CA2592194C - Method of judging absorption capacity of carbon dioxide absorbent - Google Patents
Method of judging absorption capacity of carbon dioxide absorbent Download PDFInfo
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- CA2592194C CA2592194C CA 2592194 CA2592194A CA2592194C CA 2592194 C CA2592194 C CA 2592194C CA 2592194 CA2592194 CA 2592194 CA 2592194 A CA2592194 A CA 2592194A CA 2592194 C CA2592194 C CA 2592194C
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
- Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
- Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2
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Abstract
A method of judging the absorption capacity of a carbon dioxide absorbent for use in an isotopic gas analyzing method for measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide 13CO2 in a gas specimen containing carbon dioxide 13CO2 and carbon dioxide 12CO2 as component gases, comprising: performing a first light intensity measuring process by introducing air having passed through a vessel containing carbon dioxide absorbent into the cells; performing a second light intensity measuring process by introducing air not having passed through the vessel containing carbon dioxide absorbent into the cells; comparing the ratio of the light intensity measured in the first light intensity measuring step to the light intensity measured in the second light intensity measuring step with a threshold; and judging the absorption capacity of the carbon dioxide absorbent.
Description
METHOD OF JUDGING ABSORPTION CAPACITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE
ABSORBENT
This application is a division of Canadian Application Serial Number 2,421,509, which is the national phase application of PCT International Application PCT/JP01/08128, filed September 19, 2001.
TECHNICAL FIELD
Isotopic analyses are useful for diagnosis of diseases in medical applications, in which the metabolic functions of a living body can be determined by administering an isotope-containing drug to the living body and then detecting a change in the concentration ratio of the isotope.
The present invention relates to a stable isotope measurement method for spectrometrically analyzing an isotopic gas for determining the isotopic gas concentration ratio on the basis of a difference in light absorption characteristic between isotopes.
BACKGROUND ART
Bacteria called Helicobacter Pylori (HP) are generally known which cause gastric ulcers and gastritis.
If HP is present in the stomach of a patient, an antibiotic should be administered to the patient for bacteria removal treatment. Therefore, it is indispensable to check if the patient has HP. HP has a high unease activity for decomposing urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia.
Carbon has isotopes having mass numbers of 12, 13 and 14, among which the isotope Z3C having a mass number of 13 is easy to handle because of its non-radioactivity and stability.
If the concentration of 13C02 as a final metabolic product in breath of the patient, more specifically, a 13C02/12C02 concentration ratio, can successfully be determined after 13C-labeled urea is administered to the patient, the presence of HP can be confirmed.
However, the 13C02/12C02 concentration ratio in naturally occurring carbon dioxide is 1:100, making it difficult to accurately determine the concentration ratio in the breath of the patient.
There have conventionally been known methods for determining a 13C02/12C02 concentration ratio by way of infrared spectrophotometry.
One method employs two cells respectively having a long path and a short path. The path lengths of the cells are adjusted so that a 13002 absorbance in one of the cells is equalized with a 12002 absorbance in the other cell. Light beams respectively having wavelengths suitable for determination of the 13 C02 absorbance and the 12 C02 absorbance are applied to the respective cells, and the intensities of transmitted light beams are measured.
ABSORBENT
This application is a division of Canadian Application Serial Number 2,421,509, which is the national phase application of PCT International Application PCT/JP01/08128, filed September 19, 2001.
TECHNICAL FIELD
Isotopic analyses are useful for diagnosis of diseases in medical applications, in which the metabolic functions of a living body can be determined by administering an isotope-containing drug to the living body and then detecting a change in the concentration ratio of the isotope.
The present invention relates to a stable isotope measurement method for spectrometrically analyzing an isotopic gas for determining the isotopic gas concentration ratio on the basis of a difference in light absorption characteristic between isotopes.
BACKGROUND ART
Bacteria called Helicobacter Pylori (HP) are generally known which cause gastric ulcers and gastritis.
If HP is present in the stomach of a patient, an antibiotic should be administered to the patient for bacteria removal treatment. Therefore, it is indispensable to check if the patient has HP. HP has a high unease activity for decomposing urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia.
Carbon has isotopes having mass numbers of 12, 13 and 14, among which the isotope Z3C having a mass number of 13 is easy to handle because of its non-radioactivity and stability.
If the concentration of 13C02 as a final metabolic product in breath of the patient, more specifically, a 13C02/12C02 concentration ratio, can successfully be determined after 13C-labeled urea is administered to the patient, the presence of HP can be confirmed.
However, the 13C02/12C02 concentration ratio in naturally occurring carbon dioxide is 1:100, making it difficult to accurately determine the concentration ratio in the breath of the patient.
There have conventionally been known methods for determining a 13C02/12C02 concentration ratio by way of infrared spectrophotometry.
One method employs two cells respectively having a long path and a short path. The path lengths of the cells are adjusted so that a 13002 absorbance in one of the cells is equalized with a 12002 absorbance in the other cell. Light beams respectively having wavelengths suitable for determination of the 13 C02 absorbance and the 12 C02 absorbance are applied to the respective cells, and the intensities of transmitted light beams are measured.
According to this method, an absorbance ratio for the concentration ratio in naturally occurring carbon dioxide can be set at i . Therefore, the absorbance ratio is changed correspondingly to a change in the concentration ratio.
This allows for detection of the change in the concentration ratio.
(A) Even if the methods employing the infrared spectrophotometry are used, it is difficult to detect a slight change in the concentration ratio. The sensitivity can be enhanced by using longer cells, but the use of the longer cells increases the size of the isotopic gas analyzer.
Another approach is to provide mirrors at opposite ends of the cells for reflecting the light beams many times.
However, the cells each have a greater volume, so that the isotopic gas analyzer has a correspondingly greater size.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a stable isotope measurement method, which can determine the concentrations of component gases with a satisfactory measurement reproducibility and with a higher measurement accuracy by introducing a gas specimen containing carbon dioxide 13C 02 and carbon dioxide 12C 02 as the component gases into cells, measuring the intensities of light beams transmitted through the cells at wavelengths suitable for analysis of the respective component gases, and processing data indicative of the light intensities, and yet is free from a size increase.' (B) In the methods employing the infrared spectrophotometry, a reference gas having a CO2 concentration of zero, i.e., air having passed through a carbon dioxide absorbent, is filled in the cells, and a reference absorbance measuring process is preliminarily performed for accurate measurement of the absorbances of 12CO2 and "CO,.
Where the carbon dioxide absorbent is used as described above, the carbon dioxide absorbent is gradually deteriorated, and it is difficult to determine when the absorbent needs replacement.
The replacement time may be indicated on the basis of the number of times of the analysis, or determined on the basis of a change in the color of the carbon dioxide absorbent which is adapted to be colored by a reaction with carbon dioxide.
Where the determination of the replacement time is based on the number of the times of the analysis, however, the analysis may -suffer from an error which occurs due to variations in the absorption capacity of the carbon dioxide absorbent depending on production lots.
Where the carbon dioxide absorbent variable in color is used, the color of the absorbent returns to its original color when the air flow is stopped. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the replacement time.
It is therefore another object of the present invention to provide a method of judging the absorption capacity of a carbon dioxide absorbent, which can accurately 5 indicate a replacement time of the carbon dioxide absorbent by quantizing the degree of the deterioration of the carbon dioxide absorbent.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
(A) The stable isotope measurement method according to the present invention pressurizes a gas specimen in the cell, measures an absorbance of the component gases, and determines a concentration ratio of the component gases on the basis of a calibration curve.
The pressurization of the gas specimen virtually produces the same effect as increasing the carbon dioxide concentration in the gas specimen, thereby improving an S/N ratio and hence the measurement accuracy and the measurement reproducibility without the need for increasing the lengths of the cells. Further, the size increase of the analyzer can be obviated.
Where the internal pressures of the cells are increased to 2 atmby the pressurization, a sufficient effect can be provided (see an embodiment to be described later) .
