CA2524070A1 - Ethoxylated surfactants for water in oil emulsions - Google Patents
Ethoxylated surfactants for water in oil emulsions Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2524070A1 CA2524070A1 CA002524070A CA2524070A CA2524070A1 CA 2524070 A1 CA2524070 A1 CA 2524070A1 CA 002524070 A CA002524070 A CA 002524070A CA 2524070 A CA2524070 A CA 2524070A CA 2524070 A1 CA2524070 A1 CA 2524070A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- amine
- water
- composition
- ethoxylate
- fuel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 94
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 83
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 title claims description 78
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229920005652 polyisobutylene succinic anhydride Polymers 0.000 claims abstract 10
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 96
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 claims description 41
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 38
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- -1 amine salt Chemical class 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- QGLWBTPVKHMVHM-KTKRTIGZSA-N (z)-octadec-9-en-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCN QGLWBTPVKHMVHM-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinimide Chemical compound O=C1CCC(=O)N1 KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007762 w/o emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960002317 succinimide Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000954 2-hydroxyethyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])O[H] 0.000 claims description 4
- AVXURJPOCDRRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroxylamine Chemical compound ON AVXURJPOCDRRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- REYJJPSVUYRZGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Octadecylamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCN REYJJPSVUYRZGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- SNCZNSNPXMPCGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N butanediamide Chemical compound NC(=O)CCC(N)=O SNCZNSNPXMPCGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002528 anti-freeze Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000013538 functional additive Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- IFPMZBBHBZQTOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-trinitro-2-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-4-[2,4,6-trinitro-3-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)phenyl]benzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC([N+](=O)[O-])=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C(C=2C(=C(C=3C(=CC(=CC=3[N+]([O-])=O)[N+]([O-])=O)[N+]([O-])=O)C(=CC=2[N+]([O-])=O)[N+]([O-])=O)[N+]([O-])=O)=C1[N+]([O-])=O IFPMZBBHBZQTOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000017587 Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- GOQYKNQRPGWPLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-heptadecyl alcohol Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO GOQYKNQRPGWPLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 claims 1
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 claims 1
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003225 biodiesel Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010763 heavy fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 20
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 15
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 11
- BFSVOASYOCHEOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-diethylaminoethanol Chemical compound CCN(CC)CCO BFSVOASYOCHEOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 235000011044 succinic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 8
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 7
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 7
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 6
- FALRKNHUBBKYCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(chloromethyl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile Chemical compound ClCC1=NC=CC=C1C#N FALRKNHUBBKYCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229940031098 ethanolamine Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 239000002563 ionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229940014800 succinic anhydride Drugs 0.000 description 5
- NKRVGWFEFKCZAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexyl nitrate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CO[N+]([O-])=O NKRVGWFEFKCZAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002356 laser light scattering Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007798 antifreeze agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L succinate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- KDSNLYIMUZNERS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropanamine Chemical compound CC(C)CN KDSNLYIMUZNERS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VVJKKWFAADXIJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Allylamine Chemical compound NCC=C VVJKKWFAADXIJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UDHXJZHVNHGCEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorophacinone Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)C1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C1=O UDHXJZHVNHGCEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylamine Chemical compound CCN QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002368 Glissopal ® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- JQVDAXLFBXTEQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutylamine Chemical compound CCCCNCCCC JQVDAXLFBXTEQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JRBPAEWTRLWTQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecylamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCN JRBPAEWTRLWTQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000693 micelle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 2
- GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylamine Chemical compound CN(C)C GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XFNJVJPLKCPIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCCN XFNJVJPLKCPIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PSTVZBXGCKLSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N (1-methylcyclohexyl) nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OC1(C)CCCCC1 PSTVZBXGCKLSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OLJOBIJKBAHJBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N (1-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl) nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OC1(C(C)C)CCCCC1 OLJOBIJKBAHJBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JSZOAYXJRCEYSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-nitropropane Chemical compound CCC[N+]([O-])=O JSZOAYXJRCEYSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VILCJCGEZXAXTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,2-tetramine Chemical compound NCCNCCNCCN VILCJCGEZXAXTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DHPRWWYQIUXCQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dinitropropane Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C(C)(C)[N+]([O-])=O DHPRWWYQIUXCQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OZUCSFZQPDHULO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl nitrate Chemical compound CCOCCOCCO[N+]([O-])=O OZUCSFZQPDHULO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GDNQXPDYGNUKII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethoxyethyl nitrate Chemical compound CCOCCO[N+]([O-])=O GDNQXPDYGNUKII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SEAMRWZKMYUKOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-2-nitrobutan-1-ol Chemical compound CCC(C)(CO)[N+]([O-])=O SEAMRWZKMYUKOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MVGJRISPEUZYAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-2-nitropropan-1-ol Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)[N+]([O-])=O MVGJRISPEUZYAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LNNXFUZKZLXPOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropyl nitrate Chemical compound CC(C)CO[N+]([O-])=O LNNXFUZKZLXPOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAXCZCOUDLENMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3,3-tetramine Chemical compound NCCCNCCCNCCCN ZAXCZCOUDLENMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CXMYWOCYTPKBPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(3-hydroxypropylamino)propan-1-ol Chemical compound OCCCNCCCO CXMYWOCYTPKBPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NNKQLUVBPJEUOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-ethynylaniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC(C#C)=C1 NNKQLUVBPJEUOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NTHGIYFSMNNHSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylbutyl nitrate Chemical compound CC(C)CCO[N+]([O-])=O NTHGIYFSMNNHSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BLFRQYKZFKYQLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-aminobutan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCCCO BLFRQYKZFKYQLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaminophen Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium acetate Chemical compound N.CC(O)=O USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005695 Ammonium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZBQHYWXCZPMPIC-KVVVOXFISA-N C(C)C(C)(O)CC.C(CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)(=O)O Chemical group C(C)C(C)(O)CC.C(CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)(=O)O ZBQHYWXCZPMPIC-KVVVOXFISA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001137251 Corvidae Species 0.000 description 1
- RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethylenetriamine Chemical compound NCCNCCN RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005639 Lauric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- XOBKSJJDNFUZPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC XOBKSJJDNFUZPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UEEJHVSXFDXPFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-dimethylaminoethanol Chemical compound CN(C)CCO UEEJHVSXFDXPFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021314 Palmitic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NYTOUQBROMCLBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetranitromethane Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C([N+]([O-])=O)([N+]([O-])=O)[N+]([O-])=O NYTOUQBROMCLBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102220477940 Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1_T25S_mutation Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003915 air pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940043376 ammonium acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019257 ammonium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HSNWZBCBUUSSQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N amyl nitrate Chemical compound CCCCCO[N+]([O-])=O HSNWZBCBUUSSQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ADCOVFLJGNWWNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony trioxide Chemical compound O=[Sb]O[Sb]=O ADCOVFLJGNWWNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000022 bacteriostatic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 1
- HQABUPZFAYXKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCN HQABUPZFAYXKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DYONNFFVDNILGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-yl nitrate Chemical compound CCC(C)O[N+]([O-])=O DYONNFFVDNILGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QQHZPQUHCAKSOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl nitrate Chemical compound CCCCO[N+]([O-])=O QQHZPQUHCAKSOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- HLYOOCIMLHNMOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexyl nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OC1CCCCC1 HLYOOCIMLHNMOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DDBCVXXAMXPHKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentyl nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OC1CCCC1 DDBCVXXAMXPHKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002887 deanol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UEFBRXQBUTYIJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N decyl nitrate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCO[N+]([O-])=O UEFBRXQBUTYIJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CKKXWJDFFQPBQL-UAIGNFCESA-N diazanium;(z)-but-2-enedioate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]C(=O)\C=C/C([O-])=O CKKXWJDFFQPBQL-UAIGNFCESA-N 0.000 description 1
- HPNMFZURTQLUMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylamine Chemical compound CCNCC HPNMFZURTQLUMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012972 dimethylethanolamine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- IDNUEBSJWINEMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl nitrate Chemical compound CCO[N+]([O-])=O IDNUEBSJWINEMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UQXKXGWGFRWILX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol dinitrate Chemical compound O=N(=O)OCCON(=O)=O UQXKXGWGFRWILX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930182478 glucoside Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JYMDZTRYDIQILZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptyl nitrate Chemical compound CCCCCCCO[N+]([O-])=O JYMDZTRYDIQILZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AGDYNDJUZRMYRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexyl nitrate Chemical compound CCCCCCO[N+]([O-])=O AGDYNDJUZRMYRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GAPFWGOSHOCNBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N isopropyl nitrate Chemical compound CC(C)O[N+]([O-])=O GAPFWGOSHOCNBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003137 locomotive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000012439 matzos Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006078 metal deactivator Substances 0.000 description 1
- LRMHVVPPGGOAJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl nitrate Chemical compound CO[N+]([O-])=O LRMHVVPPGGOAJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001570 methylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- LSHROXHEILXKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n'-[2-[2-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]ethylamino]ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine Chemical compound NCCNCCNCCNCCNCCN LSHROXHEILXKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AQGNVWRYTKPRMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N n'-[2-[2-[2-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]ethylamino]ethylamino]ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine Chemical compound NCCNCCNCCNCCNCCNCCN AQGNVWRYTKPRMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DAZXVJBJRMWXJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylethylamine Chemical compound CCN(C)C DAZXVJBJRMWXJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LSICDRUYCNGRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylheptan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCN(C)C LSICDRUYCNGRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QMHNQZGXPNCMCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylhexan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCN(C)C QMHNQZGXPNCMCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UQKAOOAFEFCDGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethyloctan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCN(C)C UQKAOOAFEFCDGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IDFANOPDMXWIOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylpentan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCN(C)C IDFANOPDMXWIOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZUHZZVMEUAUWHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylpropan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCN(C)C ZUHZZVMEUAUWHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Pentadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SEGJNMCIMOLEDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-methyloctan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCNC SEGJNMCIMOLEDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002826 nitrites Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZMUADARPXLFDHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrocarbamic acid Chemical class OC(=O)N[N+]([O-])=O ZMUADARPXLFDHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CMNNRVWVNGXINV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonyl nitrate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCO[N+]([O-])=O CMNNRVWVNGXINV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCOKASLKYUXYJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octan-2-yl nitrate Chemical compound CCCCCCC(C)O[N+]([O-])=O QCOKASLKYUXYJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TXQBMQNFXYOIPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N octyl nitrate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO[N+]([O-])=O TXQBMQNFXYOIPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical class CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004817 pentamethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000015108 pies Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- OTRMXXQNSIVZNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enyl nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OCC=C OTRMXXQNSIVZNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- AOHJOMMDDJHIJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylenediamine Chemical compound CC(N)CN AOHJOMMDDJHIJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003444 succinic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003784 tall oil Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AZAKMLHUDVIDFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl nitrate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O[N+]([O-])=O AZAKMLHUDVIDFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FAGUFWYHJQFNRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylenepentamine Chemical compound NCCNCCNCCNCCN FAGUFWYHJQFNRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 235000015961 tonic Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001256 tonic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960000716 tonics Drugs 0.000 description 1
- IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributylamine Chemical compound CCCCN(CCCC)CCCC IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001124 trientine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YFTHZRPMJXBUME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tripropylamine Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)CCC YFTHZRPMJXBUME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007306 turnover Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
- C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
- C10L1/125—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1266—Inorganic compounds nitrogen containing compounds, (e.g. NH3)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/1802—Organic compounds containing oxygen natural products, e.g. waxes, extracts, fatty oils
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
- C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
- C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
- C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
- C10L1/1826—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms poly-hydroxy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
- C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
- C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
- C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
- C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
- C10L1/2225—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates hydroxy containing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/23—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites
- C10L1/231—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites nitro compounds; nitrates; nitrites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/2383—Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to an emulsified water in oil composition using a novel additive surfactant package containing a PIBSA-derived surfactant with a molecular weight in the ranged about 300 to 3000 and in the range of about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the composition and an alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant in the range of about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the composition.
Description
TITLE: ETHO?CYLATED SURFACTANTS FOR WATER IN OIL
Ei~fIULSIOI~S
Related A~~lication This is a continuation in part of USSN 13/319663 filed on 12/13/02 entitled "An Emulsified Water Blended Fuels Produced By Using A Low Energy Process And Novel Surfactant."
Field of Invention The invention relates to a novel additive package to produce a water in oil emulsion, in particular water blended fuels with good emulsion stability.
Background of the Invention Internal combustion engines, especially diesel engines, using water fuel blends results in the combustion chamber producing lower nitrogen oxides (NOX), hydrocarbons and particulate matter emissions. NO,~
emissions have become an important environmental issue because it contributes to smog and air pollution. Governmental regulations and environmental concerns have driven the need to reduce NO,~ emissions from engines. In particular, the U.S. Clean Air Act will require about 90% to 95%
reduction of the current level of internal combustion engines emissions by the year 2007. Similar regulations are expected in Europe and other parts of the industrialized world.
