to form a cooled CO2 stream 12 and condensing CO2 from the cooled CO2 stream 13 simultaneously. In some other embodiments, the method includes performing the steps of cooling the partially cooled CO2 stream to form a cooled CO2 stream 12 and condensing CO2 from the cooled CO2 stream 13 sequentially.
100431 As indicated in Fig. 3, in some embodiments, a cooled CO2 stream may be generated from the partially cooled CO2 stream 201 in the heat exchanger 212. In such embodiments, a portion of CO2 from the cooled CO2 stream condenses in the heat-generator itself forming a condensed CO? stream 302, as indicated in Fig.
3.
100441 In some other embodiments, as indicated in Fig. 4, a cooled CO2 stream 301 is generated from the partially cooled CO2 stream 201 in the heat exchanger 212. The method further includes transferring the cooled CO2 stream to a condenser 213, as indicated in Fig. 4. In such embodiments, a portion of from the cooled CO2 stream 301 condenses in the condenser 213 and forms a condensed CO2 stream 302, as indicated in Fig. 4.
100451 In some embodiments, the method includes condensing at least about 95 weight percent of CO2 in the CO2 stream 101 to form the condensed CO2 stream 302. in some embodiments, the method includes condensing at least about 90 weight percent of CO2 in the CO2 stream 101 to form the condensed CO2 stream 302. In some embodiments, the method includes condensing 50 weight percent to about 90 weight percent of CO2 in the CO2 stream 101 to form the condensed CO2 stream 302.
In some embodiments, the method includes condensing at least about 99 weight percent of CO2 in the CO2 stream 1 0i 10 form the condensed CO2 stream 302.
100461 In some embodiments, as noted earlier, the CO2 stream 101 further includes one or more components in addition to carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, the method further optionally includes generating a lean stream (indicated by dotted arrow 202) after the steps of magneto-caloric cooling (step 12) and CO2 condensation (step 13). The term "lean stream" 202 refers to a stream in which the CO2 content is lower than that of the CO2 content in the CO2 stream Mt In some embodiments, as noted earlier, almost all of the CO2 in the CO2 stream is condensed in the step 13. In such embodiments, the lean CO2 stream is substantially free of CO2. In some other embodiments, as noted earlier, a portion of the CO2 stream may not condense in the step 13 and the lean stream may include uncondensed CO2 gas mixture.
f00471 In some embodiments, the lean stream 202 may include one or more non-condensable components, vvhich may not condense in the step 13. In some embodiments, the lean stream 202 may include one or more liquid components. In such embodiments, the lean stream may be further configured to be in fluid communication with a liquid-gas separator. In some embodiments, the lean stream 202 may include one or more of nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur dioxide.
100481 In some embodiments, the method may further include dehumidifying the CO2 stream 101 before step 11. In some embodiments, the method may further include dehumidifying the partially cooled CO2 stream 201 after step 11 and before step 12. In some embodiments, the system 100 may further include a dehumidifier configured to be in flow communication (not show') with the CO2 stream 101. In some embodiments, the system 100 may further include a dehumidifier configured to be in flow communication (not shown) with the CO2 stream 101.
[00491 In some embodiments, the method further includes circulating the condensed CO2 stream 302 to one or more cooling stages used for cooling the stream. As indicated in Fig. 5, the method further includes circulating the condensed CO2 stream to a heat exchanger 113 via a circulation loop 303. In such embodiments, the method further includes a recuperation step where the condensed CO2 stream is circulated back to further cool the partially cooled CO2 stream 201 before the magneto-caloric cooling step 12. In some embodiments, the recuperation step may increase the efficiency of the magneto-caloric step.
100501 In sonic embodiments, the recuperation of condensed CO2 stream to the heat exchanger 113 may result in cooling of the partially cooled CO2 stream 201 below the temperature required for condensation of CO2. In some embodiments, the method may further include condensing the CO2 in the partially cooled CO2 stream 201 to form a recuperated condensed CO2 strewn 501, as indicated in Fig. 5.
10051I in some embodiments, the method figther includes increasing a pressure of the condensed CO2 stream 302 using a pump 300. as indicated in Fig. 3.
In embodiments including a recuperation step, the method may further include increasing a pressure of the recuperated condensed CO2 stream 501 using a pump 300, as indicated in Fig. 5. In some embodiments, the method includes increasing a pressure of the condensed CO2 stream 302 or the recuperated condensed CO2 stream 502 to a pressure desired for CO2 sequestration or end-use. In some embodiments, the method includes increasing a pressure of the condensed CO2 stream 302 or the recuperated condensed CO2 stream 502 to a pressure in a range from about 150 bar to about 180 bar.
100521 in some embodiments, the method further includes generating a pressurized CO2 stream 401 after the pumping step. In some embodiments, the method further includes generating a supercritical CO2 stream 401 after the pumping step. In some embodiments, as noted earlier, the pressurized CO2 stream 401 may be used for enhanced oil recovery, CO2 storage, or CO2 sequestration.
100531 In some embodiments, a system 100 for condensing carbon dioxide (CO2) from a CO2 stream 101 is provided, as illustrated in Figures 3-9. In one embodiment, the system 100 includes one or more compression stages 120 configured to receive the CO2 stream 101. The system 100 further includes one or more cooling stages 110 in fluid communication with the one or more compression stages 120.
In one embodiment, a combination of the one or more compression stages 120 and the one or more cooling stuns 110 is configured to compress and cool the CO2 stream 101 to a first temperature to form a partially-cooled CO2 stream 201.