(B) The method of judging the absorption capacity of the carbon gas absorbent according to the present invention comprises the steps of: performing a first light intensity measuring process by introducing air having passed through a vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent into the cells; performing a second light intensity measuring process by introducing air not having passed through the vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent into the cells; and judging the absorption capacity of the carbon dioxide absorbent on the basis of a light intensity measured in the first light intensity measuring step and a light intensity measured in the second light intensity measuring step.
With this arrangement, the air having passed through the vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent and the air not having passed through the vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent are respectively optically analyzed to determine how much carbon dioxide is absorbed by the carbon dioxide absorbent by comparing the air having passed through the vessel with the air not having passed through the vessel.
In the judgment method, the ratio of the light intensity measured in the first light intensity measuring step to the light intensity measured in the second light intensity measuring step is compared with a threshold for judgment of the absorption capacity of the carbon dioxide absorbent.
This allows for detection of the change in the concentration ratio.
(A) Even if the methods employing the infrared spectrophotometry are used, it is difficult to detect a slight change in the concentration ratio. The sensitivity can be enhanced by using longer cells, but the use of the longer cells increases the size of the isotopic gas analyzer.
Another approach is to provide mirrors at opposite ends of the cells for reflecting the light beams many times.
However, the cells each have a greater volume, so that the isotopic gas analyzer has a correspondingly greater size.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a stable isotope measurement method, which can determine the concentrations of component gases with a satisfactory measurement reproducibility and with a higher measurement accuracy by introducing a gas specimen containing carbon dioxide 13C 02 and carbon dioxide 12C 02 as the component gases into cells, measuring the intensities of light beams transmitted through the cells at wavelengths suitable for analysis of the respective component gases, and processing data indicative of the light intensities, and yet is free from a size increase.' (B) In the methods employing the infrared spectrophotometry, a reference gas having a CO2 concentration of zero, i.e., air having passed through a carbon dioxide absorbent, is filled in the cells, and a reference absorbance measuring process is preliminarily performed for accurate measurement of the absorbances of 12CO2 and "CO,.
Where the carbon dioxide absorbent is used as described above, the carbon dioxide absorbent is gradually deteriorated, and it is difficult to determine when the absorbent needs replacement.
The replacement time may be indicated on the basis of the number of times of the analysis, or determined on the basis of a change in the color of the carbon dioxide absorbent which is adapted to be colored by a reaction with carbon dioxide.
Where the determination of the replacement time is based on the number of the times of the analysis, however, the analysis may -suffer from an error which occurs due to variations in the absorption capacity of the carbon dioxide absorbent depending on production lots.
Where the carbon dioxide absorbent variable in color is used, the color of the absorbent returns to its original color when the air flow is stopped. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the replacement time.
It is therefore another object of the present invention to provide a method of judging the absorption capacity of a carbon dioxide absorbent, which can accurately 5 indicate a replacement time of the carbon dioxide absorbent by quantizing the degree of the deterioration of the carbon dioxide absorbent.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
(A) The stable isotope measurement method according to the present invention pressurizes a gas specimen in the cell, measures an absorbance of the component gases, and determines a concentration ratio of the component gases on the basis of a calibration curve.
The pressurization of the gas specimen virtually produces the same effect as increasing the carbon dioxide concentration in the gas specimen, thereby improving an S/N ratio and hence the measurement accuracy and the measurement reproducibility without the need for increasing the lengths of the cells. Further, the size increase of the analyzer can be obviated.
Where the internal pressures of the cells are increased to 2 atmby the pressurization, a sufficient effect can be provided (see an embodiment to be described later) .
(B) The method of judging the absorption capacity of the carbon gas absorbent according to the present invention comprises the steps of: performing a first light intensity measuring process by introducing air having passed through a vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent into the cells; performing a second light intensity measuring process by introducing air not having passed through the vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent into the cells; and judging the absorption capacity of the carbon dioxide absorbent on the basis of a light intensity measured in the first light intensity measuring step and a light intensity measured in the second light intensity measuring step.
With this arrangement, the air having passed through the vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent and the air not having passed through the vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent are respectively optically analyzed to determine how much carbon dioxide is absorbed by the carbon dioxide absorbent by comparing the air having passed through the vessel with the air not having passed through the vessel.
In the judgment method, the ratio of the light intensity measured in the first light intensity measuring step to the light intensity measured in the second light intensity measuring step is compared with a threshold for judgment of the absorption capacity of the carbon dioxide absorbent.
In accordance with the present invention, variations in the judgment among individuals can be eliminated. Further, the carbon dioxide absorbent can be used up to its capacity, allowing for highly reliable isotopic gas spectrophotometric analysis. Further, variations in the absorption capacity of the carbon dioxide absorbent depending on production lots do not affect the isotopic gas spectrophotometric analysis.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of judging the absorption capacity of a carbon dioxide absorbent for use in an isotopic gas analyzing method for measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide 13C02 in a gas specimen containing carbon dioxide 13C02 and carbon dioxide 12C02 as component gases, the isotopic gas analyzing method comprising the steps of: introducing the gas specimen into cells and measuring the intensities of light beams transmitted through the cells at wavelengths for measurement of absorbances of the respective component gases; introducing air having passed through a vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent as a reference gas into the cells and measuring the intensities of light beams transmitted through the cells at the wavelengths for measurement of absorbances of the respective component gases; and processing data indicative of the measurement results, characterized by steps of: performing a first light intensity measuring process by introducing air having passed through the vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent into the cells; performing a second 7a light intensity measuring process by introducing air not having passed through the vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent into the cells; comparing the ratio of the light intensity measured in the first light intensity measuring step to the light intensity measured in the second light intensity measuring step with a threshold;
and judging the absorption capacity of the carbon dioxide absorbent.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the overall construction of an isotopic gas spectrophotometric analyzer;
Fig. 2(a) is a plan view illustrating a gas injector 21 for quantitatively injecting a gas specimen;
Fig. 2(b) is a front view illustrating the gas injector 21;
Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when the gas flow path and a cell chamber 11 are cleaned with a clean reference gas;
Fig. 4 is diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when a light intensity measuring process is performed on the reference gas;
Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when a base gas is sucked into the gas injector 21 from a breath sampling bag;
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of judging the absorption capacity of a carbon dioxide absorbent for use in an isotopic gas analyzing method for measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide 13C02 in a gas specimen containing carbon dioxide 13C02 and carbon dioxide 12C02 as component gases, the isotopic gas analyzing method comprising the steps of: introducing the gas specimen into cells and measuring the intensities of light beams transmitted through the cells at wavelengths for measurement of absorbances of the respective component gases; introducing air having passed through a vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent as a reference gas into the cells and measuring the intensities of light beams transmitted through the cells at the wavelengths for measurement of absorbances of the respective component gases; and processing data indicative of the measurement results, characterized by steps of: performing a first light intensity measuring process by introducing air having passed through the vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent into the cells; performing a second 7a light intensity measuring process by introducing air not having passed through the vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent into the cells; comparing the ratio of the light intensity measured in the first light intensity measuring step to the light intensity measured in the second light intensity measuring step with a threshold;
and judging the absorption capacity of the carbon dioxide absorbent.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the overall construction of an isotopic gas spectrophotometric analyzer;
Fig. 2(a) is a plan view illustrating a gas injector 21 for quantitatively injecting a gas specimen;
Fig. 2(b) is a front view illustrating the gas injector 21;
Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when the gas flow path and a cell chamber 11 are cleaned with a clean reference gas;
Fig. 4 is diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when a light intensity measuring process is performed on the reference gas;
Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when a base gas is sucked into the gas injector 21 from a breath sampling bag;
Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when a part of the base gas is mechanically ejected from the gas injector 21 to supply the base gas into a first sample cell .l la and a second sample cell Ilb;
Fig. 7 is a diagram .illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when the rest of the base gas is completely e ject.4 from a cylinder 21b with a valve V6 being closed;
Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when air for sample gas- dilution is sucked in;
Fig.. 9 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow'path to be employed when a sample gas is sucked into the gas injector 21 from another breath sampling bag;
Fig. 10 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when the sample gas is supplied into the first sample cell lla and the second sample cell l1b;
Fig. 11 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when. the sample gas is pressurized in the first sample cell 11a and the second sample cell 11b with the valve V6 being closed;
Fig.. 12 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when air is sucked into the cylinder 21b;
Fig. 13 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be. employed when the air is ejected at a constant flow rate from the cylinder 21b for the light intensity measuring process;
Fig. 14 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when the reference gas is sucked into the gas injector 21;
Fig. 15 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when the reference gaffl i_s _filled-in the. first sample cell 11a and the second sample cell l1b with the use of the gas injector 21;
Fig. 16 is a graph illustrating a relationship between an additionally injected amount (pressurization degree) of the gas specimen and a standard deviation indicative of variations in A13C data;
Fig. 17 is a graph obtained by plotting a relationship between the total period of use of a carbon dioxide absorbent and an intensity ratio 12Ratio; and Fig. 18 is a graph obtained by plotting a relationship between the total period of the use of the carbon dioxide absorbent and a standard deviation SD of A 13C data indicative of changes 013C in 13C calculated on the basis of a plurality of measurements.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
An embodiment of the present invention will hereinafter be described in detail with reference to the attached drawings. In this embodiment, ai3C-labeled urea diagnostic drug, is administered to a patient, and then a 13002 concentration in breath sampled from the patient is spectrophotometrically analyzed.