Diesel fueled engines produce NOX due to the relatively high flame temperatures reached during combustion. The reduction of NOX production conventionally includes the use of catalytic converters, using "clean" fuels, recirculation of exhaust and engine timing changes. These methods are typically expensive or complicated to be readily commercially available.
Water is inert toward combustion, but lowers the peak combustion temperature resulting in reduced particulates and NO,~ formation. When water is added to the fuel it forms an emulsion and these emulsions are generally unstable. Stable water in fuel emulsions of a small particle size are difficult to reach and maintain.
An emulsion fuel has to meet the specifications of diesel fuel, as well as additional specifications which relate to an emulsion fuel. For instance the Italian National specification (~ecreto 20 matzo 2000, published on 3pd April 2000 in Gazzetta Ufficiale, n.78) imposes a stability test criterion, defined by a centrifuge test (AFN~I~ prNFIUI 07-101). In the Italian specification a sample of emulsion (defined as containing 12-15°/~
water by weight) is subjected to centrifugation (at a relative centrifugal force of for 5 minutes) and must show (i) no free water and, (ii) a sedimented layer of compressed water emulsion not exceeding 9% by volume. The standard also stipulates that no free water must be formed for a further period of 4 months. The French National specification defines similar criteria for emulsion stability.
Another important aspect of emulsion technology is the energy required in order to make the emulsions. Various technologies are available, for instance static mixers, rotor-stator mills and ultrasonic devices.
Whichever technology is employed an important characteristic of a good emulsion system (i.e. the two immiscible phases, the surfactants and carrier fluids) is that it should emulsify quickly and, without undue high expenditure of energy, form the desired emulsion giving a good particle size distribution.
The use of emulsified fuels have been disclosed in other patents and patent applications of Applicant, such as USPN 6,280,485, 6,383,237, 6,368,367, 6,368,366 and 6,280,485 and USSN 09/761,482 all incorporated herein by reference and assigned to the assignee of the present application.
It would be advantageous to develop a stable water in fuel emulsion.
Further, it would be advantageous to make more stable additive surfactant package for the use in water in oil emulsions.
The present invention has discovered the use of surfactants to make a water in oil emulsion/fuels. Further, the present invention has discovered that a fatty amine ethoxylate and derivatives of a PiB succinate surfactant is advantageous to produce a water-in oil emulsion because (1 ) emulsification occurs readily (low residence time in the mixer); (2) more stable emulsions are formed; (3) in addition to the excellent colloidal properties the resultant emulsified fuels show a markedly improved performance in use with respects to elastomer compatibility and corrosion; and (4) significant improvement in the overall stability and ease of handling of the additive surfactant package.
The term "N~,~" is used herein to refer to any of the nitrogen oxides, N~, N~~, N2~, or mixtures of two or more thereof. The terms "water-in-oil"
emulsion, "water emulsion", "emulsions", "water blended fuel", "emulsified water fuel" and other variations are interchangeable.
Summary of the Invention The invention relates to an emulsified water in oil composition comprising:
a. a fuel in the range of about 50% to about 99% by weight of the composition;
b. a water in the range of about 1 % to about 50% by weight of the composition;
c. a polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride ( PIBSA) derived emulsifier wherein the molecular weight of the PIB chain is in the range of about 200 to 5000 and in the range of about 0.01 % to about 10%, or more preferred 0.02% to 5%, or more preferred 0.03% to 1.5%, by weight of the composition;
d. an alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant in the range of about 0.01 to about 10%, or more preferred 0.02% to 5%, or more preferred 0.03% to 1.5%, by weight of the composition; and e. optionally at least one of a functional amount of at least one water-soluble, oil-soluble functional additive dissolved in the emulsified aqueous phase such as ammonium nitrate.
In particular the surfactant comprises:
(a) at least one of an alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant that can be a mono- or a di- amine of the general formulae:
R- N(EaH)-(CH2),~ N(E~H)(ECH) or R- N(EaH) (EbH) wherein R equals straight or branched chained alkyl group, C3 to G30, or more preferred G10 to C24., and saturated or unsaturated, containing either 0, or 1, or 2 or 3 double bonds;
N = nitrogen atom;
E is an ethoxylate group, -CH2- CH2-0-x is either 1, 2, or 3, and a, b, c, is an integer from 0 to 20 such that: a+b+c = any vale between 1 and 20, more preferably between 1 and 14; and (b) at least one PIBSA-derived material (with a PIB chain in the molecular weight in the range of 200 to 5000) comprising:
(1 ) a PIBSA itself;
Ei~fIULSIOI~S
Related A~~lication This is a continuation in part of USSN 13/319663 filed on 12/13/02 entitled "An Emulsified Water Blended Fuels Produced By Using A Low Energy Process And Novel Surfactant."
Field of Invention The invention relates to a novel additive package to produce a water in oil emulsion, in particular water blended fuels with good emulsion stability.
Background of the Invention Internal combustion engines, especially diesel engines, using water fuel blends results in the combustion chamber producing lower nitrogen oxides (NOX), hydrocarbons and particulate matter emissions. NO,~
emissions have become an important environmental issue because it contributes to smog and air pollution. Governmental regulations and environmental concerns have driven the need to reduce NO,~ emissions from engines. In particular, the U.S. Clean Air Act will require about 90% to 95%
reduction of the current level of internal combustion engines emissions by the year 2007. Similar regulations are expected in Europe and other parts of the industrialized world.
Diesel fueled engines produce NOX due to the relatively high flame temperatures reached during combustion. The reduction of NOX production conventionally includes the use of catalytic converters, using "clean" fuels, recirculation of exhaust and engine timing changes. These methods are typically expensive or complicated to be readily commercially available.
Water is inert toward combustion, but lowers the peak combustion temperature resulting in reduced particulates and NO,~ formation. When water is added to the fuel it forms an emulsion and these emulsions are generally unstable. Stable water in fuel emulsions of a small particle size are difficult to reach and maintain.
An emulsion fuel has to meet the specifications of diesel fuel, as well as additional specifications which relate to an emulsion fuel. For instance the Italian National specification (~ecreto 20 matzo 2000, published on 3pd April 2000 in Gazzetta Ufficiale, n.78) imposes a stability test criterion, defined by a centrifuge test (AFN~I~ prNFIUI 07-101). In the Italian specification a sample of emulsion (defined as containing 12-15°/~
water by weight) is subjected to centrifugation (at a relative centrifugal force of for 5 minutes) and must show (i) no free water and, (ii) a sedimented layer of compressed water emulsion not exceeding 9% by volume. The standard also stipulates that no free water must be formed for a further period of 4 months. The French National specification defines similar criteria for emulsion stability.
Another important aspect of emulsion technology is the energy required in order to make the emulsions. Various technologies are available, for instance static mixers, rotor-stator mills and ultrasonic devices.
Whichever technology is employed an important characteristic of a good emulsion system (i.e. the two immiscible phases, the surfactants and carrier fluids) is that it should emulsify quickly and, without undue high expenditure of energy, form the desired emulsion giving a good particle size distribution.
The use of emulsified fuels have been disclosed in other patents and patent applications of Applicant, such as USPN 6,280,485, 6,383,237, 6,368,367, 6,368,366 and 6,280,485 and USSN 09/761,482 all incorporated herein by reference and assigned to the assignee of the present application.
It would be advantageous to develop a stable water in fuel emulsion.
Further, it would be advantageous to make more stable additive surfactant package for the use in water in oil emulsions.
The present invention has discovered the use of surfactants to make a water in oil emulsion/fuels. Further, the present invention has discovered that a fatty amine ethoxylate and derivatives of a PiB succinate surfactant is advantageous to produce a water-in oil emulsion because (1 ) emulsification occurs readily (low residence time in the mixer); (2) more stable emulsions are formed; (3) in addition to the excellent colloidal properties the resultant emulsified fuels show a markedly improved performance in use with respects to elastomer compatibility and corrosion; and (4) significant improvement in the overall stability and ease of handling of the additive surfactant package.
The term "N~,~" is used herein to refer to any of the nitrogen oxides, N~, N~~, N2~, or mixtures of two or more thereof. The terms "water-in-oil"
emulsion, "water emulsion", "emulsions", "water blended fuel", "emulsified water fuel" and other variations are interchangeable.
Summary of the Invention The invention relates to an emulsified water in oil composition comprising:
a. a fuel in the range of about 50% to about 99% by weight of the composition;
b. a water in the range of about 1 % to about 50% by weight of the composition;
c. a polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride ( PIBSA) derived emulsifier wherein the molecular weight of the PIB chain is in the range of about 200 to 5000 and in the range of about 0.01 % to about 10%, or more preferred 0.02% to 5%, or more preferred 0.03% to 1.5%, by weight of the composition;
d. an alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant in the range of about 0.01 to about 10%, or more preferred 0.02% to 5%, or more preferred 0.03% to 1.5%, by weight of the composition; and e. optionally at least one of a functional amount of at least one water-soluble, oil-soluble functional additive dissolved in the emulsified aqueous phase such as ammonium nitrate.
In particular the surfactant comprises:
(a) at least one of an alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant that can be a mono- or a di- amine of the general formulae:
R- N(EaH)-(CH2),~ N(E~H)(ECH) or R- N(EaH) (EbH) wherein R equals straight or branched chained alkyl group, C3 to G30, or more preferred G10 to C24., and saturated or unsaturated, containing either 0, or 1, or 2 or 3 double bonds;
N = nitrogen atom;
E is an ethoxylate group, -CH2- CH2-0-x is either 1, 2, or 3, and a, b, c, is an integer from 0 to 20 such that: a+b+c = any vale between 1 and 20, more preferably between 1 and 14; and (b) at least one PIBSA-derived material (with a PIB chain in the molecular weight in the range of 200 to 5000) comprising:
(1 ) a PIBSA itself;
(2) a PIB succinic acid, wherein this material can be prepared by reacting a PIBSA with water;
(3) a PIB succinic acid - amine salt wherein this material can be prepared by reacting the PIB succinic acid as described in (2) with either an alkyl amine (primary, secondary, or tertiary) or an ethanolamine and/or ethoxylated amine (A) described above and wherein this salt can be a fully neutralised or partially neutralised salt;
(4) a PIB succinic aminoalkylester or ester-acid or amine salt thereof. This material can be prepared by reacting the PIBSA or P1B
succinic acid as described in (1 ) and (2) or ester thereof with a hydroxylamine or an alkanol amine like ethanolamine and/or ethoxylated amine (A) described above, wherein the salt can be a fully neutralised or partially neutralised salt;
succinic acid as described in (1 ) and (2) or ester thereof with a hydroxylamine or an alkanol amine like ethanolamine and/or ethoxylated amine (A) described above, wherein the salt can be a fully neutralised or partially neutralised salt;
(5) a succinimide or succinamide or amide-acid salt thereof derived by reacting PIBSA with an amine or poly amine;
(6) a succinic ester derived by reacting PIBSA with a polyol; or (7) combinations thereof.
Further, the invention relates to a process for making a water in oil emulsion comprising emulsifying a fuel, a water, a PIBSA-derived surfactant, and an alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant. The invention further relates to a process to produce an emulsified water in oil composition from a concentrate comprising emulsifying a portion of a fuel, a portion to substantially all of a water, substantially all of the PIBSA-derived surfactant, substantially all of the alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant to form a concentrate emulsion; and then diluting the concentrated emulsion with the remaining portion of fuel at the time of use.
The water in oil emulsion provides good emulsion stability. The additive package allows for the water in oil emulsion to be processed more easily. Further the emulsion has increased storage stability. The water in oil composition is useful as a fuel for stationary and/or combustion engines and/or open flame burning apparatus.
Detailec! Descri~ti~n The invention discloses an additive surfactant package of at least two surfactants to produce a stable emulsified water in oil composition. The emulsified water in oil composition employs a PIBSA derived surfactant and an alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant which are identified by the term additive surfactant package herein. The additive surfactant package has properties to lower the interfacial tension at the water/oil interface during emulsion formation.
The additive surfactant package is in the range of about 0.001 % to about 15%, in another embodiment about 0.01 % to about 10%, in another embodiment about 0.05% to about 5%, and in another embodiment about 0.1 % to about 3% by weight of the water in oil composition. The additive surfactant package maybe used in combination with other surfactants which may be either ionic or non-ionic surfactant.
The alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant may be derived from a mono-or a di-amine and has the general formulae:
R- N(EaH)-(CH2) X N(EbH)(E~H) or R- N(EaH)(EbH) wherein R =, straight or branched chained alkyl group, C8 to C30, preferably between C10 and C24,more preferably C12 to C22 and most preferable C14 to C20 and saturated or unsaturated, contained either 0, or 1, or 2 or 3 double bonds;
N = nitrogen atom;
E is an ethoxylate group, -CH2- CH2-0-;
x = 1, 2, or 3; and a, b, c, = any integer between 0 and 20 such that: a+b+c = any value between 1 and 20, more preferably between 1 and 14.
s In another embodiment R is about C12 to about C22, and in another embodiment about C10 to about C20.
