CA2772463A1 - Low energy nuclear device - Google Patents
Low energy nuclear device Download PDFInfo
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- CA2772463A1 CA2772463A1 CA2772463A CA2772463A CA2772463A1 CA 2772463 A1 CA2772463 A1 CA 2772463A1 CA 2772463 A CA2772463 A CA 2772463A CA 2772463 A CA2772463 A CA 2772463A CA 2772463 A1 CA2772463 A1 CA 2772463A1
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- low energy
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
- G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors
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- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
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Abstract
The herein described invention is an apparatus for producing thermal, electric, or mechanical energy, or a combination thereof, from the fusing of atomic nuclei at temperatures below conventional nuclear fusion temperatures. Fuel or fuels capable of undergoing nuclear fusion are stored in a reaction vessel into which an input energy is delivered by a control module to start the nuclear processes. Output power is delivered in the form of a) thermal energy directly from the interior or exterior of the reaction vessel and, b) nuclear radiation energy that is converted into thermal energy inside the shielding material of the reaction vessel and then subsequently extracted. Optionally, the apparatus may contain one or more modules that function to convert the thermal energy from the nuclear reactions, into another desirable form of output energy.
Description
Low Energy Nuclear Device BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention pertains to low energy nuclear devices that produce usable energy due to the fusing of atomic nuclei at temperatures below what is necessary to overcome coulomb barrier using conventional physics models.
For the purpose of this application a Low energy nuclear device is defined as an apparatus producing usable energy output from the nuclear fusing of atomic nuclei at temperatures below what is necessary to overcome coulomb barrier using conventional physics models.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
Low energy nuclear devices, also known as cold fusion reactors, have been speculated and theorized for many decades without yielding significant advances in the field.
These devices are capable of producing thermal energy from the fusing of atomic nuclei at temperatures below conventional nuclear fusion temperatures. Recent international advancements in the art have realized the development of Low energy nuclear devices capable of producing a net energy output as thermal energy. This invention relates to improvements on existing low energy nuclear devices, specifically, this invention offers remedies to several identifiable deficiencies of the related art.
Examples of the related art can be seen in the following patents and patent applications:
Italy: 0001387256 - Patent European: US2011/0005506A1 - Application USA: 20110005506 - Application WIPO: WO/2009/125444 - Application Some of the identified deficiencies seen in the related art are listed as follows:
1) The related art utilizing a closed reaction vessel integrated with the energy extraction Page 1 of 10 and shielding components resulting in these devices needing significant skill and labour to accomplish the refueling process.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention pertains to low energy nuclear devices that produce usable energy due to the fusing of atomic nuclei at temperatures below what is necessary to overcome coulomb barrier using conventional physics models.
For the purpose of this application a Low energy nuclear device is defined as an apparatus producing usable energy output from the nuclear fusing of atomic nuclei at temperatures below what is necessary to overcome coulomb barrier using conventional physics models.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
Low energy nuclear devices, also known as cold fusion reactors, have been speculated and theorized for many decades without yielding significant advances in the field.
These devices are capable of producing thermal energy from the fusing of atomic nuclei at temperatures below conventional nuclear fusion temperatures. Recent international advancements in the art have realized the development of Low energy nuclear devices capable of producing a net energy output as thermal energy. This invention relates to improvements on existing low energy nuclear devices, specifically, this invention offers remedies to several identifiable deficiencies of the related art.
Examples of the related art can be seen in the following patents and patent applications:
Italy: 0001387256 - Patent European: US2011/0005506A1 - Application USA: 20110005506 - Application WIPO: WO/2009/125444 - Application Some of the identified deficiencies seen in the related art are listed as follows:
1) The related art utilizing a closed reaction vessel integrated with the energy extraction Page 1 of 10 and shielding components resulting in these devices needing significant skill and labour to accomplish the refueling process.
2) The related art being deficient in modern control and saftey techniques required for systems of a nuclear nature. Current devices are limited to the use of only electrical energy to heat the fuel mixture.
3) The related art utilizing only electrical energy for input, and producing only thermal energy as output.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A low energy nuclear device for producing useful energy that remedies many deficiencies identified in the related art and its methods of use are disclosed. In addition to addressing solutions to the deficiencies in the related art, new novel uses and features will be detailed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention may be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals identify like elements, and in which:
FIG 1. Illustrates one particular embodiment of the invention FIG 2. Illustrates one particular embodiment of the reaction module FIG 3. Illustrates one particular embodiment of the fuel module FIG 4. Illustrates another possible embodiment of the fuel module FIG 5. Illustrates another possible embodiment of the reaction module in a submerged application FIG 6. illustrates another possible embodiment of the reaction module in an air heating application FIG 7. illustrates one particular embodiment of fuel pressure regulating mechanism inside the fuel module.