1. Breath Test First, breath of the patient is sampled in a breath 5 sampling bag before the administrat-ion of the urea diagnostic drug. Then, the urea diagnostic drug is orally administered to the patient and, after a lapse of about minutes, breath of the patient is sampled in another breath sampling bag in the same manner as in the previous 10 breath sampling.
The breath sampling bags obtained before and after the drug administration are respectively attached to predetermined nozzles of an isotopic gas spectrophotometric analyzer, and an automatic analysis is 15 performed in the following manner.
II. Isotopic Gas Spectrophotometric Analyzer Fig. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the overall construction of the isotopic gas spectrophotometric analyzer.
20 The breath sampling bag containing the breath obtained after the drug administration (hereinafter referred to as "sample gas") and the breath sampling bag containing the breath obtained before the drug administration (hereinafter referred to as "base gas") are respectively attached to the nozzles N1 and N2. The nozzle K1 is connected to an electromagnetic valve V2 (hereinafter referred to simply as "valve") through a meta. pipe (hereinafter referred to s imply as "pipe") , while the nozzle N2 is connected to a valve V3 through a pipe. Further, a pipe for introducing air is connected to a valve V5.
A reference gas supplied from a reference gas supplying section 30 (which will, be described later) flows into three paths. The reference gas flowing into one of the paths is fed into an auxiliary cell l lc, and the reference gas flowing into another of the paths flows into a valve Vi. The reference gas flowing into the other path flows into a light source unit for regulation of the temperature of the light source unit.
The reference gas flowing into the auxiliary cell Ile is discharged into a cell chamber 10 from the auxiliary cell ilc.
An outlet of the valve V1 is connected to one port of a three-way valve V4,, and another port of the three-way valve V4 is connected to a gas injector 21 for quantitatively injecting the sample gas or the base gas. The gas injector 2'1 is a syringe-like configuration having a piston and a cylinder. The piston is driven by cooperation of a pulse motor, a feed screw coupled to the pulse motor and a nut fixed to the piston (which will be described later).
The other port of the three-way valve V4 is connected to a first sample cell 11a for measuring a 12C02 absorbance.
Pipes extending from the valves V2, V3 and V5 join. a pipe which connects the valve V1 and the three-way valve V4.
The cell chamber 11 includes the first sample cell 11a having a small length for measuring the 12C02 absorbance, a second.sample cell lib having a great length for measuring a 13CO2 absorbance, and the auxiliary cell lic through which the reference gas flows. The first sample cell 11a communicates with the second sample cell lib, so that the gas introduced into the first sample cell 11a directly enters the second sample cell. lib and discharged through a valve V6. The reference gas is introduced into the auxiliary cell ilc.
The first sample cell lla has a volume of about 0.6 ml, and the second sample cell lib has a volume of about 12 ml. Specifically, the length of the first sample cell lia is 13 mm, and the length of the second sample cell 11b is 250 mm. The auxiliary cell 11c has a length of 236 mm.
Sapphire windows pervious to infrared radiation are provided on opposite end. faces of the cell chamber 11. The cell chamber 11 is enclosed by a heat insulating material such as polystyrene foam (not shown).
A reference character L denotes the infrared light source unit. The infrared light source unit L includes two waveguides 23a, 23b for projection of infrared light beams. The infrared light beams may be generated in any manner. For example, a ceramic heater (surface temperature: 450 C) or the like may be used. A rotary chopper 22 is provided for blocking the infrared light beams on a predetermined cycle.
The infrared light beams projected from the infrared light source unit L respectively pass along a first light path LI extending through the first sample cell 11a and the auxiliary cell llc and along a second light path L2 extending through the second sample cell 11b. (see Fig.
1).
A reference character D denotes an infrared detector for detecting the infrared light beams having passed through the cells.
The infrared detector D has a first wavelength filter 24a and a first detection element 25a provided in the first light path, and a second wavelength filter 24b and a second detection element 25b provided in the second light path.
The first wavelength filter 24a is designed to transmit infrared radiation having a wavelength of about 4280 nm for the measurement of the 12 C02 absorbance, while the second wavelength filter 24b is designed to transmit infrared radiation having a wavelength of about 4412 nm for the measurement of the 13CO 2 absorbance. The first detection element 25a and the second detection element 25b are adapted for detection of the infrared light beams.
The first wavelength filter 24a, the first detection element 25a, the second wavelength filter 24b and the second detection element 25b are housed in a package 26 filled with an inert gas such as Ar.
The temperature of the entire infrared detector D
is kept at a constant level by a heater and a Peltier element, and the internal temperatures of packages 26a, 26b are each kept at a low level by a Peltier element 27.
Fans 28, 29 are provided for ventilation in the isotopic gas spectrophotometric analyzer.
The reference gas supplying section 30 is annexed to a main body of the isotopic gas spectrophotometric analyzer for supplying air freed of CO2. The reference gas supplying section 30 includes.a dust filter 31, a compressor 32, a moisture removing section 33, a dry filter 34, a flow meter 35 and a carbon dioxide absorbing section 36 which are connected in series.
The carbon dioxide absorbing section 36 employs, for example, soda lime (a mixture of sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide) as a carbon dioxide absorbent.
Figs. 2 (a) and 2 (b) are a plan view and a front view, respectively, illustrating the gas injector 21 for quantitatively injecting a gas specimen. The gas injector 21 functions as "pressurizing means The gas injector 21 includes a base 21a, a cylind.er 21b provided on the base 21a, a piston 21c fitted in the cylinder 21b, a movable nut 21d provided below the base 21a and coupled to the piston 21c, and a feed screw 21e 5 threadingly engaged with the nut 21d, and a pulse motor 21f for rotating the feed screw 21e.
The pulse motor 21f is driven in a normal direction and a reverse direction by a driver circuit not shown. When the feed screw 21e is rotated by the rotation of the pulse 10 motor 21f, the nut 21d is moved back and forth in accordance with the direction of the rotation of the screw. Thus, the piston 21c is moved back and forth to a desired position.
Therefore, the introduction and ejection of the gas specimen into/from the cylinder 21b can be controlled as desired.