The PIBSA-derived derived surfactant is selected from at least one of or combinations of:
(1 ) a PIBSA itself.
(2) a PIB succinic acid. This material can be prepared by reacting a PIBSA with water.
(3) A PIB succinic acid - amine salt. This material can be prepared by reacting the PIB succinic acid as described in (2) with either an alkyl amine (primary, secondary, or tertiary), or an ethanolamine and/or ethoxylated amine (A) described above. This salt can be a fully neutralised or partially neutralised salt.
(4) A PIB succinic aminoalkylester or ester-acid or amine salt thereof. This material can be prepared by reacting the PIBSA or PIB
succinic acid as described in (1) and (2) or ester thereof with a hydroxylamine or an alkanol amine like ethanolamine and/or ethoxylated amine (A) described above, wherein the salt can be a fully neutralised or partially neutralised salt.
(5) A succinimide or succinamide or amide-acid salt thereof derived by reacting PIBSA with an amine or poly amine.
(6) A succinic ester derived by reacting PIBSA with a polyol.
The PIB based surfactant includes both non-ionic, ionic materials or combinations thereof. The non-ionic materials include PIB succinic acid and PIB succinamides The ionic materials include PIB succinic acid salts.
These are prepared by reaction of the succinic acid with diethylethanolamine. Another embodiment of the ionic material is an amidic acid salt.
The polyisobutylene chain of the PIBSA-derived surfactant has a number average molecular weight of about 200 to about 5000, in one embodiment about 1800 to about 2300, in one embodiment about 300 to about 3000, in one embodiment about 700 to about 1300, in one embodiment about 800 to about 1000, and in one embodiment from 300 to 600. The PIBSA from which the PIBSA-derived surfactant is prepared is characterized by about 1.3 to about 2.5, and in one embodiment about 1.7 to about 2.1, succinic groups per equivalent weight of the polyisobutylene substituent. In one embodiment, the hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid acylating agent is a polyisobutene-substituted succinic anhydride, the polyisobutene substituent having a number average molecular weight of about 1,500 to about 3,000, and in one embodiment about 1,300 to about 2,300, said first polyisobutene-substituted succinic anhydride being characterized by about 1.3 to about 2.5, and in one embodiment about 1.7 to about 2.1, in one embodiment about 1.0 to about 1.3, and in one embodiment about 1.0 to about 1.2 succinic groups per equivalent weight of the polyisobutene substituent.
Examples of alkylamines disclosed in (2) above include but are not limited to ethylamine, diethylamine, n-butylamine, di-n-butylamine, allylamine, isobutylamine, cocoamine, stearylamine, laurylamine, methyllaurylamine, oleylamine, N-methyloctylamine, dodecylamine, and octadecylamine. Suitable examples of tertiary monoamines include but are not limited to trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, tributylamine, monoethyldimethylamine, dimethylpropylamine, dimethyibutyl-amine, dimethylpentylamine, dimethylhexylamine, dimethylheptylamine, and dimethyloctylamine.
The amines include but are not limited to hydroxyamines, such as mono-, di-, and triethanolamine, dimethylethanol amine, diethylethanol amine, di-(3-hydroxy propyl) amine, N-(3-hydroxybutyl) amine, N-(4-hydroxy butyl) amine, and N,N-di-(2-hydroxypropyl) amine; alkylene polyamines such as methylene polyamines, ethylene polyamines, butylene polyamines, propylene polyamines, pentylene polyamines, and the like. Specific examples of such polyamines include but are not limited to ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, propylene diamine, trimethylene diamine, tripropylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, hexaethylene heptamine, pentaethylene hexamine, or a mixture of two or more thereof;
ethylene polyamine bottoms or a heavy polyamine. In a prefierred embodiment the alkanolamine is diethyl ethanolamine.
The PIES~4-deri~eed emulsifiier may be present in the water fiuel emulsion at a concentration ofi 0.01 °/~ to about 10% by weight based on the overall weight ofi the emulsion, and in one embodiment about 0.02 to about 5% by weight, and an one embodiment about 0.03 to about 1.5°/~ by weight.
Examples of suitable aikylamine ethoxylated surfactants include but are not limited to tallow amirie penta ethoxylate, tallow amine tetra ethoxylate, tallow amine hexa ethoxylate, tallow amine hepta ethoxylate, oleyl amine deca ethoxylate, oleyl amine undeca ethoxylate, oleyl amine nona ethoxylate, oleyl amine dodeca ethoxylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-tallowalkyl-1,3-diaminopropane, oleyl amine penta ethoxylate, oleyl amine diethoxylate, stearyl alcohol penta ethoxylate and stearyl amine diethoxylate.
In one embodiment the alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant is tallow amine penta ethoxylate. In one embodiment the alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant is oleyl amine deca ethoxylate. In one embodiment the alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant is tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-tallowalkyl-1, 3-diaminopropane. The alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant can be used alone or in combination.
The ethoxylated amine surfactant may be present in the water fuel emulsion at a concentration of 0.01 % to about 10% by weight based on the overall weight of the emulsion, and in one embodiment about 0.02 to about 5% by weight, and an one embodiment about 0.03 to about 1.5% by weight.
Further other surfactants may be used in combination with the additive surfactant package but do not take the place of the additive surfactant package and include but are not limited to a) natural fats; b) Tonics excluding the additive surfactant package c) co-surfactants; d) fatty acids and their amine salts; e) ethoxylate alcohols and f) combinations thereof.
The other non ionic and ionic surfactants include but are not limited to alkyl ethoxylates, ethoxylated alkylphenols, alkyl glucosides, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated amines, amides derived from fatty acids and/or alcohols, ethers or fatty alcohols, esters of fatty acids and the like. In addition the non-ionic and ionic surfactants have a hydrophilic lipohilic balance (HL~) in the range of about 2 to about 40, in one embodiment, about 2 to about 10, in one embodiment about 10 to about 15 and in another embodiment about 4 to about 8. Examples ofi these non-ionic and ionic surfactants are disclosed in ~llcCutche~n's Er~~lsifiers arae9 De~erge~~s, 1993, North American ~ International Edition. Preferably the non ionic surfactants are Neodol 25-3, C12 - C 14 alcohol with two ethoxylates and Ethomeen C12. The non ionic and ionic surfactants may be used alone or in combination.
The natural fat surfactants include but are not limited to triglycerides, hydrolyzed triglycerides, oxidized products of triglycerides, vegetable oils, refined vegetable oils, used vegetable oils and the like. The preferred natural fat surfactant is a refined used vegetable oil. The natural fats can be used alone or in combination.
The co-surfactant has sufficient polar groups to render the co-surfactant partially soluble in both phases. The co-surfactants include but are not limited to alcohols, amines, amides, esters, ketones, ethers and mixtures thereofi. The co-surfactant has at least 1 to about 24, in another embodiment about 1 to about 10, in another embodiment about 1 to about 8 carbon atoms. The co-surfactants may be used alone or in combination.
The fatty acids and their amine salts include but are not limited to N,N-diethyl ethanolamine salts of oleic acid, tall oil fatty acids, stearic acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid and the like. The preferable fatty acid and their amine salt is oleic acid-diethyl ethanol amine salt. The fiatty acids and their amine salts can be used alone or in combination.
Fuel The fiuel comprises hydrocarbonaceous petroleum distillate fuel, non-hydrocarbonaceous materials that include but are not limited to water, oils, liquid fuels derived from vegetable sources, liquid fuels derived from minerals, liquid to gas, and mixtures thereof. Suitable fuels include, but are not limited to, gasoline, diesel, kerosene, naphtha, aliphatics and paraffin.
The fuel comprises non-hydrocarbonaceous materials include but is not limited to alcohois such as methanol, ethanol and the like, ethers such as diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether and the like, organo-nitro compounds and the like; fuels derived from vegetable or mineral sources such as corn, alfalfa, shale, coal and the like. The fuel also includes but is not limited to gas to liquid fuels, Fischer-Tropsch fuels and the like. The fuel also includes but is not limited to mixtures of one or more hydrocarbonaceous fuels and one or more non-hydrocarbonaceous materials. Examples of such mixtures are combinations of gasoline and ethanol and of diesel fuel and ether and the like.
In one embodiment, the fuel is any gasoline. Including, but not limited to a chlorine-free gasoline or a low-chlorine gasoline, or a low sulfur gasoline or sulfur-free gasoline and the like.
In one embodiment, the fuel is any diesel fuel. The diesel fuels include, but are not limited to, those that contain alcohois and esters, has a sulfur content of up to about 0.05% by weight or sulfur-free, is a chlorine-free or low-chlorine diesel fuel and the like. In one embodiment the preferred fuel is a diesel fuel.
The fuel is present in the emulsified fuel at a concentration of about 50% to about 95% by weight, and in one embodiment about 60% to about 95% by weight, and in one embodiment about 65% to about 85% by weight, and in one embodiment about 80% to about 90% by weight of the emulsified fuel.
Water The water used in the emulsified fuel may be taken from any source.
The water includes but is not limited to tap, deionized, de-ionized to a conductivity of <30 microsiemens/cm and up to 50% v/v, demineralized, purified, for example, using reverse osmosis or distillation, and the like.
The water includes water mixtures that further includes but are not limited to antifreeze components such as alcohols and glycols, ammonium salts such as ammonium nitrate, ammonium maleate, ammonium acetate and the like, and combinations thereof; and other water soluble additives.
to The water is present in the emulsified fuel at a concentration of about 1 % to about 50% by weight, in one embodiment about 5°/~ to about 40°/~
being weight, in one embodiment about 5°/~ to about 25°/~ by weighi, and in one embodiment about 10°/~ to about 20% by weight of the emulsified fuel.
In another embodiment the water is present in the emulsified fuel at a concentration of less than 1 °/~ by weight, in another embodiment less than 0.5°/~ by weight, in another embodiment less than 0.1 % by weight, and in another embodiment in the range of about 0.1 % to about 1 % by weight of the emulsified fuel. An emulsified water in oil composition can be made with water at these low levels with the fuel, the emulsifier, the surfactant and optionally ammonium nitrate and in another embodiment without the surfactant and with the fuel, the emulsifier and optionally the ammonium nitrate.
Other Additives In one embodiment, the emulsified fuel contains a cetane improver.
The cetane improvers that are useful include but are not limited to peroxides, nitrates, nitrites, nitrocarbamates and the like. Useful cetane improvers include but are not limited to nitropropane, dinitropropane, tetranitromethane, 2-nitro-2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-2-nitro-1-propanol, and the like. Also included are nitrate esters of substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic or cycloaliphatic alcohols which may be monohydric or polyhydric.
These include substituted and unsubstituted alkyl or cycloalkyl nitrates having up to about 10 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment about 2 to about 10 carbon atoms. The alkyl group may be either linear or branched, or a mixture of linear or branched alkyl groups. Examples include but are not limited to methyl nitrate, ethyl nitrate, n-propyl nitrate, isopropyl nitrate, allyl nitrate, n-butyl nitrate, isobutyl nitrate, sec-butyl nitrate, isooctyl nitrate, tert-butyl nitrate, n-amyl nitrate, isoamyl nitrate, 2-amyl nitrate, 3-amyl nitrate, tart-amyl nitrate, n-hexyl nitrate, n-heptyl nitrate, n-octyl nitrate, 2-ethylhexyl nitrate, sec-octyl nitrate, n-nonyl nitrate, n-decyl nitrate, cyclopentyl nitrate, cyclohexyl nitrate, methylcyclohexyl nitrate, and isopropylcyclohexyl nitrate.
Also useful are the nitrate esters of alkoxy-substituted aliphatic alcohols such as 2-ethoxyethyl nitrate, 2-(2-ethoxy-ethoxy) ethyl nitrate, 1-methoxypropyl-2-nitrate, 4.-ethoxybutyl nitrate, etc., as well as diol nitrates such as 1,6-hea~arr~ethylene dinitrate. ~ useful cetane improver is 2-ethylhexyl nitrate.
The concentration of the cetane improver in the emulsified fuel is at any concentration sufficient to provide the emulsion with the desired cetane number. In one embodiment, the concentration of the cetane improver is at a level of up to about 10% by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.05%
to about 10% by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.05% to about 5%
by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.05% to about 1 % by weight of the emulsified fuel.
In addition to the foregoing materials, other fuel additives that are known to those skilled in the art may be used in the emulsified fuel. These include but are not limited to dyes, rust inhibitors such as alkylated succinic acids and anhydrides, bacteriostatic agents, gum inhibitors, metal deactivators, upper cylinder lubricants and the like.