FIG 8. illustrates one particular embodiment where one device provides energy to a subsequent device Page 2 of 10 While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, the drawings illustrate specific embodiments herein described in detail by way of example.
It should be understood, however, that the descriptions herein of specific embodiments are not intend to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The following describes the first of many possible embodiments of the invention.
Referencing Fig.1 In the current embodiment, the device (100) comprises of an exterior housing (101) and several internal modules. Input energy (113) is delivered into the device and fed into an energy converter (107) if the input energy is not thermal energy. Many existing technologies may be used in the input energy converter (107) and will not be discussed in detail. The resulting thermal energy is then fed through an energy transmission channel (110) into the reaction module (102). Sensors internal to the reaction module (119) and external to the reaction module (105) communicate over data transmission channels ( 112) to a control module (103). The control module ( 103) is responsible for controlling all functions of the device in a safe, and stable manner. The reaction module contains an inner chamber known as the fuel module (108) for storage of the required fuels (109). When the fuels are heated to the operating temperature, nuclear fusion takes place resulting in the production usable thermal energy. The reaction module produces a thermal energy output that is fed through an energy transmission channel (110) into an output energy converter (106) if there are implementation specific requirements for non-thermal energy output. Again, there are many existing technologies may be used in the output energy converter (106) and will not be discussed in detail.
Referencing Fig.2 The reaction module (102), in the current embodiment, contains an external housing (200) surrounding a radiation shielding material (201). Internal to the radiation shielding (201) is an the fuel module (108). Surrounding the fuel module (108) is a quantity of fluid (208) circulating through ports (202,and 203) to remove the thermal energy from the exterior of the fuel module Page 3 of 10 (204). The fuel module (108) is equipped with a connector (205) and a mating connector (206) that connects the internal mechanisms of the fuel module(108) to the control module (103) Referencing Fig.3 The fuel module (108) externally consists of a hosing (300), a mounting flange(311) and a connector(205). Internally the fuel module consists of a heating device(303), nuclear fuels(109) and a multitude of sub-module(305,307,304,302,306,308) that will be detailed in the following embodiments. The fuel module (108) optionally incorporates thermal insulation(312) and radiation shielding(313).
The following describes a second possible embodiment of the invention.
Referencing Fig.1 In the current embodiment, the device (100) comprises of an powder coated steel exterior housing (101) and several internal modules. Input energy is delivered into the device via a connection to a standard 115v / 230v electrical outlet (113) , fed through the control module (103) then fed into a resistive heating element(303) placed inside the fuel module (108) in contact with the nuclear fuel (109) bypassing the input energy converter in this embodiment.
The control module is a PID controller capable of modulating the power sent to the resistive heating element(303) internal to the fuel module(108) In this embodiment, the nuclear fuels are 1) 60 grams of 3-4um powdered elemental nickel and 2) 30 ml of dry hydrogen gas at atmospheric pressure.
Referencing Fig.2 The reaction module (102), in the current embodiment, contains a stainless steel external housing (200) surrounding a lead radiation shielding material ( 201 ).
Internal to the radiation shielding ( 201) is an inner chamber known as the fuel module made of a cylindrical copper tube, 25mm in diameter, 30 cm in length, closed one one end, and having a fluid and electrical connector on the opposite end (205) Surrounding the fuel module (108) is a quantity of water (208) entering through port(203) and exiting through port (202) to remove the thermal energy from the exterior of the fuel module (204). A mating connector (206) connects the internal Page 4 of 10 workings of the fuel module(108) to the control module (103). The fuel module (108) is designed to allow rapid removal and replacement of the fuel module by disconnecting connectors (205,206) and removing the retention clamps (209), a new replacement fuel module(108) can them be installed.
Referencing Fig.3 In the current embodiment, the fuel module(108) houses a resistive heating element (303) and the nuclear fuel (109). When the control module (103) energizes the heating element(303), the temperature of the fuel rises. An internal temperature sensor (304) relays temperature information through connectors (205,206) to the control module (103) to maintain the nuclear fuel (109) temperature in the range of 300 degrees C to 600 degrees C. The heating of the nuclear fuel(108) causes it to undergo nuclear fusion and to form isotopes of copper, zinc, nickel and hydrogen while releasing thermal energy. This additional heat is conducted though the housing (300) into the cooling water (208) and then removed though the exit port(202). Cold water is replenished though the feed port (203). In this embodiment, the control module (103) also has the responsibility of providing replacement hydrogen gas though connectors (206,205) into the nuclear fuel (109) when the internal pressure drops below atmospheric pressure. The fuel module has a coating of an insulating material (312) on the exterior to limit the rate at which the cooling water (208) can conduct heat thought the housing (300).
