CA2611533A1 - New energy, methods/techniques/processes used to produce various products technologies - Google Patents

Abstract

Several method of Microwave assisted extraction of oils that we will use on oil/tar sands and/or refuse plastic and/or rubber (eg. tires), bituminous coal, and/or biomass, and/or kerosene and/or naphtha and/or propane and/or oil/tar sands with corn, eucalyptus, oil palm, and coconuts, maize, jatropha and other possibilities algae bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain sorghum, switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, fruit, molasses, corn, stover, grain, wheat, straw, cotton, other biomass.
One method/process add a non-aqueous organic extractant to the source material (with a some content that absorbs microwave radiation and mixing it with a solvent that is transparent to microwave radiation) and there is our newly invented tumbler to expose the mixture to microwave radiation. Then suddenly raise the temperature via microwave, cool it down (that is has a more concentrated source of volatile oils), add more source material and alternate back and forth (heat - cool).

Co-solvents (dipole moment), some of which are, alkanes, hexane, carbon tetrachloride, liquid CO2... (don't heat that much from microwaves and are microwave transparent) so the source material (heats up and releases oils) and the oils are cooled as they are released into the non-aqueous organic. For source materials that need rehydration we can use ethanol, methanol, saline solutions, and other mixture of solvents.

Other methods, is to suddenly raise the temperature via microwaves and apply pressure until the source material's boundaries explodes. The microwave-transparent extraction medium cools the substance that flows out of the source material.

Extracants can be used singly, mixed or in a series (continuous).

For the oil/tar sands in addition to hexane we plan to add deionized water. We may use impregination of saline solution (eg. KCL).

To extract plastic from garbage land fills and real time collections or processing we:

1. Run agitated water to loosen the organic material, possibly use a tumbler to unstuck and remove caked together materials.
2. Then further loosen and sifts larger pieces from smaller (biodegradable material; less durable, unlike plastic and metal of which are very durable and the larger pieces are of more economical use to us) by a grate the horizontally spins spilling out the smaller pieces and possibly.
3. Finally we run the processed material down an assembly line to separate plastic form metal.
4. We could use mixers of some type using flexible spatula like (spinning) blades that will tear large any pieces of less durable materials such as cardboard, while leaving hunks of plastic (largely) undamaged.
5. We could use Artificial Intelligence or sorter with a remote camera that decides if the material's contents are made up of what, such as cardboard versus plastic. If there is cardboard (probably torn by the spatula mixer into smaller pieces) the batch could be re-agitated with water and possibly the tumbler and the grate again 6. The sorting in the assembly line work can done by automated (eg. robots run by Artificial Intelligence) to sort between, plastic, glass and metal versus toxic components of for example of computers.

Description

7. Then we microwave the plastic...

We could take oil/tar sands before they are processed; while they are still dry, or tumble dry (if some heat is efficient eg. cost worthwhile to help the material to dry faster) or put out in the sun to dry. Then we crumble the raw material and tumble (to mix) and add crumbles bituminous coal to make the mixture (facilitate) more combustible. The amount of coal will depend on the concentrations of minerals, clay sand... As the tumbler spins we microwave the mixture (this is another way to dry the mixture). After microwaving we burn the gases.
In addition to bituminous coal we could add kerosene and/or naphtha and/or propane to the oil/tar sands.

Extraction oiUtar sands can also use molecular sieves after the hat water and agitation has frothed the oil/tar bituminous product. This is one of the last steps in ethanol production except he small amount of water in the distilled ethanol is removed using molecular sieves. Pre sieves we could also extract via microwave and/or hot water and agitation of the ethanol to float up in the froth. A molecular sieve contains a series of small beads that absorb all remaining water. Ethanol molecules are too large to enter the sieve, so the dehydration step produces pure ethanol (200 proof).

Or we could take the oil/tar sands product include (bicarbonate, methylisobutyl carbinol (MIBC), we could test the bitumen all along the vertical chain (0.7%), directly from extraction in the paragraph above, to microwaving the bitumen products after separation.

1. We run the microwave with electricity from our TALL GARVITY TO ELECTRICITY
INVENTION.

2. After microwaving (eg. oil/tar sands mixed with bituminous coal - possibly with a tumbler and/or the separated and/or extracted oil/tar sands product and/or the bituminous coal alone, and or plastic: we are also microwaving and/or simply using electricity produced from TALL GRAVITY TO ELECTRICITY INVENTION to (the paragraph below is partially taken from the American Coalition for Ethanol; it regards the normal process of how ethanol is made - and as I understand is widely well known material - both wet and dry milling) heat electric elements for heating needed in biofuel production (possibly milling and liquefying; mixed with water and alpha-amylase; cookers with a high temperature stage (120-150 degrees Celsius), and a lower temperature holding period (95 degrees Celsius); next we have saccharification: The mash from the cookers will then be cooled and the secondary enzyme (gluco-amylase) - as well as enzymes we will also try microwaving the liquefied starch which will be added to convert the liquefied starch to fermentable sugars (dextrose); Yeast will then be added to the mash to ferment the sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide; 48 hours before the distillation process is started; the alcohol will be removed from the solids and the water. The alcohol will leave the top of the final column at about 96% strength, and the residue mash, called stillage, will be transferred from the base of the column to the co-product processing area;
Dehydration: The alcohol from the top of the column will then pass through a dehydration system where the remaining water will be removed. Most ethanol plants use a molecular sieve to capture the last bit of water in the ethanol. The alcohol product at this stage is called anhydrous (pure, without water) ethanol and is approximately 200 proof; Denaturing: Ethanol that will be used for fuel is then denatured with a small amount (2-5%) of some product, like gasoline, to make it unfit for human consumption. We could mix the following bio fuel resources with In addition to bituminous coal we could add kerosene and/or naphtha and/or propane and/or oil/tar sands with corn, eucalyptus, oil palm, and coconuts, maize, jatropha and other possibilities bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain sorghum, switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, fruit, molasses, corn, stover, grain, wheat, straw, cotton, other biomass. Possibly shredding first the adding some of the additives above (bituminous coal in small pieces and/or tiny pieces and/or propane and/or kerosene, and/or naphtha) to produce gasified biofuel oils, via microwaving) we then gather the gasses output from the process and burn them to heat a boiler.

3. Microwave should produces less smog than buming petroleum or coal.

4. We could also use mirrors that either focus on the boiler or surround the site and the boiler covering with solar heat absorbing/conducting material.

5. Additionally we are also looking at mocrowaving the reservoir of water (to speed up;
add additional speed to the heating process), the process of microwaving the water level is balanced between continuously replenished to prevent over frying the boiler while balancing the quickest way (eg no thick chunks of water that prevent the centre/inner part of the chunks from being penetrated by the microwaves.

6. Altematively, the electricity from the TALL GRAVITY TO ELECTRICITY
INVENTION/GCM, Solar power and steam turbine powers to electricity above can be used in the reformer process to produce Hydrogen power.

7. Possibly products include bio fuel and/or hydrogen power (reformer) and/or -possibly using mirrors and/or directly using TALL GRAVITY TO ELELCRICITY
INVENTION/GCM directly to produce electricity directly into the grid (for household/inductrial and hybrid use... ) or provide the electricity to create high temperatures for the bio fuel conversion process and/or mirrors surrounding solar material(s) to boil and/or collection condensed from salt water to turn a stem turbine and produce electricity (possibly additionally heated by mircrowaving plastic, oil/tar bituminous coal we could add kerosene and/or naphtha and/or propane sands, and/or mixed combinations along the vertical processes depending which is most efficient, most higher market price (and easiest to sell) to cost - produce (profitable and least competition), corn, eucalyptus, oil palm, and coconuts, maize, jatropha and other possibilities bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain sorghum, switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, fruit, molasses, com, stover, grain, wheat, straw, cotton, other biomass on the other end of the system and precipitating/filtering before and/or again out the salt from salt water -thus enabling a huge supply of water supply eg. the oceans) for vehicles and all motors/mechanized and cooking and lubricate hydrogen power... Co-Products:
There are two main co-products created in the production of ethanol: carbon dioxide and distillers grain. Carbon dioxide is given off in great quantities during fermentation and many ethanol plants collect that carbon dioxide, clean it of any residual alcohol, compress it and sell it for use to carbonate beverages or in the flash freezing of meat.
Distillers grains, wet and dried, are high in protein and other nutrients and are a highly valued livestock feed ingredient. Some ethanol plants also create a "syrup"
containing some of the solids that can be a separate production sold in addition to the distillers grain, or combined with it. Ethanol production is a no-waste process that adds value to the corn by converting it into more valuable products.

8. We also want to use ultrasound and microwave assistance in enhancing extraction oil yields from the raw altemative products above by adding different solvents for extraction. First we use microwave pretreatment, then we use solvents such as (isopropanol, hexane, and hexane-isopropanol mixture). Ultrasonic intensity was substituted as a treatment factor as well as possibly sonication. Solvent extraction was accomplished by immersion of ground raw material in our case co-solvents some which in its rawest form maybe mixed (non-volatile co-raw materials) such as, minerals water and clay (eg. oil/tar sands), co-solvents include: plastic, oiUtar bituminous coal we could add kerosene and/or naphtha and/or propane sands, and/or mixed combinations along the vertical processes depending which is most efficient, most higher market price (and easiest to sell) to cost - produce (profitable and least competition), com, eucalyptus, oil palm, and coconuts, maize, jatropha and other possibilities bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain sorghum, switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, fruit, molasses, corn, stover, grain, wheat, straw, cotton, other biomass.

Cltetion: Transactions of the ASAE. Vol. 47(4): 1187-1194 . Cg12004 Authow= H. Li, L. 0. Pordesimo, J. Weiss, L R. Wilhelm Keywords: Microwave processing, Mixed solvent, Solvent extraction, Soybean oil, Ultrasound 9. As well we will possibly use, focused microwave-assisted Soxhiet (as well as the traditional Soxhlet) extraction (FMASE). This technique is based on the same principles as conventional Soxhlet GI-stndap, zlem; Mazza, Giuseppe Extraction of oils and co-products:

The first step in the processing of oils and/or by products input/outputs involves their extraction from the plant matrix. As in any extraction process, the extraction solvent, extraction conditions (such as temperature, time, pH, solvent to feed ratio), and the properties of the feed material (such as composition and particle size) are the main factors that determine process efficiency and the properties of the end product.
If a purified product is desired, the efficiency of the purification steps needs to be considered while optimizing extraction parameters. For example, conditions maximizing the extraction yield can decrease the selectivity and thus, the purity of the oils and/or by products, complicating further purification steps. We will try malonyl isoflavones to separate from oils and/or by products input/outputs easier than other oils isoflavones due to their higher polarity led to the optimization of the extraction of oils and/or by products input/outputs to be based on malonyl isoflavone content of the extract (Wanezaki et al., 2005).
Sample Pretreatment Pretreatment steps, which are carried out to increase the efficiency of the extraction, include drying, particle size reduction, and defatting (using a lipophilic solvent such as ethyl acetate or hexane). Defatting can also be carried out after the extraction of oils and/or by products input/outputs. Particle size reduction (grinding) is usually carried out to increase the mass transfer efficiency of the extraction. The variable qualitative and quantitative distribution of oils and/or by products inputs input/outputs enables the selection of the oils and/or by products input/outputs part to be used as raw material considering efficiency of the process and/or extract properties. The efficiency of the separation is improved by using part of the plant with the highest oils and/or by products inputs input/outputs concentration. Selection of the raw material can also be used to overcome processing challenges posed by the other components present. For example, the use of quinoa hulls as raw material for oils and/or by products inputs input/outputs extraction eliminated the problems associated with swelling of starch during extraction of whole seeds (Muir et al., 2002).

