CA2702115A1 - Low emissions fuel emulsion comprising fischer-tropsch derived hydrocarbon - Google Patents
Low emissions fuel emulsion comprising fischer-tropsch derived hydrocarbon Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2702115A1 CA2702115A1 CA2702115A CA2702115A CA2702115A1 CA 2702115 A1 CA2702115 A1 CA 2702115A1 CA 2702115 A CA2702115 A CA 2702115A CA 2702115 A CA2702115 A CA 2702115A CA 2702115 A1 CA2702115 A1 CA 2702115A1
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- Prior art keywords
- hydrocarbon
- water
- fischer
- fuel
- emulsion
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
- C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase
Abstract
Emulsions of a hydrocarbon and water in which the hydrocarbon preferably is a Fischer-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon fuel and in which emulsion a major portion of the hydrocarbon has particle sizes of 1 micron or less produce reduced particulate matter emissions upon combustion.
Description
LOW EMISSIONS FUEL EMULSION COMPRISING FISCHER-TROPSCH
DERIVED HYDROCARBON
This application is a divisional application of co-pending application 2,482,339, filed August 24, 2004 FIELD OF INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to an improved fuel which has reduced particulate matter emission characteristics. More particularly the invention is directed to fuels that are in the form of hydrocarbon-in-water emulsions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Hydrocarbon-in-water emulsions have many potential uses, such as in internal combustion engines and as a fuel for heating purposes. Indeed, various studies have suggested that burning hydrocarbon-in-water emulsions has the advantage of lowering the nitrogen oxide emissions nonnally associated with burning hydrocarbons.
Emulsions are believed to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions by lowering the peak flame teniperature during their combustion. A lower flame temperature, however, often is associated with an increase in the emission of particulate matter (Pm). This pllenomenon, known as the Pm-NOX trade off, is believed to limit the improvements one can make to diesel emissions.
DERIVED HYDROCARBON
This application is a divisional application of co-pending application 2,482,339, filed August 24, 2004 FIELD OF INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to an improved fuel which has reduced particulate matter emission characteristics. More particularly the invention is directed to fuels that are in the form of hydrocarbon-in-water emulsions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Hydrocarbon-in-water emulsions have many potential uses, such as in internal combustion engines and as a fuel for heating purposes. Indeed, various studies have suggested that burning hydrocarbon-in-water emulsions has the advantage of lowering the nitrogen oxide emissions nonnally associated with burning hydrocarbons.
Emulsions are believed to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions by lowering the peak flame teniperature during their combustion. A lower flame temperature, however, often is associated with an increase in the emission of particulate matter (Pm). This pllenomenon, known as the Pm-NOX trade off, is believed to limit the improvements one can make to diesel emissions.
[0003] h1 recent years there has been a tendency for more stringent emission regulations, including particulate emissions. Therefore, an object of the present invention is to develop a method of more effectively controlling particulate emissions without adversely impacting presently achievable reduced nitrogen oxide emission levels demonstrated for eniulsified fuels.
100041 In the instance of diesel fueled engines, the reduction of particulate emissions is particularly important. Consequently, another object of the invention is to provide an improved diesel fuel having reduced particulate matter emission characteristics.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0005] In accordance with the invention, a method for forming a fuel in water emulsion, which when combusted has reduced particulate matter emissions compared with Swedish Class 1 Diesel Fuel, comprises shearing a Fischcr-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon boiling in the diesel fuel range and water in the volume ratio of hydrocarbon to water of 95:5 to 40:60 and about 0.05 to about 5.0 wt% based on the weight of hydrocarbon and water with a non-ionic surfactant or mixtures thereof having a HLB of about 5 to about 30 under shearing conditions sufficient to produce a liquid emulsion in which a major portion of the hydrocarbon has particle sizes of 1 micron or less.
[0006] These and other embodiments will become apparent upon a reading of the detailed description of the invention which follows.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] Figure 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of one arrangement of multiple static mixers used to prepare an emulsion according to the invention.
[0008] Figures 2 and 3 graphically compare the performance of an emulsion of the invention with two non-emulsified fuels in a diesel engine without timing adjustments.