Fig. 7 is a diagram .illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when the rest of the base gas is completely e ject.4 from a cylinder 21b with a valve V6 being closed;
Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when air for sample gas- dilution is sucked in;
Fig.. 9 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow'path to be employed when a sample gas is sucked into the gas injector 21 from another breath sampling bag;
Fig. 10 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when the sample gas is supplied into the first sample cell lla and the second sample cell l1b;
Fig. 11 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when. the sample gas is pressurized in the first sample cell 11a and the second sample cell 11b with the valve V6 being closed;
Fig.. 12 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when air is sucked into the cylinder 21b;
Fig. 13 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be. employed when the air is ejected at a constant flow rate from the cylinder 21b for the light intensity measuring process;
Fig. 14 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when the reference gas is sucked into the gas injector 21;
Fig. 15 is a diagram illustrating a gas flow path to be employed when the reference gaffl i_s _filled-in the. first sample cell 11a and the second sample cell l1b with the use of the gas injector 21;
Fig. 16 is a graph illustrating a relationship between an additionally injected amount (pressurization degree) of the gas specimen and a standard deviation indicative of variations in A13C data;
Fig. 17 is a graph obtained by plotting a relationship between the total period of use of a carbon dioxide absorbent and an intensity ratio 12Ratio; and Fig. 18 is a graph obtained by plotting a relationship between the total period of the use of the carbon dioxide absorbent and a standard deviation SD of A 13C data indicative of changes 013C in 13C calculated on the basis of a plurality of measurements.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
An embodiment of the present invention will hereinafter be described in detail with reference to the attached drawings. In this embodiment, ai3C-labeled urea diagnostic drug, is administered to a patient, and then a 13002 concentration in breath sampled from the patient is spectrophotometrically analyzed.
1. Breath Test First, breath of the patient is sampled in a breath 5 sampling bag before the administrat-ion of the urea diagnostic drug. Then, the urea diagnostic drug is orally administered to the patient and, after a lapse of about minutes, breath of the patient is sampled in another breath sampling bag in the same manner as in the previous 10 breath sampling.
The breath sampling bags obtained before and after the drug administration are respectively attached to predetermined nozzles of an isotopic gas spectrophotometric analyzer, and an automatic analysis is 15 performed in the following manner.
II. Isotopic Gas Spectrophotometric Analyzer Fig. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the overall construction of the isotopic gas spectrophotometric analyzer.
20 The breath sampling bag containing the breath obtained after the drug administration (hereinafter referred to as "sample gas") and the breath sampling bag containing the breath obtained before the drug administration (hereinafter referred to as "base gas") are respectively attached to the nozzles N1 and N2. The nozzle K1 is connected to an electromagnetic valve V2 (hereinafter referred to simply as "valve") through a meta. pipe (hereinafter referred to s imply as "pipe") , while the nozzle N2 is connected to a valve V3 through a pipe. Further, a pipe for introducing air is connected to a valve V5.
A reference gas supplied from a reference gas supplying section 30 (which will, be described later) flows into three paths. The reference gas flowing into one of the paths is fed into an auxiliary cell l lc, and the reference gas flowing into another of the paths flows into a valve Vi. The reference gas flowing into the other path flows into a light source unit for regulation of the temperature of the light source unit.
The reference gas flowing into the auxiliary cell Ile is discharged into a cell chamber 10 from the auxiliary cell ilc.
An outlet of the valve V1 is connected to one port of a three-way valve V4,, and another port of the three-way valve V4 is connected to a gas injector 21 for quantitatively injecting the sample gas or the base gas. The gas injector 2'1 is a syringe-like configuration having a piston and a cylinder. The piston is driven by cooperation of a pulse motor, a feed screw coupled to the pulse motor and a nut fixed to the piston (which will be described later).
The other port of the three-way valve V4 is connected to a first sample cell 11a for measuring a 12C02 absorbance.
Pipes extending from the valves V2, V3 and V5 join. a pipe which connects the valve V1 and the three-way valve V4.
The cell chamber 11 includes the first sample cell 11a having a small length for measuring the 12C02 absorbance, a second.sample cell lib having a great length for measuring a 13CO2 absorbance, and the auxiliary cell lic through which the reference gas flows. The first sample cell 11a communicates with the second sample cell lib, so that the gas introduced into the first sample cell 11a directly enters the second sample cell. lib and discharged through a valve V6. The reference gas is introduced into the auxiliary cell ilc.
The first sample cell lla has a volume of about 0.6 ml, and the second sample cell lib has a volume of about 12 ml. Specifically, the length of the first sample cell lia is 13 mm, and the length of the second sample cell 11b is 250 mm. The auxiliary cell 11c has a length of 236 mm.
Sapphire windows pervious to infrared radiation are provided on opposite end. faces of the cell chamber 11. The cell chamber 11 is enclosed by a heat insulating material such as polystyrene foam (not shown).
A reference character L denotes the infrared light source unit. The infrared light source unit L includes two waveguides 23a, 23b for projection of infrared light beams. The infrared light beams may be generated in any manner. For example, a ceramic heater (surface temperature: 450 C) or the like may be used. A rotary chopper 22 is provided for blocking the infrared light beams on a predetermined cycle.
The infrared light beams projected from the infrared light source unit L respectively pass along a first light path LI extending through the first sample cell 11a and the auxiliary cell llc and along a second light path L2 extending through the second sample cell 11b. (see Fig.
1).
A reference character D denotes an infrared detector for detecting the infrared light beams having passed through the cells.
The infrared detector D has a first wavelength filter 24a and a first detection element 25a provided in the first light path, and a second wavelength filter 24b and a second detection element 25b provided in the second light path.
The first wavelength filter 24a is designed to transmit infrared radiation having a wavelength of about 4280 nm for the measurement of the 12 C02 absorbance, while the second wavelength filter 24b is designed to transmit infrared radiation having a wavelength of about 4412 nm for the measurement of the 13CO 2 absorbance. The first detection element 25a and the second detection element 25b are adapted for detection of the infrared light beams.
The first wavelength filter 24a, the first detection element 25a, the second wavelength filter 24b and the second detection element 25b are housed in a package 26 filled with an inert gas such as Ar.
The temperature of the entire infrared detector D
is kept at a constant level by a heater and a Peltier element, and the internal temperatures of packages 26a, 26b are each kept at a low level by a Peltier element 27.
Fans 28, 29 are provided for ventilation in the isotopic gas spectrophotometric analyzer.
The reference gas supplying section 30 is annexed to a main body of the isotopic gas spectrophotometric analyzer for supplying air freed of CO2. The reference gas supplying section 30 includes.a dust filter 31, a compressor 32, a moisture removing section 33, a dry filter 34, a flow meter 35 and a carbon dioxide absorbing section 36 which are connected in series.
The carbon dioxide absorbing section 36 employs, for example, soda lime (a mixture of sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide) as a carbon dioxide absorbent.
Figs. 2 (a) and 2 (b) are a plan view and a front view, respectively, illustrating the gas injector 21 for quantitatively injecting a gas specimen. The gas injector 21 functions as "pressurizing means The gas injector 21 includes a base 21a, a cylind.er 21b provided on the base 21a, a piston 21c fitted in the cylinder 21b, a movable nut 21d provided below the base 21a and coupled to the piston 21c, and a feed screw 21e 5 threadingly engaged with the nut 21d, and a pulse motor 21f for rotating the feed screw 21e.
The pulse motor 21f is driven in a normal direction and a reverse direction by a driver circuit not shown. When the feed screw 21e is rotated by the rotation of the pulse 10 motor 21f, the nut 21d is moved back and forth in accordance with the direction of the rotation of the screw. Thus, the piston 21c is moved back and forth to a desired position.
Therefore, the introduction and ejection of the gas specimen into/from the cylinder 21b can be controlled as desired.
15 III. Measuring Procedure The measurement is achieved by performing a reference gas measurement process, a base gas measurement process, the reference gas measurement process, a sample gas measurement process, and the reference gas measurement process in this order. In Figs. 3 to 11, gas flow paths are hatched.
During the measurement, the ref erence gas constantly flows through the auxiliary cell 11c. The flow rate of the reference gas is kept at a constant level. by the flow meter 35.
During the measurement, the ref erence gas constantly flows through the auxiliary cell 11c. The flow rate of the reference gas is kept at a constant level. by the flow meter 35.