Extraction Methods While traditional solvent extraction methods are commonly used for the production of saponin extracts, recent research focuses on technologies that improve the extraction efficiency by reducing extraction time and solvent consumption/waste without compromising sample quality. Microwave (Vongsangnak, 2004; Kwon et al., 2003a,b,c) and ultrasound (Wu et al., 2001) assisted extractions involve disruption of the intemal cell structure and release of intracellular product to facilitate mass transfer, which is achieved by rapid and selective heating of the raw material in a solvent which is (partially) transparent to microwave energy (in microwave extractions) (Kwon et al., 2003a,b,c;
Vongsangnak, 2004) and the mechanical effects of acoustic cavitation (in ultrasonic extractions) (Wu et al., 2001).
Commercial applications of Microwave-Assisted Processes (MAP(TM), microwave technologies patented by Environment Canada) are being currently developed for extraction of natural products such as oilseeds (in collaboration with Bunge Canada, formerly CanAmera Foods, and BC Research) (Environment Canada, 2005) and high value, low volume, natural active ingredients for the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical markets (Radient Technologies Inc., 2005). Ultrasonic liquid processing devices are being used at production level in the pharmaceutical, chemical, petrochemical, and paint industry as well as in the bioprocessing and food industries (Hielscher GmbH, 2005).
We plan to test oils and/or by products inputs input/outputs yields and compositions of of methanol also extractable using MAP(TM) we will test conventional reflux extraction carried out under similar conditions to soxhlet extraction and for heat reflux extraction and for uftrasonic extraction (possibly water-saturated n- butanol). Savings in time and solvent consumption compared to traditional methods such as heat reflux, ultrasonic, Soxhiet extractions, and extraction oils and/or by products inputs input/outputs at room temperature were also achieved by microwave assisted extraction. Multi-stage counter-current extraction has also been investigated to improve the efficiency of extraction of oils and/or by products inputs input/outputs.
Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) involves the use of pressurized solvents at high temperatures. We could use burning of gases from other fuels and/or TALL
GRAVITY TO
ELECTRICITY INVENTION/GCM, or solar mirrors and boiler/turbine to power the high temperatures (either by electric element and/or burning gases and/or solar/boiler/turbine and/or microwaving rubber and/or plastic and/or bituminous coal and/or oiUtar sands). The high temperatures made possible by the application of pressure results in improvements in mass transfer properties of the solvent, hence improving extracting efficiency. The change in solvent polarity hence solubility with temperature of the pressurized solvent coupled with enhanced mass transfer properties makes PLE an attractive method for oils and/or by products inputs input/outputs processing; however, the applications up to date have largely been limited to analytical procedures Extraction Solvent Water, lower alcohols (methanol and ethanol), or water: alcohol mixtures have been widely used for extraction of (Kitagawa, 1986; Bombardelli and Gabetta, 2001). Other solvents investigated for extraction of oils and/or by products input/outputs include aqueous (Choi et al., 2003; Fang et al., 2000) and alcoholic surfactant solutions (Choi et al., 2003), and glycerine (Gafner et al., 2004). The addition of ammonia to solvents may result in an increase in its extraction yield.
Supercritical C02 has been demonstrated to be a viable altemative to organic solvents for the processing of natural materials with advantages such as ease of solvent removal, solvent free products, and an oxygen free environment. However, the application of SCCO^sub 2" technology to the processing of polar solutes such as polyphenolic and oils and/or by products input/outputs compounds has been limited by the low solvent power of SCCO"sub 2" for these solutes, which can be improved by the addition of cosolvents (Hamburger et al., 2004). The use of cosolvents, however, overrides one of the major advantages of SCCO"sub 2" processing: solvent-free processing.
. The addition of ethanol to C02 (6 mol%) increased the SFE yield of ginsenosides in ginseng oil by a factor of 10 while increasing the yield of the oil by a factor of 4 at 333 K and 31.2 MPa. The enrichment of saponins in plant oils offer interesting product formuiations, and may warrant further research. Optimum conditions for recovery of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice were 30 MPa and 600C for 60 min using SCCO"sub 2" + 70% methanol (15%
by volume) (Kim et al., 2004).
Effect on Extraction Yield. The choice of solvent for a particular application will be based on the effect of solvent on oils and/or by products input/outputs yield and purity, and the composition of the oils and/or by products input/outputs mixture. Differences between yield and composition of extracts arise from the varying selectivities of the solvents towards individual oils and/or by products input/outputs and other feed components.
The oils and/or by products input/outputs recovery obtained by aqueous alcohol extraction (40- 80%) of quinoa hulls was higher than that obtained by pure water or alcohol extractions (Muir et al., 2002). Ultrasoundassisted and Soxhlet extraction of oils and/or by products input/outputs using water-saturated n-butanol gave higher ginsenoside yields than pure and 10% methanol (Figure 2) (Wu et al., 2001). DDMP- oils and/or by products input/outputs.
The yield of crude could oils and/or by products input/outputs decreased with the methanol content of aqueous methanol, and the highest crude extract yield (16.5%) was observed with pure water. The highest yield of the n-butanol fraction (obtained by the partitioning of the crude extract between water and n-butanol) and the purified oils and/or by products input/outputs.

Purification of the crude oils and/or by products input/outputs extract usually requires a sequential approach. A common method for the preliminary purification of oils and/or by products input/outputs after the extraction step involves the partitioning of oils and/or by products input/outputs between aqueous extracts and a water immiscible solvent such as n-butanol (Kitagawa, 1986). Further purification can be carried out using solvent \precipitation (Kitagawa, 1986; Nozomi et al., 1986), adsorption (Giichi, 1987), Ultrafiitration (Muir et al., 2002), and/or chromatography (Kensil and Marciani, 1991). While Chromatographie procedures such as open column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, flash chromatography, liquid chromatography (low, medium and high pressure), and countercurrent chromatography have been well established and widely used for analytical scale purification of saponins (Hostettmann and Marston, 1995), their feasibility for commercial scale processing of oils and/or by products input/outputs needs to be evaluated.
The purification techniques used in the production of oils and/or by products input/outputs for a variety of applications are discussed below with specific examples.
An aqueous extract of Quillaja saponaria bark was separated into 22 fractions (QA1-22) with different adjuvant activity and toxicity using a purification procedure involving methanol extraction followed by silica gel and reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) (Figure 5) (Kensil and Marciani, 1991).
Due to their high volume of production and increasing evidence on the biological activity of oils and/or by products input/outputs (Dobbins, 2002; Giichi, 1987;
Bombardelli and Gabetta, 2001), and by-products of soybean processing (Yoshiki et al., 2005) have great potential as raw materials for commercial oils and/or by products input/outputs production.
The full realization of this potential in the marketplace however requires development of processing schemes to effectively tackle the associated processing challenges.

The patent "Process for isolating oils and/or by products input/outputs materials" (Dobbins, 2002) exploits the temperature dependence of solubility behavior of oils and/or by products input/outputs in watenacetone mixtures for the production of a soyasaponin concentrate. An acetone:water (4:1) extraction step (56C at atmospheric pressure at pH >6.5) followed by cooling the extract led to the precipitation of oils and/or by products input/outputs resulting in a 70% oils and/or by products input/outputs concentrate. Further purification up to 90%
was achieved by crystallization.
A oils and/or by products input/outputs and 15% isoflavones will be tested by reflux extraction with pure or aqueous aliphatic alcohols followed by hexane extraction (for defatting purposes). In an altemative approach, the defatted oils and/or by products input/outputs extract was treated with polyethoxylated castor oil to dissolve the resinous residues and adsorbed onto a polystyrene-based resin. Soya extract containing the isoflavones and oils and/or by products input/outputs were then eluted using co-solvents.
The oils and/or by products input/outputs extract was fractionated into group oils and/or by products input/outputs and isoflavones using solvent precipitation with aqueous alcohol and a water immiscible protic solvent (such as ethyl acetate). The fractionation of oils and/or by products input/outputs extracts into isoflavone and oils and/or by products input/outputs fractions can also be achieved using an adsorption step (Giichi, 1987;
Bombardelli and Gabetta, 2001). The oils and/or by products input/outputs fraction can be further purified using gel filtration and partition chromatography (Giichi, 1987).

Enzymes might also be needed process the fuei products and co-products see below:
Most cellulases are complexes of three enzymes working together to hydrolyse cellulose.
First, an endoglucanase breaks one of the chains within the cellulose crystal structure, then, an exoglucanase attaches to one of the loose ends, pulls the cellulose chain out of the crystal structure, and works its way down the chain, breaking off units of cellobiose (two glucose units joined together). Finally, a beta-glucosidase splits the cellobiose into two glucose molecules, which can then be fermented into ethanol.

Bringing production costs down The cellulases needed for breaking down cellulose so far have come from fungi, in particular from Tiichoderma reesei. NREL scientists have investigated other sources, such as the bacterium Acdiothermus cellulalyficus , which they found in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park. But bacterial exoglucanases are not usually as good as the fungal ones, though they tolerate high temperatures. A next step is to combine high temperature tolerance with the efficiency of the fungal enzyme. NREL and DOE have contracted the world's largest enzyme companies, Genecor lntemational and Novozymes to reduce the cost of producing cellulases down to a range of $.10-$.20 per gallon of ethanol, and they have succeeded [1 ].
A further improvement involves the simultaneous action of enzyme and fermenting microbes, so that as the sugars are produced by the cellulases, the microbes ferment the glucose to ethanol [3].
logen Corporation based in Ottawa, Canada [4] was the first to develop the enzyme process for getting ethanol from cellulose. It has buiR the world's first and only demonstration scale facility to convert cellulose biomass to ethanol. The facility processes 40 tons of wheat straw per day, and logen became the first company to commercialise cellulosic ethanol in April 2004. The primary consumer so far has been the Canadian govemment, which along with the US government (particularly the DOE's NREL) has invested millions of dollars into helping commercialise cellulosic ethanol We are also exploring further processing our fuel products, see below (possibly microwaving) and electricity from the TALL GRAVITY TO ELECTRICITY INVENTION/GCM, Solar power and steam turbine powers to electricity above can be used in the reformer process to produce Hydrogen power or burning gases:

2.1 Fluid catalytic cracking 2.2 Hydrocracking 2.3 Steam cracking3 3.1 Catalytic cracking 3.2 Thermal cracking Microwaving the raw material inputs with catalysts for fuel processing include: CaO, Ni, XT-10, and traces of Nb and Ti, said XT-10 is a mixture of one or more of the following groups:
polomite, garbbro, microcline, Muscovite, tourmaline, talc, graphite-silkymicaschist, syenite, lenslimestone, sacharoidal-limestone, magnetite, shihui, shihuishi, and citu;

Pyrolysis Reactors Include:
Bubbling fluidized bed Circulating fluidized beds/transport reactor Rotating (cyclone) cone pyrolyzer Ablative pyrolyzer Vacuum pyrolysis Auger reactor Fast Pyrolysis System Further Processing include:
Direct application of bio-oil Hydrocracking of bio-oil Gasification of bio-oil Fermentation bio-oil Co-Products include:

Gas (CO, H2, light hydrocarbons) Char Water Organic Traditional Problems we address:

Need for very fine raw material particles by using shredders/thrashers with very fine teeth, milling, and tumbling during the heating process to expose the particles.
We plan on possibly improving stability the volatile raw materials by finely mixing with more inert material.

COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS

The diverse physicochemical and biological properties of oils and/or by products input/outputs have been successfully exploited in a number of commercial applications in food, cosmetics, agricultural and pharmaceutical sectors. Market trends towards the use of natural ingredients, and increasing evidence of their biological activity have increased the demand for oils and/or by products input/outputs in recent years. As natural non-ionic surfactants, they find widespread use as emulsification and foaming agents, and detergents. Other investigated/proposed applications of oils and/or by products input/outputs include as feed additives, as bacterial and vegetable growth regulators, and for soil remediation. While the two major commercial sources of oils and/or by products input/outputs are Quillaja saponaria and oils and/or by products input/outputs extracts might also be evaluated for use as commercial sources of pharmaceutical applications such as raw materials for production of hormones, immunological adjuvants, and as drugs. Oils and/or by products input/outputs have also been reported to be the active ingredients in various natural health products, such as herbal extracts.

FOOD APPLICATIONS

Oils and/or by products input/outputs can be used as food additives in the US
under section 172.50 (Natural Flavoring Substances and Natural Substances Used in Conjuction with Flavors) (US Food and Drug Administration, 2003). The food additives from natural origins containing oils and/or by products input/outputs used in Japan include enzymatically modified oils and/or by products input/outputs. Oils and/or by products input/outputs extracts can be classified by the European Union as a foaming agent for use in water- based, flavored non-alcoholic drinks (E 999; 200mg/liter calculated as anhydrous extract) (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1996).

Oils and/or by products input/outputs can be used in foods and beverages mainly for its foaming properties in soft drinks, and at concentrations in frozen carbonated beverages (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 2004). Oils and/or by products input/outputs can be used as an emuisifier for preparations containing lipophilic colors or flavors that are added to soft drinks, fermented vegetables, and dressing (Joint FAO/WHO
Expert Committee on Food Additives, 2004). Licorice and licorice derivatives, which are considered as GRAS by FDA, are used in foods such as baked foods, beverages, chewing gum, candy, herbs and seasonings, plant protein products, and vitamin and mineral dietary supplements as a flavoring agent only with specific limitations (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2005b). oils and/or by products input/outputs also can be proposed for use in foods as antimicrobial (Sogabe et al., 2003) and anti-yeast agents (Ashida and Matsuda, 1999). Other commercial oils and/or by products input/outputs products for food applications include soybean concentrates marketed as functional food ingredients and nutraceuticals (Organic Technologies, 2005), and a Korean ginseng extract called oils and/or by products input/outputs.
The presumed health benefits of oils and/or by products input/outputs led to the development of methods to fortify food products (such as olive oil) with oleanolic acid (van Putte, 2002). Proposed applications for oils and/or by products input/outputs include as a flavoring agent to modify the aftertaste/ taste of the artificial sweetener (Kang et al., 1999) and in fat blends as crystal modifier (Bhaggan et al., 2001).
The physicohemical properties of oils and/or by products input/outputs can also be utilized in food processing applications. Thus, while complex formation of oils and/or by products input/outputs with cholesterol has been used for the removal of cholesterol from dairy products such as butter oil (Micich et al., 1992; Richardson and Jimenez-Flores, 1994), the interaction of oils and/or by products input/outputs with cell membranes has been considered for the selective precipitation of fat globule membranes from cheese whey (Hwang and Damodaran, 1994). In this last application, oils and/or by products input/outputs are used to increase the hydrophobicity of the fat membrane to facilitate flocculation and precipitation of the formed complexes (Hwang and Damodaran, 1994).
Cosmetics Due to their surface active properties, oils and/or by products input/outputs can be utilized as natural surfactants in cleansing-products in the personal care sector such as shower gels, shampoos, foam baths, hair conditioners and lotions, bath/shower detergents, liquid soaps, baby care products, mouth washes, and toothpastes. Natural surfactants containing oils and/or by products input/outputs can be studied for use. Oils and/or by products input/outputs might be used as bioactive ingredients in cosmetic formulations with claims to delay the aging process of the skin.
Pharmaceutical/Health Applications Steroid oils and/or by products input/outputs -containing plant materials gained commercial significance in 1950s as raw materials for the production of steroid hormones and drugs.
The synthesis of progesterone from the oils and/or by products input/outputs might be possible in steroid research culminating in the synthesis of the first oral contraceptive in could be used as raw materials by the steroid industry.
oils and/or by products input/outputs have been used as immunological adjuvants in veterinary vaccine formulations due to their immune enhancing properties since 1950s (Daisgaard, 1974). Their use in human vaccines, however, has been limited by their complexity and toxicity. Purffication of the quillaja extract to yield fractions with differing chemical and biological properties enabled the characterization and thus reproducible production of the fractions for optimal adjuvant activity and minimal haemolytic activity and toxicity (Cox et al., 2002; Kensil and Marciani, 1991). Consequently, there have been significant advances in the development of oils and/or by products input/outputs as human vaccine adjuvants in the last decade leading to the development of a new generation of vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases which are at various phases of clinical trials (Kensil et al., 2004). The use of quillaja extracts (even at concentrations commonly used in foods) as oral adjuvants in human clinical tests requires supporting toxicology and general safety data due to their non-GRAS status (Dirk and Webb, 2005).
The wealth of information on the biological activity of oils and/or by products input/outputs from a variety of sources is providing leads for the development of drugs. The chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic and new class of HIV drugs called Maturation Inhibitors might be developed using oils and/or by products input/outputs.
Pharmaceutical compositions or plant extracts containing oils and/or by products input/outputs have been patented for the prevention and/or treatment of a variety of conditions such as inflammation, infection, alcoholism, pre- and post-menopausal symptoms, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease and hypertension, prophylaxis and dementia, ultraviolet damage including cataract, and carcinoma cutaneum, gastritis, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer. The use of oils and/or by products input/outputs in pharmaceutical preparations as adjuvants to enhance absorption of pharmacologically active substances or drugs has also been patented.

Other co-products of bio fuels include the below:

This invention is to dry the stalks, cobs and leaves sugar cane stalks, oil palm, eucalyptus and all waste and biomass and bio fuel (eg. wood waste and plant cellulose, cores, husks... ), raw materials from microwaved plastic, rubber, coal bitumen ... then shred them (especially the cobs). Then re-dry the shredded inside material of the cobs.

Then we could burn to generate electricity or make into pellets or logs, or compressed form, or mix with other burning material to make an efFcient bum.

We could also use the shredded material to make particle boards (GP 17% GV83%) and bio-degardeable wood and paper (pulp) substitutes (building materials substitutes eg. wood panels), decorating material, paper bags, packaging material, corn particles mixed with resin, plastic, nano particles, cardboard, boxes, doors, faux logs for log homes, cheap walls for housing for developing countries, clothing eg. t-shirts, holding boxes eg.
cardboard version of plastic storage boxes, fumdure, framing, flooring, exterior finishing, faux lumber deck, one piece deck, possibly textiles, sandwich (with resin) coils for mattresses, cabinetry, wood furniture, kitchen wood islands, wood finishing such as on cars, speciality pulp (cigarette paper, bank notes, technical filters and hygiene products, composites for autos, construction and thermal insulation materials, geotextiles, plastic-molded materials, speciality papers, construction fibreboard, Biodegradable landscape matting & plant culture products, coarse textiles, (carpets, upholstery) fine textiles, animal bedding, thermal insulation, construction fibreboard, plaster board etc..., silage, the fiber in the com leaves and stalks (0.5%) can be woven into rope and textiles, coarser woven cloth (canvas), upholstery, bags, sacks, and tarpaulins, writing paper, notebooks, envelopes, grocery bags, coffee cups, napkins, newsprint, thermoplastic where natural fibers are blended with polypropylene fibers and formed into a mat which is pressed with heat, versus thermoset production where the natural fibers are soaked with binders such as epoxy resin or polyurethane and hardened by polymerization, another thermoplastic technique is injection molding, spun into insulation, pressboard, composite board, fibers can be used to augment concrete's tensile strength while mitigating shrinkage and cracking, we could have fiber-reinforced cement boards and fiber-reinforced plaster for construction usages, We could also combine com waste with gypsum, lime or lime, binding agents for drywall or a good quality plaster - if the mixture can create a corn waste hurds composite, we could produce:

A mix can be poured as a floor, or between sheets of plywood (which will be removed a few hours later) for walls. Here one material replaces several layers of conventional building materials: bricks or cement, vapor barrier, insulation, and plaster board. All that is needed, inside as well as outside, is a whitewash finish (with or without pigments added).
Altematively, for interior use, the look of the material can be preserved with a simple waxing or vamishing, which brings out the cork-like structure of the material For the more exposed uses we could treat the shredded particles with preservatives unless the point is to have them biodegradable.

The shredded particles could also be used as biodegradable pots, fertilizer/fibre, fodder or filler/bulk for the (eg. ground into powder) safe edibles consumer goods industry.

November 17th 2007 Gerard Voon Note: not to be publicly published until International Patent Application has occurred Description Several method of Microwave assisted extraction of oils that we will use on oil/tar sands and/or refuse plastic and/or rubber (eg. tires), bituminous coal, and/or biomass, and/or kerosene and/or naphtha and/or propane and/or oil/tar sands with com, eucalyptus, oil palm, and coconuts, maize, jatropha and other possibilities algae bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain sorghum, switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, fruit, molasses, corn, stover, grain, wheat, straw, cotton, other biomass.
One method/process add a non-aqueous organic extractant to the source material (with a some content that absorbs microwave radiation and mixing it with a solvent that is transparent to microwave radiation) and there is our newly invented tumbler to expose the mixture to microwave radiation. Then suddenly raise the temperature via microwave, cool it down (that is has a more concentrated source of volatile oils), add more source material and alternate back and forth (heat - cool).

Co-solvents (dipole moment), some of which are, alkanes, hexane, carbon tetrachloride, liquid C02... (don't heat that much from microwaves and are microwave transparent) so the source material (heats up and releases oils) and the oils are cooled as they are released into the non-aqueous organic. For source materials that need rehydration we can use ethanol, methanol, saline solutions, and other mixture of solvents.

Other methods, is to suddenly raise the temperature via microwaves and apply pressure until the source material's boundaries explodes. The microwave-transparent extraction medium cools the substance that flows out of the source material.

Extracants can be used singly, mixed or in a series (continuous).

For the oil/tar sands in addition to hexane we plan to add deionized water. We may use impregination of saline solution (eg. KCL).

To extract plastic from garbage land fills and real time collections or processing we:

1. Run agitated water to loosen the organic material, possibly use a tumbler to unstuck and remove caked together materials.
2. Then further loosen and sifts larger pieces from smaller (biodegradable material; less durable, unlike plastic and metal of which are very durable and the larger pieces are of more economical use to us) by a grate the horizontally spins spilling out the smaller pieces and possibly.
3. Finally we run the processed material down an assembly line to separate plastic form metal.

4. We could use mixers of some type using flexible spatula like (spinning) blades that will tear large any pieces of less durable materials such as cardboard, while leaving hunks of plastic (largely) undamaged.
5. We could use Artificial Intelligence or sorter with a remote camera that decides if the material's contents are made up of what, such as cardboard versus plastic. If there is cardboard (probably torn by the spatula mixer into smaller pieces) the batch could be re-agitated with water and possibly the tumbler and the grate again 6. The sorting in the assembly line work can done by automated (eg. robots run by Artificial Intelligence) to sort between, plastic, glass and metal versus toxic components of for example of computers.
Then we microwave the plastic...