Allowing the heat to transfer at too high a rate would cause the nuclear fuel(109) temperature to drop and fall out of the required temperature range. The fuel module has a coating of a radiation absorbing material (313) on the exterior to limit the release of radiation. The intended use of the heated water flowing out of the exit port(202) is to perform the work normally performed by a gas fired water boiler.
The following describes a third possible embodiment of the invention.
As an extension to the second described embodiment, the fuel module (108) incorporates a thermally activated emergency purge device (305) that will release a quantity of inert gas to displace the hydrogen gas in the nuclear fuel (109) if the internal temperature rises above a predetermined safe level. When the purge device (305) activates, the internal pressure of the fuel module (108) will rise and cause a pressure relief valve (308) to open, allowing the hydrogen and inter gases to exit the fuel module(108) thereby immediately removing one of the required fuels and halting the nuclear reactions. Additionally it is noted that the inert gas Page 5 of 10 generated by the emergency purge device (305) may be replaced with another chemical or chemicals known to interfere with the ongoing nuclear reactions, thereby slowing or halting the reactions by chemical poisoning of the reaction.
The following describes a fourth possible embodiment of the invention.
As an extension to the second described embodiment, the nuclear fuel(109) is mixed with a quantity of a material know to increase the rate, safety or stability of the nuclear reactions; a catalyst.
The following describes a fifth possible embodiment of the invention.
As an extension to the second described embodiment, the fuel module(108) incorporates module (302) that releases hydrogen gas when heated. Having hydrogen stored in the module (302) negates the requirement for the hydrogen gas to be delivered to the fuel module (108) through to connectors ( 205,206) and thereby removes a possible point of failure. It is envisioned that the hydrogen storage module (302) would store hydrogen as a chemical compound, for example MgH2, or as a pressurized gas.
The following describes a sixth possible embodiment of the invention.
Referencing Fig. 2, Fig. 3 and Fig.4 As an extension to the second described embodiment, the fuel module(108) incorporates a internal tubular structure(400) witch terminates at the connector(205). The purpose of this loop is to extract thermal energy directly from the interior of the fuel module(108) using a heat transferring fluid.
The following describes a seventh possible embodiment of the invention.
Referencing Fig 2 and Fig. 7 As an extension to the second described embodiment, the fuel module(108) incorporates a separate chamber (700) for the storage of the gaseous nuclear fuel, for example, but not limited to, hydrogen gas. The chamber (700) is formed by a division ( 703). An opening in the division connects to a bi-directional gas mover (701) and is protected from powdered nuclear fuel Page 6 of 10 (109) by the use of a filter (702). The gas mover (701) is electrical connected to the connectors (205,206) then to the control module (103). The control module (103) actuates the gas mover (701) in alternating directions to control the gas pressure of the nuclear fuel(109) thereby modulating the reaction rate of the fuel.
The following describes an eighth possible embodiment of the invention.
As an extension to the second described embodiment, the nuclear fuel (109) consists of deuterium gas and metallic palladium.
The following describes a ninth possible embodiment of the invention.
As an extension to the second described embodiment, thermal energy leaving the reaction chamber (102) through the exit port (202) enters an energy conversion module (106) consisting of a thermoelectric generator. Energy leaves the conversion module(106) and exits the device at port (114) as electrical energy. This electrical energy is envisioned to be used as household power, or as a means on recharging chemical batteries in an automobile.
The following describes a tenth possible embodiment of the invention.
As an extension to the second described embodiment, thermal energy leaving the reaction chamber (102) as steam through the exit port (202) enters an energy conversion module (106) consisting of a turbine device. Energy leaves the conversion module(106) and exits the device at port (114) as rotational motion. This rotation energy is envisioned to be used as an input to an electrical generator or to directly perform useful mechanical work.
The following describes an eleventh possible embodiment of the invention.
As an extension to the second described embodiment, sensors(105) external to the reaction module(102) relay information to the control unit(103). If the sensors(105) detect undesirable emission of radiation from the reaction chamber (102) , the control module(103) take action to reduce or terminate the nuclear reactions taking place inside the reaction chamber (102) The following describes a twelfth possible embodiment of the invention.
Page 7 of 10 Referencing Fig. 2, Fig.3 and Fig. 4 As an extension to the second described embodiment, the fuel module(108) incorporates a internal tubular structure(400), instead of, or in addition to, the resistive heating element (303).
The tubular structure(400) is accessible through the connector(205). The tubular structure(400) carries a heated fluid that is used to deliver the input thermal energy to the nuclear fuel(109).