100541 in one embodiment, the system 100 further includes a magneto-caloric cooling stage 200 configured to receive the partially-cooled CO2 stream 201 and cool the partially-cooled CO2 stream 201 to a second temperature to form a cooled stream 301. As noted earlier. the magneto-caloric cooling stage 200 further includes a heat exchanger 212, wherein the magneto-caloric cooling device 211 is configured to provide cooling to the heat exchanger 212. In one embodiment, the heat exchanger 212 is in fluid communication with the one or more cooling stages 110 and the one or more compression stages 120.
100551 As noted earlier, in some embodiments, the heat exchanger 212 is configured to condense a portion of CO2 in the partially cooled CO2 stream 201 to form the condensed CO2 strewn 302. In some other embodiments, the system 100 further includes a condensation stage 213 configured to condense a portion of CO2 in the cooled CO2 stream 301 at the second temperature, thereby condensing CO2 from the cooled CO2 stream 301 to form a condensed CO2 stream 302.
100561 hi some embodiments, the system 100 further includes a pump 300 configured to receive the condensed CO2 stream 302 and increase the pressure of the condensed CO2 stream 302. In some embodiments, the system further includes a circulation loop 303 configured to circulate a portion of the condensed CO2 stream 302 to the one or more cooling stages 110.
100571 With the foregoing in mind, systems and methods for condensing from a CO2 stream, according to some exemplary embodiments of the invention, are further described herein. Turning now to Figures 2 and 3, in one embodiment, a method 20 of condensing carbon dioxide from a CO2 stream 101 is provided. In one embodiment, the method includes, at step 21, cooling the CO2 stream 101 in a first cooling stage including a first heat exchanger 111 to form a first partially cooled CO2 stream 102. In one embodiment, the method includes, at step 22, compressing the first partially cooled CO2 stream 102 in a first compressor 121 to form a first compressed CO2 stream 103. In one embodiment, the method includes, at step 23, cooling the first compressed CO2 stream 103 in a second cooling stage including a second heat exchanger 112 to form a second partially cooled CO2 strewn 104. In one embodiment, the method includes, at step 24, compressing the second partially cooled CO2 stream 104 in a second compressor 122 to form a second compressed CO2 stream 105. In one embodiment, the method includes, at step 25, cooling the second compressed CO-., stream 105 to a first temperature in a third cooling stage comprising a third heat exchanger 113 to form a partially cooled CO2 stream 201.
100581 In one embodiment, the method 20 includes, at step 26, cooling the partially cooled CO2 stream 201 to a second temperature by magneto-caloric cooling using a magneto-caloric cooling stage 200 to form a cooled CO2 stream (not shown).
In some embodiments, a magneto-caloric cooling stage 200 includes a heat exchanger 212 and an external magneto-caloric cooling device 211. In some embodiments, the magneto-caloric cooling device 211 is configured to provide cooling to the heat exchanger 212, as indicated in Fig. 3.
100591 In one embodiment, the method includes, at step 27, condensing at least a portion of CO2 in the cooled CO2 stream at the second temperature, thereby condensing CO2 from the cooled CO2 stream to form a condensed CO2 stream 302.
As noted earlier, in some embodiments, a cooled CO? stream is generated from the partially cooled CO2 stream 201 in the heat exchanger 212. In such embodiments, a portion of CO2 from the cooled CO2 stream condenses in the heat-generator itself forming a condensed CO2 stream 302, as indicated in Fig. 3.
100601 In some embodiments, the method further includes increasing a pressure of the condensed CO2 stream 302 using a pump 300, as indicated in Fig. 3.
In some embodiments, the method further includes generating a pressurized CO2 stream 401 after the pumping step. In some embodiments, as noted earlier, the pressurized CO2 stream 401 may be used for enhanced oil recovery. CO2 storage, or CO2 sequestration.
100611 Turning now to Fig. 4, in one embodiment, a method and a system "Or condensing CO2 from a CO2 stream 101 is provided. The method and system is similar to the system and method illustrated in Fig. 3, with the addition that the method further includes transferring the cooled CO2 stream 301 to a condenser 213, as indicated in Fig. 4. In such embodiments, a portion of CO2 from the cooled CO2 stream 301 condenses in the condenser 213 and forms a condensed CO2 stream 302, as indicated in Fig. 4.
(00621 Turning now to Fig. 5, in one embodiment, a method and a system for condensing CO2 from a CO2 stream 101 is provided. The method and system is similar to the system and method illustrated in Fig. 3, with the addition that the method further includes circulating a portion of the condensed CO2 stream 302 to the third heat exchanger 113 via a circulation loop 303. As noted earlier, in some embodiments, the recuperation of condensed CO2 stream to the heat exchanger may result in cooling of the second compressed CO2 stream 105 below the temperature required for condensation of CO2. In some embodiments, the method may further include condensing the CO2 in the second compressed CO2 stream 105 to form a recuperated condensed CO2 stream 501, as indicated in Fig. 5.
100631 Turning now to Fig. 6, in one embodiment, a method and system for condensing CO2 from a CO2 stream 101 is provided. The method and system is similar to the system and method illustrated in Fig. 4, with the addition that the method further includes circulating a portion of the condensed CO2 stream to the third heat exchanger 113 via a circulation loop 303. As noted earlier, in some embodiments, the recuperation of condensed CO2 to the heat exchanger 113 may result in cooling of the second compressed CO2 stream 105 below the temperature required for condensation of CO2. In some embodiments, the method may further include condensing the CO2 in the second compressed CO2 stream 105 to form a recuperated condensed CO2 stream 501, as indicated in Fig. 6.