111-1. Reference Measurement Process The clean reference gas is passed through a gas flow path and the cell chamber 11 of the isotopic gas spectrophotometric analyzer as shown in Fig. 3 to clean the gas flow path -and the cell chamber 11. At this time, the cylinder 21b is also cleaned by moving back and forth the piston 21c.
Then, the reference gas is ejected from the cylinder 21b as shown in Fig. 4, and light intensities are measured by means of the, respective detection elements 25a, 25b.
The light intensities thus measured by the first and second detection elements 25a and 25b are represented by 12R1 and 13R1, respectively.
111-2. Base Gas Measurement Process With the valve Vi being closed and two ports of the valve V4 being open as shown in Fig. 5 , the reference gas is prevented from flowing into the first sample cell 11a and the second sample cell lib. Then, the valve V2 is opened, and the base gas is sucked into the gas injector 21 from the breath sampling bag.
After the suction of the base gas, a part of the base gas is mechanically ejected from the gas injector 21 with one port of the valve V4 and the valve V6 being open as shown in Fig. 6, whereby the first sample cell lla and the second sample cell lib are filled with the base gas.
Then, the reference gas is ejected from the cylinder 21b as shown in Fig. 4, and light intensities are measured by means of the, respective detection elements 25a, 25b.
The light intensities thus measured by the first and second detection elements 25a and 25b are represented by 12R1 and 13R1, respectively.
111-2. Base Gas Measurement Process With the valve Vi being closed and two ports of the valve V4 being open as shown in Fig. 5 , the reference gas is prevented from flowing into the first sample cell 11a and the second sample cell lib. Then, the valve V2 is opened, and the base gas is sucked into the gas injector 21 from the breath sampling bag.
After the suction of the base gas, a part of the base gas is mechanically ejected from the gas injector 21 with one port of the valve V4 and the valve V6 being open as shown in Fig. 6, whereby the first sample cell lla and the second sample cell lib are filled with the base gas.
Then, the valve V6 is closed as shown in Fig. 7, and the rest of the base gas is completely ejected from the cylinder 21b. Thus, the base gas pressure in the first sample cell 11a and the second sample cell lib is increased.
In Fig. 7, a gas flow path containing the higher pressure gas is cross-hatched.
In this pressurized state, light intensities are measured by the respective detection elements 25a, 25b.
The light intensities thus measured by the first and second detection elements 25a and 25b are represented by 12B and 13B, respectively.
111-3. Reference Measurement Process The cleaning of the gas flow path and the cells and the. light intensity measurement for the reference gas are performed again (see Figs. 3 and 4).
Light intensities thus measured by the first and second detection elements 25a and 25b are represented by 12R2 and 13R2, respectively.
111-4. Sample Gas Measurement Process Air for sample gas dilution is sucked into the. gas injector 21 with the valve V5 being open as shown in Fig.
8. When the CO2 concentration in the sample gas is higher than the CO2 concentration in the base gas, the sample gas is diluted so that these CO2 concentrations are equalized with each other.
In Fig. 7, a gas flow path containing the higher pressure gas is cross-hatched.
In this pressurized state, light intensities are measured by the respective detection elements 25a, 25b.
The light intensities thus measured by the first and second detection elements 25a and 25b are represented by 12B and 13B, respectively.
111-3. Reference Measurement Process The cleaning of the gas flow path and the cells and the. light intensity measurement for the reference gas are performed again (see Figs. 3 and 4).
Light intensities thus measured by the first and second detection elements 25a and 25b are represented by 12R2 and 13R2, respectively.
111-4. Sample Gas Measurement Process Air for sample gas dilution is sucked into the. gas injector 21 with the valve V5 being open as shown in Fig.
8. When the CO2 concentration in the sample gas is higher than the CO2 concentration in the base gas, the sample gas is diluted so that these CO2 concentrations are equalized with each other.
If the CO2 concentration in the base gas is higher than the CO2 concentration in the sample gas, the base gas is diluted prior to the suction of the base gas (see Fig.
5) .
The CO2 concentration in the base gas and the CO2 concentration in the sample gas are preliminarily determined through the light intensity measurement by means of the detection elements 25a, 25b.
For detailed information on the dilution process, see International Publication W098/30888 published July 16, 1998.
Then, the sample gas is sucked into the gas injector 21 from the breath sampling bag with the reference gas being prevented from flowing into the first sample cell 11a. and the second sample cell llb (see Fig. 9) . Thus, the sample gas is diluted in the cylinder 21b.
After the suction of the sample gas, the first sample cell 11a and the second sample cell llb are filled with the sample gas as shown in Fig. 10.
Then, the valve V6 is closed as shown in Fig. 11, and the sample gas is mechanically ejected from the gas injector 21, whereby the sample gas is pressurized in the first sample cell ila and the second sample cell lib.
The operation of the gas injector 21 is stopped, and then light intensities are measured by the detection elements 25a, 25b.
5) .
The CO2 concentration in the base gas and the CO2 concentration in the sample gas are preliminarily determined through the light intensity measurement by means of the detection elements 25a, 25b.
For detailed information on the dilution process, see International Publication W098/30888 published July 16, 1998.
Then, the sample gas is sucked into the gas injector 21 from the breath sampling bag with the reference gas being prevented from flowing into the first sample cell 11a. and the second sample cell llb (see Fig. 9) . Thus, the sample gas is diluted in the cylinder 21b.
After the suction of the sample gas, the first sample cell 11a and the second sample cell llb are filled with the sample gas as shown in Fig. 10.
Then, the valve V6 is closed as shown in Fig. 11, and the sample gas is mechanically ejected from the gas injector 21, whereby the sample gas is pressurized in the first sample cell ila and the second sample cell lib.
The operation of the gas injector 21 is stopped, and then light intensities are measured by the detection elements 25a, 25b.
The light intensities thusmeasured by the first and second detection elements 25a and 25b are represented by 12S and 135, respectively.
111-5. Reference Measurement Process The cleaning of the gas flow path and the cells and the light intensity measurement for the reference gas are performed again (see Figs. 3 and 4).
Light intensities thus measured by the first and second detection elements 25a and 25b are represented by 12R3 and 13R3, respectively.
IV. Data Processing IV-1. Calculation of Base Gas Absorbances The 12C02 absorbance 12Abs (B) and the 13002 absorbance 13Abs (B) of the base gas are calculated on the basis of the transmitted light intensities 22R1 and 13R1 for the reference gas, the transmitted light intensities 12B and 13B for the base gas and the transmitted light intensities 12R2 and 13R2 for the reference gas.
The 12 C02 absorbance 12Abs (B) is calculated from the following equation:
12Abs (B) = -log [ 2 =12B/ (12R1+12R2) ]
The 13CO2 absorbance 13Abs (B) is calculated from the following equation:
13Abs (B) = -log [ 2 .13 B/ (13R1+13R2) ]
Since the calculation of the absorbances is based on the light intens ities obtained.in the base gas measurement process and the averages (R1+R2) /2 of the light intensities obtained in the reference measurement processes performed before and after the base gas measurement process, the 5 influence of a drift (a I.ime-related influence on the measurement) can be eliminated. Therefore,-there is no need for waiting until the analyzer reaches a complete thermal equilibrium.(which.'usually takes several hours) at the start-up of the analyzer. Thus, the measurement 10 can be started immediately after the start-up of the analyzer.
IV-2. Calculation of Sample Gas Absorbances The 12CO2 absorbance 12Abs (S) and, the 13C02 absorbance i3Abs (S) of the sample gas are calculated on the basis of 15 the transmitted light intensities 12R2 and 13R2 for the reference gas, the transmitted light intensities 12S and 13S for the sample gas and the transmitted light intensities 1283 and 13R3 for the reference gas.