The additives, including the foregoing emulsifiers, may be diluted with a substantially inert, normally liquid organic solvent such as naphtha, benzene, toluene, xylene or diesel fuel to form an additive concentrate which is then mixed with the fuel and water to form the emulsified fuel.
The emulsified fuel may contain up to about 60% by weight organic solvent, and in one embodiment about 0.01 % to about 50% by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.01 % to about 20% by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.1 % to about 5% by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.1 % to about 3% by weight of the emulsified fuel.
The emulsified fuel may additionally contain an antifreeze agent. The antifreeze agent is typically an alcohol. Examples include but are not limited to ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, methanol, ethanol, glycerol and mixtures of two or more thereof. The antifreeze agent is typically used at a concentration sufficient to prevent freezing of the water used in the water fuel emulsion. The concentration is therefore dependent upon the temperature at which the fuel is stored or used. In one embodiment, the concentration is at a level of up to about 20% by weight of the emulsified fuel, and in one embodiment about 0.1 % to about 20% by weight, and in one embodiment about 1 % to about 10°/~ by weight of the emulsified fuel.
The total concentration of the additives, in the emulsified fuel is from about 0.05% to about 80% by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.1 % to about 20°/~ by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.1 % to about 15°/~ by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.1 % to about 10% by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.1 % to about 5°/~ by weight of the emulsified fuel.
Process The water in oil emulsion is comprised of a continuous fuel-phase, a discontinuous water or aqueous phase, an emulsifying amount of an additive surfactant package and optionally other a surfiactants and optionally a functional additives such as ammonium nitrate.
In the practice of the present invention the water in oil emulsion is made by a batch, semi-batch or a continuous process. A concentrate may be made and used. The process is capable of monitoring and adjusting the flow rates of the fuel, additive, surfactant, package, surfactants, other additives andlor water to form a stable emulsion with the desired water droplet size. The water phase of the emulsified fuel is comprised of droplets having a mean diameter of about 1.0 microns or less, in another embodiment about 0.8 microns or less, in another embodiment about 0.5 microns or less, in another embodiment about 0.15 microns or more, in another embodiment about 1.0 micron to about 0.5 microns, and in another embodiment about 1.0 micron to about 0.2 microns.
The emulsified fuel may be prepared by the sfieps of mixing the fuel, the emulsifier, the additive surfactant package, and other oil soluble additive using shear techniques to form the fuel additive mixture. Then the fuel additive mixture is mixed with water and optionally any desired water soluble additives to form the desired emulsified water blended fuel.
In a batch process the water, the additive surfactant package, the fuel and optional additives are added to a tank, in the desired amounts. The mixture is emulsified using an emulsification device in the vessel, or alternatively the mixture flows from the vessel via a circular line to the emulsification device which is external to the vessel, for about 1 to about 20 tank turnovers. The temperature in the range of about ambient temperature to about 100°C (212°F), and in another embodiment in the range of about 4°C (40°F) to about 65°C (150°F), and at a pressure in the range of about atmospheric pressure to about 10 atmospheres, in another embodiment about atmospheric pressure to about 80 psi, in another embodiment in the range of about 1 to about 2 atm (15 psi to about 30 psi).
The continuous process described herein depicts another embodiment of the invention. The feeds of the fuel, additive surfactant package, water and optional additives are introduced as discrete feeds or in the alternative combinations of the discreet feeds. The processing streams are introduced in or as close to the inlet of the emulsification device as possible. It is preferable that the emulsifier is added to the fuel as a fuel emulsifier stream prior to the discreet feeds combining together. The continuous process generally occurs under ambient conditions. The continuous process is generally done at atmospheric pressure to about 35 atm (500 psi), in another embodiment in the range of about atmospheric pressure to about 8 to 9 atm ( about 120 psi), and in another embodiment in the range of about atmospheric pressure to about 4 atm (about 50 psi). The continuous process generally occurs at ambient temperature. In one embodiment the temperature is in the range of about ambient temperature to about 100 °C (212°F), and in another embodiment in the range of about 4°C
(40°F) to about 65°C (150°F).
Alternatively, a concentrate is formed and all or substantially all the water, and water soluble additive and a portion of the fuel and all or substantially all the surfactant packages is emulsified under shear conditions to form a concentrate fuel. The emulsified fuel, when used, is then blended under normal mixing conditions with the remaining portion remaining portion of the fuel.
The process may be in the form of a containerized equipment unit that operates automatically. The process can be programmed and monitored locally at the site of its installation, or it can be programmed and monitored from a location remote from the site of its installation. The fully formulated water fuel blend is optionally dispensed t~ end users at the installation sifie, or in another embodiment end users can blend the concentrafied emulsion with the final portion of fuel. This provides a way to make the water in fuel emulsions available to end users in wide distribution networks.
The emulsification may occur at shear conditions are greater than 50,000 s'1. However, the c~mposition may be emulsifiied afi shear process conditions and occurs at a shear rate in the range of less than or equal to 50,000 s 1, and in another embodiment less the about 20,000 s 1, and in another embodiment less the about 1,000 s'~, and in another embodiment less than 100 1 s'', and in another embodiment less than 1 s''. if more than one emulsification step is used, the shear rates of the emulsification steps can be the same, similar or different, depending on the emulsifier and low molecular weight surfactant used. The emulsification provides for the desired particle size and a uniform dispersion of water in the fuel.
The emulsification occurs by any shear method used in the industry including but not limited to mixing, mechanical mixer agitation, static mixers, centrifugal pumps, positive displacement pumps, orifice plates, and the like.
Examples of the devices include but are not limited to an Aquashear, pipeline static mixers, rotor/stator mixers and the like. The Aquashear is a low-pressure hydraulic shear device. The Aquashear mixers are available from Flow Process Technologies Inc.
Engines The engines that may be operated in accordance with the invention include all (internal combustion) engines including spark ignited (gasoline) and compression ignited (diesel) for both mobile including locomotive, marine, automotive, truck, heavy duty, aviation and the like, and stationary power plants. The engines may be two-cycle or four-cycle. The engines may employ conventional after treatment devices. Included are on- and off-highway engines, including new engines as well as in-use engines.
An open-flame burning apparatus may be operated with the emulsified water fuel blend of the invention. The open-flame burning is apparatus may be any open-flame burning apparatus equipped to burn a liquid fuel. These include domestic, commercial and industrial burners. The industrial burners include those requirina~ preheating for proper handling and atomization of the fuel. Also included are oil fired combustion units, oil fired power plants, fired lleaters and boilers, and boilers for use in ships including deep draft vessels. The fuel burning apparatus may be a boiler for commercial applications included are boilers for power plants, utility plants, and large stationary and marine engines. The open-flame fuel burning apparatus may be an incinerator or a rotary kiln incinerator, liquid injection kiln, fluidized bed kiln, cement kiln, and the like. Also included are steel and aluminium forging furnaces. The open-flame burning apparatus may be equipped with a flue gas recirculation system.
Specific Embodiments Example 1 A fuel emulsion is prepared by mixing about 13g of de-ionised water, about 84.5g of a commercially available diesel containing less than 50ppm of sulphur, about 0.523g of 2300 MW polyisobutylene succinic acid, about 0.068 of diethyl ethanolamine, about 0.562g of tallow amine 7 mole ethoxylate, about 0.305g of 2-ethylhexylnitrate and about 1 g of diluent oil.
The mixture is sheared by mixing in an Ultra Turrax T25S rotor-stator mixer for about 3 minutes.
Example 2 The emulsion is the same as Example 1 except the emulsion additionally contains about 0.12g of aqueous ammonium nitrate with about 54 % actives in solution.
Example 3 The emulsion is fibs same as Example 1 except the amounts of the following components in the emulsion are different, about 0.293g of 2300 MW
polyisobutylene succinic acid, about 0.0348 of diethyl ethanolamine and about 0.9438 of tallow amine 7 mole ethoxylate and about 0.048 of ammonium nitrate is added and the emulsion is sheared for about 30 seconds.
Example 4 The emulsion is the same as Example 3 except the emulsion is sheared for about 2 minutes.
Examtale 5 The emulsion is the same as Example 3 except the emulsion is sheared for about 5 minutes.
Example 6 The emulsion is the same as Example 1 except the amounts of the following components in the emulsion are different, about 0.3758 of 2300 MW
polyisobutylene succinic acid, about 0.0438 of diethyl ethanolamine and about 0.8078 of tallow amine 5 mole ethoxylate and about 0.048 of ammonium nitrate is added and the emulsion is sheared for about 30 seconds.
Example 7 The emulsion is the same as Example 6 except the emulsion is sheared for about 5 minutes.
Examale 8 The emulsion is the same as Example 1 except the amounts of the following components in the emulsion are different, about 0.4048 of 2300 MW
polyisobutylene succinimide derived by reacting PIBSA with a polyamine and about 0.8078 of tallow amine 5 mole ethoxylate and about 0.048 of ammonium nitrate is added and the emulsion is sheared for about 3 minutes.
Example 9 The emulsion is the same as Example 1 except the amounts of the following components in the emulsion are different, about 0.7538 of ~ 000 MW
1~
polyisobutylene succinimide derived by reacting PIBSA with a polyamine and about 0.35g of fallow amine 5 mole ethoxylate.
Example 10 The emulsi~n is the same as Example 1 except the amounts ~f the following components in the emulsion are different, about 0.258g of 1000 MW
polyisobutylene succinic acid, about 0.142g of 550 MW polyisobutylene succinic acid, about 0.058g of diethyl ethanolamine, about 0.12g of ammonium nitrate and about 0.561 g of tallow amine 7 mole ethoxylate.
Example 11 The emulsion is the same as Example 1 except the amounts of the following components in the emulsion are different, about 0.798g of 2300 MW
polyisobutylene succinic acid, about 0.024g of diethyl ethanolamine, about 0.12g of ammonium nitrate, about 0.501 g of tallow amine 7 ethoxylate and about 0.056g of oleyl amine 10 mole ethoxylate.
Test 1: Centrifuge Test Approximately 40g of emulsion is placed in calibrated, graduated conical centrifuge tube and placed in a swing-out rotor type centrifuge. The sample is centrifuged with a relative centrifugal force of about 4200 for about 5 minutes (as stipulated by the test method, AFNOR prNFM 07-101). The stability of the emulsion is determined by measuring how much, if any, free water is produced and the amount of sediment formed. The minimum requirements are no free water and less than 9 volume % of the emulsion is sedimented out. The results obtained were Table I:
is Table i Example Sediment Example Sediment volume /~ volume /~
1 3.75 ~ 2.5 2 1.25 3 '7.5 3 3. 75 9 3. ~'S
4 2.5 10 2.5 2.5 11 2.5 6 6.25 Examples 1-11 produce no free water after 5 minutes. Overall Examples 1-11 pass the centrifuge test because they produce no free water 5 and the amount of sediment formed is below 9 volume %. The test demonstrated that stable emulsions are produced.
Test 2: Particle Size The particle size of an emulsion approximately 24 hours old is determined by placing about 600m1 of diesel and about 0.5m1 of emulsion in a Coulter LS230. The sample is exposed to a red laser and the diffraction of micelles and measured on a detector. The particle size distribution is then calculated. The results obtained are shown in Table II.
A laser light scattering instrument is used to measure the size distribution of water particles in PuriNOXT~". When light encounters a particle, the particle scatters the light. The angular dependence of this scattered light is dependent on the size of the particle (relative to the wavelength of the incident light). By measuring the intensity of the scattered light as a function of angle, and by applying the Mie and Frauhofer scattering theory, the panicle size distribution can be determined. The Coulter LS230 uses an array of detectors to measure the intensity at 232 angles simultaneously.
° 19 Particle size of the emulsion was determined by laser light scattering technique (Coulter LS230 instrument) between 0.04 and >50 micron metres.
Table II
Example /~ sub micronExample /~ sub micron 1 92.5 7 96.9 2 100 8 61.5 3 91.4 9 72.2 4 98 10 13.3 95.3 11 100 6 70.4 5 Generally these measurements illustrate that excellent, substantially sub-micron emulsions are obtained in all case, with the exception of example 10. These data, in combination with the centrifuge data, point to formulations which are close to optimal and those (such as example 10) which are capable of improvement by alteration of the surfactants (e.g. by either changing the chemistry or changing the ratio of the surfactants).
Example 12 Formation of a novel ester/acid surfactants made by reacting PIB succinic anhydride (PIBSA) with fatty amine ethoxylates.
1. Synthesis:
Composition A: a PIBSA, (2300 m.w. Glissopal succinic anhydride), containing up to 30% solvent, was heated to about 80°C and held at this temperature while an equimolar quantity of tallow amine 7 mole ethoxylate was added over about 15 to about 30 minutes. The reaction was followed by IR until the anhydride peaks disappeared and the ester and carboxylic acid peaks appeared, indicating that a reaction was complete.