100641 Turning now to Fig. 7, in one embodiment, a method and a system for condensing CO2 from a CO2 stream 101 is provided. The method and system is similar to the system and method illustrated in Fig. 3, with the addition that the method further includes circulating a portion of the pressurized CO2 stream 401 to the third heat exchanger 113 via a circulation loop 403. As noted earlier, in some embodiments, the recuperation of pressurized CO2 stream 401 to the third heat exchanger 1.1.3 may result in cooling of the second compressed CO2 stream 1.05 below the temperature required for condensation of CO2. in some embodiments, the method may further include condensing the CO2 in the second compressed CO2 stream 105 to form a recuperated condensed CO2 stream 501, as indicated in Fig. 7.
100651 'Turning now to Fig. 8, in one embodiment a method and a system for condensing CO2 from a CO2 stream 101 is illustrated. The method and system is similar to the system and method illustrated in Fig. 3, with the addition that the method further includes forming a third partially cooled CO2 stream 106 in the third heat exchanger 113. The method further includes cooling the third partially cooled CO2 stream 106 to a first temperature by expanding the third partially cooled strewn 106 in one or more expanders 123, before the magneto-caloric cooling step, to form the partially-cooled CO2 stream 201, as indicated in Fig. 8.
100661 Turning now to Fig. 9, in one embodiment, a method and a system for condensing CO2 from a CO2 stream 101 is illustrated. The method and system is similar to the system and method illustrated in Fig. 8, with the addition that the third cooling stage further comprises a fourth heat exchanger 114, and the method further includes circulating a portion of the pressurized CO2 stream 401 to the fourth heat exchanger 114 via a circulation loop 403. The method further includes forming a fourth partially coded CO2 stream 107 after the expansion step and transferring the fourth partially cooled CO2 stream 107 to the fourth heat exchanger 114. As noted earlier, in some embodiments, the recuperation of presswized CO2 stream 401 to the fourth heat exchanger 114 may result in cooling of the fourth partially cooled stream 107 below the temperature required for condensation of CO2. In some embodiments, the method may further include condensing the CO2 in the fourth partially cooled CO2 stream 107 to form a recuperated condensed CO2 stream 501, as indicated in Fig. 9.
[00671 As noted earlier, some embodiments of the invention advantageously allow for cooling of the supercritical CO2 to lower temperatures and subsequent condensation at lower pressures than those available through conventional cooling methods, such as, vapor compression. Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that compression of supercritical CO2 may be less efficient than pumping liquid CO2. Thus, in sonic embodiments, the method reduces the penalty OD the less-efficient CO2 compression step. In sonic embodiments, the method may reduce the overall penalty for CO2 liquefaction and pumping by improving the efficiency of the compression and pumping system. In some embodiments, the magneto-caloric cooling stage may reduce the penalty by more than 10%. In sonic embodiments, the magneto-caloric cooling stage may reduce the penalty by more than 20%. In some embodiments, the overall plant efficiency may be improved by using one or more of the method embodiments, described herein.
100681 Further, some embodiments of the invention advantageously allow for improved range of operability of CO2 compression and liquefaction systems. In conventional CO2 compression and liquefaction systems, the ambient temperature of the cooling air or cooling water may limit the range of operability.
Supercritical CO2 may not liquefy at temperatures greater than about 32 QC, the critical temperature of CO2. Thus, when ambient temperatures are above 30 C, liquefaction of CO2 may be difficult without additional external cooling. In some embodiments, the magnetic cooling step may advantageously allow cooling of CO2 to the stibcrifical range.
thereby enabling the operability of the compression and liquefaction systems under any ambient conditions.
[00691 This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural ClernentS that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they .include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.