[0009] Figures 4 and 5 graphically compare the performance of the fuels of Figures 2 and 3 with timing adjustment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0010] The emulsions of the present invention contain as the hydrocarbon, a Fischer-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon fuel or a mixture of a FT fuel and a conventional liydrocarbon fuel. Preferably, the hydrocarbon is a FT derived fuel.
[0011] As is well known in the art the Fischer-Tropsch process involves the reaction of a hydrogen and carbon monoxide containing feed in the presence of a suitable catalyst to produce a largely normal paraffin synthetic cra.ide. The process is described, for example, in U. S. Patents 5,348,982 and 5,545,674, and suitable catalysts in U. S. Patent 4,568,663.
[0012] The hydrocarbon fuels produced in the Fischer-Tropsch process may be separated from the product crude by standard distillation teeliniques.
Additionally, however, the waxy component of the crude may be converted into filels by known techniques such as hydrotreating, hydroisomerization and hydrocracking. An example of one such process can be found in U. S. 5,378,348.
[0013] In the context of the embodiments of the present invention the Fischer-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon fuel may comprise either the direct liquid product (C5+) f:rom the Fischer-Tropsch process, a converted Fischer-Tropsch product, or a blend of the foregoing. Thus, Fischer-Tropsch products boiling in the range of from about 25 C to about 450 C are suitable. Such fuels include that disclosed in U. S.
100041 In the instance of diesel fueled engines, the reduction of particulate emissions is particularly important. Consequently, another object of the invention is to provide an improved diesel fuel having reduced particulate matter emission characteristics.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0005] In accordance with the invention, a method for forming a fuel in water emulsion, which when combusted has reduced particulate matter emissions compared with Swedish Class 1 Diesel Fuel, comprises shearing a Fischcr-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon boiling in the diesel fuel range and water in the volume ratio of hydrocarbon to water of 95:5 to 40:60 and about 0.05 to about 5.0 wt% based on the weight of hydrocarbon and water with a non-ionic surfactant or mixtures thereof having a HLB of about 5 to about 30 under shearing conditions sufficient to produce a liquid emulsion in which a major portion of the hydrocarbon has particle sizes of 1 micron or less.
[0006] These and other embodiments will become apparent upon a reading of the detailed description of the invention which follows.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] Figure 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of one arrangement of multiple static mixers used to prepare an emulsion according to the invention.
[0008] Figures 2 and 3 graphically compare the performance of an emulsion of the invention with two non-emulsified fuels in a diesel engine without timing adjustments.
[0009] Figures 4 and 5 graphically compare the performance of the fuels of Figures 2 and 3 with timing adjustment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0010] The emulsions of the present invention contain as the hydrocarbon, a Fischer-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon fuel or a mixture of a FT fuel and a conventional liydrocarbon fuel. Preferably, the hydrocarbon is a FT derived fuel.
[0011] As is well known in the art the Fischer-Tropsch process involves the reaction of a hydrogen and carbon monoxide containing feed in the presence of a suitable catalyst to produce a largely normal paraffin synthetic cra.ide. The process is described, for example, in U. S. Patents 5,348,982 and 5,545,674, and suitable catalysts in U. S. Patent 4,568,663.
[0012] The hydrocarbon fuels produced in the Fischer-Tropsch process may be separated from the product crude by standard distillation teeliniques.
Additionally, however, the waxy component of the crude may be converted into filels by known techniques such as hydrotreating, hydroisomerization and hydrocracking. An example of one such process can be found in U. S. 5,378,348.
[0013] In the context of the embodiments of the present invention the Fischer-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon fuel may comprise either the direct liquid product (C5+) f:rom the Fischer-Tropsch process, a converted Fischer-Tropsch product, or a blend of the foregoing. Thus, Fischer-Tropsch products boiling in the range of from about 25 C to about 450 C are suitable. Such fuels include that disclosed in U. S.
5,807,413. Also included are more convention Fischer-Tropsch products such as those boiling, in the range of about 140 C to about 370 C, and preferably in the range of about 160 C to about 350 C.
[00141 The water of the emulsion of the invention may be that typically used in forining fuel emulsions such as tap water, distilled or deionized water. In one embodiment, water from the Fischer-Tropsch process constitutes the continuous phase of the emulsion.