We could take oil/tar sands before they are processed; while they are still dry, or tumble dry (if some heat is efficient eg. cost worthwhile to help the material to dry faster) or put out in the sun to dry. Then we crumble the raw material and tumble (to mix) and add crumbles bituminous coal to make the mixture (facilitate) more combustible. The amount of coal will depend on the concentrations of minerals, clay sand... As the tumbler spins we microwave the mixture (this is another way to dry the mixture). After microwaving we burn the gases.

In addition to bituminous coal we could add kerosene and/or naphtha and/or propane to the oil/tar sands.

Extraction oil/tar sands can also use molecular sieves after the hat water and agitation has frothed the oil/tar bituminous product. This is one of the last steps in ethanol production except he small amount of water in the distilled ethanol is removed using molecular sieves. Pre sieves we could also extract via microwave and/or hot water and agitation of the ethanol to float up in the froth. A molecular sieve contains a series of small beads that absorb all remaining water. Ethanol molecules are too large to enter the sieve, so the dehydration step produces pure ethanol (200 proof).

Or we could take the oil/tar sands product include (bicarbonate, methylisobutyl carbinol (MIBC), we could test the bitumen all along the vertical chain (0.7%), directly from extraction in the paragraph above, to microwaving the bitumen products after separation.

1. We run the microwave with electricity from our TALL GARVITY TO ELECTRICITY
INVENTION.
2. After microwaving (eg. oil/tar sands mixed with bituminous coal - possibly with a tumbler and/or the separated and/or extracted oiUtar sands product and/or the bituminous coal alone, and or plastic: we are also microwaving and/or simply using electricity produced from TALL GRAVITY TO ELECTRICITY INVENTION to (the paragraph below is partially taken from the American Coalition for Ethanol; it regards the normal process of how ethanol is made - and as I understand is widely well known material - both wet and dry milling) heat electric elements for heating needed in biofuel production (possibly milling and liquefying; mixed with water and alpha-amylase; cookers with a high temperature stage (120-150 degrees Celsius), and a lower temperature holding period (95 degrees Celsius); next we have saccharifrcation: The mash from the cookers will then be cooled and the secondary enzyme (gluco-amylase) - as well as enzymes we will also try microwaving the liquefied starch which will be added to convert the liquefied starch to fermentable sugars (dextrose); Yeast will then be added to the mash to ferment the sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide; 48 hours before the distillation process is started; the alcohol will be removed from the solids and the water. The alcohol will leave the top of the final column at about 96% strength, and the residue mash, called stillage, will be transferred from the base of the column to the co-product processing area;
Dehydration: The alcohol from the top of the column wiil then pass through a dehydration system where the remaining water will be removed. Most ethanol plants use a molecular sieve to capture the last bit of water in the ethanol. The alcohol product at this stage is called anhydrous (pure, without water) ethanol and is approximately 200 proof; Denaturing: Ethanol that will be used for fuel is then denatured with a small amount (2-5%) of some product, like gasoline, to make it unfit for human consumption. We could mix the following bio fuel resources with In addition to bituminous coal we could add kerosene and/or naphtha and/or propane and/or oil/tar sands with corn, eucalyptus, oil palm, and coconuts, maize, jatropha and other possibiiities bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain sorghum, switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, fruit, molasses, corn, stover, grain, wheat, straw, cotton, other biomass. Possibly shredding first the adding some of the additives above (bituminous coal in small pieces and/or tiny pieces and/or propane and/or kerosene, and/or naphtha) to produce gasified biofuel oils, via microwaving) we then gather the gasses output from the process and burn them to heat a boiler.
3. Microwave should produces less smog than buming petroleum or coal.
4. We could also use mirrors that either focus on the boiler or surround the site and the boiler covering with solar heat absorbing/conducting material.
5. Additionally we are also looking at mocrowaving the reservoir of water (to speed up;
add additional speed to the heating process), the process of microwaving the water level is balanced between continuously replenished to prevent over frying the boiler while balancing the quickest way (eg no thick chunks of water that prevent the centre/inner part of the chunks from being penetrated by the microwaves.
6. Altemativeiy, the electricity from the TALL GRAVITY TO ELECTRICITY
INVENTION/GCM, Solar power and steam turbine powers to electricity above can be used in the reformer process to produce Hydrogen power.
7. Possibly products include bio fuel and/or hydrogen power (reformer) and/or -possibly using mirrors and/or directly using TALL GRAVITY TO ELELCRICITY
INVENTION/GCM directly to produce electricity directly into the grid (for household/inductrial and hybrid use... ) or provide the electricity to create high temperatures for the bio fuel conversion process and/or mirrors surrounding solar material(s) to boil and/or collection condensed from salt water to turn a stem turbine and produce electricity (possibly additionally heated by mircrowaving plastic, oiUtar bituminous coal we could add kerosene and/or naphtha and/or propane sands, and/or mixed combinations along the vertical processes depending which is most efficient, most higher market price (and easiest to sell) to cost - produce (profitable and least competition), com, eucalyptus, oil palm, and coconuts, maize, jatropha and other possibilities bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain sorghum, switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, fruit, molasses, com, stover, grain, wheat, straw, cotton, other biomass on the other end of the system and precipitating/filtering before and/or again out the salt from salt water -thus enabling a huge supply of water supply eg. the oceans) for vehicles and all motors/mechanized and cooking and lubricate hydrogen power... Co-Products:
There are two main co-products created in the production of ethanol: carbon dioxide and distillers grain. Carbon dioxide is given off in great quantities during fermentation and many ethanol plants collect that carbon dioxide, clean it of any residual alcohol, compress it and sell it for use to carbonate beverages or in the flash freezing of meat.
Distillers grains, wet and dried, are high in protein and other nutrients and are a highly valued livestock feed ingredient. Some ethanol plants also create a "syrup"
containing some of the solids that can be a separate production sold in addition to the distillers grain, or combined with it. Ethanol production is a no-waste process that adds value to the corn by converting it into more valuable products.
8. We also want to use ultrasound and microwave assistance in enhancing extraction oil yields from the raw alternative products above by adding different solvents for extraction. First we use microwave pretreatment, then we use solvents such as (isopropanol, hexane, and hexane-isopropanol mixture). Ultrasonic intensity was substituted as a treatment factor as well as possibly sonication. Solvent extraction was accomplished by immersion of ground raw material in our case co-solvents some which in its rawest form maybe mixed (non-volatile co-raw materials) such as, minerals water and clay (eg. oil/tar sands), co-solvents include: plastic, oiVtar bituminous coal we could add kerosene and/or naphtha and/or propane sands, and/or mixed combinations along the vertical processes depending which is most efficient, most higher market price (and easiest to sell) to cost - produce (profitable and least competition), com, eucalyptus, oil palm, and coconuts, maize, jatropha and other possibilities bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain sorghum, switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, fruit, molasses, com, stover, grain, wheat, straw, cotton, other biomass.

Citation: Transactions of the ASAE. Vol. 47(4): 1187-1194 . @2004 Aotfwrs: H. Li, L. 0. Pordesimo, 1. Weiss, L. R. Wilhelm Keywords: Microwave processing, Mixed solvent, Solvent extraction, Soybean oil, Ultrasound 9. As well we will possibly use, focused microwave-assisted Soxhlet (as well as the traditional Soxhiet) extraction (FMASE). This technique is based on the same principles as conventional Soxhiet GI-efidag, zlem; Mazza, Giuseppe Extraction of oils and co-products:

The first step in the processing of oils and/or by products input/outputs involves their extraction from the plant matrix. As in any extraction process, the extraction solvent, extraction conditions (such as temperature, time, pH, solvent to feed ratio), and the properties of the feed material (such as composition and particle size) are the main factors that determine process efficiency and the properties of the end product.
If a purified product is desired, the efficiency of the purification steps needs to be considered while optimizing extraction parameters. For example, conditions maximizing the extraction yield can decrease the selectivity and thus, the purity of the oils and/or by products, complicating further purification steps. We will try malonyl isoflavones to separate from oils and/or by products input/outputs easier than other oils isoflavones due to their higher polarity led to the optimization of the extraction of oils and/or by products input/outputs to be based on malonyl isoflavone content of the extract (Wanezaki et al., 2005).
Sample Pretreatment Pretreatment steps, which are carried out to increase the efficiency of the extraction, include drying, particle size reduction, and defatting (using a lipophilic solvent such as ethyl acetate or hexane). Defatting can also be carried out after the extraction of oils and/or by products . CA 02611533 2007-11-27 input/outputs. Particle size reduction (grinding) is usually carried out to increase the mass transfer efficiency of the extraction. The variable qualitative and quantitative distribution of oils and/or by products inputs input/outputs enables the selection of the oils and/or by products input/outputs part to be used as raw material considering efficiency of the process and/or extract properties. The efficiency of the separation is improved by using part of the plant with the highest oils and/or by products inputs input/outputs concentration. Selection of the raw material can also be used to overcome processing challenges posed by the other components present. For example, the use of quinoa hulls as raw material for oils and/or by products inputs input/outputs extraction eliminated the problems associated with swelling of starch during extraction of whole seeds (Muir et al., 2002).
Extraction Methods While traditional solvent extraction methods are commonly used for the production of saponin extracts, recent research focuses on technologies that improve the extraction efficiency by reducing extraction time and solvent consumption/waste without compromising sample quality. Microwave (Vongsangnak, 2004; Kwon et al., 2003a,b,c) and ultrasound (Wu et al., 2001) assisted extractions involve disruption of the intemal cell structure and release of intracellular product to facilitate mass transfer, which is achieved by rapid and selective heating of the raw material in a solvent which is (partially) transparent to microwave energy (in microwave extractions) (Kwon et al., 2003a,b,c;
Vongsangnak, 2004) and the mechanical effects of acoustic cavitation (in ultrasonic extractions) (Wu et al., 2001).
Commercial appiications of Microwave-Assisted Processes (MAP(TM), microwave technologies patented by Environment Canada) are being currently developed for extraction of natural products such as oilseeds (in collaboration with Bunge Canada, formerly CanAmera Foods, and BC Research) (Environment Canada, 2005) and high value, low volume, natural active ingredients for the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical markets (Radient Technologies Inc., 2005). Ultrasonic liquid processing devices are being used at production level in the pharmaceutical, chemical, petrochemical, and paint industry as well as in the bioprocessing and food industries (Hielscher GmbH, 2005).
We plan to test oils and/or by products inputs input/outputs yields and compositions of of methanol also extractable using MAP(TM) we will test conventional reflux extraction carried out under similar conditions to soxhiet extraction and for heat reflux extraction and for ultrasonic extraction (possibly water-saturated n- butanol). Savings in time and solvent consumption compared to traditional methods such as heat reflux, ultrasonic, Soxhlet extractions, and extraction oils and/or by products inputs input/outputs at room temperature were also achieved by microwave assisted extraction. Multi-stage counter-current extraction has also been investigated to improve the efficiency of extraction of oils and/or by products inputs input/outputs.
Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) involves the use of pressurized solvents at high temperatures. We could use burning of gases from other fuels and/or TALL
GRAVITY TO
ELECTRICITY INVENTION/GCM, or solar mirrors and boiler/turbine to power the high temperatures (either by electric element and/or burning gases and/or solar/boiler/turbine and/or microwaving rubber and/or plastic and/or bituminous coal and/or oiUtar sands). The high temperatures made possible by the application of pressure results in improvements in mass transfer properties of the solvent, hence improving extracting efficiency. The change in solvent polarity hence solubility with temperature of the pressurized solvent coupled with enhanced mass transfer properties makes PLE an attractive method for oils and/or by products inputs input/outputs processing; however, the applications up to date have largely been limited to analytical procedures Extraction Solvent Water, lower alcohols (methanol and ethanol), or water: alcohol mixtures have been widely used for extraction of (Kitagawa, 1986; Bombardelli and Gabetta, 2001). Other solvents investigated for extraction of oils and/or by products input/outputs include aqueous (Choi et al., 2003; Fang et al., 2000) and alcoholic surfactant solutions (Choi et al., 2003), and glycerine (Gafner et al., 2004). The addition of ammonia to solvents may result in an increase in its extraction yield.
Supercritical C02 has been demonstrated to be a viable alternative to organic solvents for the processing of natural materials with advantages such as ease of solvent removal, solvent free products, and an oxygen free environment. However, the application of SCCO^sub 2^ technology to the processing of polar solutes such as polyphenolic and oils and/or by products input/outputs compounds has been limited by the low solvent power of SCCO^sub 2^ for these solutes, which can be improved by the addition of cosolvents (Hamburger et al., 2004). The use of cosolvents, however, overrides one of the major advantages of SCCO^sub 2^ processing: solvent-free processing.
. The addition of ethanol to C02 (6 mol%) increased the SFE yield of ginsenosides in ginseng oil by a factor of 10 while increasing the yield of the oil by a factor of 4 at 333 K and 31.2 MPa. The enrichment of saponins in plant oils offer interesting product formulations, and may warrant further research. Optimum conditions for recovery of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice were 30 MPa and 600C for 60 min using SCCO^sub 2^ + 70% methanol (15%
by volume) (Kim et al., 2004).
Effect on Extraction Yield. The choice of solvent for a particular application will be based on the effect of solvent on oils and/or by products input/outputs yield and purity, and the composition of the oils and/or by products input/outputs mixture. Differences between yield and composition of extracts arise from the varying selectivities of the solvents towards individual oils and/or by products input/outputs and other feed components.
The oils and/or by products inputloutputs recovery obtained by aqueous alcohol extraction (40- 80%) of quinoa hulls was higher than that obtained by pure water or alcohol extractions (Muir et al., 2002). Ultrasoundassisted and Soxhiet extraction of oils and/or by products input/outputs using water-saturated n-butanol gave higher ginsenoside yields than pure and 10% methanol (Figure 2) (Wu et al., 2001). DDMP- oils and/or by products input/outputs.
The yield of crude could oils and/or by products input/outputs decreased with the methanol content of aqueous methanol, and the highest crude extract yield (16.5%) was observed with pure water. The highest yield of the n-butanol fraction (obtained by the partitioning of the crude extract between water and n-butanol) and the purified oils and/or by products input/outputs.