Composition B: A second preparation was carried out identical to Example A above except that the PIBSA was a 350 m.w. PIBSA.
Glissopal was obtained from BASF and 350 m.w. PIB was obtained from TCP.
2. Evaluation Example 12: A fuel emulsion is prepared by mixing about 13g of de-ionised water, about 84.48g of a commercially available diesel containing less than 50ppm of sulphur, about 1.426g of the acid/ester illustrated in composition A above (i.e. made from 2300 MW polyisobutylene succinate and tallow amine 7 mole EO), about 0.305g of 2-ethylhexylnitrate, about 0.128 of aqueous (54% concentrate) ammonium nitrate and about 0.67g of diluent oil. The mixture is sheared by mixing in an Ultra Turrax T25B rotor-stator mixer for about 3 minutes.
Example 13: The emulsion is the same as Example 12 except the emulsion was made with 1.426g of the acid ester illustrated in Composition B
above (i.e. made from 350 MW polyisobutylene succinate and tallow amine 7 mole EO).
Test 1: Centrifuge Test Approximately 40g of emulsion is placed in calibrated, graduated conical centrifuge tube and placed in a swing-out rotor type centrifuge. The sample is centrifuged with a relative centrifugal force of about 4200 for about 5 minutes (as stipulated by the test method, AFNOR prNFM 07-101 ). The stability of the emulsion is determined by measuring how much, if any, free water is produced and the amount of sediment formed. The minimum requirements are no free water and less than 9 volume % of the emulsion is sedimented out. The results obtained are shown in Table III below.
Table III
Example Sediment volume Example Sediment volume %
12 6.25 13 2.5 Examples 12 and 13 produce no free water after 5 minutes. Overall Examples 12 and 13 pass the centrifuge test because they produce no free water and the amount of sediment formed is below 9 volume %. The test demonstrated that stable emulsions are produced.
Test 2: Particle Size The particle size of an emulsion approximately 24 hours old is determined by placing about 600 ml of diesel and about 0.5m1 of emulsion in a Coulter LS230. The sample is exposed to a red laser and the diffraction of micelles and measured on a detector. The particle size distribution is then calculated. The results obtained are shown in Table IV below.
A laser light scattering instrument is used to measure the size distribution of water particles in PuriNOXT"". When light encounters a particle, the particle scatters the light. The angular dependence of this scattered light is dependent on the size of the particle (relative to the wavelength of the incident light). By measuring the intensity of the scattered light as a function of angle, and by applying the Mie and Frauhofer scattering theory, the particle size distribution can be determined. The Coulter LS230 uses an array of detectors to measure the intensity at 232 angles simultaneously.
Particle size of the emulsion was determined by laser light scattering technique (Coulter LS230 instrument) between 0.04 and >50 micron metres.
Table IV
Example % sub micron Example % sub micron Generally these measurements illustrate that excellent, substantially sub-micron emulsions are obtained in both case. These data, in combination with the centrifuge data, point to formulations which are close to optimal.
From the above description and examples the invention those skilled in the art may perceive improvements, changes and modifications in the invention. Such improvement changes and modifications are intended to be covered by the appended claims.
Further, the invention relates to a process for making a water in oil emulsion comprising emulsifying a fuel, a water, a PIBSA-derived surfactant, and an alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant. The invention further relates to a process to produce an emulsified water in oil composition from a concentrate comprising emulsifying a portion of a fuel, a portion to substantially all of a water, substantially all of the PIBSA-derived surfactant, substantially all of the alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant to form a concentrate emulsion; and then diluting the concentrated emulsion with the remaining portion of fuel at the time of use.
The water in oil emulsion provides good emulsion stability. The additive package allows for the water in oil emulsion to be processed more easily. Further the emulsion has increased storage stability. The water in oil composition is useful as a fuel for stationary and/or combustion engines and/or open flame burning apparatus.
Detailec! Descri~ti~n The invention discloses an additive surfactant package of at least two surfactants to produce a stable emulsified water in oil composition. The emulsified water in oil composition employs a PIBSA derived surfactant and an alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant which are identified by the term additive surfactant package herein. The additive surfactant package has properties to lower the interfacial tension at the water/oil interface during emulsion formation.
The additive surfactant package is in the range of about 0.001 % to about 15%, in another embodiment about 0.01 % to about 10%, in another embodiment about 0.05% to about 5%, and in another embodiment about 0.1 % to about 3% by weight of the water in oil composition. The additive surfactant package maybe used in combination with other surfactants which may be either ionic or non-ionic surfactant.
The alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant may be derived from a mono-or a di-amine and has the general formulae:
R- N(EaH)-(CH2) X N(EbH)(E~H) or R- N(EaH)(EbH) wherein R =, straight or branched chained alkyl group, C8 to C30, preferably between C10 and C24,more preferably C12 to C22 and most preferable C14 to C20 and saturated or unsaturated, contained either 0, or 1, or 2 or 3 double bonds;
N = nitrogen atom;
E is an ethoxylate group, -CH2- CH2-0-;
x = 1, 2, or 3; and a, b, c, = any integer between 0 and 20 such that: a+b+c = any value between 1 and 20, more preferably between 1 and 14.
s In another embodiment R is about C12 to about C22, and in another embodiment about C10 to about C20.
The PIBSA-derived derived surfactant is selected from at least one of or combinations of:
(1 ) a PIBSA itself.
(2) a PIB succinic acid. This material can be prepared by reacting a PIBSA with water.
(3) A PIB succinic acid - amine salt. This material can be prepared by reacting the PIB succinic acid as described in (2) with either an alkyl amine (primary, secondary, or tertiary), or an ethanolamine and/or ethoxylated amine (A) described above. This salt can be a fully neutralised or partially neutralised salt.
(4) A PIB succinic aminoalkylester or ester-acid or amine salt thereof. This material can be prepared by reacting the PIBSA or PIB
succinic acid as described in (1) and (2) or ester thereof with a hydroxylamine or an alkanol amine like ethanolamine and/or ethoxylated amine (A) described above, wherein the salt can be a fully neutralised or partially neutralised salt.
(5) A succinimide or succinamide or amide-acid salt thereof derived by reacting PIBSA with an amine or poly amine.
(6) A succinic ester derived by reacting PIBSA with a polyol.
The PIB based surfactant includes both non-ionic, ionic materials or combinations thereof. The non-ionic materials include PIB succinic acid and PIB succinamides The ionic materials include PIB succinic acid salts.
These are prepared by reaction of the succinic acid with diethylethanolamine. Another embodiment of the ionic material is an amidic acid salt.
The polyisobutylene chain of the PIBSA-derived surfactant has a number average molecular weight of about 200 to about 5000, in one embodiment about 1800 to about 2300, in one embodiment about 300 to about 3000, in one embodiment about 700 to about 1300, in one embodiment about 800 to about 1000, and in one embodiment from 300 to 600. The PIBSA from which the PIBSA-derived surfactant is prepared is characterized by about 1.3 to about 2.5, and in one embodiment about 1.7 to about 2.1, succinic groups per equivalent weight of the polyisobutylene substituent. In one embodiment, the hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid acylating agent is a polyisobutene-substituted succinic anhydride, the polyisobutene substituent having a number average molecular weight of about 1,500 to about 3,000, and in one embodiment about 1,300 to about 2,300, said first polyisobutene-substituted succinic anhydride being characterized by about 1.3 to about 2.5, and in one embodiment about 1.7 to about 2.1, in one embodiment about 1.0 to about 1.3, and in one embodiment about 1.0 to about 1.2 succinic groups per equivalent weight of the polyisobutene substituent.
Examples of alkylamines disclosed in (2) above include but are not limited to ethylamine, diethylamine, n-butylamine, di-n-butylamine, allylamine, isobutylamine, cocoamine, stearylamine, laurylamine, methyllaurylamine, oleylamine, N-methyloctylamine, dodecylamine, and octadecylamine. Suitable examples of tertiary monoamines include but are not limited to trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, tributylamine, monoethyldimethylamine, dimethylpropylamine, dimethyibutyl-amine, dimethylpentylamine, dimethylhexylamine, dimethylheptylamine, and dimethyloctylamine.
The amines include but are not limited to hydroxyamines, such as mono-, di-, and triethanolamine, dimethylethanol amine, diethylethanol amine, di-(3-hydroxy propyl) amine, N-(3-hydroxybutyl) amine, N-(4-hydroxy butyl) amine, and N,N-di-(2-hydroxypropyl) amine; alkylene polyamines such as methylene polyamines, ethylene polyamines, butylene polyamines, propylene polyamines, pentylene polyamines, and the like. Specific examples of such polyamines include but are not limited to ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, propylene diamine, trimethylene diamine, tripropylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, hexaethylene heptamine, pentaethylene hexamine, or a mixture of two or more thereof;
ethylene polyamine bottoms or a heavy polyamine. In a prefierred embodiment the alkanolamine is diethyl ethanolamine.
The PIES~4-deri~eed emulsifiier may be present in the water fiuel emulsion at a concentration ofi 0.01 °/~ to about 10% by weight based on the overall weight ofi the emulsion, and in one embodiment about 0.02 to about 5% by weight, and an one embodiment about 0.03 to about 1.5°/~ by weight.
Examples of suitable aikylamine ethoxylated surfactants include but are not limited to tallow amirie penta ethoxylate, tallow amine tetra ethoxylate, tallow amine hexa ethoxylate, tallow amine hepta ethoxylate, oleyl amine deca ethoxylate, oleyl amine undeca ethoxylate, oleyl amine nona ethoxylate, oleyl amine dodeca ethoxylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-tallowalkyl-1,3-diaminopropane, oleyl amine penta ethoxylate, oleyl amine diethoxylate, stearyl alcohol penta ethoxylate and stearyl amine diethoxylate.
In one embodiment the alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant is tallow amine penta ethoxylate. In one embodiment the alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant is oleyl amine deca ethoxylate. In one embodiment the alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant is tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-tallowalkyl-1, 3-diaminopropane. The alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant can be used alone or in combination.
The ethoxylated amine surfactant may be present in the water fuel emulsion at a concentration of 0.01 % to about 10% by weight based on the overall weight of the emulsion, and in one embodiment about 0.02 to about 5% by weight, and an one embodiment about 0.03 to about 1.5% by weight.
Further other surfactants may be used in combination with the additive surfactant package but do not take the place of the additive surfactant package and include but are not limited to a) natural fats; b) Tonics excluding the additive surfactant package c) co-surfactants; d) fatty acids and their amine salts; e) ethoxylate alcohols and f) combinations thereof.
The other non ionic and ionic surfactants include but are not limited to alkyl ethoxylates, ethoxylated alkylphenols, alkyl glucosides, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated amines, amides derived from fatty acids and/or alcohols, ethers or fatty alcohols, esters of fatty acids and the like. In addition the non-ionic and ionic surfactants have a hydrophilic lipohilic balance (HL~) in the range of about 2 to about 40, in one embodiment, about 2 to about 10, in one embodiment about 10 to about 15 and in another embodiment about 4 to about 8. Examples ofi these non-ionic and ionic surfactants are disclosed in ~llcCutche~n's Er~~lsifiers arae9 De~erge~~s, 1993, North American ~ International Edition. Preferably the non ionic surfactants are Neodol 25-3, C12 - C 14 alcohol with two ethoxylates and Ethomeen C12. The non ionic and ionic surfactants may be used alone or in combination.
The natural fat surfactants include but are not limited to triglycerides, hydrolyzed triglycerides, oxidized products of triglycerides, vegetable oils, refined vegetable oils, used vegetable oils and the like. The preferred natural fat surfactant is a refined used vegetable oil. The natural fats can be used alone or in combination.
The co-surfactant has sufficient polar groups to render the co-surfactant partially soluble in both phases. The co-surfactants include but are not limited to alcohols, amines, amides, esters, ketones, ethers and mixtures thereofi. The co-surfactant has at least 1 to about 24, in another embodiment about 1 to about 10, in another embodiment about 1 to about 8 carbon atoms. The co-surfactants may be used alone or in combination.
The fatty acids and their amine salts include but are not limited to N,N-diethyl ethanolamine salts of oleic acid, tall oil fatty acids, stearic acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid and the like. The preferable fatty acid and their amine salt is oleic acid-diethyl ethanol amine salt. The fiatty acids and their amine salts can be used alone or in combination.
Fuel The fiuel comprises hydrocarbonaceous petroleum distillate fuel, non-hydrocarbonaceous materials that include but are not limited to water, oils, liquid fuels derived from vegetable sources, liquid fuels derived from minerals, liquid to gas, and mixtures thereof. Suitable fuels include, but are not limited to, gasoline, diesel, kerosene, naphtha, aliphatics and paraffin.