The 12CO2 absorbance 12Abs (S) is calculated from the 20 following equation:
12Abs (S) = -log [ 2 _12S/ (12R2+12R3) ]
The 13CO2 absorbance 13Abs (S) is calculated from the following equation:
13Abs ( S ) _ -log [ 2 ' 13S / (13R2+13R3) ]
Since the calculation of the absorbances is based on the light intensities obtained in the sample gas measurement process and the averages of the light intensities obtained in the reference measurement processes performed before and after the sample gas measurement process, the influence of a drift can be eliminated.
IV-3..Calculation of Concentrations The 12C02 concentration and the 13CO2 concentration are determined with the use of a calibration curve. The calibration curve is prepared on the basis of measurement performed by using gas samples of known 12CO2 concentrations and gas samples of known 13CO2 concentrations. Since the base gas and the sample gas are pressurized during the aforesaid measurement processes, these gas samples for the preparation of the calibration curve are also pressurized during the measurement.
For the preparation of the calibration curve, the 12C02 absorbances for different 12C02 concentrations ranging from about 0% to about 6% are measured. The 12CO2 concentration and the 12CO2 absorbance are plotted as abscissa and ordinate, respectively, and the curve is determined by the method of least squares. An approximate quadratic curve, which includes relatively small errors, is employed as the calibration curve in this embodiment.
The 12C02 concentration and 13C02 concentration in the base gas and the 12CO2 concentration and 13 C02 concentration in the sample gas determined by using the aforesaid calibration curve are represented by 12Conc (B) , 13Conc(B), 12Conc(S) and 13Conc(S), respectively.
IV-4. Calculation of Concentration Ratios The concentration ratio of 13002 to 12 C02 is determined.
The concentration ratios in the base gas and in the sample gas are expressed as 13Conc (B) /12Conc (B) and 13Conc(S)/12Conc(S), respectively.
Alternatively, the concentration ratios may be defined as 13Conc (B) / (12Conc (B) +13Conc (B)) and 13Conc (S) / (12Conc (S)+13Conc (S)) . Since the 12 C02 concentration is much higher than the 13CO2 concentration, the concentration ratios expressed in the former way and in the latter way are virtually the same.
IV-5. Determination of 13C change A 13C difference between the sample gas and the base gas is calculated from the following equation:
A13C = [(Concentration ratio in sample gas) -(Concentration ratio in base gas)]X103 /
(Concentration ratio in base gas) (Unit: per mil (per thousand)) V. Judgment of Absorption Capacity of Carbon Dioxide Absorbent An explanation will next be given to a procedure for judging the absorption capacity of the carbon dioxide absorbent. In Figs. 12 to 15, gas flow paths are hatched.
During measurement, the reference gas is constantly passed through the auxiliary cell lic, and the flow rate of the reference gas is kept at a constant level by the flow meter 35.
V-1. Air Light Intensity Measurement Process Air is sucked into the cylinder 21b with the valve Vi being closed and the valve V5 and two ports of the valve V4 being open as shown in Fig. 12.
The valve V4 is switched as shown in Fig. 13, and air is ejected at a constant flow rate from the cylinder 21b into the gas flow path and the cell chamber 11 of the isotopic gas spectrophotometric analyzer. Then, a light intensity is measured by the detection element 25a.
The light intensity thus measured by the first detection element 25a is represented by 12A.
V-2. Reference Gas Measurement Process The reference gas is sucked into the gas injector 21 with the valve V1 and two ports of the valve V4 being open-as shown in Fig. 14.
After the suction of the base gas, the valve V4 is switched as shown in Fig. 15, and the base gas is mechanically ejected at a constant flow .rate from the gas injector 21.
Thus, the first sample cell lla and the second sample cell lib are filled with the reference gas. In this state, a light intensity is measured by the detection element 25a.
The light intensity thus measured by the first detection element 25a is represented by 12R.
V-3. Data Processing A 12CO2 intensity ratio 12Ratio is determined on the basis of the transmitted light intensity 12A for air and the transmitted light intensity 12R for the reference gas.
The intensity ratio 12Ratio is calculated from the following equation:
12Ratio = 12A/12R
As the intensity ratio 12Ratio approaches 1, the absorption capacity of the carbon dioxide absorbent is reduced. More specifically, there is a relationship between the intensity ratio and the absorption capacity as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 "Ratio Absorption capacity 0.980 100%
0.990 50%
1.000 0%
The absorption capacity of the carbon dioxide absorbent can be judged on the basis of the thus determined intensity ratio 12 Ratio with reference to Table 1.
When the intensity ratio 12Ratio is lower than a threshold (e.g. 0.990), an indication of the deterioration of the carbon dioxide absorbent is displayed on a liquid crystal display device (not-shown) of the isotopic gas 5 analyzer for information to a user. Further, the isotopic -gas spectrophotometric analysis is not permitted until the carbon dioxide absorbent is replaced.
Example 1 Changes Q13C were determined for a gas specimen 10 having a 'CO2 2concentration of 1% with the gas specimen being pressurized at a plurality of levels and without the pressurization of the gas specimen.
The gas specimen employed in this example was not a breath sample of a patient as the sample gas or the base 15 gas, but' was air of 1% 12CO2 concentration contained in a single breath sampling bag having a greater size. The breath sampling bag had two outlets, which were respectively connected to the nozzles N1 and N2. Since the same gas specimen was employed for the measurement in this example, 20 the changes A13C should have normally been zero.
Table 2. shows the changes A1SC calculated on the basis of measurement results obtained when the measurement was performed ten times by additionally injecting the gas in amounts of 0 ml (1 atm), 5 ml (about 1.25 atom), 10 ml 25 (about 1.5 atm), 15 ml (about 1.75 atm) and 20 ml (about 2 atm) .
Table 2 ($) Number of times of Additionally injected amount(ml) measurement 0 5 10 15 20 1 0.6 1.3 0.9 0.1 -0.5 2 1.2 0.3 -0.4 0.1 0.1 3 -0.5 0.9 0.1 0.4 0.0 4 0.0 -0.5 -0.2 -0.1 0.1 0.6 0.9 -0.2 -0.5 -0.6 6 -0.8 -0.1 -0.1 -0.3 0.0 7 -0.6 0.1 0.9 -0.7 0.0 8 -0.4 0.4 -0.3 0.0 -0.1 9 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.1 -0.4 0.9 0.8 -0.1 -0.3 -0.3 Average 0.16 0.41 0.12 -0.12 -0.17 Standard deviation 0.71 0.56 0.49 0.33 0.26 Maximum value 1.2 1.3 0.9 0.4 0.1 Minimum value -0.8 -0.5 -0.4 -0.7 -0.6 5 A relationship between the additionally injected amount and a standard deviation indicative of variations in the A13 C data is 'shown in Fig. 16.
As can be seen in Fig. 16, there was an obvious correlation between the additionally injected amount and the standard deviation. As the additionally injected amount (pressurization degree) increased, the standard deviation was reduced.
Therefore, the pressurization effectively improves the reproducibility of the measurement data.
Example 2 Soda lime (a mixture of sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide) was used as the carbon dioxide absorbent.
Reactions are shown below.
C02 + H2O + 2NaOH -* Na2CO3 + 2H20 Na2CO3 + Ca (OH) 2 -+ CaC03 + 2NaOH
The measurement was performed a plurality of times a day, and a relationship between the total period of. the use of the carbon dioxide absorbent and the intensity ratio "Ratio was plotted in a graph as shown in Fig. 17. As can be seen in Fig. 17, the intensity ratio 12Ratio steeply increased when the total period exceeded about 300 hours.
In addition to the aforesaid measurement, measurement was performed by employing!a reference gas prepared with the use of the same carbon dioxide absorbent and a gas-specimen having a 12CO2 concentration of 1% as the sample gas, and changes Q13C in 13C were calculated.
The gas specimen employed in this. example was not a breath sample of a patient as the sample gas or the base gas, but was air of 1% 12C02 concentration contained in a single breath sampling bag having a greater size. The breath sampling bag had two outlets, which were respectively connected to the nozzles Ni and N2.