Fischer-Tropsch process water typically contains about < 2 wt% of oxygenates.
A typical composition is shown in Table I below:
Oxygenates Amount C1-C2 alcohols 0.05 - 2 wt%
C--)-Ce acids 0 - 50 wppm Cz-C6 ketones, aldehydes, acetates 0 - 50 wppm other 0 - 500 wppm 100151 The amount of water used in forining the emulsion may be varied over a wide range. For example, the volume ratio of Fischel Tropsch hydrocarbon fuel to water may range froin about 95:5 to about 60:40.
[00161 The einulsions of the present invention also include a nonionic surfactant or mixture of nonionic surfactants. The type of nonionic surfactants suitable include ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated alkyl phenols, ethoxylated carboxylic esters, glycerol esters, sorbital esters and the like. In general, the nonionic surfactant will have an HLB in the range of 5 to 30 and preferably 8 to 15. Among suitable surfactants ethoxylated alkyl phenols having from about 5 to about 30 and preferably 10 to 15 mole of ethylene oxide groups deserve special mention.
[0017] The amount of surfactant or mixtures thereof in the emulsion will range from about 0.05 wt io to about 5.0 wt% based on the total weight of hydrocarbons and water with 0.05 wt% to about 2 wt% being typical.
[0018] The emulsion compositions of the invention may include minor but effective amounts of conventional additives such as emulsions stabilizers, antioxidants and the like. In the case where the fuel is diesel fuel the filel may also contain conventional quantities of diesel fi.iel additives such as cetane iniprovers, detergents, heat stabilizers and the like.
[00191 As is known in the art emulsions can be forrned by any number of procedures. Central to all of these is providing sufficient shearing of the components to cause emulsification. In the practice of the present invention the fuel is added to a mixture of water and surfactant and sheared under conditions sufficient to produce hydrocarbon particles of predominantly 1 micron in size or less. Stated differently, the particles are substantially uniform in size, i. e., greater than 50% are in the range of about (1.1. to about 1.0 microns in size. Experience has shown that extensive shearing results in the fonnation of a "gel" and consequently the shearing will be less than that which would produce a gel.
[0020] To achieve the requisite shearing it is particularly preferred to employ one or more static mixtures such as those described in U. S. Patents 5,405,439;
5,236,624; and 4,832,747. In general more than one mixer will be used and the mixers will not be of the same size (length, diameter, number of internal elements). Rather the number, size and elements are selected to adjust mixing efficiency and emulsion particle size.
Ii1 the practice of the present invention a combination of static mixtures is selected to provide sufficient shearing of the hydrocarbon and water to produce an emulsion having particle sizes predominantly 1 micron or less and less shearing than that which would produce a "gel".
100211 A diagrammatic illustration of one arrangement of static mixers suitable for carrying out the emulsification of this invention is shown in the accompanying Figure. As shown, each of the six mixers have different dimensions. Obviously, different members and sizes of mixers may be used so long as the requisite shearing is achieved.
The dimensions of the illustrated mixers are given in Table 2 below.
Mixer Length, inches Diameter, inches 100221 In the arrangement shown in the Figure, a water and surfactant solution is fed to the mixer 1 via line 7 and the Fischer-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon fuel via line 8.
The product of each mixer is sequentially fed to the next mixer in the series, e. g. , the product of mixer 1 is fed to mixer 2; the product of mixer 2 is fed to mixer 3 and so on.
The emulsion exiting mixer 6 via line 9 has a particle size predominailtly less than 1 micron. The einulsion in the instance where the Fisher-Tropsch fuel is a diesel fuel, has a viscosity in the range of about 50 to 200 mm2/sec at 20 C.
EXAMPLES
100231 3000 gms of a non-ionic surfactant (an ethoxylated nonyl phenol having mols of ethylene oxide groups) was added to 9700 gms of water and fed through mixers I
to 4 shown in the Figure. A Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel (boiling range -40 C
to 300 C) comprising 90'% of C6 to C16 linear paraffins was also fed with the water and surfactant through the four mixers. The volume ratio of fuel to water was 70:30. The hydrocarbon flow rate was 2650 ml/min and the water surfactant solution flow rate was 1380 ml/min.