In this embodiment it is envisioned that that fluid delivering thermal energy is either steam or similar energy transfer fluid, for example, molten salt. This energy transfer fluid passing trough the tubular structure(400) is heated from either a source internal to the device (100) such as the input energy conversion module (107), or from an external source such as from the output of a solar energy collection array or from the output of an additional low energy nuclear device(100). utilising the output of a low energy nuclear device(100) to provide the input energy to a subsequent device(100) would greatly increase the coefficient of performance of the system as a whole. Reference Fig. 8. In one embodiment it is envisioned that the output energy of a primary low energy nuclear device(800) is transmitted as steam through an energy transmission channel(110),in this case being a tube or pipe for carrying steam, with the aid of a pump(802) into one or more subsequent low energy nuclear devices(801). The primary device(800) may be operated at a higher temperature to provide the necessary energy required to sustain nuclear reactions one subsequent device(801) or many subsequent devices(803) The following describes a thirteenth possible embodiment of the invention.
Referencing Fig. 2 As an extension to the second described embodiment, the nuclear fuel(109) is comprised primarily of a plurality of intermixed powdered fuels, for example: powdered nickel and powdered hydrogen hydride.
The following describes a thirteenth possible embodiment of the invention.
Referencing Fig. 3 As an extension to the second described embodiment, the fuel module (108) includes a safety interlock(306) to prevent the accidental removal of the fuel module (108) during operating condition that may pose a risk to the user or environment. It is envisioned that the safety Page 8 of 10 interlock(306) is of the nature of a spring loaded solenoid that protrudes a locking pin to the exterior of the housing(300) into the housing of the reaction chamber(200) to prevent removal of the fuel module(108). Additionally, it is envisioned that the safety interlock(306) may use any other mechanism of action to preform the same overall function, le. the prevention of removal of the fuel module(108) from the reaction chamber(102) The following describes a fourteenth possible embodiment of the invention.
Referencing Fig. 3 As an extension to the second described embodiment, the fuel module (108) incorporates radiation shielding (313) as a replacement for, or in addition to, the radiation shielding incorporated into the reaction module(201).
The following describes a sixteenth possible embodiment of the invention.
Referencing Fig. 3 As an extension to the second described embodiment, the fuel module (108) incorporates an electronic module(307) that measures and/or calculates the useful life remaining in the fuel module(108) and reports the information through connectors(205,206) to the control module(103).
The following describes a seventeenth possible embodiment of the invention.
Referencing Fig. 1 and Fig. 5 As an extension to the second described embodiment, the reaction module(102) is external to the device(100) and has been insulated and sealed allowing use in a submerged environment containing a fluid to be heated(502). Additionally, connectors (205,206) have been sealed to prevent fluid ingress(502). Thermal insulation(501) is employed on the interior or exterior of the reaction module(102) to limit the rate of cooling of the nuclear fuel(109) inside the reaction module(102). In a similar fashion to the second embodiment, the reaction module(102) may optionally contain a fuel module(108) that can be removed from the reaction module(102) for the purpose of replacement or refueling.
Page 9 of 10 The following describes a eighteenth possible embodiment of the invention.
Referencing Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 6 In this envisioned embodiment, the device(100) is comprised of a outer housing(101), and multiple internal modules. The control module(103) using information from:
sensors(105) ,the fuel modules(108) and external inputs(610) is used to control the operation of the device(100).
A combustion chamber(600) is fed a mixture of combustion air(606) and a combustible fuel(607) and is ignited. Into exhaust stream from the combustion chamber(611) is injected cooling air(608) driven via a pump(601). This cooling air is used to bring the exhaust stream temperature down to an acceptable temperature to feed into the reaction chamber(102). The reaction chamber(102) houses one or more fuel modules(108) and arranges them in the flow of exhaust gasses entering from the combustion chamber(600). The fuel modules(108) and their internal nuclear fuel(109) are heated by the exhaust stream(611) and begin to produce thermal energy. the exhaust stream(611) removes the excess thermal energy from the exterior of the fuel modules(108) and then passes through an exhaust-to-air heat exchanger(603).
Air or other fluid to be heated (604) is driven into the heat exchanger(603) by means of a pump(612) and exits the exchanger(603) as a heated process fluid(605) able to perform useful work. The combustion exhaust stream (611) exits the exchanger as useless exhaust(609) and is discarded. One envisioned embodiment of this device is as use as a forced air furnace for residential or commercial buildings.
This concludes the detailed description, the particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein.
Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below.
Page 10 of 10
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A low energy nuclear device for producing useful energy that remedies many deficiencies identified in the related art and its methods of use are disclosed. In addition to addressing solutions to the deficiencies in the related art, new novel uses and features will be detailed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention may be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals identify like elements, and in which:
FIG 1. Illustrates one particular embodiment of the invention FIG 2. Illustrates one particular embodiment of the reaction module FIG 3. Illustrates one particular embodiment of the fuel module FIG 4. Illustrates another possible embodiment of the fuel module FIG 5. Illustrates another possible embodiment of the reaction module in a submerged application FIG 6. illustrates another possible embodiment of the reaction module in an air heating application FIG 7. illustrates one particular embodiment of fuel pressure regulating mechanism inside the fuel module.