Purification of the crude oils and/or by products input/outputs extract usually requires a sequential approach. A common method for the preliminary purification of oils and/or by products input/outputs after the extraction step involves the partitioning of oils and/or by products input/outputs between aqueous extracts and a water immiscible solvent such as n-butanol (Kitagawa, 1986). Further purification can be carried out using solvent \precipitation (Kitagawa, 1986; Nozomi et al., 1986), adsorption (Giichi, 1987), Ultrafiitration (Muir et al., 2002), and/or chromatography (Kensil and Marciani, 1991). While Chromatographie procedures such as open column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, flash chromatography, liquid chromatography (low, medium and high pressure), and countercurrent chromatography have been well established and widely used for analytical scale purification of saponins (Hostettmann and Marston, 1995), their feasibility for commercial scale processing of oils and/or by products input/outputs needs to be evaluated.
The purification techniques used in the production of oils and/or by products input/outputs for a variety of applications are discussed below with specific examples.

An aqueous extract of Quillaja saponaria bark was separated into 22 fractions (QA1-22) with different adjuvant activity and toxicity using a purification procedure involving methanol extraction followed by silica gel and reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) (Figure 5) (Kensil and Marciani, 1991).
Due to their high volume of production and increasing evidence on the biological activity of oils and/or by products input/outputs (Dobbins, 2002; Giichi, 1987;
Bombardelli and Gabetta, 2001), and by-products of soybean processing (Yoshiki et al., 2005) have great potential as raw materials for commercial oils and/or by products input/outputs production.
The full realization of this potential in the marketplace however requires development of processing schemes to effectively tackle the associated processing challenges.
The patent "Process for isolating oils and/or by products input/outputs materials" (Dobbins, 2002) exploits the temperature dependence of solubility behavior of oils and/or by products input/outputs in watenacetone mixtures for the production of a soyasaponin concentrate. An acetone:water (4:1) extraction step (56C at atmospheric pressure at pH >6.5) followed by cooling the extract led to the precipitation of oils and/or by products input/outputs resulting in a 70% oils and/or by products input/outputs concentrate. Further purification up to 90%
was achieved by crystallization.
A oils and/or by products input/outputs and 15% isoflavones will be tested by reflux extraction with pure or aqueous aliphatic alcohols followed by hexane extraction (for defatting purposes). In an altemative approach, the defatted oils and/or by products input/outputs extract was treated with polyethoxylated castor oil to dissolve the resinous residues and adsorbed onto a polystyrene-based resin. Soya extract containing the isoflavones and oils and/or by products input/outputs were then eluted using co-solvents.
The oils and/or by products input/outputs extract was fractionated into group oils and/or by products input/outputs and isoflavones using solvent precipitation with aqueous alcohol and a water immiscible protic solvent (such as ethyl acetate). The fractionation of oils and/or by products input/outputs extracts into isoflavone and oils and/or by products input/outputs fractions can also be achieved using an adsorption step (Giichi, 1987;
Bombardelli and Gabetta, 2001). The oils and/or by products input/outputs fraction can be further purified using gel filtration and partition chromatography (Giichi, 1987).

Enzymes might also be needed process the fuel products and co-products see below:
Most cellulases are complexes of three enzymes working together to hydrolyse cellulose.
First, an endoglucanase breaks one of the chains within the cellulose crystal structure, then, an exoglucanase attaches to one of the loose ends, pulls the cellulose chain out of the crystal structure, and works its way down the chain, breaking off units of cellobiose (two glucose units joined together). Finally, a beta-glucosidase splits the cellobiose into two glucose molecules, which can then be fermented into ethanol.

Bringing production costs down The cellulases needed for breaking down cellulose so far have come from fungi, in particular from Trfchoderma reesei. NREL scientists have investigated other sources, such as the bacterium Acdiothermus cellulo/yticus, which they found in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park. But bacterial exoglucanases are not usually as good as the fungal ones, though they tolerate high temperatures. A next step is to combine high temperature tolerance with the efficiency of the fungal enzyme. NREL and DOE have contracted the world's largest enzyme companies, Genecor Intemational and Novozymes to reduce the cost of producing cellulases down to a range of $.10-$.20 per gallon of ethanol, and they have succeeded [1 ].

A further improvement involves the simultaneous action of enzyme and fermenting microbes, so that as the sugars are produced by the cellulases, the microbes ferment the glucose to ethanol [3].
logen Corporation based in Ottawa, Canada [4] was the first to develop the enzyme process for getting ethanol from cellulose. It has built the world's first and only demonstration scale facility to convert cellulose biomass to ethanol. The facility processes 40 tons of wheat straw per day, and logen became the first company to commercialise cellulosic ethanol in April 2004. The primary consumer so far has been the Canadian govemment, which along with the US govemment (particularly the DOE's NREL) has invested millions of dollars into helping commercialise cellulosic ethanol We are also exploring further processing our fuel products, see below (possibly microwaving) and electricity from the TALL GRAVITY TO ELECTRICITY INVENTION/GCM, Solar power and steam turbine powers to electricity above can be used in the reformer process to produce Hydrogen power or burning gases:

2.1 Fluid catalytic cracking 2.2 Hydrocracking 2.3 Steam cracking 3.1 Catalytic cracking 3.2 Thermal cracking Microwaving the raw material inputs with catalysts for fuel processing include: CaO, Ni, XT-10, and traces of Nb and Ti, said XT-10 is a mbcture of one or more of the following groups:
polomite, garbbro, microcline, Muscovite, tourmaline, talc, graphite-silkymicaschist, syenite, lenslimestone, sacharoidal-limestone, magnetite, shihui, shihuishi, and citu;

Pyrolysis Reactors Include:
Bubbling fluidized bed Circulating fluidized beds/transport reactor Rotating (cyclone) cone pyrolyzer Ablative pyrolyzer Vacuum pyrolysis Auger reactor Fast Pyrolysis System Further Processing include:
Direct application of bio-oil Hydrocracking of bio-oil Gasification of bio-oil Fermentation bio-oil Co-Products include:
Gas (CO, H2, light hydrocarbons) Char Water Organic Traditional Problems we address:

Need for very fine raw material particles by using shredders/thrashers with very fine teeth, milling, and tumbling during the heating process to expose the particles.
We plan on possibly improving stability the volatile raw materials by finely mixing with more inert material.

COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS

The diverse physicochemical and biological properties of oils and/or by products input/outputs have been successfully exploited in a number of commercial applications in food, cosmetics, agricultural and pharmaceutical sectors. Market trends towards the use of natural ingredients, and increasing evidence of their biological activity have increased the demand for oils and/or by products input/outputs in recent years. As natural non-ionic surfactants, they find widespread use as emulsification and foaming agents, and detergents. Other investigated/proposed applications of oils and/or by products input/outputs include as feed additives, as bacterial and vegetable growth regulators, and for soil remediation. While the two major commercial sources of oils and/or by products input/outputs are Quillaja saponaria and oils and/or by products input/outputs extracts might also be evaluated for use as commercial sources of pharmaceutical applications such as raw materials for production of hormones, immunological adjuvants, and as drugs. Oils and/or by products input/outputs have also been reported to be the active ingredients in various natural health products, such as herbal extracts.

FOOD APPLICATIONS

Oils and/or by products input/outputs can be used as food additives in the US
under section 172.50 (Natural Flavoring Substances and Natural Substances Used in Conjuction with Flavors) (US Food and Drug Administration, 2003). The food additives from natural origins containing oils and/or by products input/outputs used in Japan include enzymatically modified oils and/or by products input/outputs. Oils and/or by products input/outputs extracts can be classified by the European Union as a foaming agent for use in water- based, flavored non-alcoholic drinks (E 999; 200mg/liter calculated as anhydrous extract) (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1996).