The temperature was 24 C. The product of inixer 4 was not a hydrocarbon-in-water emulsion.
100241 The sanie ingredients and amounts described in Comparative Example 1 were fed through mixers 1 to 6 shown in the Figure. The flow rate and temperature was the same as in Comparative Example 1. In this instance the product of mixer 6 was liydrocarbon-in-water emulsion having a density of 0.82 gm/cc and a viscosity of 150 mm2 /sec at 20 C. The hydrocarbon particles averaged 0.7 microns with 95%
below I
micron in size. This emulsion was shelf stable for more than 6 months.
(0025] The perforinance of the emulsified Fischer-Tropsch fuel of Example I
was compared to the saine but not emulsified Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel and to Swedish Class I Diesel fuel using a Catapillar I Y 540 single cylinder heavy duty Research engine. Two conditions were measured, low load (1500 rpm, 60 Nn torque and 3.0 bar BMEP
and medium load (1500 rpm, 110 Nm torques and 5.5 bar BMEP.
100261 As is known Swedish Class 1 Diesel filel (also called Urban Diesel ECI) is a standard low emissions reference diesel fuel that produces about 10% to 20%
lower NOx and 40% to 50% lower particulate matter (Pm) than conventional diesel fuel.
The specification for Swedish Class I diesel fuel are given in Table 3.
Cetane > 50 Cloud Point Summer 0 C
Winter -16 C
Density, kglm3 800-820 IBP, C 180 T95, C 285 maximum Viscosity at 40 C, mm'/second 1.2 to 4.0 Sulfur, ppm 10 maximum Aromatics, vol% 5 maximum Poly aromatics not detectable 100271 The unemulsified Fischer-Tropsch fuel (FTF) has been shown to have excellent emissions perforniance (see U.S. 5,807,413) with NOx reductions of 10-25% and Pm reductions of 40-60% compared with conventional diesel fuels. Figures 2 and 3 show the relative emissions performance of the Fischer-Tropsch fuel and an emulsion of the invention (Example 1) vs. Swedish Class 1 Diesel fuel at low and medium load.
[0028] As can be seen in Figure 2, the FTF exhibits similar behavior to Swedish Class 1 Diesel Fuel whereas the fuel emulsion of the invention shows NOx emissions 22%
below Swedish Class 1 and Pm 53% below.
[0029] In Figure 3 a fuel emulsion of the invention shows even larger PM
reduction (91. 5%) than Swedish Class I fuel.
[0030] In Figures 4 and 5 the Pm/NOx perfonnance of the fuels is plotted against change in spark timing. As can be seen in the case of the FTF and Swedish Class 1 fiiels one can retard the timing to lower the NOx emissions.
[00141 The water of the emulsion of the invention may be that typically used in forining fuel emulsions such as tap water, distilled or deionized water. In one embodiment, water from the Fischer-Tropsch process constitutes the continuous phase of the emulsion.
Fischer-Tropsch process water typically contains about < 2 wt% of oxygenates.
A typical composition is shown in Table I below:
Oxygenates Amount C1-C2 alcohols 0.05 - 2 wt%
C--)-Ce acids 0 - 50 wppm Cz-C6 ketones, aldehydes, acetates 0 - 50 wppm other 0 - 500 wppm 100151 The amount of water used in forining the emulsion may be varied over a wide range. For example, the volume ratio of Fischel Tropsch hydrocarbon fuel to water may range froin about 95:5 to about 60:40.
[00161 The einulsions of the present invention also include a nonionic surfactant or mixture of nonionic surfactants. The type of nonionic surfactants suitable include ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated alkyl phenols, ethoxylated carboxylic esters, glycerol esters, sorbital esters and the like. In general, the nonionic surfactant will have an HLB in the range of 5 to 30 and preferably 8 to 15. Among suitable surfactants ethoxylated alkyl phenols having from about 5 to about 30 and preferably 10 to 15 mole of ethylene oxide groups deserve special mention.
[0017] The amount of surfactant or mixtures thereof in the emulsion will range from about 0.05 wt io to about 5.0 wt% based on the total weight of hydrocarbons and water with 0.05 wt% to about 2 wt% being typical.