Claims

1. A method of condensing carbon dioxide (Ca2) from a CO2 stream, comprising:
(i) compressing and cooling the CO2 stream to form a partially cooled CO2 stream, wherein the partially cooled CO2 stream is cooled to a first temperature;
(ii) cooling the partially cooled CO2 stream to a second temperature by magneto-caloric cooling to form a cooled CO2 stream; and (iii) condensing at least a portion of CO2 in the cooled CO2 stream to form a condensed CO2 stream.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein step (iii) comprises condensing at least a portion of CO2 in the cooled CO2 stream at a pressure in a range of from about 20 bar to about 60 bar.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein step (hi) comprises condensing at least a portion of CO2 in the cooled CO2 stream at a pressure in a range of from about 20 bar to about 40 bar.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature is in a range of from about 5 degrees Celsius to about 35 degrees Celsius

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second temperature is in a range of from about 0 degrees Celsius to about-25 degrees Celsius

6. The method of claim 1, wherein step (i) comprises cooling the CO2 stream using one or more cooling stages comprising one or more heat exchangers.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising circulating a portion of the condensed CO2 stream to one or more cooling stages used for cooling the CO2 stream.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein step (i) comprises cooling the CO2 stream to the first temperature by expanding the CO2 stream in one or more expanders.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein step (ii.) comprises cooling the partially-cooled CO2 stream using a rotary magneto-caloric cooling device.

10. The method of claim 1, further comprising increasing a pressure of the condensed CO2 stream using a pump to form a pressurized CO2 stream.

11. A method of condensing carbon dioxide (CO2) from a CO2 stream, comprising:
(i) cooling the CO2 stream in a first cooling stage comprising a first heat exchanger to form a first partially cooled CO2 stream;
(ii) compressing the first partially cooled CO2 stream to form a first compressed CO2 stream;
(iii) cooling the first compressed CO2 stream in a second cooling stage comprising a second heat exchanger to form a second partially cooled CO2 stream;

(iv) compressing the second partially cooled CO2 stream to form a second compressed CO2 stream (v) cooling the second compressed CO2 stream to a first temperature in a third cooling stage comprising a third heat exchanger to form a partially cooled CO2 stream;
(vi) cooling the partially cooled CO2 stream to a second temperature by magneto-caloric cooling to form a cooled CO2 stream and (vii) condensing at least a portion of CO2 in the cooled CO2 stream at the second temperature, thereby condensing CO2 from the cooled CO2 stream to form a condensed CO2 stream.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising circulating a portion of the condensed CO2 stream to the third heat exchanger.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein the third cooling stage further comprises an expander, and step (v) further comprises cooling the CO2 stream to a first temperature by expanding the second compressed CO2 stream in the expander.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the third cooling stage further comprises a fourth heat exchanger, and the method further comprises circulating a portion of the condensed CO2 stream to the fourth heat exchanger.

15. A system for condensing carbon dioxide (CO2) from a CO2 stream, comprising:
(i) one or more compression stages configured to receive the CO2 stream;

(ii) one or more cooling stages in fluid communication with the one or more compression stages, wherein a combination of the one or more compression stages and the one or more cooling stages is configured to compress and cool the CO2 stream to a first temperature to form a partially-cooled CO2 stream;
(iii) a magento-caloric cooling stage configured to receive the partially-cooled CO2 stream and cool the partially-cooled CO2 stream to a second temperature to form a cooled CO2 stream; and (iv) a condensation stage configured to condense a portion of CO2 in the cooled CO2 stream at the second temperature, thereby condensing CO2 from the cooled CO2 stream to form a condensed CO2 stream.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein the magneto-caloric cooling stage comprises a magneto-caloric cooling device and a heat exchanger, wherein the heat exchanger is in fluid communication with the one or more cooling stages and the one or more compression stages.

17. The system of claim 15, further comprising a pump configured to receive the condensed CO2 stream and increase the pressure of the condensed CO2 stream.

18. The system of claim 15, wherein the one or more cooling stages further comprises an expander.

19. The system of claim 15, wherein the one or more cooling stages comprises one or more heat exchangers configured to cool the CO2 stream using air, water, or combinations thereof

20. The system of claim 15, further comprising a circulation loop configured to circulate a portion of the condensed CO2 stream to the one or more cooling stages.