The fuel comprises non-hydrocarbonaceous materials include but is not limited to alcohois such as methanol, ethanol and the like, ethers such as diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether and the like, organo-nitro compounds and the like; fuels derived from vegetable or mineral sources such as corn, alfalfa, shale, coal and the like. The fuel also includes but is not limited to gas to liquid fuels, Fischer-Tropsch fuels and the like. The fuel also includes but is not limited to mixtures of one or more hydrocarbonaceous fuels and one or more non-hydrocarbonaceous materials. Examples of such mixtures are combinations of gasoline and ethanol and of diesel fuel and ether and the like.
In one embodiment, the fuel is any gasoline. Including, but not limited to a chlorine-free gasoline or a low-chlorine gasoline, or a low sulfur gasoline or sulfur-free gasoline and the like.
In one embodiment, the fuel is any diesel fuel. The diesel fuels include, but are not limited to, those that contain alcohois and esters, has a sulfur content of up to about 0.05% by weight or sulfur-free, is a chlorine-free or low-chlorine diesel fuel and the like. In one embodiment the preferred fuel is a diesel fuel.
The fuel is present in the emulsified fuel at a concentration of about 50% to about 95% by weight, and in one embodiment about 60% to about 95% by weight, and in one embodiment about 65% to about 85% by weight, and in one embodiment about 80% to about 90% by weight of the emulsified fuel.
Water The water used in the emulsified fuel may be taken from any source.
The water includes but is not limited to tap, deionized, de-ionized to a conductivity of <30 microsiemens/cm and up to 50% v/v, demineralized, purified, for example, using reverse osmosis or distillation, and the like.
The water includes water mixtures that further includes but are not limited to antifreeze components such as alcohols and glycols, ammonium salts such as ammonium nitrate, ammonium maleate, ammonium acetate and the like, and combinations thereof; and other water soluble additives.
to The water is present in the emulsified fuel at a concentration of about 1 % to about 50% by weight, in one embodiment about 5°/~ to about 40°/~
being weight, in one embodiment about 5°/~ to about 25°/~ by weighi, and in one embodiment about 10°/~ to about 20% by weight of the emulsified fuel.
In another embodiment the water is present in the emulsified fuel at a concentration of less than 1 °/~ by weight, in another embodiment less than 0.5°/~ by weight, in another embodiment less than 0.1 % by weight, and in another embodiment in the range of about 0.1 % to about 1 % by weight of the emulsified fuel. An emulsified water in oil composition can be made with water at these low levels with the fuel, the emulsifier, the surfactant and optionally ammonium nitrate and in another embodiment without the surfactant and with the fuel, the emulsifier and optionally the ammonium nitrate.
Other Additives In one embodiment, the emulsified fuel contains a cetane improver.
The cetane improvers that are useful include but are not limited to peroxides, nitrates, nitrites, nitrocarbamates and the like. Useful cetane improvers include but are not limited to nitropropane, dinitropropane, tetranitromethane, 2-nitro-2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-2-nitro-1-propanol, and the like. Also included are nitrate esters of substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic or cycloaliphatic alcohols which may be monohydric or polyhydric.
These include substituted and unsubstituted alkyl or cycloalkyl nitrates having up to about 10 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment about 2 to about 10 carbon atoms. The alkyl group may be either linear or branched, or a mixture of linear or branched alkyl groups. Examples include but are not limited to methyl nitrate, ethyl nitrate, n-propyl nitrate, isopropyl nitrate, allyl nitrate, n-butyl nitrate, isobutyl nitrate, sec-butyl nitrate, isooctyl nitrate, tert-butyl nitrate, n-amyl nitrate, isoamyl nitrate, 2-amyl nitrate, 3-amyl nitrate, tart-amyl nitrate, n-hexyl nitrate, n-heptyl nitrate, n-octyl nitrate, 2-ethylhexyl nitrate, sec-octyl nitrate, n-nonyl nitrate, n-decyl nitrate, cyclopentyl nitrate, cyclohexyl nitrate, methylcyclohexyl nitrate, and isopropylcyclohexyl nitrate.
Also useful are the nitrate esters of alkoxy-substituted aliphatic alcohols such as 2-ethoxyethyl nitrate, 2-(2-ethoxy-ethoxy) ethyl nitrate, 1-methoxypropyl-2-nitrate, 4.-ethoxybutyl nitrate, etc., as well as diol nitrates such as 1,6-hea~arr~ethylene dinitrate. ~ useful cetane improver is 2-ethylhexyl nitrate.
The concentration of the cetane improver in the emulsified fuel is at any concentration sufficient to provide the emulsion with the desired cetane number. In one embodiment, the concentration of the cetane improver is at a level of up to about 10% by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.05%
to about 10% by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.05% to about 5%
by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.05% to about 1 % by weight of the emulsified fuel.
In addition to the foregoing materials, other fuel additives that are known to those skilled in the art may be used in the emulsified fuel. These include but are not limited to dyes, rust inhibitors such as alkylated succinic acids and anhydrides, bacteriostatic agents, gum inhibitors, metal deactivators, upper cylinder lubricants and the like.
The additives, including the foregoing emulsifiers, may be diluted with a substantially inert, normally liquid organic solvent such as naphtha, benzene, toluene, xylene or diesel fuel to form an additive concentrate which is then mixed with the fuel and water to form the emulsified fuel.
The emulsified fuel may contain up to about 60% by weight organic solvent, and in one embodiment about 0.01 % to about 50% by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.01 % to about 20% by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.1 % to about 5% by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.1 % to about 3% by weight of the emulsified fuel.
The emulsified fuel may additionally contain an antifreeze agent. The antifreeze agent is typically an alcohol. Examples include but are not limited to ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, methanol, ethanol, glycerol and mixtures of two or more thereof. The antifreeze agent is typically used at a concentration sufficient to prevent freezing of the water used in the water fuel emulsion. The concentration is therefore dependent upon the temperature at which the fuel is stored or used. In one embodiment, the concentration is at a level of up to about 20% by weight of the emulsified fuel, and in one embodiment about 0.1 % to about 20% by weight, and in one embodiment about 1 % to about 10°/~ by weight of the emulsified fuel.
The total concentration of the additives, in the emulsified fuel is from about 0.05% to about 80% by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.1 % to about 20°/~ by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.1 % to about 15°/~ by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.1 % to about 10% by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.1 % to about 5°/~ by weight of the emulsified fuel.
Process The water in oil emulsion is comprised of a continuous fuel-phase, a discontinuous water or aqueous phase, an emulsifying amount of an additive surfactant package and optionally other a surfiactants and optionally a functional additives such as ammonium nitrate.
In the practice of the present invention the water in oil emulsion is made by a batch, semi-batch or a continuous process. A concentrate may be made and used. The process is capable of monitoring and adjusting the flow rates of the fuel, additive, surfactant, package, surfactants, other additives andlor water to form a stable emulsion with the desired water droplet size. The water phase of the emulsified fuel is comprised of droplets having a mean diameter of about 1.0 microns or less, in another embodiment about 0.8 microns or less, in another embodiment about 0.5 microns or less, in another embodiment about 0.15 microns or more, in another embodiment about 1.0 micron to about 0.5 microns, and in another embodiment about 1.0 micron to about 0.2 microns.
The emulsified fuel may be prepared by the sfieps of mixing the fuel, the emulsifier, the additive surfactant package, and other oil soluble additive using shear techniques to form the fuel additive mixture. Then the fuel additive mixture is mixed with water and optionally any desired water soluble additives to form the desired emulsified water blended fuel.
In a batch process the water, the additive surfactant package, the fuel and optional additives are added to a tank, in the desired amounts. The mixture is emulsified using an emulsification device in the vessel, or alternatively the mixture flows from the vessel via a circular line to the emulsification device which is external to the vessel, for about 1 to about 20 tank turnovers. The temperature in the range of about ambient temperature to about 100°C (212°F), and in another embodiment in the range of about 4°C (40°F) to about 65°C (150°F), and at a pressure in the range of about atmospheric pressure to about 10 atmospheres, in another embodiment about atmospheric pressure to about 80 psi, in another embodiment in the range of about 1 to about 2 atm (15 psi to about 30 psi).
The continuous process described herein depicts another embodiment of the invention. The feeds of the fuel, additive surfactant package, water and optional additives are introduced as discrete feeds or in the alternative combinations of the discreet feeds. The processing streams are introduced in or as close to the inlet of the emulsification device as possible. It is preferable that the emulsifier is added to the fuel as a fuel emulsifier stream prior to the discreet feeds combining together. The continuous process generally occurs under ambient conditions. The continuous process is generally done at atmospheric pressure to about 35 atm (500 psi), in another embodiment in the range of about atmospheric pressure to about 8 to 9 atm ( about 120 psi), and in another embodiment in the range of about atmospheric pressure to about 4 atm (about 50 psi). The continuous process generally occurs at ambient temperature. In one embodiment the temperature is in the range of about ambient temperature to about 100 °C (212°F), and in another embodiment in the range of about 4°C
(40°F) to about 65°C (150°F).
Alternatively, a concentrate is formed and all or substantially all the water, and water soluble additive and a portion of the fuel and all or substantially all the surfactant packages is emulsified under shear conditions to form a concentrate fuel. The emulsified fuel, when used, is then blended under normal mixing conditions with the remaining portion remaining portion of the fuel.
The process may be in the form of a containerized equipment unit that operates automatically. The process can be programmed and monitored locally at the site of its installation, or it can be programmed and monitored from a location remote from the site of its installation. The fully formulated water fuel blend is optionally dispensed t~ end users at the installation sifie, or in another embodiment end users can blend the concentrafied emulsion with the final portion of fuel. This provides a way to make the water in fuel emulsions available to end users in wide distribution networks.
The emulsification may occur at shear conditions are greater than 50,000 s'1. However, the c~mposition may be emulsifiied afi shear process conditions and occurs at a shear rate in the range of less than or equal to 50,000 s 1, and in another embodiment less the about 20,000 s 1, and in another embodiment less the about 1,000 s'~, and in another embodiment less than 100 1 s'', and in another embodiment less than 1 s''. if more than one emulsification step is used, the shear rates of the emulsification steps can be the same, similar or different, depending on the emulsifier and low molecular weight surfactant used. The emulsification provides for the desired particle size and a uniform dispersion of water in the fuel.
The emulsification occurs by any shear method used in the industry including but not limited to mixing, mechanical mixer agitation, static mixers, centrifugal pumps, positive displacement pumps, orifice plates, and the like.
Examples of the devices include but are not limited to an Aquashear, pipeline static mixers, rotor/stator mixers and the like. The Aquashear is a low-pressure hydraulic shear device. The Aquashear mixers are available from Flow Process Technologies Inc.
Engines The engines that may be operated in accordance with the invention include all (internal combustion) engines including spark ignited (gasoline) and compression ignited (diesel) for both mobile including locomotive, marine, automotive, truck, heavy duty, aviation and the like, and stationary power plants. The engines may be two-cycle or four-cycle. The engines may employ conventional after treatment devices. Included are on- and off-highway engines, including new engines as well as in-use engines.
An open-flame burning apparatus may be operated with the emulsified water fuel blend of the invention. The open-flame burning is apparatus may be any open-flame burning apparatus equipped to burn a liquid fuel. These include domestic, commercial and industrial burners. The industrial burners include those requirina~ preheating for proper handling and atomization of the fuel. Also included are oil fired combustion units, oil fired power plants, fired lleaters and boilers, and boilers for use in ships including deep draft vessels. The fuel burning apparatus may be a boiler for commercial applications included are boilers for power plants, utility plants, and large stationary and marine engines. The open-flame fuel burning apparatus may be an incinerator or a rotary kiln incinerator, liquid injection kiln, fluidized bed kiln, cement kiln, and the like. Also included are steel and aluminium forging furnaces. The open-flame burning apparatus may be equipped with a flue gas recirculation system.
Specific Embodiments Example 1 A fuel emulsion is prepared by mixing about 13g of de-ionised water, about 84.5g of a commercially available diesel containing less than 50ppm of sulphur, about 0.523g of 2300 MW polyisobutylene succinic acid, about 0.068 of diethyl ethanolamine, about 0.562g of tallow amine 7 mole ethoxylate, about 0.305g of 2-ethylhexylnitrate and about 1 g of diluent oil.
The mixture is sheared by mixing in an Ultra Turrax T25S rotor-stator mixer for about 3 minutes.
Example 2 The emulsion is the same as Example 1 except the emulsion additionally contains about 0.12g of aqueous ammonium nitrate with about 54 % actives in solution.
Example 3 The emulsion is fibs same as Example 1 except the amounts of the following components in the emulsion are different, about 0.293g of 2300 MW
polyisobutylene succinic acid, about 0.0348 of diethyl ethanolamine and about 0.9438 of tallow amine 7 mole ethoxylate and about 0.048 of ammonium nitrate is added and the emulsion is sheared for about 30 seconds.