Oils and/or by products input/outputs can be used in foods and beverages mainly for its foaming properties in soft drinks, and at concentrations in frozen carbonated beverages (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 2004). Oils and/or by products input/outputs can be used as an emulsifier for preparations containing lipophilic colors or flavors that are added to soft drinks, fermented vegetables, and dressing (Joint FAO/WHO
Expert Committee on Food Additives, 2004). Licorice and licorice derivatives, which are considered as GRAS by FDA, are used in foods such as baked foods, beverages, chewing gum, candy, herbs and seasonings, plant protein products, and vitamin and mineral dietary supplements as a flavoring agent only with specific limitations (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2005b). oils and/or by products input/outputs also can be proposed for use in foods as antimicrobial (Sogabe et al., 2003) and anti-yeast agents (Ashida and Matsuda, 1999). Other commercial oils and/or by products input/outputs products for food applications include soybean concentrates marketed as functional food ingredients and nutraceuticals (Organic Technologies, 2005), and a Korean ginseng extract called oils and/or by products input/outputs.
The presumed health benefits of oils and/or by products input/outputs led to the development of methods to fortify food products (such as olive oil) with oleanolic acid (van Putte, 2002). Proposed applications for oils and/or by products input/outputs include as a flavoring agent to modify the aftertaste/ taste of the artificial sweetener (Kang et al., 1999) and in fat blends as crystal modifier (Bhaggan et al., 2001).
The physicohemical properties of oils and/or by products input/outputs can also be utilized in food processing applications. Thus, while complex formation of oils and/or by products input/outputs with cholesterol has been used for the removal of cholesterol from dairy products such as butter oil (Micich et al., 1992; Richardson and Jimenez-Flores, 1994), the interaction of oils and/or by products input/outputs with cell membranes has been considered for the selective precipitation of fat globule membranes from cheese whey (Hwang and Damodaran, 1994). In this last application, oils and/or by products input/outputs are used to increase the hydrophobicity of the fat membrane to facilitate flocculation and precipitation of the formed complexes (Hwang and Damodaran, 1994).
Cosmetics Due to their surface active properties, oils and/or by products input/outputs can be utilized as natural surfactants in cleansing products in the personal care sector such as shower gels, shampoos, foam baths, hair conditioners and lotions, bath/shower detergents, liquid soaps, baby care products, mouth washes, and toothpastes. Natural surfactants containing oils and/or by products input/outputs can be studied for use. Oils and/or by products input/outputs might be used as bioactive ingredients in cosmetic formulations with claims to delay the aging process of the skin.
Pharmaceutical/Health Applications Steroid oils and/or by products input/outputs -containing plant materials gained commercial significance in 1950s as raw materials for the production of steroid hormones and drugs.
The synthesis of progesterone from the oils and/or by products input/outputs might be possible in steroid research culminating in the synthesis of the first oral contraceptive in could be used as raw materials by the steroid industry.
oils and/or by products input/outputs have been used as immunological adjuvants in veterinary vaccine formulations due to their immune enhancing properties since 1950s (Daisgaard, 1974). Their use in human vaccines, however, has been limited by their complexity and toxicity. Purification of the quillaja extract to yield fractions with differing chemical and biological properties enabled the characterization and thus reproducible production of the fractions for optimal adjuvant activity and minimal haemolytic activity and toxicity (Cox et al., 2002; Kensil and Marciani, 1991). Consequently, there have been significant advances in the development of oils and/or by products input/outputs as human vaccine adjuvants in the last decade leading to the development of a new generation of vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases which are at various phases of clinical trials (Kensil et al., 2004). The use of quillaja extracts (even at concentrations commonly used in foods) as oral adjuvants in human clinical tests requires supporting toxicology and general safety data due to their non-GRAS status (Dirk and Webb, 2005).
The wealth of information on the biological activity of oils and/or by products input/outputs from a variety of sources is providing leads for the development of drugs. The chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic and new class of HIV drugs called Maturation Inhibitors might be developed using oils and/or by products input/outputs.
Pharmaceutical compositions or plant extracts containing oils and/or by products input/outputs have been patented for the prevention and/or treatment of a variety of conditions such as inflammation, infection, alcoholism, pre- and post-menopausal symptoms, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease and hypertension, prophylaxis and dementia, ultraviolet damage including cataract, and carcinoma cutaneum, gastritis, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer. The use of oils and/or by products input/outputs in pharmaceutical preparations as adjuvants to enhance absorption of pharmacologically active substances or drugs has also been patented.

Other co-products of bio fuels include the below:

This invention is to dry the stalks, cobs and leaves sugar cane stalks, oil palm, eucalyptus and all waste and biomass and bio fuel (eg. wood waste and plant cellulose, cores, husks... ), raw materials from microwaved plastic, rubber, coal bitumen ... then shred them (especially the cobs). Then re-dry the shredded inside material of the cobs.

Then we could burn to generate electricity or make into pellets or logs, or compressed form, or mix with other burning material to make an efficient burn.

We could also use the shredded material to make particle boards (GP 17% GV83%) and bio-degardeable wood and paper (pulp) substitutes (building materials substitutes eg. wood panels), decorating material, paper bags, packaging material, com particles mixed with resin, plastic, nano particles, cardboard, boxes, doors, faux logs for log homes, cheap walls for housing for developing countries, clothing eg. t-shirts, holding boxes eg.
cardboard version of plastic storage boxes, fumiture, framing, flooring, exterior finishing, faux lumber deck, one piece deck, possibly textiles, sandwich (with resin) coils for mattresses, cabinetry, wood fumiture, kitchen wood islands, wood finishing such as on cars, speciality pulp (cigarette paper, bank notes, technical filters and hygiene products, composites for autos, construction and thermal insulation materials, geotextiles, plastic-molded materials, speciality papers, construction fibreboard, Biodegradable landscape matting & plant culture products, coarse textiles, (carpets, upholstery) fine textiles, animal bedding, thermal insulation, construction fibreboard, plaster board etc..., silage, the fiber in the com leaves and stalks (0.5%) can be woven into rope and textiles, coarser woven cloth (canvas), upholstery, bags, sacks, and tarpaulins, writing paper, notebooks, envelopes, grocery bags, coffee cups, napkins, newsprint, thermoplastic where natural fibers are blended with polypropylene fibers and formed into a mat which is pressed with heat, versus thermoset production where the natural fibers are soaked with binders such as epoxy resin or polyurethane and hardened by polymerization, another thermoplastic technique is injection molding, spun into insulation, pressboard, composite board, fibers can be used to augment concrete's tensile strength while mitigating shrinkage and cracking, we could have fiber-reinforced cement boards and fiber-reinforced plaster for construction usages, We could also combine com waste with gypsum, lime or lime, binding agents for drywall or a good quality plaster - if the mixture can create a corn waste hurds composite, we could produce:

A mix can be poured as a floor, or between sheets of plywood (which will be removed a few hours later) for walls. Here one material replaces several layers of conventional building materials: bricks or cement, vapor barrier, insulation, and plaster board. All that is needed, inside as well as outside, is a whitewash finish (with or without pigments added).
Altematively, for interior use, the look of the material can be preserved with a simple waxing or vamishing, which brings out the cork-like structure of the material For the more exposed uses we could treat the shredded particles with preservatives unless the point is to have them biodegradable.

The shredded particles could also be used as biodegradable pots, fertilizertfibre, fodder or filler/bulk for the (eg. ground into powder) safe edibles consumer goods industry.

Claims (10)

1. Run agitated water to loosen the organic material, possibly use a tumbler to unstuck and remove caked together materials.

2. Then further loosen and sifts larger pieces from smaller (biodegradable material; less durable, unlike plastic and metal of which are very durable and the larger pieces are of more economical use to us) by a grate the horizontally spins spilling out the smaller pieces and possibly.

3. Finally we run the processed material down an assembly line to separate plastic form metal.

4. We could use mixers of some type using flexible spatula like (spinning) blades that will tear large any pieces of less durable materials such as cardboard, while leaving hunks of plastic (largely) undamaged.

5. We could use Artificial Intelligence or sorter with a remote camera that decides if the material's contents are made up of what, such as cardboard versus plastic. If there is cardboard (probably torn by the spatula mixer into smaller pieces) the batch could be re-agitated with water and possibly the tumbler and the grate again

6. The sorting in the assembly line work can done by automated (eg. robots run by Artificial Intelligence) to sort between, plastic, glass and metal versus toxic components of for example of computers.

7. Then we microwave the plastic...

We could take oil/tar sands before they are processed; while they are still dry, or tumble dry (if some heat is efficient eg. cost worthwhile to help the material to dry faster) or put out in the sun to dry. Then we crumble the raw material and tumble (to mix) and add crumbles bituminous coal to make the mixture (facilitate) more combustible. The amount of coal will depend on the concentrations of minerals, clay sand... As the tumbler spins we microwave the mixture (this is another way to dry the mixture). After microwaving we burn the gases.

In addition to bituminous coal we could add kerosene and/or naphtha and/or propane to the oil/tar sands.

Extraction oil/tar sands can also use molecular sieves after the hat water and agitation has frothed the oil/tar bituminous product. This is one of the last steps in ethanol production except he small amount of water in the distilled ethanol is removed using molecular sieves. Pre sieves we could also extract via microwave and/or hot water and agitation of the ethanol to float up in the froth. A molecular sieve contains a series of small beads that absorb all remaining water. Ethanol molecules are too large to enter the sieve, so the dehydration step produces pure ethanol (200 proof).

Or we could take the oil/tar sands product include (bicarbonate, methylisobutyl carbinol (MIBC), we could test the bitumen all along the vertical chain (0.7%), directly from extraction in the paragraph above, to microwaving the bitumen products after separation.

1. We run the microwave with electricity from our TALL GARVITY TO ELECTRICITY
INVENTION.
2. After microwaving (eg. oil/tar sands mixed with bituminous coal - possibly with a tumbler and/or the separated and/or extracted oil/tar sands product and/or the bituminous coal alone, and or plastic: we are also microwaving and/or simply using electricity produced from TALL GRAVITY TO ELECTRICITY INVENTION to (the paragraph below is partially taken from the American Coalition for Ethanol; it regards the normal process of how ethanol is made - and as I understand is widely well known material - both wet and dry milling) heat electric elements for heating needed in biofuel production (possibly milling and liquefying; mixed with water and alpha-amylase; cookers with a high temperature stage (120-150 degrees Celsius), and a lower temperature holding period (95 degrees Celsius); next we have saccharification: The mash from the cookers will then be cooled and the secondary enzyme (gluco-amylase) - as well as enzymes we will also try microwaving the liquefied starch which will be added to convert the liquefied starch to fermentable sugars (dextrose); Yeast will then be added to the mash to ferment the sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide; 48 hours before the distillation process is started; the alcohol will be removed from the solids and the water. The alcohol will leave the top of the final column at about 96% strength, and the residue mash, called stillage, will be transferred from the base of the column to the co-product processing area;
Dehydration: The alcohol from the top of the column will then pass through a dehydration system where the remaining water will be removed. Most ethanol plants use a molecular sieve to capture the last bit of water in the ethanol. The alcohol product at this stage is called anhydrous (pure, without water) ethanol and is approximately 200 proof; Denaturing: Ethanol that will be used for fuel is then denatured with a small amount (2-5%) of some product, like gasoline, to make it unfit for human consumption. We could mix the following bio fuel resources with in addition to bituminous coal we could add kerosene and/or naphtha and/or propane and/or oil/tar sands with corn, eucalyptus, oil palm, and coconuts, maize, jatropha and other possibilities bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain sorghum, switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, fruit, molasses, corn, stover, grain, wheat, straw, cotton, other biomass. Possibly shredding first the adding some of the additives above (bituminous coal in small pieces and/or tiny pieces and/or propane and/or kerosene, and/or naphtha) to produce gasified biofuel oils, via microwaving) we then gather the gasses output from the process and burn them to heat a boiler.
3. Microwave should produces less smog than burning petroleum or coal.
4. We could also use mirrors that either focus on the boiler or surround the site and the boiler covering with solar heat absorbing/conducting material.
5. Additionally we are also looking at mocrowaving the reservoir of water (to speed up;
add additional speed to the heating process), the process of microwaving the water level is balanced between continuously replenished to prevent over frying the boiler while balancing the quickest way (eg no thick chunks of water that prevent the centre/inner part of the chunks from being penetrated by the microwaves.
6. Alternatively, the electricity from the TALL GRAVITY TO ELECTRICITY
INVENTION/GCM, Solar power and steam turbine powers to electricity above can be used in the reformer process to produce Hydrogen power.
7. Possibly products include bio fuel and/or hydrogen power (reformer) and/or -possibly using mirrors and/or directly using TALL GRAVITY TO ELELCRICITY
INVENTION/GCM directly to produce electricity directly into the grid (for household/inductrial and hybrid use...) or provide the electricity to create high temperatures for the bio fuel conversion process and/or mirrors surrounding solar material(s) to boil and/or collection condensed from salt water to turn a stem turbine and produce electricity (possibly additionally heated by mircrowaving plastic, oil/tar bituminous coal we could add kerosene and/or naphtha and/or propane sands, and/or mixed combinations along the vertical processes depending which is most efficient, most higher market price (and easiest to sell) to cost - produce (profitable and least competition), corn, eucalyptus, oil palm, and coconuts, maize, jatropha and other possibilities bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain sorghum, switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, fruit, molasses, com, stover, grain, wheat, straw, cotton, other biomass on the other end of the system and precipitating/filtering before and/or again out the salt from salt water -thus enabling a huge supply of water supply eg. the oceans) for vehicles and all motors/mechanized and cooking and lubricate hydrogen power... Co-Products:
There are two main co-products created in the production of ethanol: carbon dioxide and distillers grain. Carbon dioxide is given off in great quantities during fermentation and many ethanol plants collect that carbon dioxide, clean it of any residual alcohol, compress it and sell it for use to carbonate beverages or in the flash freezing of meat.
Distillers grains, wet and dried, are high in protein and other nutrients and are a highly valued livestock feed ingredient. Some ethanol plants also create a "syrup"
containing some of the solids that can be a separate production sold in addition to the distillers grain, or combined with it. Ethanol production is a no-waste process that adds value to the corn by converting it into more valuable products.