More specifically, the' 2 C02 absorbance i2Abs and the 13C02 absorbance 13Abs were respectively calculated from the following equations:
12Abs = -log[12S/12R]
13Abs = -log[13S/13R]
wherein 128 and 13S are transmitted light intensities for the gas specimen, and 12R and 13R are transmitted light intensities for the reference gas. With the use of the calibration curve, a 12C02 concentration 12Conc and a 13CO2 concentration 13Conc were determined, and then a concentration ratio 13Conc/12Conc was calculated.
This procedure was performed again for the same gas specimen. A change A13C was calculated from the following equation:
p13C = [(Concentration ratio at first time) -(Concentration ratio at second time)]
X103/(Concentration ratio at first time) (Unit: per mil (per thousand)) The aforesaid procedure was repeated 10 times for calculation of the changes A13C.
Since the same gas specimen was employed in this example, the changes A13C should have normally been zero.
111-5. Reference Measurement Process The cleaning of the gas flow path and the cells and the light intensity measurement for the reference gas are performed again (see Figs. 3 and 4).
Light intensities thus measured by the first and second detection elements 25a and 25b are represented by 12R3 and 13R3, respectively.
IV. Data Processing IV-1. Calculation of Base Gas Absorbances The 12C02 absorbance 12Abs (B) and the 13002 absorbance 13Abs (B) of the base gas are calculated on the basis of the transmitted light intensities 22R1 and 13R1 for the reference gas, the transmitted light intensities 12B and 13B for the base gas and the transmitted light intensities 12R2 and 13R2 for the reference gas.
The 12 C02 absorbance 12Abs (B) is calculated from the following equation:
12Abs (B) = -log [ 2 =12B/ (12R1+12R2) ]
The 13CO2 absorbance 13Abs (B) is calculated from the following equation:
13Abs (B) = -log [ 2 .13 B/ (13R1+13R2) ]
Since the calculation of the absorbances is based on the light intens ities obtained.in the base gas measurement process and the averages (R1+R2) /2 of the light intensities obtained in the reference measurement processes performed before and after the base gas measurement process, the 5 influence of a drift (a I.ime-related influence on the measurement) can be eliminated. Therefore,-there is no need for waiting until the analyzer reaches a complete thermal equilibrium.(which.'usually takes several hours) at the start-up of the analyzer. Thus, the measurement 10 can be started immediately after the start-up of the analyzer.
IV-2. Calculation of Sample Gas Absorbances The 12CO2 absorbance 12Abs (S) and, the 13C02 absorbance i3Abs (S) of the sample gas are calculated on the basis of 15 the transmitted light intensities 12R2 and 13R2 for the reference gas, the transmitted light intensities 12S and 13S for the sample gas and the transmitted light intensities 1283 and 13R3 for the reference gas.
The 12CO2 absorbance 12Abs (S) is calculated from the 20 following equation:
12Abs (S) = -log [ 2 _12S/ (12R2+12R3) ]
The 13CO2 absorbance 13Abs (S) is calculated from the following equation:
13Abs ( S ) _ -log [ 2 ' 13S / (13R2+13R3) ]
Since the calculation of the absorbances is based on the light intensities obtained in the sample gas measurement process and the averages of the light intensities obtained in the reference measurement processes performed before and after the sample gas measurement process, the influence of a drift can be eliminated.
IV-3..Calculation of Concentrations The 12C02 concentration and the 13CO2 concentration are determined with the use of a calibration curve. The calibration curve is prepared on the basis of measurement performed by using gas samples of known 12CO2 concentrations and gas samples of known 13CO2 concentrations. Since the base gas and the sample gas are pressurized during the aforesaid measurement processes, these gas samples for the preparation of the calibration curve are also pressurized during the measurement.
For the preparation of the calibration curve, the 12C02 absorbances for different 12C02 concentrations ranging from about 0% to about 6% are measured. The 12CO2 concentration and the 12CO2 absorbance are plotted as abscissa and ordinate, respectively, and the curve is determined by the method of least squares. An approximate quadratic curve, which includes relatively small errors, is employed as the calibration curve in this embodiment.
The 12C02 concentration and 13C02 concentration in the base gas and the 12CO2 concentration and 13 C02 concentration in the sample gas determined by using the aforesaid calibration curve are represented by 12Conc (B) , 13Conc(B), 12Conc(S) and 13Conc(S), respectively.
IV-4. Calculation of Concentration Ratios The concentration ratio of 13002 to 12 C02 is determined.
The concentration ratios in the base gas and in the sample gas are expressed as 13Conc (B) /12Conc (B) and 13Conc(S)/12Conc(S), respectively.
Alternatively, the concentration ratios may be defined as 13Conc (B) / (12Conc (B) +13Conc (B)) and 13Conc (S) / (12Conc (S)+13Conc (S)) . Since the 12 C02 concentration is much higher than the 13CO2 concentration, the concentration ratios expressed in the former way and in the latter way are virtually the same.
IV-5. Determination of 13C change A 13C difference between the sample gas and the base gas is calculated from the following equation:
A13C = [(Concentration ratio in sample gas) -(Concentration ratio in base gas)]X103 /
(Concentration ratio in base gas) (Unit: per mil (per thousand)) V. Judgment of Absorption Capacity of Carbon Dioxide Absorbent An explanation will next be given to a procedure for judging the absorption capacity of the carbon dioxide absorbent. In Figs. 12 to 15, gas flow paths are hatched.
During measurement, the reference gas is constantly passed through the auxiliary cell lic, and the flow rate of the reference gas is kept at a constant level by the flow meter 35.
V-1. Air Light Intensity Measurement Process Air is sucked into the cylinder 21b with the valve Vi being closed and the valve V5 and two ports of the valve V4 being open as shown in Fig. 12.
The valve V4 is switched as shown in Fig. 13, and air is ejected at a constant flow rate from the cylinder 21b into the gas flow path and the cell chamber 11 of the isotopic gas spectrophotometric analyzer. Then, a light intensity is measured by the detection element 25a.
The light intensity thus measured by the first detection element 25a is represented by 12A.
V-2. Reference Gas Measurement Process The reference gas is sucked into the gas injector 21 with the valve V1 and two ports of the valve V4 being open-as shown in Fig. 14.
After the suction of the base gas, the valve V4 is switched as shown in Fig. 15, and the base gas is mechanically ejected at a constant flow .rate from the gas injector 21.
Thus, the first sample cell lla and the second sample cell lib are filled with the reference gas. In this state, a light intensity is measured by the detection element 25a.
The light intensity thus measured by the first detection element 25a is represented by 12R.
V-3. Data Processing A 12CO2 intensity ratio 12Ratio is determined on the basis of the transmitted light intensity 12A for air and the transmitted light intensity 12R for the reference gas.
The intensity ratio 12Ratio is calculated from the following equation:
12Ratio = 12A/12R
As the intensity ratio 12Ratio approaches 1, the absorption capacity of the carbon dioxide absorbent is reduced. More specifically, there is a relationship between the intensity ratio and the absorption capacity as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 "Ratio Absorption capacity 0.980 100%
0.990 50%
1.000 0%
The absorption capacity of the carbon dioxide absorbent can be judged on the basis of the thus determined intensity ratio 12 Ratio with reference to Table 1.
When the intensity ratio 12Ratio is lower than a threshold (e.g. 0.990), an indication of the deterioration of the carbon dioxide absorbent is displayed on a liquid crystal display device (not-shown) of the isotopic gas 5 analyzer for information to a user. Further, the isotopic -gas spectrophotometric analysis is not permitted until the carbon dioxide absorbent is replaced.
Example 1 Changes Q13C were determined for a gas specimen 10 having a 'CO2 2concentration of 1% with the gas specimen being pressurized at a plurality of levels and without the pressurization of the gas specimen.
The gas specimen employed in this example was not a breath sample of a patient as the sample gas or the base 15 gas, but' was air of 1% 12CO2 concentration contained in a single breath sampling bag having a greater size. The breath sampling bag had two outlets, which were respectively connected to the nozzles N1 and N2. Since the same gas specimen was employed for the measurement in this example, 20 the changes A13C should have normally been zero.