[0018] The emulsion compositions of the invention may include minor but effective amounts of conventional additives such as emulsions stabilizers, antioxidants and the like. In the case where the fuel is diesel fuel the filel may also contain conventional quantities of diesel fi.iel additives such as cetane iniprovers, detergents, heat stabilizers and the like.
[00191 As is known in the art emulsions can be forrned by any number of procedures. Central to all of these is providing sufficient shearing of the components to cause emulsification. In the practice of the present invention the fuel is added to a mixture of water and surfactant and sheared under conditions sufficient to produce hydrocarbon particles of predominantly 1 micron in size or less. Stated differently, the particles are substantially uniform in size, i. e., greater than 50% are in the range of about (1.1. to about 1.0 microns in size. Experience has shown that extensive shearing results in the fonnation of a "gel" and consequently the shearing will be less than that which would produce a gel.
[0020] To achieve the requisite shearing it is particularly preferred to employ one or more static mixtures such as those described in U. S. Patents 5,405,439;
5,236,624; and 4,832,747. In general more than one mixer will be used and the mixers will not be of the same size (length, diameter, number of internal elements). Rather the number, size and elements are selected to adjust mixing efficiency and emulsion particle size.
Ii1 the practice of the present invention a combination of static mixtures is selected to provide sufficient shearing of the hydrocarbon and water to produce an emulsion having particle sizes predominantly 1 micron or less and less shearing than that which would produce a "gel".
100211 A diagrammatic illustration of one arrangement of static mixers suitable for carrying out the emulsification of this invention is shown in the accompanying Figure. As shown, each of the six mixers have different dimensions. Obviously, different members and sizes of mixers may be used so long as the requisite shearing is achieved.
The dimensions of the illustrated mixers are given in Table 2 below.
Mixer Length, inches Diameter, inches 100221 In the arrangement shown in the Figure, a water and surfactant solution is fed to the mixer 1 via line 7 and the Fischer-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon fuel via line 8.
The product of each mixer is sequentially fed to the next mixer in the series, e. g. , the product of mixer 1 is fed to mixer 2; the product of mixer 2 is fed to mixer 3 and so on.
The emulsion exiting mixer 6 via line 9 has a particle size predominailtly less than 1 micron. The einulsion in the instance where the Fisher-Tropsch fuel is a diesel fuel, has a viscosity in the range of about 50 to 200 mm2/sec at 20 C.
EXAMPLES
100231 3000 gms of a non-ionic surfactant (an ethoxylated nonyl phenol having mols of ethylene oxide groups) was added to 9700 gms of water and fed through mixers I
to 4 shown in the Figure. A Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel (boiling range -40 C
to 300 C) comprising 90'% of C6 to C16 linear paraffins was also fed with the water and surfactant through the four mixers. The volume ratio of fuel to water was 70:30. The hydrocarbon flow rate was 2650 ml/min and the water surfactant solution flow rate was 1380 ml/min.
The temperature was 24 C. The product of inixer 4 was not a hydrocarbon-in-water emulsion.
100241 The sanie ingredients and amounts described in Comparative Example 1 were fed through mixers 1 to 6 shown in the Figure. The flow rate and temperature was the same as in Comparative Example 1. In this instance the product of mixer 6 was liydrocarbon-in-water emulsion having a density of 0.82 gm/cc and a viscosity of 150 mm2 /sec at 20 C. The hydrocarbon particles averaged 0.7 microns with 95%
below I
micron in size. This emulsion was shelf stable for more than 6 months.
(0025] The perforinance of the emulsified Fischer-Tropsch fuel of Example I
was compared to the saine but not emulsified Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel and to Swedish Class I Diesel fuel using a Catapillar I Y 540 single cylinder heavy duty Research engine. Two conditions were measured, low load (1500 rpm, 60 Nn torque and 3.0 bar BMEP
and medium load (1500 rpm, 110 Nm torques and 5.5 bar BMEP.
100261 As is known Swedish Class 1 Diesel filel (also called Urban Diesel ECI) is a standard low emissions reference diesel fuel that produces about 10% to 20%
lower NOx and 40% to 50% lower particulate matter (Pm) than conventional diesel fuel.
The specification for Swedish Class I diesel fuel are given in Table 3.