8. We also want to use ultrasound and microwave assistance in enhancing extraction oil yields from the raw alternative products above by adding different solvents for extraction. First we use microwave pretreatment, then we use solvents such as (isopropanol, hexane, and hexane-isopropanol mixture). Ultrasonic intensity was substituted as a treatment factor as well as possibly sonication. Solvent extraction was accomplished by immersion of ground raw material in our case co-solvents some which in its rawest form maybe mixed (non-volatile co-raw materials) such as, minerals water and clay (eg. oil/tar sands), co-solvents include: plastic, oil/tar bituminous coal we could add kerosene and/or naphtha and/or propane sands, and/or mixed combinations along the vertical processes depending which is most efficient, most higher market price (and easiest to sell) to cost - produce (profitable and least competition), corn, eucalyptus, oil palm, and coconuts, maize, jatropha and other possibilities bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain sorghum, switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, fruit, molasses, corn, stover, grain, wheat, straw, cotton, other biomass.

9. As well we will possibly use, focused microwave-assisted Soxhlet (as well as the traditional Soxhlet) extraction (FMASE). This technique is based on the same principles as conventional Soxhlet Extraction Methods While traditional solvent extraction methods are commonly used for the production of saponin extracts, recent research focuses on technologies that improve the extraction efficiency by reducing extraction time and solvent consumption/waste without compromising sample quality. Microwave (Vongsangnak, 2004; Kwon et al., 2003a,b,c) and ultrasound (Wu et al., 2001) assisted extractions involve disruption of the internal cell structure and release of intracellular product to facilitate mass transfer, which is achieved by rapid and selective heating of the raw material in a solvent which is (partially) transparent to microwave energy (in microwave extractions) (Kwon et al., 2003a,b,c;
Vongsangnak, 2004) and the mechanical effects of acoustic cavitation (in ultrasonic extractions) (Wu et al., 2001).
Commercial applications of Microwave-Assisted Processes (MAP(TM), microwave technologies patented by Environment Canada) are being currently developed for extraction of natural products such as oilseeds (in collaboration with Bunge Canada, formerly CanAmera Foods, and BC Research) (Environment Canada, 2005) and high value, low volume, natural active ingredients for the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical markets (Radient Technologies Inc., 2005). Ultrasonic liquid processing devices are being used at production level in the pharmaceutical, chemical, petrochemical, and paint industry as well as in the bioprocessing and food industries (Hielscher GmbH, 2005).
We plan to test oils and/or by products inputs input/outputs yields and compositions of of methanol also extractable using MAP(TM) we will test conventional reflux extraction carried out under similar conditions to soxhlet extraction and for heat reflux extraction and for ultrasonic extraction (possibly water-saturated n- butanol). Savings in time and solvent consumption compared to traditional methods such as heat reflux, ultrasonic, Soxhlet extractions, and extraction oils and/or by products inputs input/outputs at room temperature were also achieved by microwave assisted extraction. Multi-stage counter-current extraction has also been investigated to improve the efficiency of extraction of oils and/or by products inputs input/outputs.
Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) involves the use of pressurized solvents at high temperatures. We could use burning of gases from other fuels and/or TALL
GRAVITY TO
ELECTRICITY INVENTION/GCM, or solar mirrors and boiler/turbine to power the high temperatures (either by electric element and/or burning gases and/or solar/boiler/turbine and/or microwaving rubber and/or plastic and/or bituminous coal and/or oil/tar sands). The high temperatures made possible by the application of pressure results in improvements in mass transfer properties of the solvent, hence improving extracting efficiency. The change in solvent polarity hence solubility with temperature of the pressurized solvent coupled with enhanced mass transfer properties makes PLE an attractive method for oils and/or by products inputs input/outputs processing; however, the applications up to date have largely been limited to analytical procedures Extraction Solvent Water, lower alcohols (methanol and ethanol), or water: alcohol mixtures have been widely used for extraction of (Kitagawa, 1986; Bombardelli and Gabetta, 2001). Other solvents investigated for extraction of oils and/or by products input/outputs include aqueous (Choi et al., 2003; Fang et al., 2000) and alcoholic surfactant solutions (Choi et al., 2003), and glycerine (Gafner et al., 2004). The addition of ammonia to solvents may result in an increase in its extraction yield.
Supercritical CO2 has been demonstrated to be a viable alternative to organic solvents for the processing of natural materials with advantages such as ease of solvent removal, solvent free products, and an oxygen free environment. However, the application of SCCO^sub 2^ technology to the processing of polar solutes such as polyphenolic and oils and/or by products input/outputs compounds has been limited by the low solvent power of SCCO^sub 2^ for these solutes, which can be improved by the addition of cosolvents (Hamburger et al., 2004). The use of cosolvents, however, overrides one of the major advantages of SCCO^sub 2^ processing: solvent-free processing.
. The addition of ethanol to CO2 (6 mol%) increased the SFE yield of ginsenosides in ginseng oil by a factor of 10 while increasing the yield of the oil by a factor of 4 at 333 K and 31.2 MPa. The enrichment of saponins in plant oils offer interesting product formulations, and may warrant further research. Optimum conditions for recovery of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice were 30 MPa and 6O0C for 60 min using SCCO^sub 2^ + 70% methanol (15%
by volume) (Kim et al., 2004).
Effect on Extraction Yield. The choice of solvent for a particular application will be based on the effect of solvent on oils and/or by products input/outputs yield and purity, and the composition of the oils and/or by products input/outputs mixture. Differences between yield and composition of extracts arise from the varying selectivities of the solvents towards individual oils and/or by products input/outputs and other feed components.
The oils and/or by products input/outputs recovery obtained by aqueous alcohol extraction (40- 80%) of quinoa hulls was higher than that obtained by pure water or alcohol extractions (Muir et al., 2002). Ultrasoundassisted and Soxhlet extraction of oils and/or by products input/outputs using water-saturated n-butanol gave higher ginsenoside yields than pure and

10% methanol (Figure 2) (Wu et al., 2001). DDMP- oils and/or by products input/outputs.
The yield of crude could oils and/or by products input/outputs decreased with the methanol content of aqueous methanol, and the highest crude extract yield (16.5%) was observed with pure water. The highest yield of the n-butanol fraction (obtained by the partitioning of the crude extract between water and n-butanol) and the purified oils and/or by products input/outputs.

Purification of the crude oils and/or by products input/outputs extract usually requires a sequential approach. A common method for the preliminary purification of oils and/or by products input/outputs after the extraction step involves the partitioning of oils and/or by products input/outputs between aqueous extracts and a water immiscible solvent such as n-butanol (Kitagawa, 1986). Further purification can be carried out using solvent \precipitation (Kitagawa, 1986; Nozomi et al., 1986), adsorption (Giichi, 1987), Ultrafiltration (Muir et al., 2002), and/or chromatography (Kensil and Marciani, 1991). While Chromatographie procedures such as open column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, flash chromatography, liquid chromatography (low, medium and high pressure), and countercurrent chromatography have been well established and widely used for analytical scale purification of saponins (Hostettmann and Marston, 1995), their feasibility for commercial scale processing of oils and/or by products input/outputs needs to be evaluated.
The purification techniques used in the production of oils and/or by products input/outputs for a variety of applications are discussed below with specific examples.
An aqueous extract of Quillaja saponaria bark was separated into 22 fractions (QA1 -22) with different adjuvant activity and toxicity using a purification procedure involving methanol extraction followed by silica gel and reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) (Figure 5) (Kensil and Marciani, 1991).
Due to their high volume of production and increasing evidence on the biological activity of oils and/or by products input/outputs (Dobbins, 2002; Giichi, 1987;
Bombardelli and Gabetta, 2001), and by-products of soybean processing (Yoshiki et al., 2005) have great potential as raw materials for commercial oils and/or by products input/outputs production.
The full realization of this potential in the marketplace however requires development of processing schemes to effectively tackle the associated processing challenges.

The patent "Process for isolating oils and/or by products input/outputs materials" (Dobbins, 2002) exploits the temperature dependence of solubility behavior of oils and/or by products input/outputs in watenacetone mixtures for the production of a soyasaponin concentrate. An acetone:water (4:1) extraction step (56C at atmospheric pressure at pH >6.5) followed by cooling the extract led to the precipitation of oils and/or by products input/outputs resulting in a 70% oils and/or by products input/outputs concentrate. Further purification up to 90%
was achieved by crystallization.
A oils and/or by products input/outputs and 15% isoflavones will be tested by reflux extraction with pure or aqueous aliphatic alcohols followed by hexane extraction (for defatting purposes). In an alternative approach, the defatted oils and/or by products input/outputs extract was treated with polyethoxylated castor oil to dissolve the resinous residues and adsorbed onto a polystyrene-based resin. Soya extract containing the isoflavones and oils and/or by products input/outputs were then eluted using co-solvents.
The oils and/or by products input/outputs extract was fractionated into group oils and/or by products input/outputs and isoflavones using solvent precipitation with aqueous alcohol and a water immiscible protic solvent (such as ethyl acetate). The fractionation of oils and/or by products input/outputs extracts into isoflavone and oils and/or by products input/outputs fractions can also be achieved using an adsorption step (Giichi, 1987;
Bombardelli and Gabetta, 2001). The oils and/or by products input/outputs fraction can be further purified using gel filtration and partition chromatography (Giichi, 1987).

Enzymes might also be needed process the fuel products and co-products see below:
Most cellulases are complexes of three enzymes working together to hydrolyse cellulose.
First, an endoglucanase breaks one of the chains within the cellulose crystal structure, then, an exoglucanase attaches to one of the loose ends, pulls the cellulose chain out of the crystal structure, and works its way down the chain, breaking off units of cellobiose (two glucose units joined together). Finally, a beta-glucosidase splits the cellobiose into two glucose molecules, which can then be fermented into ethanol.