Example 4 The emulsion is the same as Example 3 except the emulsion is sheared for about 2 minutes.
Examtale 5 The emulsion is the same as Example 3 except the emulsion is sheared for about 5 minutes.
Example 6 The emulsion is the same as Example 1 except the amounts of the following components in the emulsion are different, about 0.3758 of 2300 MW
polyisobutylene succinic acid, about 0.0438 of diethyl ethanolamine and about 0.8078 of tallow amine 5 mole ethoxylate and about 0.048 of ammonium nitrate is added and the emulsion is sheared for about 30 seconds.
Example 7 The emulsion is the same as Example 6 except the emulsion is sheared for about 5 minutes.
Examale 8 The emulsion is the same as Example 1 except the amounts of the following components in the emulsion are different, about 0.4048 of 2300 MW
polyisobutylene succinimide derived by reacting PIBSA with a polyamine and about 0.8078 of tallow amine 5 mole ethoxylate and about 0.048 of ammonium nitrate is added and the emulsion is sheared for about 3 minutes.
Example 9 The emulsion is the same as Example 1 except the amounts of the following components in the emulsion are different, about 0.7538 of ~ 000 MW
1~
polyisobutylene succinimide derived by reacting PIBSA with a polyamine and about 0.35g of fallow amine 5 mole ethoxylate.
Example 10 The emulsi~n is the same as Example 1 except the amounts ~f the following components in the emulsion are different, about 0.258g of 1000 MW
polyisobutylene succinic acid, about 0.142g of 550 MW polyisobutylene succinic acid, about 0.058g of diethyl ethanolamine, about 0.12g of ammonium nitrate and about 0.561 g of tallow amine 7 mole ethoxylate.
Example 11 The emulsion is the same as Example 1 except the amounts of the following components in the emulsion are different, about 0.798g of 2300 MW
polyisobutylene succinic acid, about 0.024g of diethyl ethanolamine, about 0.12g of ammonium nitrate, about 0.501 g of tallow amine 7 ethoxylate and about 0.056g of oleyl amine 10 mole ethoxylate.
Test 1: Centrifuge Test Approximately 40g of emulsion is placed in calibrated, graduated conical centrifuge tube and placed in a swing-out rotor type centrifuge. The sample is centrifuged with a relative centrifugal force of about 4200 for about 5 minutes (as stipulated by the test method, AFNOR prNFM 07-101). The stability of the emulsion is determined by measuring how much, if any, free water is produced and the amount of sediment formed. The minimum requirements are no free water and less than 9 volume % of the emulsion is sedimented out. The results obtained were Table I:
is Table i Example Sediment Example Sediment volume /~ volume /~
1 3.75 ~ 2.5 2 1.25 3 '7.5 3 3. 75 9 3. ~'S
4 2.5 10 2.5 2.5 11 2.5 6 6.25 Examples 1-11 produce no free water after 5 minutes. Overall Examples 1-11 pass the centrifuge test because they produce no free water 5 and the amount of sediment formed is below 9 volume %. The test demonstrated that stable emulsions are produced.
Test 2: Particle Size The particle size of an emulsion approximately 24 hours old is determined by placing about 600m1 of diesel and about 0.5m1 of emulsion in a Coulter LS230. The sample is exposed to a red laser and the diffraction of micelles and measured on a detector. The particle size distribution is then calculated. The results obtained are shown in Table II.
A laser light scattering instrument is used to measure the size distribution of water particles in PuriNOXT~". When light encounters a particle, the particle scatters the light. The angular dependence of this scattered light is dependent on the size of the particle (relative to the wavelength of the incident light). By measuring the intensity of the scattered light as a function of angle, and by applying the Mie and Frauhofer scattering theory, the panicle size distribution can be determined. The Coulter LS230 uses an array of detectors to measure the intensity at 232 angles simultaneously.
° 19 Particle size of the emulsion was determined by laser light scattering technique (Coulter LS230 instrument) between 0.04 and >50 micron metres.
Table II
Example /~ sub micronExample /~ sub micron 1 92.5 7 96.9 2 100 8 61.5 3 91.4 9 72.2 4 98 10 13.3 95.3 11 100 6 70.4 5 Generally these measurements illustrate that excellent, substantially sub-micron emulsions are obtained in all case, with the exception of example 10. These data, in combination with the centrifuge data, point to formulations which are close to optimal and those (such as example 10) which are capable of improvement by alteration of the surfactants (e.g. by either changing the chemistry or changing the ratio of the surfactants).
Example 12 Formation of a novel ester/acid surfactants made by reacting PIB succinic anhydride (PIBSA) with fatty amine ethoxylates.
1. Synthesis:
Composition A: a PIBSA, (2300 m.w. Glissopal succinic anhydride), containing up to 30% solvent, was heated to about 80°C and held at this temperature while an equimolar quantity of tallow amine 7 mole ethoxylate was added over about 15 to about 30 minutes. The reaction was followed by IR until the anhydride peaks disappeared and the ester and carboxylic acid peaks appeared, indicating that a reaction was complete.
Composition B: A second preparation was carried out identical to Example A above except that the PIBSA was a 350 m.w. PIBSA.
Glissopal was obtained from BASF and 350 m.w. PIB was obtained from TCP.
2. Evaluation Example 12: A fuel emulsion is prepared by mixing about 13g of de-ionised water, about 84.48g of a commercially available diesel containing less than 50ppm of sulphur, about 1.426g of the acid/ester illustrated in composition A above (i.e. made from 2300 MW polyisobutylene succinate and tallow amine 7 mole EO), about 0.305g of 2-ethylhexylnitrate, about 0.128 of aqueous (54% concentrate) ammonium nitrate and about 0.67g of diluent oil. The mixture is sheared by mixing in an Ultra Turrax T25B rotor-stator mixer for about 3 minutes.
Example 13: The emulsion is the same as Example 12 except the emulsion was made with 1.426g of the acid ester illustrated in Composition B
above (i.e. made from 350 MW polyisobutylene succinate and tallow amine 7 mole EO).
Test 1: Centrifuge Test Approximately 40g of emulsion is placed in calibrated, graduated conical centrifuge tube and placed in a swing-out rotor type centrifuge. The sample is centrifuged with a relative centrifugal force of about 4200 for about 5 minutes (as stipulated by the test method, AFNOR prNFM 07-101 ). The stability of the emulsion is determined by measuring how much, if any, free water is produced and the amount of sediment formed. The minimum requirements are no free water and less than 9 volume % of the emulsion is sedimented out. The results obtained are shown in Table III below.
Table III
Example Sediment volume Example Sediment volume %
12 6.25 13 2.5 Examples 12 and 13 produce no free water after 5 minutes. Overall Examples 12 and 13 pass the centrifuge test because they produce no free water and the amount of sediment formed is below 9 volume %. The test demonstrated that stable emulsions are produced.
Test 2: Particle Size The particle size of an emulsion approximately 24 hours old is determined by placing about 600 ml of diesel and about 0.5m1 of emulsion in a Coulter LS230. The sample is exposed to a red laser and the diffraction of micelles and measured on a detector. The particle size distribution is then calculated. The results obtained are shown in Table IV below.
A laser light scattering instrument is used to measure the size distribution of water particles in PuriNOXT"". When light encounters a particle, the particle scatters the light. The angular dependence of this scattered light is dependent on the size of the particle (relative to the wavelength of the incident light). By measuring the intensity of the scattered light as a function of angle, and by applying the Mie and Frauhofer scattering theory, the particle size distribution can be determined. The Coulter LS230 uses an array of detectors to measure the intensity at 232 angles simultaneously.
Particle size of the emulsion was determined by laser light scattering technique (Coulter LS230 instrument) between 0.04 and >50 micron metres.
Table IV
Example % sub micron Example % sub micron Generally these measurements illustrate that excellent, substantially sub-micron emulsions are obtained in both case. These data, in combination with the centrifuge data, point to formulations which are close to optimal.
From the above description and examples the invention those skilled in the art may perceive improvements, changes and modifications in the invention. Such improvement changes and modifications are intended to be covered by the appended claims.
Claims (20)
1. An emulsified water in oil composition comprising:
a) a fuel;
b) a water;
c) an additive surfactants package comprising i) an alkylamine ethoxylate wherein the alkylamine ethoxylate is selected from the groups comprising tallow amine pants ethoxylate, tallow amine tetra ethoxylate, tallow amine hexa ethoxylate, tallow amine hepta ethoxylate, oleyl amine deca ethoxylate, oleyl amine undeca ethoxylate, oleyl amine nona ethoxylate, oleyl amine dodeca ethoxylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-tallowalkyl-1,3-diaminopropane, oleyl amine pants ethoxylate, oleyl amine diethoxylate, stearyl alcohol penta, ethoxylate, stearyl amine diethoxylate and combinations thereof, and ii) a PIBSA-derived surfactant; and d) optionally at least one of a functional amount of at least one water-soluble, oil-insoluble functional additive dissolved in the emulsified aqueous phase.
a) a fuel;
b) a water;
c) an additive surfactants package comprising i) an alkylamine ethoxylate wherein the alkylamine ethoxylate is selected from the groups comprising tallow amine pants ethoxylate, tallow amine tetra ethoxylate, tallow amine hexa ethoxylate, tallow amine hepta ethoxylate, oleyl amine deca ethoxylate, oleyl amine undeca ethoxylate, oleyl amine nona ethoxylate, oleyl amine dodeca ethoxylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-tallowalkyl-1,3-diaminopropane, oleyl amine pants ethoxylate, oleyl amine diethoxylate, stearyl alcohol penta, ethoxylate, stearyl amine diethoxylate and combinations thereof, and ii) a PIBSA-derived surfactant; and d) optionally at least one of a functional amount of at least one water-soluble, oil-insoluble functional additive dissolved in the emulsified aqueous phase.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the additive surfactant package comprises:
(a) at least one of an alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant that is a mono- or a di- amine of the general formulae and combinations thereof:
R- N(E a H)-(CH2) x-N(E b H)(E c H) or R- N(E a H) (E b H) wherein R =, straight or branched chained alkyl group, C8 to C30, and saturated or unsaturated, containing either 0, or 1, or 2 or 3 double bonds, wherein N = nitrogen atom, wherein E is an ethoxylate group, -CH2- CH2-O-, wherein x = 1, 2, or 3, and wherein a, b, c, = an integer from 0 to 20 such that a+b+c = any value between 1 and 20; and (b) at least one of a PIB based material comprising:
(1) a PIBSA only;
(2) a PIB succinic acid;
(3) a PIB succinic acid - amine salt;
(4) a PIB succinic aminoalkylester or ester-acid or amine salt thereof;
(5) a succinimide or succinamide or amide-acid salt thereof derived by reacting PIBSA with an amine or poly amine;
(6) a succinic ester derived by reacting PIBSA with a polyol; or (7) combinations thereof.
(a) at least one of an alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant that is a mono- or a di- amine of the general formulae and combinations thereof:
R- N(E a H)-(CH2) x-N(E b H)(E c H) or R- N(E a H) (E b H) wherein R =, straight or branched chained alkyl group, C8 to C30, and saturated or unsaturated, containing either 0, or 1, or 2 or 3 double bonds, wherein N = nitrogen atom, wherein E is an ethoxylate group, -CH2- CH2-O-, wherein x = 1, 2, or 3, and wherein a, b, c, = an integer from 0 to 20 such that a+b+c = any value between 1 and 20; and (b) at least one of a PIB based material comprising:
(1) a PIBSA only;
(2) a PIB succinic acid;
(3) a PIB succinic acid - amine salt;
(4) a PIB succinic aminoalkylester or ester-acid or amine salt thereof;
(5) a succinimide or succinamide or amide-acid salt thereof derived by reacting PIBSA with an amine or poly amine;
(6) a succinic ester derived by reacting PIBSA with a polyol; or (7) combinations thereof.
3. The composition of claim 2 wherein R is C10 to C24 and a+b+c = 1 to 14.
4. The composition of claim 2 wherein R is C12 to C22.
5. The composition on claim 1 wherein a fuel is in the range of about 50% to about 99% by weight of the composition; the water is in the range of about 1 % to about 50%
by weight of the composition; and the additive surfactant package is in the range of about 0.01 % to about 10% by weight of the composition.
by weight of the composition; and the additive surfactant package is in the range of about 0.01 % to about 10% by weight of the composition.
6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the water in oil composition is an emulsified water blended fuel and wherein the fuel is selected from the group comprising petroleum distillate fuel such as diesel, gasoline, fuel oil a mixture thereof; a fuel derived from vegetables, corn, alfalfa, rapeseed, soybeans, shale, coal or mixtures thereof; a biodegradable fuel; biodiesel; residual fuel; bitumen; alcohol; ether;
ethanol; Fischer-Tropsch fuels; gas to liquids fuels and combinations thereof.
ethanol; Fischer-Tropsch fuels; gas to liquids fuels and combinations thereof.