FIG 8. illustrates one particular embodiment where one device provides energy to a subsequent device Page 2 of 10 While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, the drawings illustrate specific embodiments herein described in detail by way of example.
It should be understood, however, that the descriptions herein of specific embodiments are not intend to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The following describes the first of many possible embodiments of the invention.
Referencing Fig.1 In the current embodiment, the device (100) comprises of an exterior housing (101) and several internal modules. Input energy (113) is delivered into the device and fed into an energy converter (107) if the input energy is not thermal energy. Many existing technologies may be used in the input energy converter (107) and will not be discussed in detail. The resulting thermal energy is then fed through an energy transmission channel (110) into the reaction module (102). Sensors internal to the reaction module (119) and external to the reaction module (105) communicate over data transmission channels ( 112) to a control module (103). The control module ( 103) is responsible for controlling all functions of the device in a safe, and stable manner. The reaction module contains an inner chamber known as the fuel module (108) for storage of the required fuels (109). When the fuels are heated to the operating temperature, nuclear fusion takes place resulting in the production usable thermal energy. The reaction module produces a thermal energy output that is fed through an energy transmission channel (110) into an output energy converter (106) if there are implementation specific requirements for non-thermal energy output. Again, there are many existing technologies may be used in the output energy converter (106) and will not be discussed in detail.
Referencing Fig.2 The reaction module (102), in the current embodiment, contains an external housing (200) surrounding a radiation shielding material (201). Internal to the radiation shielding (201) is an the fuel module (108). Surrounding the fuel module (108) is a quantity of fluid (208) circulating through ports (202,and 203) to remove the thermal energy from the exterior of the fuel module Page 3 of 10 (204). The fuel module (108) is equipped with a connector (205) and a mating connector (206) that connects the internal mechanisms of the fuel module(108) to the control module (103) Referencing Fig.3 The fuel module (108) externally consists of a hosing (300), a mounting flange(311) and a connector(205). Internally the fuel module consists of a heating device(303), nuclear fuels(109) and a multitude of sub-module(305,307,304,302,306,308) that will be detailed in the following embodiments. The fuel module (108) optionally incorporates thermal insulation(312) and radiation shielding(313).
The following describes a second possible embodiment of the invention.
Referencing Fig.1 In the current embodiment, the device (100) comprises of an powder coated steel exterior housing (101) and several internal modules. Input energy is delivered into the device via a connection to a standard 115v / 230v electrical outlet (113) , fed through the control module (103) then fed into a resistive heating element(303) placed inside the fuel module (108) in contact with the nuclear fuel (109) bypassing the input energy converter in this embodiment.
The control module is a PID controller capable of modulating the power sent to the resistive heating element(303) internal to the fuel module(108) In this embodiment, the nuclear fuels are 1) 60 grams of 3-4um powdered elemental nickel and 2) 30 ml of dry hydrogen gas at atmospheric pressure.
Referencing Fig.2 The reaction module (102), in the current embodiment, contains a stainless steel external housing (200) surrounding a lead radiation shielding material ( 201 ).
Internal to the radiation shielding ( 201) is an inner chamber known as the fuel module made of a cylindrical copper tube, 25mm in diameter, 30 cm in length, closed one one end, and having a fluid and electrical connector on the opposite end (205) Surrounding the fuel module (108) is a quantity of water (208) entering through port(203) and exiting through port (202) to remove the thermal energy from the exterior of the fuel module (204). A mating connector (206) connects the internal Page 4 of 10 workings of the fuel module(108) to the control module (103). The fuel module (108) is designed to allow rapid removal and replacement of the fuel module by disconnecting connectors (205,206) and removing the retention clamps (209), a new replacement fuel module(108) can them be installed.
Referencing Fig.3 In the current embodiment, the fuel module(108) houses a resistive heating element (303) and the nuclear fuel (109). When the control module (103) energizes the heating element(303), the temperature of the fuel rises. An internal temperature sensor (304) relays temperature information through connectors (205,206) to the control module (103) to maintain the nuclear fuel (109) temperature in the range of 300 degrees C to 600 degrees C. The heating of the nuclear fuel(108) causes it to undergo nuclear fusion and to form isotopes of copper, zinc, nickel and hydrogen while releasing thermal energy. This additional heat is conducted though the housing (300) into the cooling water (208) and then removed though the exit port(202). Cold water is replenished though the feed port (203). In this embodiment, the control module (103) also has the responsibility of providing replacement hydrogen gas though connectors (206,205) into the nuclear fuel (109) when the internal pressure drops below atmospheric pressure. The fuel module has a coating of an insulating material (312) on the exterior to limit the rate at which the cooling water (208) can conduct heat thought the housing (300).