Bringing production costs down The cellulases needed for breaking down cellulose so far have come from fungi, in particular from Trichoderma reesei. NREL scientists have investigated other sources, such as the bacterium Acdiothermus cellulolyticus , which they found in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park. But bacterial exoglucanases are not usually as good as the fungal ones, though they tolerate high temperatures. A next step is to combine high temperature tolerance with the efficiency of the fungal enzyme. NREL and DOE have contracted the world's largest enzyme companies, Genecor International and Novozymes to reduce the cost of producing cellulases down to a range of $.10-$.20 per gallon of ethanol, and they have succeeded [1].
A further improvement involves the simultaneous action of enzyme and fermenting microbes, so that as the sugars are produced by the cellulases, the microbes ferment the glucose to ethanol [3].
logen Corporation based in Ottawa, Canada [4] was the first to develop the enzyme process for getting ethanol from cellulose. It has built the world's first and only demonstration scale facility to convert cellulose biomass to ethanol. The facility processes 40 tons of wheat straw per day, and logen became the first company to commercialise cellulosic ethanol in April 2004. The primary consumer so far has been the Canadian government, which along with the US government (particularly the DOE's NREL) has invested millions of dollars into helping commercialise cellulosic ethanol We are also exploring further processing our fuel products, see below (possibly microwaving) and electricity from the TALL GRAVITY TO ELECTRICITY INVENTION/GCM, Solar power and steam turbine powers to electricity above can be used in the reformer process to produce Hydrogen power or burning gases:

2.1 Fluid catalytic cracking 2.2 Hydrocracking 2.3 Steam cracking3 3.1 Catalytic cracking 3.2 Thermal cracking Microwaving the raw material inputs with catalysts for fuel processing include: CaO, Ni, XT-10, and traces of Nb and Ti, said XT-10 is a mixture of one or more of the following groups:
polomite, garbbro, microcline, Muscovite, tourmaline, talc, graphite-silkymicaschist, syenite, lenslimestone, sacharoidal-limestone, magnetite, shihui, shihuishi, and citu;

Pyrolysis Reactors Include:
Bubbling fluidized bed Circulating fluidized beds/transport reactor Rotating (cyclone) cone pyrolyzer Ablative pyrolyzer Vacuum pyrolysis Auger reactor Fast Pyrolysis System Further Processing include:
Direct application of bio-oil Hydrocracking of bio-oil Gasification of bio-oil Fermentation bio-oil Co-Products include:

Gas (CO, H2, light hydrocarbons) Char Water Organic Traditional Problems we address:

Need for very fine raw material particles by using shredders/thrashers with very fine teeth, milling, and tumbling during the heating process to expose the particles.
We plan on possibly improving stability the volatile raw materials by finely mixing with more inert material.

COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS

The diverse physicochemical and biological properties of oils and/or by products input/outputs have been successfully exploited in a number of commercial applications in food, cosmetics, agricultural and pharmaceutical sectors. Market trends towards the use of natural ingredients, and increasing evidence of their biological activity have increased the demand for oils and/or by products input/outputs in recent years. As natural non-ionic surfactants, they find widespread use as emulsification and foaming agents, and detergents. Other investigated/proposed applications of oils and/or by products input/outputs include as feed additives, as bacterial and vegetable growth regulators, and for soil remediation. While the two major commercial sources of oils and/or by products input/outputs are Quillaja saponaria and oils and/or by products input/outputs extracts might also be evaluated for use as commercial sources of pharmaceutical applications such as raw materials for production of hormones, immunological adjuvants, and as drugs. Oils and/or by products input/outputs have also been reported to be the active ingredients in various natural health products, such as herbal extracts.

FOOD APPLICATIONS

Oils and/or by products input/outputs can be used as food additives in the US
under section 172.50 (Natural Flavoring Substances and Natural Substances Used in Conjuction with Flavors) (US Food and Drug Administration, 2003). The food additives from natural origins containing oils and/or by products input/outputs used in Japan include enzymatically modified oils and/or by products input/outputs. Oils and/or by products input/outputs extracts can be classified by the European Union as a foaming agent for use in water- based, flavored non-alcoholic drinks (E 999; 200mg/liter calculated as anhydrous extract) (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1996).

Oils and/or by products input/outputs can be used in foods and beverages mainly for its foaming properties in soft drinks, and at concentrations in frozen carbonated beverages (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 2004). Oils and/or by products input/outputs can be used as an emulsifier for preparations containing lipophilic colors or flavors that are added to soft drinks, fermented vegetables, and dressing (Joint FAO/WHO
Expert Committee on Food Additives, 2004). Licorice and licorice derivatives, which are considered as GRAS by FDA, are used in foods such as baked foods, beverages, chewing gum, candy, herbs and seasonings, plant protein products, and vitamin and mineral dietary supplements as a flavoring agent only with specific limitations (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2005b). oils and/or by products input/outputs also can be proposed for use in foods as antimicrobial (Sogabe et al., 2003) and anti-yeast agents (Ashida and Matsuda, 1999). Other commercial oils and/or by products input/outputs products for food applications include soybean concentrates marketed as functional food ingredients and nutraceuticals (Organic Technologies, 2005), and a Korean ginseng extract called oils and/or by products input/outputs.
The presumed health benefits of oils and/or by products input/outputs led to the development of methods to fortify food products (such as olive oil) with oleanolic acid (van Putte, 2002). Proposed applications for oils and/or by products input/outputs include as a flavoring agent to modify the aftertaste/ taste of the artificial sweetener (Kang et al., 1999) and in fat blends as crystal modifier (Bhaggan et al., 2001).
The physicohemical properties of oils and/or by products input/outputs can also be utilized in food processing applications. Thus, while complex formation of oils and/or by products input/outputs with cholesterol has been used for the removal of cholesterol from dairy products such as butter oil (Micich et al., 1992; Richardson and Jimenez-Flores, 1994), the interaction of oils and/or by products input/outputs with cell membranes has been considered for the selective precipitation of fat globule membranes from cheese whey (Hwang and Damodaran, 1994). In this last application, oils and/or by products input/outputs are used to increase the hydrophobicity of the fat membrane to facilitate flocculation and precipitation of the formed complexes (Hwang and Damodaran, 1994).
Cosmetics Due to their surface active properties, oils and/or by products input/outputs can be utilized as natural surfactants in cleansing products in the personal care sector such as shower gels, shampoos, foam baths, hair conditioners and lotions, bath/shower detergents, liquid soaps, baby care products, mouth washes, and toothpastes. Natural surfactants containing oils and/or by products input/outputs can be studied for use. Oils and/or by products input/outputs might be used as bioactive ingredients in cosmetic formulations with claims to delay the aging process of the skin.
Pharmaceutical/Health Applications Steroid oils and/or by products input/outputs -containing plant materials gained commercial significance in 1950s as raw materials for the production of steroid hormones and drugs.
The synthesis of progesterone from the oils and/or by products input/outputs might be possible in steroid research culminating in the synthesis of the first oral contraceptive in could be used as raw materials by the steroid industry.
oils and/or by products input/outputs have been used as immunological adjuvants in veterinary vaccine formulations due to their immune enhancing properties since 1950s (Daisgaard, 1974). Their use in human vaccines, however, has been limited by their complexity and toxicity. Purification of the quillaja extract to yield fractions with differing chemical and biological properties enabled the characterization and thus reproducible production of the fractions for optimal adjuvant activity and minimal haemolytic activity and toxicity (Cox et al., 2002; Kensil and Marciani, 1991). Consequently, there have been significant advances in the development of oils and/or by products input/outputs as human vaccine adjuvants in the last decade leading to the development of a new generation of vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases which are at various phases of clinical trials (Kensil et al., 2004). The use of quillaja extracts (even at concentrations commonly used in foods) as oral adjuvants in human clinical tests requires supporting toxicology and general safety data due to their non-GRAS status (Dirk and Webb, 2005).
The wealth of information on the biological activity of oils and/or by products input/outputs from a variety of sources is providing leads for the development of drugs. The chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic and new class of HIV drugs called Maturation Inhibitors might be developed using oils and/or by products input/outputs.
Pharmaceutical compositions or plant extracts containing oils and/or by products input/outputs have been patented for the prevention and/or treatment of a variety of conditions such as inflammation, infection, alcoholism, pre- and post-menopausal symptoms, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease and hypertension, prophylaxis and dementia, ultraviolet damage including cataract, and carcinoma cutaneum, gastritis, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer. The use of oils and/or by products input/outputs in pharmaceutical preparations as adjuvants to enhance absorption of pharmacologically active substances or drugs has also been patented.

Other co-products of bio fuels include the below:

This invention is to dry the stalks, cobs and leaves sugar cane stalks, oil palm, eucalyptus and all waste and biomass and bio fuel (eg. wood waste and plant cellulose, cores, husks... ), raw materials from microwaved plastic, rubber, coal bitumen ... then shred them (especially the cobs). Then re-dry the shredded inside material of the cobs.

Then we could burn to generate electricity or make into pellets or logs, or compressed form, or mix with other burning material to make an efficient bum.

We could also use the shredded material to make particle boards (GP 17% GV83%) and bio-degardeable wood and paper (pulp) substitutes (building materials substitutes eg. wood panels), decorating material, paper bags, packaging material, corn particles mixed with resin, plastic, nano particles, cardboard, boxes, doors, faux logs for log homes, cheap walls for housing for developing countries, clothing eg. t-shirts, holding boxes eg.
cardboard version of plastic storage boxes, furniture, framing, flooring, exterior finishing, faux lumber deck, one piece deck, possibly textiles, sandwich (with resin) coils for mattresses, cabinetry, wood furniture, kitchen wood islands, wood finishing such as on cars, speciality pulp (cigarette paper, bank notes, technical filters and hygiene products, composites for autos, construction and thermal insulation materials, geotextiles, plastic-molded materials, speciality papers, construction fibreboard, Biodegradable landscape matting & plant culture products, coarse textiles, (carpets, upholstery) fine textiles, animal bedding, thermal insulation, construction fibreboard, plaster board etc..., silage, the fiber in the corn leaves and stalks (0.5%) can be woven into rope and textiles, coarser woven cloth (canvas), upholstery, bags, sacks, and tarpaulins, writing paper, notebooks, envelopes, grocery bags, coffee cups, napkins, newsprint, thermoplastic where natural fibers are blended with polypropylene fibers and formed into a mat which is pressed with heat, versus thermoset production where the natural fibers are soaked with binders such as epoxy resin or polyurethane and hardened by polymerization, another thermoplastic technique is injection molding, spun into insulation, pressboard, composite board, fibers can be used to augment concrete's tensile strength while mitigating shrinkage and cracking, we could have fiber-reinforced cement boards and fiber-reinforced plaster for construction usages, We could also combine com waste with gypsum, lime or lime, binding agents for drywall or a good quality plaster - if the mixture can create a corn waste hurds composite, we could produce:

A mix can be poured as a floor, or between sheets of plywood (which will be removed a few hours later) for walls. Here one material replaces several layers of conventional building materials: bricks or cement, vapor barrier, insulation, and plaster board. All that is needed, inside as well as outside, is a whitewash finish (with or without pigments added).
Alternatively, for interior use, the look of the material can be preserved with a simple waxing or varnishing, which brings out the cork-like structure of the material For the more exposed uses we could treat the shredded particles with preservatives unless the point is to have them biodegradable.

The shredded particles could also be used as biodegradable pots, fertilizer/fibre, fodder or filler/bulk for the (eg. ground into powder) safe edibles consumer goods industry.