7. The composition on claim 1 wherein the PIBSA-derived surfactant has a PIB
chain of molecular weight in the range of about 200 to about 5000.
chain of molecular weight in the range of about 200 to about 5000.
8. The composition on claim 1 wherein the PIBSA-derived surfactant has a PIB
chain of molecular weight in the range of about 300 to about 3000.
chain of molecular weight in the range of about 300 to about 3000.
9. The composition of claim 1 wherein the alkylamine ethoxylate is selected from the groups comprising tallow amine penta ethoxylate, oleyl amine deca ethoxylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-tallowalkyl,3-diaminopropane and combinations thereof.
10, The composition of claim 2 wherein the additive surfactant package is added to t(~e following comprising:
a) a hydrocarbon;
b) a water;
c) optionally an antifreeze chemical; and d) optionally art ammonium nitrate.
a) a hydrocarbon;
b) a water;
c) optionally an antifreeze chemical; and d) optionally art ammonium nitrate.
11. The composition of claim 1 wherein surfactants are used in combination with the additive surfactant package but are not the additive surfactant package surfactants and include but are not limited to a) natural fats; b) ionics excluding the additive surfactant package c) eo-surfactants; d) fatty acids and their amine salts; e) ethoxylate alcohols and f) combinations thereof.
12. The composition of claim 2 wherein surfactants are used in combination with the additive surfactant package but are not the additive surfactant package surfactants and include but are not limited to a) natural fats; b) ionics excluding the additive surfactant package c) co-surfactants; d) fatty acids and their amine salts; e) ethoxylate alcohols and f) combinations thereof.
13. The composition of claim 1 wherein the additive surfactant package is in the range of about 0.01 to about 10% by weight of the water in oil composition.
14. The composition of claim 7 wherein the additive surfactant package is in the range of about 0,02% to about 5% by weight of the water in oil composition.
15. The composition of claim 2 wherein the PIB succinic acid amino salt is prepared by reacting the PIB succinic acid with either an alkyl amine primary, secondary, or tertiary) or an ethanolamine and/or ethoxylated amine and wherein the salt can be a fully neutralised or partially neutralised salt.
16. The composition of claim 2 wherein a PIB succinic aminoalkylester or ester-acid or amine salt thereof is prepared by reacting the PIBSA or PIB succinic acid or ester thereof with a hydroxylamine or an alkanol amine like ethanolamine and/or ethoxylated amine and, wherein the salt can be a fully neutralised or partially neutralised salt.
17. A process for making a water in oil emulsion comprising emulsifying a fuel, a water, a PIBSA-derived surfactant and an alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant to form an water in oil emulsion.
18. A process to produce an emulsified water in oil composition from a concentrate comprising emulsifying a portion of a fuel, a portion to substantially all of a water, substantially all of the PIBSA-derived surfactant, substantially all of an alkylamine ethoxylated surfactant to form a concentrate emulsion; and then diluting the concentrated emulsion with the remaining portion of fuel and water at the time of use.
19. The process of claim 17 wherein an antifreeze chemical and an ammonium nitrate are added to the emulsification.
20. The process of claim 17 wherein the following components are added to the emulsification in combination with the additive surfactant package but are not the additive surfactant package surfactants and include but are not limited to a) natural fats;
b) ionics excluding the additive surfactant package c) co-surfactants; d) fatty acids and their amine salts; e) ethoxylate alcohols and f) combinations thereof.
b) ionics excluding the additive surfactant package c) co-surfactants; d) fatty acids and their amine salts; e) ethoxylate alcohols and f) combinations thereof.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US46657803P | 2003-04-30 | 2003-04-30 | |
US60/466,578 | 2003-04-30 | ||
PCT/US2004/012186 WO2004099350A1 (en) | 2003-04-30 | 2004-04-20 | Ethoxylated surfactants for water in oil emulsions |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2524070A1 true CA2524070A1 (en) | 2004-11-18 |
Family
ID=33434957
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002524070A Abandoned CA2524070A1 (en) | 2003-04-30 | 2004-04-20 | Ethoxylated surfactants for water in oil emulsions |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20070119529A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1620531A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2006525418A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2004236657A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2524070A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004099350A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (30)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101233187A (en) * | 2005-08-04 | 2008-07-30 | 巴斯福股份公司 | Aqueous dispersions and their use |
JP4551944B2 (en) * | 2007-05-15 | 2010-09-29 | 利春 深井 | Oil emulsion |
EP2025737A1 (en) * | 2007-08-01 | 2009-02-18 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Environmentally-friendly fuel compositions |
JP2010248354A (en) * | 2009-04-15 | 2010-11-04 | Kenji Suzuki | Emulsion fuel for boiler, and method for producing the same |
BRPI1010090B1 (en) | 2009-07-03 | 2019-10-01 | Akzo Nobel Chemicals International B.V. | USE OF A PRODUCT WHICH MAY BE OBTAINED BY THE REACTION OF A PARTIAL OR INTEGRAL QUARTERIZED DERIVATIVE FROM AN ALCOHOLATED FAT AMINE AND METHOD TO PROTECT A METAL CORROSION SURFACE |
SG169257A1 (en) * | 2009-09-04 | 2011-03-30 | Singapore Emulsion Fuel Pte Ltd | Organic fuel additive compositions and methods for making the same and emulsion fuel comprising the organic fuel additive compositions |
SG169258A1 (en) * | 2009-09-04 | 2011-03-30 | Singapore Emulsion Fuel Pte Ltd | Fuel additive compositions and methods for making the same and emulsion fuel comprising the fuel additive compositions |
FR2950898B1 (en) * | 2009-10-01 | 2011-12-09 | Mexel Ind | COMPOSITION, FUEL AND PROCESS FOR RE-EMULSION OF FUEL BASED ON VEGETABLE OIL AND / OR MINERAL OIL |
GB2475090B (en) * | 2009-11-06 | 2012-01-25 | Alternative Petroleum Technologies Sa | Fuels, methods of making them and additives for use in fuels |
RU2012126348A (en) * | 2009-12-21 | 2014-01-27 | Бп Корпорейшн Норт Америка Инк. | FUEL COMPOSITION AND METHOD FOR REDUCING FRICTION IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES |
EP2340887A1 (en) | 2009-12-30 | 2011-07-06 | ITI S.r.l. | Plant for the production of an emulsion of water in hydrocarbons |
WO2011154001A1 (en) * | 2010-06-09 | 2011-12-15 | Haldor Topsøe A/S | Emulsified oxygenate diesel fuel composition and method of preparing an emulsified oxygenate diesel fuel composition |
EP2611889B1 (en) | 2010-08-30 | 2014-11-26 | Akzo Nobel Chemicals International B.V. | Use of polyester polyamine and polyester polyquaternary ammonium compounds as corrosion inhibitors |
EA201391403A1 (en) | 2011-03-29 | 2014-11-28 | ФЬЮЭЛИНА ТЕКНОЛОДЖИЗ, ЭлЭлСи | HYBRID FUEL AND METHOD OF HIS PRODUCTION |
US9006286B2 (en) | 2011-05-10 | 2015-04-14 | Ecolab Usa Inc. | Couplers for medium-chain fatty acids and disinfecting compositions |
US9534146B2 (en) * | 2011-06-24 | 2017-01-03 | Akzo Nobel Chemicals International B.V. | Additives for bitumen containing compositions |
CN102320904A (en) * | 2011-08-29 | 2012-01-18 | 福建海峡科化股份有限公司 | Application of biodiesel in production of porous granular ammonium nitrate fuel oil explosive |
US9034209B2 (en) | 2012-08-22 | 2015-05-19 | Basf Se | Corrosion protection formulation for protection against zinc and cadmium corrosion |
BR112015003102A2 (en) * | 2012-08-22 | 2017-07-04 | Basf Se | corrosion protection formulation, and method for the protection of zinc or zinc coated components or surfaces or cadmium or cadmium coated metal surfaces against corrosion. |
US9376611B2 (en) | 2012-09-11 | 2016-06-28 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Acid-in-oil emulsion compositions and methods for treating hydrocarbon-bearing formations |
EP2873714A1 (en) | 2013-11-18 | 2015-05-20 | Nanotechlab S.A. | Water/vegetable oil emulsion |
CN103880571B (en) * | 2014-04-08 | 2016-06-08 | 辽宁红山化工股份有限公司 | A kind of rock emulsion explosive and its preparation method |
MX2017007234A (en) | 2014-12-03 | 2018-04-10 | Univ Drexel | Direct incorporation of natural gas into hydrocarbon liquid fuels. |
WO2018067930A1 (en) * | 2016-10-06 | 2018-04-12 | The Administrators Of The Tulane Educational Fund | Water-soluble micelles for delivery of oil-soluble materials |
CN107986242A (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2018-05-04 | 谭建中 | The method that continuous one-step " mist mist slurry " method prepares " four is high " insoluble sulfur |
ES2909036T3 (en) * | 2018-04-17 | 2022-05-05 | Aqua Concept Ges Fuer Wasserbehandlung Mbh | Antifreeze |
KR102127311B1 (en) * | 2019-07-29 | 2020-06-26 | 주식회사 파인 | Gel-type solid fuel composition and solid fuel package using the same |
JP2022553684A (en) * | 2019-10-22 | 2022-12-26 | シエル・インターナシヨネイル・リサーチ・マーチヤツピイ・ベー・ウイ | Method for reducing intake valve deposits |
CN112028721B (en) * | 2020-07-22 | 2021-11-30 | 河南华通化工有限公司 | Emulsion explosive based on high-molecular emulsifier and preparation method thereof |
GB202019106D0 (en) * | 2020-12-03 | 2021-01-20 | Quadrise Int Ltd | Oil-in-water emulsions |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3525124A1 (en) * | 1985-07-13 | 1987-01-15 | Huels Chemische Werke Ag | FUELS AND HEATING OILS AND USE OF AN EMULGATOR SYSTEM FOR THE PRODUCTION OF THESE FUELS AND HEATING OILS |
US5743922A (en) * | 1992-07-22 | 1998-04-28 | Nalco Fuel Tech | Enhanced lubricity diesel fuel emulsions for reduction of nitrogen oxides |
US6368367B1 (en) * | 1999-07-07 | 2002-04-09 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Process and apparatus for making aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions, and aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition |
US6368366B1 (en) * | 1999-07-07 | 2002-04-09 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Process and apparatus for making aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions, and aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition |
US6648929B1 (en) * | 1998-09-14 | 2003-11-18 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Emulsified water-blended fuel compositions |
US6383237B1 (en) * | 1999-07-07 | 2002-05-07 | Deborah A. Langer | Process and apparatus for making aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions, and aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions |
US6827749B2 (en) * | 1999-07-07 | 2004-12-07 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Continuous process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsions |
US20040111955A1 (en) * | 2002-12-13 | 2004-06-17 | Mullay John J. | Emulsified water blended fuels produced by using a low energy process and novel surfuctant |
-
2004
- 2004-04-20 CA CA002524070A patent/CA2524070A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-04-20 WO PCT/US2004/012186 patent/WO2004099350A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-04-20 EP EP04760563A patent/EP1620531A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-04-20 US US10/554,305 patent/US20070119529A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-04-20 AU AU2004236657A patent/AU2004236657A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-04-20 JP JP2006513158A patent/JP2006525418A/en not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2006525418A (en) | 2006-11-09 |
EP1620531A1 (en) | 2006-02-01 |
AU2004236657A1 (en) | 2004-11-18 |
WO2004099350A1 (en) | 2004-11-18 |
US20070119529A1 (en) | 2007-05-31 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20070119529A1 (en) | Ethoxylated surfactants for water in oil emulsions | |
US8262748B2 (en) | Method for manufacturing an emulsified fuel | |
US20040111955A1 (en) | Emulsified water blended fuels produced by using a low energy process and novel surfuctant | |
US6530964B2 (en) | Continuous process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel | |
UA56158C2 (en) | Fuel emulsion, fuel addition, method of the fuel emulsion producing, device for its implementation | |
CA2430854A1 (en) | A concentrated emulsion for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel | |
US6827749B2 (en) | Continuous process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsions | |
US6419714B2 (en) | Emulsifier for an acqueous hydrocarbon fuel | |
US6913630B2 (en) | Amino alkylphenol emulsifiers for an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel | |
US20040020105A1 (en) | Emulsified water fuel blend containing an aqueous organic ammonium salt | |
US20040111956A1 (en) | Continuous process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsion | |
WO2004090080A1 (en) | Fuel emulsion compositions | |
JP2004263075A (en) | Continuous process for producing aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsion | |
AU2001297668A1 (en) | A continuous process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsion | |
CA2421473A1 (en) | A continuous process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsion | |
AU2003200784A1 (en) | A continuous process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsion |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
FZDE | Discontinued |