Allowing the heat to transfer at too high a rate would cause the nuclear fuel(109) temperature to drop and fall out of the required temperature range. The fuel module has a coating of a radiation absorbing material (313) on the exterior to limit the release of radiation. The intended use of the heated water flowing out of the exit port(202) is to perform the work normally performed by a gas fired water boiler.
The following describes a third possible embodiment of the invention.
As an extension to the second described embodiment, the fuel module (108) incorporates a thermally activated emergency purge device (305) that will release a quantity of inert gas to displace the hydrogen gas in the nuclear fuel (109) if the internal temperature rises above a predetermined safe level. When the purge device (305) activates, the internal pressure of the fuel module (108) will rise and cause a pressure relief valve (308) to open, allowing the hydrogen and inter gases to exit the fuel module(108) thereby immediately removing one of the required fuels and halting the nuclear reactions. Additionally it is noted that the inert gas Page 5 of 10 generated by the emergency purge device (305) may be replaced with another chemical or chemicals known to interfere with the ongoing nuclear reactions, thereby slowing or halting the reactions by chemical poisoning of the reaction.
The following describes a fourth possible embodiment of the invention.
As an extension to the second described embodiment, the nuclear fuel(109) is mixed with a quantity of a material know to increase the rate, safety or stability of the nuclear reactions; a catalyst.
The following describes a fifth possible embodiment of the invention.
As an extension to the second described embodiment, the fuel module(108) incorporates module (302) that releases hydrogen gas when heated. Having hydrogen stored in the module (302) negates the requirement for the hydrogen gas to be delivered to the fuel module (108) through to connectors ( 205,206) and thereby removes a possible point of failure. It is envisioned that the hydrogen storage module (302) would store hydrogen as a chemical compound, for example MgH2, or as a pressurized gas.
The following describes a sixth possible embodiment of the invention.
Referencing Fig. 2, Fig. 3 and Fig.4 As an extension to the second described embodiment, the fuel module(108) incorporates a internal tubular structure(400) witch terminates at the connector(205). The purpose of this loop is to extract thermal energy directly from the interior of the fuel module(108) using a heat transferring fluid.
The following describes a seventh possible embodiment of the invention.
Referencing Fig 2 and Fig. 7 As an extension to the second described embodiment, the fuel module(108) incorporates a separate chamber (700) for the storage of the gaseous nuclear fuel, for example, but not limited to, hydrogen gas. The chamber (700) is formed by a division ( 703). An opening in the division connects to a bi-directional gas mover (701) and is protected from powdered nuclear fuel Page 6 of 10 (109) by the use of a filter (702). The gas mover (701) is electrical connected to the connectors (205,206) then to the control module (103). The control module (103) actuates the gas mover (701) in alternating directions to control the gas pressure of the nuclear fuel(109) thereby modulating the reaction rate of the fuel.
The following describes an eighth possible embodiment of the invention.
As an extension to the second described embodiment, the nuclear fuel (109) consists of deuterium gas and metallic palladium.
The following describes a ninth possible embodiment of the invention.
As an extension to the second described embodiment, thermal energy leaving the reaction chamber (102) through the exit port (202) enters an energy conversion module (106) consisting of a thermoelectric generator. Energy leaves the conversion module(106) and exits the device at port (114) as electrical energy. This electrical energy is envisioned to be used as household power, or as a means on recharging chemical batteries in an automobile.
The following describes a tenth possible embodiment of the invention.
As an extension to the second described embodiment, thermal energy leaving the reaction chamber (102) as steam through the exit port (202) enters an energy conversion module (106) consisting of a turbine device. Energy leaves the conversion module(106) and exits the device at port (114) as rotational motion. This rotation energy is envisioned to be used as an input to an electrical generator or to directly perform useful mechanical work.
The following describes an eleventh possible embodiment of the invention.
As an extension to the second described embodiment, sensors(105) external to the reaction module(102) relay information to the control unit(103). If the sensors(105) detect undesirable emission of radiation from the reaction chamber (102) , the control module(103) take action to reduce or terminate the nuclear reactions taking place inside the reaction chamber (102) The following describes a twelfth possible embodiment of the invention.
Page 7 of 10 Referencing Fig. 2, Fig.3 and Fig. 4 As an extension to the second described embodiment, the fuel module(108) incorporates a internal tubular structure(400), instead of, or in addition to, the resistive heating element (303).
The tubular structure(400) is accessible through the connector(205). The tubular structure(400) carries a heated fluid that is used to deliver the input thermal energy to the nuclear fuel(109).