Table 2. shows the changes A1SC calculated on the basis of measurement results obtained when the measurement was performed ten times by additionally injecting the gas in amounts of 0 ml (1 atm), 5 ml (about 1.25 atom), 10 ml 25 (about 1.5 atm), 15 ml (about 1.75 atm) and 20 ml (about 2 atm) .
Table 2 ($) Number of times of Additionally injected amount(ml) measurement 0 5 10 15 20 1 0.6 1.3 0.9 0.1 -0.5 2 1.2 0.3 -0.4 0.1 0.1 3 -0.5 0.9 0.1 0.4 0.0 4 0.0 -0.5 -0.2 -0.1 0.1 0.6 0.9 -0.2 -0.5 -0.6 6 -0.8 -0.1 -0.1 -0.3 0.0 7 -0.6 0.1 0.9 -0.7 0.0 8 -0.4 0.4 -0.3 0.0 -0.1 9 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.1 -0.4 0.9 0.8 -0.1 -0.3 -0.3 Average 0.16 0.41 0.12 -0.12 -0.17 Standard deviation 0.71 0.56 0.49 0.33 0.26 Maximum value 1.2 1.3 0.9 0.4 0.1 Minimum value -0.8 -0.5 -0.4 -0.7 -0.6 5 A relationship between the additionally injected amount and a standard deviation indicative of variations in the A13 C data is 'shown in Fig. 16.
As can be seen in Fig. 16, there was an obvious correlation between the additionally injected amount and the standard deviation. As the additionally injected amount (pressurization degree) increased, the standard deviation was reduced.
Therefore, the pressurization effectively improves the reproducibility of the measurement data.
Example 2 Soda lime (a mixture of sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide) was used as the carbon dioxide absorbent.
Reactions are shown below.
C02 + H2O + 2NaOH -* Na2CO3 + 2H20 Na2CO3 + Ca (OH) 2 -+ CaC03 + 2NaOH
The measurement was performed a plurality of times a day, and a relationship between the total period of. the use of the carbon dioxide absorbent and the intensity ratio "Ratio was plotted in a graph as shown in Fig. 17. As can be seen in Fig. 17, the intensity ratio 12Ratio steeply increased when the total period exceeded about 300 hours.
In addition to the aforesaid measurement, measurement was performed by employing!a reference gas prepared with the use of the same carbon dioxide absorbent and a gas-specimen having a 12CO2 concentration of 1% as the sample gas, and changes Q13C in 13C were calculated.
The gas specimen employed in this. example was not a breath sample of a patient as the sample gas or the base gas, but was air of 1% 12C02 concentration contained in a single breath sampling bag having a greater size. The breath sampling bag had two outlets, which were respectively connected to the nozzles Ni and N2.
More specifically, the' 2 C02 absorbance i2Abs and the 13C02 absorbance 13Abs were respectively calculated from the following equations:
12Abs = -log[12S/12R]
13Abs = -log[13S/13R]
wherein 128 and 13S are transmitted light intensities for the gas specimen, and 12R and 13R are transmitted light intensities for the reference gas. With the use of the calibration curve, a 12C02 concentration 12Conc and a 13CO2 concentration 13Conc were determined, and then a concentration ratio 13Conc/12Conc was calculated.
This procedure was performed again for the same gas specimen. A change A13C was calculated from the following equation:
p13C = [(Concentration ratio at first time) -(Concentration ratio at second time)]
X103/(Concentration ratio at first time) (Unit: per mil (per thousand)) The aforesaid procedure was repeated 10 times for calculation of the changes A13C.
Since the same gas specimen was employed in this example, the changes A13C should have normally been zero.
However, there were deviations of measurement data from zero due to measurement errors. Standard deviations SD
were plotted in a graph as shown in Fig. 18.
As can be seen in Fig. 18, the standard deviation SD indicative of variations in themeas`urement data exceeded 0 .3 0 and steeply increased after the total use period reached 300 hours.
In the graph shown in Fig. 17, a total use period of 300 hours corresponds to an intensity ratio 12Ratio of 0.99, which is a reference value to be employed as the threshold for the replacement of the carbon dioxide absorbent. The value "0.99" is merely an example, so that a different threshold may of course be employed depending on the specifications of the analyzer.
were plotted in a graph as shown in Fig. 18.
As can be seen in Fig. 18, the standard deviation SD indicative of variations in themeas`urement data exceeded 0 .3 0 and steeply increased after the total use period reached 300 hours.
In the graph shown in Fig. 17, a total use period of 300 hours corresponds to an intensity ratio 12Ratio of 0.99, which is a reference value to be employed as the threshold for the replacement of the carbon dioxide absorbent. The value "0.99" is merely an example, so that a different threshold may of course be employed depending on the specifications of the analyzer.
Claims (2)
1. A method of judging the absorption capacity of a carbon dioxide absorbent for use in an isotopic gas analyzing method for measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide 13CO2 in a gas specimen containing carbon dioxide 13CO2 and carbon dioxide 12CO2 as component gases, the isotopic gas analyzing method comprising the steps of:
introducing the gas specimen into cells and measuring the intensities of light beams transmitted through the cells at wavelengths for measurement of absorbances of the respective component gases;
introducing air having passed through a vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent as a reference gas into the cells and measuring the intensities of light beams transmitted through the cells at the wavelengths for measurement of absorbances of the respective component gases; and processing data indicative of the measurement results, characterized by steps of:
performing a first light intensity measuring process by introducing air having passed through the vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent into the cells;
performing a second light intensity measuring process by introducing air not having passed through the vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent into the cells;
comparing the ratio of the light intensity measured in the first light intensity measuring step to the light intensity measured in the second light intensity measuring step with a threshold; and judging the absorption capacity of the carbon dioxide absorbent.
introducing the gas specimen into cells and measuring the intensities of light beams transmitted through the cells at wavelengths for measurement of absorbances of the respective component gases;
introducing air having passed through a vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent as a reference gas into the cells and measuring the intensities of light beams transmitted through the cells at the wavelengths for measurement of absorbances of the respective component gases; and processing data indicative of the measurement results, characterized by steps of:
performing a first light intensity measuring process by introducing air having passed through the vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent into the cells;
performing a second light intensity measuring process by introducing air not having passed through the vessel containing the carbon dioxide absorbent into the cells;
comparing the ratio of the light intensity measured in the first light intensity measuring step to the light intensity measured in the second light intensity measuring step with a threshold; and judging the absorption capacity of the carbon dioxide absorbent.
2. An absorption capacity judging method as set forth in claim 1, wherein the light intensities are measured at a wavelength for measurement of absorbance of carbon dioxide 12CO2 in the first and second light intensity measuring steps.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000290986A JP4460134B2 (en) | 2000-09-25 | 2000-09-25 | Isotope gas analysis measurement method |
| JP2000-290987 | 2000-09-25 | ||
| JP2000-290986 | 2000-09-25 | ||
| JP2000290987A JP4481469B2 (en) | 2000-09-25 | 2000-09-25 | Capability determination method of carbon dioxide absorbent in isotope gas analysis measurement |
| CA002421509A CA2421509C (en) | 2000-09-25 | 2001-09-19 | Isotopic gas analyzer and method of determining absorption capacity of carbon dioxide absorbent |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002421509A Division CA2421509C (en) | 2000-09-25 | 2001-09-19 | Isotopic gas analyzer and method of determining absorption capacity of carbon dioxide absorbent |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2592194A1 CA2592194A1 (en) | 2002-03-28 |
| CA2592194C true CA2592194C (en) | 2010-11-30 |
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| CA 2592194 Expired - Fee Related CA2592194C (en) | 2000-09-25 | 2001-09-19 | Method of judging absorption capacity of carbon dioxide absorbent |
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| CA (1) | CA2592194C (en) |
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