Cetane > 50 Cloud Point Summer 0 C
Winter -16 C
Density, kglm3 800-820 IBP, C 180 T95, C 285 maximum Viscosity at 40 C, mm'/second 1.2 to 4.0 Sulfur, ppm 10 maximum Aromatics, vol% 5 maximum Poly aromatics not detectable 100271 The unemulsified Fischer-Tropsch fuel (FTF) has been shown to have excellent emissions perforniance (see U.S. 5,807,413) with NOx reductions of 10-25% and Pm reductions of 40-60% compared with conventional diesel fuels. Figures 2 and 3 show the relative emissions performance of the Fischer-Tropsch fuel and an emulsion of the invention (Example 1) vs. Swedish Class 1 Diesel fuel at low and medium load.
[0028] As can be seen in Figure 2, the FTF exhibits similar behavior to Swedish Class 1 Diesel Fuel whereas the fuel emulsion of the invention shows NOx emissions 22%
below Swedish Class 1 and Pm 53% below.
[0029] In Figure 3 a fuel emulsion of the invention shows even larger PM
reduction (91. 5%) than Swedish Class I fuel.
[0030] In Figures 4 and 5 the Pm/NOx perfonnance of the fuels is plotted against change in spark timing. As can be seen in the case of the FTF and Swedish Class 1 fiiels one can retard the timing to lower the NOx emissions.
Claims
1. A method for forming a fuel in water emulsion which when combusted has reduced particulate matter emissions compared with Swedish Class 1 Diesel Fuel comprising shearing a Fischer-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon boiling in the diesel fuel range and water in the volume ratio of hydrocarbon to water of 95:5 to 40:60 and about 0.05 to about 5.0 wt% based on the weight of hydrocarbon and water with a non-ionic surfactant or mixtures thereof having a HLB of about 5 to about 30 under shearing conditions sufficient to produce a liquid emulsion in which a major portion of the hydrocarbon has particle sizes of 1 micron or less.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/086,775 US20030163946A1 (en) | 2002-03-01 | 2002-03-01 | Low emissions fuel emulsion |
| US10/086,775 | 2002-03-01 | ||
| CA2482339A CA2482339C (en) | 2002-03-01 | 2003-02-07 | Low emissions fuel emulsion comprising fischer-tropsch derived hydrocarbon |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2482339A Division CA2482339C (en) | 2002-03-01 | 2003-02-07 | Low emissions fuel emulsion comprising fischer-tropsch derived hydrocarbon |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2702115A1 true CA2702115A1 (en) | 2003-09-12 |
Family
ID=27787511
Family Applications (3)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2482339A Expired - Fee Related CA2482339C (en) | 2002-03-01 | 2003-02-07 | Low emissions fuel emulsion comprising fischer-tropsch derived hydrocarbon |
| CA2702115A Abandoned CA2702115A1 (en) | 2002-03-01 | 2003-02-07 | Low emissions fuel emulsion comprising fischer-tropsch derived hydrocarbon |
| CA2702107A Abandoned CA2702107A1 (en) | 2002-03-01 | 2003-02-07 | Low emissions fuel emulsion comprising fischer-tropsch derived hydrocarbon |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2482339A Expired - Fee Related CA2482339C (en) | 2002-03-01 | 2003-02-07 | Low emissions fuel emulsion comprising fischer-tropsch derived hydrocarbon |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2702107A Abandoned CA2702107A1 (en) | 2002-03-01 | 2003-02-07 | Low emissions fuel emulsion comprising fischer-tropsch derived hydrocarbon |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20030163946A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1481042B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP4518798B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR20040106282A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN100526441C (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE541916T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2003212975B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR0307567A (en) |
| CA (3) | CA2482339C (en) |
| MY (1) | MY142387A (en) |
| TW (1) | TWI282816B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2003074638A1 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200406035B (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MY140444A (en) * | 2002-04-25 | 2009-12-31 | Shell Int Research | Diesel fuel compositions |