In this embodiment it is envisioned that that fluid delivering thermal energy is either steam or similar energy transfer fluid, for example, molten salt. This energy transfer fluid passing trough the tubular structure(400) is heated from either a source internal to the device (100) such as the input energy conversion module (107), or from an external source such as from the output of a solar energy collection array or from the output of an additional low energy nuclear device(100). utilising the output of a low energy nuclear device(100) to provide the input energy to a subsequent device(100) would greatly increase the coefficient of performance of the system as a whole. Reference Fig. 8. In one embodiment it is envisioned that the output energy of a primary low energy nuclear device(800) is transmitted as steam through an energy transmission channel(110),in this case being a tube or pipe for carrying steam, with the aid of a pump(802) into one or more subsequent low energy nuclear devices(801). The primary device(800) may be operated at a higher temperature to provide the necessary energy required to sustain nuclear reactions one subsequent device(801) or many subsequent devices(803) The following describes a thirteenth possible embodiment of the invention.
Referencing Fig. 2 As an extension to the second described embodiment, the nuclear fuel(109) is comprised primarily of a plurality of intermixed powdered fuels, for example: powdered nickel and powdered hydrogen hydride.
The following describes a thirteenth possible embodiment of the invention.
Referencing Fig. 3 As an extension to the second described embodiment, the fuel module (108) includes a safety interlock(306) to prevent the accidental removal of the fuel module (108) during operating condition that may pose a risk to the user or environment. It is envisioned that the safety Page 8 of 10 interlock(306) is of the nature of a spring loaded solenoid that protrudes a locking pin to the exterior of the housing(300) into the housing of the reaction chamber(200) to prevent removal of the fuel module(108). Additionally, it is envisioned that the safety interlock(306) may use any other mechanism of action to preform the same overall function, le. the prevention of removal of the fuel module(108) from the reaction chamber(102) The following describes a fourteenth possible embodiment of the invention.
Referencing Fig. 3 As an extension to the second described embodiment, the fuel module (108) incorporates radiation shielding (313) as a replacement for, or in addition to, the radiation shielding incorporated into the reaction module(201).
The following describes a sixteenth possible embodiment of the invention.
Referencing Fig. 3 As an extension to the second described embodiment, the fuel module (108) incorporates an electronic module(307) that measures and/or calculates the useful life remaining in the fuel module(108) and reports the information through connectors(205,206) to the control module(103).
The following describes a seventeenth possible embodiment of the invention.
Referencing Fig. 1 and Fig. 5 As an extension to the second described embodiment, the reaction module(102) is external to the device(100) and has been insulated and sealed allowing use in a submerged environment containing a fluid to be heated(502). Additionally, connectors (205,206) have been sealed to prevent fluid ingress(502). Thermal insulation(501) is employed on the interior or exterior of the reaction module(102) to limit the rate of cooling of the nuclear fuel(109) inside the reaction module(102). In a similar fashion to the second embodiment, the reaction module(102) may optionally contain a fuel module(108) that can be removed from the reaction module(102) for the purpose of replacement or refueling.
Page 9 of 10 The following describes a eighteenth possible embodiment of the invention.
Referencing Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 6 In this envisioned embodiment, the device(100) is comprised of a outer housing(101), and multiple internal modules. The control module(103) using information from:
sensors(105) ,the fuel modules(108) and external inputs(610) is used to control the operation of the device(100).
A combustion chamber(600) is fed a mixture of combustion air(606) and a combustible fuel(607) and is ignited. Into exhaust stream from the combustion chamber(611) is injected cooling air(608) driven via a pump(601). This cooling air is used to bring the exhaust stream temperature down to an acceptable temperature to feed into the reaction chamber(102). The reaction chamber(102) houses one or more fuel modules(108) and arranges them in the flow of exhaust gasses entering from the combustion chamber(600). The fuel modules(108) and their internal nuclear fuel(109) are heated by the exhaust stream(611) and begin to produce thermal energy. the exhaust stream(611) removes the excess thermal energy from the exterior of the fuel modules(108) and then passes through an exhaust-to-air heat exchanger(603).
Air or other fluid to be heated (604) is driven into the heat exchanger(603) by means of a pump(612) and exits the exchanger(603) as a heated process fluid(605) able to perform useful work. The combustion exhaust stream (611) exits the exchanger as useless exhaust(609) and is discarded. One envisioned embodiment of this device is as use as a forced air furnace for residential or commercial buildings.
This concludes the detailed description, the particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein.
Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below.
Page 10 of 10
Claims (38)
1. An apparatus producing usable thermal energy from the nuclear fusion of one or more heated fuels, wherein one or more of the fuels is in an non-plasma state.
2. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates an internal reaction chamber and a control module, internal or external to the device.
3. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates a mechanism or method to allow a user of ordinary skill to refuel the device.
4. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates a module or mechanism capable of converting thermal energy to another form of usable energy for output.
5. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates air as the primary energy output.
6. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates water as the primary energy output.
7. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates electricity as the primary energy output.
8. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates mechanical rotation as the primary energy output.
9. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates a reaction vessel that is used to both provide input energy and extract output energy using the same surface of the reaction vessel.
10. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates a method wherein one or more of the fuels required, are stored in, and then released by the controlled decomposition of, a chemical compound.
11. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates a means to use chemical energy as the primary method of delivering input energy to the reaction module.
12. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates a mechanism or method to halt ongoing nuclear reactions in the event of operation outside of set limits.
13. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates a mechanism or method to allow thermal energy contained in a fluid transport medium to be used as the primary input energy to the reaction module.
14. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates a fuel mixture comprised of plurality of intermixed powdered fuels.
15. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates sensors external to the reaction module to detect, prevent or halt the ongoing release of radiation.
16. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates a removable, replaceable or refillable canister or module containing one or more of the fuels required for operation.
17. A low energy nuclear device from claim 16 wherein the removable module incorporates integrated monitoring sensors.
18. A low energy nuclear device from claim 16 wherein the removable module incorporates an integrated safety interlock mechanism to prevent the removal of the module while in operation.
19. A low energy nuclear device from claim 16 wherein the removable module incorporates one or more catalyzing compounds in addition to the required fuels.
20. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates components used to adjust the internal pressure of the reaction chamber using external or internal stimuli.
21. A low energy nuclear device from claim 16 wherein the removable module incorporates integrated components used to adjust the internal pressure of the removable module using external or internal stimuli.
22. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates radiation shielding that remains in place during refueling procedures.
23. A low energy nuclear device from claim 16 wherein the removable module incorporates integrated radiation shielding.
24. A low energy nuclear device from claim 16 wherein the removable module incorporates an internal electrical resistance heater.
25. A low energy nuclear device from claim 16 wherein the removable module incorporates an integrated module or sub-component used to calculate or estimate the remaining life of the removable module and report that information to a control module.
26. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates an integrated module used to forcibly eject one or more of the required fuels out of the reaction chamber as a means of slowing or terminating the nuclear reactions.
27. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates an integrated mechanism to allow the venting of excess pressure in the reaction chamber.
28. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates an integrated mechanism or module to forcibly inject a chemical or compound into the reaction chamber as a means of slowing or terminating the nuclear reactions
29. A low energy nuclear device from claim 16 wherein the removable module's primary energy input is delivered to the exterior of the removable module.
30. A low energy nuclear device from claim 16 wherein the removable module incorporates a mechanism or method to allow thermal energy to be extracted from the interior of the removable module through a connector.
31. A low energy nuclear device from claim 16 wherein the removable module incorporates a connector for the transmission of electricity, fluid or signals in or out of the removable module.
32. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the reaction chamber is external to the device and the reaction chamber incorporates an environmentally hardened connector and housing intended for direct submersion.
33. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the reaction chamber incorporates internal or external thermal insulation to allow operations where an excess of coolant is present.
34. A low energy nuclear device from claim 16 wherein the removable module incorporates a method or mechanism to allow the removable module to be monitored and controlled from the exterior of the module.
35. A low energy nuclear device from claim 1 wherein the device incorporates multiple reaction chambers or modules in sequence, wherein the output of one module is used to provide the input energy to a subsequent module.
36. An apparatus producing usable thermal energy from the nuclear fusion of heated nickel and hydrogen.
37. An apparatus producing usable thermal energy from the nuclear fusion of heated palladium and deuterium.
38. An apparatus producing usable thermal energy from the nuclear fusion of heated nickel and hydrogen incorporating a catalyzing element or compound consisting of one or more of the following elements: potassium, lithium, titanium or palladium.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2772463A CA2772463A1 (en) | 2012-03-19 | 2012-03-19 | Low energy nuclear device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2772463A CA2772463A1 (en) | 2012-03-19 | 2012-03-19 | Low energy nuclear device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2772463A1 true CA2772463A1 (en) | 2013-09-19 |
Family
ID=49209624
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2772463A Abandoned CA2772463A1 (en) | 2012-03-19 | 2012-03-19 | Low energy nuclear device |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2772463A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20140099252A1 (en) * | 2012-10-09 | 2014-04-10 | Marc Kenneth Chason | System and method for supplying hydrogen and deuterium to lenr and e-cat based energy generating systems |
-
2012
- 2012-03-19 CA CA2772463A patent/CA2772463A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20140099252A1 (en) * | 2012-10-09 | 2014-04-10 | Marc Kenneth Chason | System and method for supplying hydrogen and deuterium to lenr and e-cat based energy generating systems |
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