| AU2004269169B2 (en) * | 2003-09-03 | 2008-11-13 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Fuel compositions comprising Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel |
| CN1856562B (en) * | 2003-09-03 | 2010-06-23 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | Fuel compositions, preparation method and use thereof |
| US20060156620A1 (en) * | 2004-12-23 | 2006-07-20 | Clayton Christopher W | Fuels for compression-ignition engines |
| US20100037513A1 (en) * | 2006-04-27 | 2010-02-18 | New Generation Biofuels, Inc. | Biofuel Composition and Method of Producing a Biofuel |
| NL1033989C2 (en) * | 2007-06-14 | 2008-12-16 | Hendrik Loggers | Engine fuel, comprises emulsified mixture of mineral fuels, optional plant oil and emulsifier |
| NL1035106C2 (en) | 2008-02-29 | 2009-09-01 | Hendrik Loggers | Water applying method for replacing part of e.g. normal fuel, involves feeding water into cylinder of engine, and injecting fuel into cylinder, where water is heated due to combustion of fuel to produce water vapor |
| JP5095517B2 (en) * | 2008-06-19 | 2012-12-12 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | Aluminum-containing zinc oxide n-type thermoelectric conversion material |
| MY193566A (en) * | 2019-02-01 | 2022-10-19 | Quintanilla Sergio Antonio Trevi?O | Process for the production of an improved diesel fuel |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AUPO841197A0 (en) * | 1997-08-05 | 1997-08-28 | Apace Research Limited | Heat stable emulsions |
| US6325833B1 (en) * | 1997-09-12 | 2001-12-04 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Emulsion blends |
| WO1999013028A1 (en) * | 1997-09-12 | 1999-03-18 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Water emulsions of fischer-tropsch liquids |
| US7276093B1 (en) * | 2000-05-05 | 2007-10-02 | Inievep, S.A. | Water in hydrocarbon emulsion useful as low emission fuel and method for forming same |
| AU2002360596A1 (en) * | 2001-12-17 | 2003-07-24 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Solids-stabilized oil-in-water emulsion and a method for preparing same |
| US7081143B2 (en) * | 2002-01-25 | 2006-07-25 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Alkoxylated triazine emulsion compositions for fuel cell reformer start-up |
-
2002
- 2002-03-01 US US10/086,775 patent/US20030163946A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2003
- 2003-02-07 KR KR10-2004-7013556A patent/KR20040106282A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-02-07 CA CA2482339A patent/CA2482339C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-02-07 BR BR0307567-2A patent/BR0307567A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-02-07 JP JP2003573092A patent/JP4518798B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-02-07 EP EP03709019A patent/EP1481042B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-02-07 CN CNB038050773A patent/CN100526441C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-02-07 AU AU2003212975A patent/AU2003212975B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-02-07 AT AT03709019T patent/ATE541916T1/en active
- 2003-02-07 CA CA2702115A patent/CA2702115A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-02-07 CA CA2702107A patent/CA2702107A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-02-07 WO PCT/US2003/003850 patent/WO2003074638A1/en active Application Filing
- 2003-02-13 TW TW092103004A patent/TWI282816B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-02-18 MY MYPI20030549A patent/MY142387A/en unknown
-
2004
- 2004-07-28 ZA ZA200406035A patent/ZA200406035B/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20040106282A (en) | 2004-12-17 |
| ATE541916T1 (en) | 2012-02-15 |
| AU2003212975A1 (en) | 2003-09-16 |
| JP4518798B2 (en) | 2010-08-04 |
| AU2003212975B2 (en) | 2008-06-05 |
| CN100526441C (en) | 2009-08-12 |
| TW200303917A (en) | 2003-09-16 |
| CA2702107A1 (en) | 2003-09-12 |
| EP1481042B1 (en) | 2012-01-18 |
| WO2003074638A1 (en) | 2003-09-12 |
| BR0307567A (en) | 2005-04-26 |
| CN1639309A (en) | 2005-07-13 |
| MY142387A (en) | 2010-11-30 |
| CA2482339A1 (en) | 2003-09-12 |
| ZA200406035B (en) | 2006-05-31 |
| TWI282816B (en) | 2007-06-21 |
| US20030163946A1 (en) | 2003-09-04 |
| JP2005519165A (en) | 2005-06-30 |
| CA2482339C (en) | 2011-01-25 |
| EP1481042A1 (en) | 2004-12-01 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |