CA2484837C - Antimicrobial additive for large animal or poultry beddings - Google Patents
Antimicrobial additive for large animal or poultry beddings Download PDFInfo
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- CA2484837C CA2484837C CA2484837A CA2484837A CA2484837C CA 2484837 C CA2484837 C CA 2484837C CA 2484837 A CA2484837 A CA 2484837A CA 2484837 A CA2484837 A CA 2484837A CA 2484837 C CA2484837 C CA 2484837C
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- clay
- based particulate
- antimicrobial agent
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- stall
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- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 244000144977 poultry Species 0.000 title claims description 17
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 230000000845 anti-microbial effect Effects 0.000 title description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 98
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000004599 antimicrobial Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000005909 Kieselgur Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-VKHMYHEASA-N (+)-propylene glycol Chemical group C[C@H](O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-propanediol Substances OCCCO YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000166 polytrimethylene carbonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 4
- LVDKZNITIUWNER-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bronopol Chemical compound OCC(Br)(CO)[N+]([O-])=O LVDKZNITIUWNER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229960003168 bronopol Drugs 0.000 claims 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000003899 bactericide agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 abstract description 4
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 abstract description 3
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 26
- 235000013594 poultry meat Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 10
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 description 10
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 description 10
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 5
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010828 animal waste Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229940045971 anti bac Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000008331 Pinus X rigitaeda Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000011613 Pinus brutia Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 241000018646 Pinus brutia Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000283086 Equidae Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000000692 Student's t-test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000282887 Suidae Species 0.000 description 2
- 108010046334 Urease Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002734 clay mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- BUACSMWVFUNQET-UHFFFAOYSA-H dialuminum;trisulfate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BUACSMWVFUNQET-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- KMZNLGQARIPHIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-diaminophosphorylcyclohexanamine Chemical compound NP(N)(=O)NC1CCCCC1 KMZNLGQARIPHIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002601 urease inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004584 weight gain Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000019786 weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000271566 Aves Species 0.000 description 1
- 101100285408 Danio rerio eng2a gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000287828 Gallus gallus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004113 Sepiolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000191940 Staphylococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000194017 Streptococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940090496 Urease inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AYRRNFHDJUXLEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [amino(hydroxy)phosphinimyl]oxybenzene Chemical compound NP(N)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 AYRRNFHDJUXLEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001164 aluminium sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011128 aluminium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960000892 attapulgite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013330 chicken meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000007071 enzymatic hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006047 enzymatic hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000144992 flock Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052622 kaolinite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000004396 mastitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- HEPPIYNOUFWEPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-diaminophosphinothioylbutan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCNP(N)(N)=S HEPPIYNOUFWEPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052625 palygorskite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000135 prohibitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002345 respiratory system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052624 sepiolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019355 sepiolite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910021647 smectite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012353 t test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003442 weekly effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K1/00—Housing animals; Equipment therefor
- A01K1/015—Floor coverings, e.g. bedding-down sheets ; Stable floors
- A01K1/0152—Litter
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K1/00—Housing animals; Equipment therefor
- A01K1/015—Floor coverings, e.g. bedding-down sheets ; Stable floors
- A01K1/0152—Litter
- A01K1/0154—Litter comprising inorganic material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Housing For Livestock And Birds (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention provides a method for reducing ammonia levels, odour, microorganisms and insects in large animal stalls using a bedding material additive comprising a clay-based particulate absorbent material and an aliphatic bromo-nitro- bactericide
Description
ANTIMICROBIAL ADDITIVE FOR LARGE ANIMAL OR POULTRY
BEDDINGS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention pertains to the field of bedding materials for use in large animal stalls and poultry barns.
BACKGROUND
The respiratory systems of horses, cattle, hogs and poultry can be harmed by the presence of ammonia in their barns, stalls, pens and other enclosures. At high enough levels,, the damage can adversely affect weight gain and feed conversion [Carr and Nicolson, 1980:
`Broiler Response to three Ventilation rates, Am Soc.Arg.Eng 2: 414 - 418]. It is therefore desirable to reduce the quantity of ammonia to which these animals are exposed.
Ammonia is formed by enzymatic hydrolysis of urea, which is present in animal waste.
The hydrolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme urease, which is produced by certain microorganisms that are commonly found in animal waste. Inhibition of microbial growth through the addition of an antimicrobial agent to animal waste should therefore reduce ammonia production.
Inhibiting microbial growth is also desirable because certain microbes can directly harm animals. For example, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Escherichia coli bacteria cause mastitis, a disease of the mammary tissue of dairy cows. Other bacteria have been known to increase the mortality rates of poultry and reduce weight gain in other animals.
The concept of using a particulate absorbent material comprising an antimicrobial agent such as BronopolTM is taught in the art (see Baldry et. al US 5,109,805). The product disclosed in Baldry et al. is a small animal litter for household pets, particularly cats.
As a household pet litter, clay based absorbent materials are typically used in un-admixed form and in sufficient quantity to effectively absorb the entire volume of the pet urine into the particulate material to maintain dry conditions in the litter box. For this purpose, clay-based materials, which have good absorbency characteristics, are commonly used. In such applications, all or substantially all of the absorbed urine is brought into intimate contact with the antibacterial agent carried in or on the particulate absorbent material thereby establishing conditions favourable to significant reductions in bacterial growth in litter applications disclosed in Baldry et al.
However, large animal stall and poultry barn bedding applications are subject to vastly different conditions than those of domestic pet litter applications. In order to cope with the very large volumes of urine produced by large animals such as horses and cows, or large numbers of animals, such as poultry or hogs, absorbent stall bedding materials must be applied to the stall floor in large quantities and changed frequently. In view of cost considerations, a clay-based absorbent material such as the domestic litter disclosed in Baldry et al. is excluded as a suitable large animal stall bedding material. Instead, the bedding materials of choice for large animal stalls and poultry barns are wood shavings and/or saw dust and/or straw, which are commonly available at a relatively low price.
While Baldry et al. discloses that antibacterial agents can be incorporated into or surface treated onto a variety of other absorbent particulate materials, the cost of treating wood shavings or straw with a bactericidal agent in the manner disclosed in Baldry et al.
would be prohibitive and effectively excludes such an application of the teachings of Baldry et al.
to large animal stall applications.
As noted in Baldry et al. at column 2, line 64 to column 3, line 7, the presence and nature of the absorbent material exercises a considerable effect on bactericidal action, and a given bactericidal agent may be more or less effective against bacteria in urine alone or depending on the particular absorbent material of which the litter is composed. Thus, the effectiveness of anti-bacterial agents in small animal litter applications such as those disclosed in Baldry et al. is not a reliable indicator of their effectiveness in the radically different large animal stall applications. or in instances such as poultry barns where larger areas require treatments.
Therefore a need remains for a cost-effective method of employing the antimicrobial properties of known bactericidal materials to large animal stall applications.
BEDDINGS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention pertains to the field of bedding materials for use in large animal stalls and poultry barns.
BACKGROUND
The respiratory systems of horses, cattle, hogs and poultry can be harmed by the presence of ammonia in their barns, stalls, pens and other enclosures. At high enough levels,, the damage can adversely affect weight gain and feed conversion [Carr and Nicolson, 1980:
`Broiler Response to three Ventilation rates, Am Soc.Arg.Eng 2: 414 - 418]. It is therefore desirable to reduce the quantity of ammonia to which these animals are exposed.
Ammonia is formed by enzymatic hydrolysis of urea, which is present in animal waste.
The hydrolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme urease, which is produced by certain microorganisms that are commonly found in animal waste. Inhibition of microbial growth through the addition of an antimicrobial agent to animal waste should therefore reduce ammonia production.
Inhibiting microbial growth is also desirable because certain microbes can directly harm animals. For example, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Escherichia coli bacteria cause mastitis, a disease of the mammary tissue of dairy cows. Other bacteria have been known to increase the mortality rates of poultry and reduce weight gain in other animals.
The concept of using a particulate absorbent material comprising an antimicrobial agent such as BronopolTM is taught in the art (see Baldry et. al US 5,109,805). The product disclosed in Baldry et al. is a small animal litter for household pets, particularly cats.
As a household pet litter, clay based absorbent materials are typically used in un-admixed form and in sufficient quantity to effectively absorb the entire volume of the pet urine into the particulate material to maintain dry conditions in the litter box. For this purpose, clay-based materials, which have good absorbency characteristics, are commonly used. In such applications, all or substantially all of the absorbed urine is brought into intimate contact with the antibacterial agent carried in or on the particulate absorbent material thereby establishing conditions favourable to significant reductions in bacterial growth in litter applications disclosed in Baldry et al.
However, large animal stall and poultry barn bedding applications are subject to vastly different conditions than those of domestic pet litter applications. In order to cope with the very large volumes of urine produced by large animals such as horses and cows, or large numbers of animals, such as poultry or hogs, absorbent stall bedding materials must be applied to the stall floor in large quantities and changed frequently. In view of cost considerations, a clay-based absorbent material such as the domestic litter disclosed in Baldry et al. is excluded as a suitable large animal stall bedding material. Instead, the bedding materials of choice for large animal stalls and poultry barns are wood shavings and/or saw dust and/or straw, which are commonly available at a relatively low price.
While Baldry et al. discloses that antibacterial agents can be incorporated into or surface treated onto a variety of other absorbent particulate materials, the cost of treating wood shavings or straw with a bactericidal agent in the manner disclosed in Baldry et al.
would be prohibitive and effectively excludes such an application of the teachings of Baldry et al.
to large animal stall applications.
As noted in Baldry et al. at column 2, line 64 to column 3, line 7, the presence and nature of the absorbent material exercises a considerable effect on bactericidal action, and a given bactericidal agent may be more or less effective against bacteria in urine alone or depending on the particular absorbent material of which the litter is composed. Thus, the effectiveness of anti-bacterial agents in small animal litter applications such as those disclosed in Baldry et al. is not a reliable indicator of their effectiveness in the radically different large animal stall applications. or in instances such as poultry barns where larger areas require treatments.
Therefore a need remains for a cost-effective method of employing the antimicrobial properties of known bactericidal materials to large animal stall applications.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of.
reducing ammonia levels in a large animal stall or poultry barn comprising the step of applying an additive comprising a clay-based particulate, wherein said particulate contains an antimicrobial agent, over the floor of an animal stall or barn in an amount of between 0.22 kg/m2 and 0.43 kg/m2.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Figure 1 is a graph showing the mean ammonia levels (ppm) measured 30 cm above the manure over the test period using a clay-based particulate material with an antimicrobial agent (`Barn Fresh Plus") and without any treated material, (control) shavings alone.
Figure 2 is a graph showing the percent difference in ammonia levels between untreated sections and sections treated with a clay based particulate material with an antimicrobial agent (`Barn Fresh Plus").
Figure 3 is a graph showing mean (t SE) of pooled (0-14 days) ammonia levels (ppm) under pine wood shavings in horse stalls treated with a clay-based particulate material with an antimicrobial agent ("NewSD"), a clay-based particulate material without an antimicrobial agent ("OldSD") and untreated controls before rotation of treatments.
Figure 4 is a graph showing mean (t SE) of pooled (0-7 and 14 days) ammonia levels (ppm) on urine soaked wooden floors in horse stalls treated with a clay-based particulate material with an antimicrobial agent ("NewSD"), a clay-based particulate material without an antimicrobial agent ("O1dSD") and untreated controls after rotation of treatments.
Figure 5 is a graph of mean ( SE) of ammonia levels (ppm) on urine soaked wooden floors in horse stalls two days after treatment with a clay-based particulate material with an antimicrobial agent ("NewSD"), a clay-based particulate material without an antimicrobial agent ("OldSD") and untreated controls after rotation of treatments.
Figure 6 is a graph of mean ( SE) of ammonia levels (ppm) on urine soaked wooden floors in horse stalls 14 days after treatment with a clay-based particulate material with an antimicrobial agent ("NewSD"), a clay-based particulate material without an antimicrobial agent ("O1dSD") and untreated controls after rotation of treatments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The method of the present invention reduces ammonia levels in a large animal stall or poultry barn and comprises the steps of the applying a minor amount of a clay-based particulate material comprising a antimicrobial agent and d-a major amount of an absorbent bedding material over the floor of an animal stall or barn. It has surprisingly been found that a clay-based particulate which contains an antimicrobial agent can be used in relatively small amounts in combination with inexpensive bedding materials such as wood shavings, saw dust or straw, which are commonly used in large animal stalls or poultry barns, to reduce microbial growth and thus decrease ammonia production caused by micro organisms associated with animal waste.
The clay-based particulate can comprise any of a number of suitable clay minerals including smectite, attapulgite, sepiolite, bentonite, kaolinite, gypsum, and zeolite.
Preferably, the clay mineral is montmorrillonite. Optionally, the average particle size of the clay-based particulate is approximately -24 mesh.
Most preferably, the clay material is a naturally occurring mixture of montmorrillonite clay and diatomaceous earth such as is available from Western Industrial Clay Products under the trade names Barn FreshTM and Stall DryTM. Not only does the montmomllonite clay have exceptional absorbency characteristics which makes it suitable for absorbing urine that has passed through the straw,. saw dust or wood shaving bedding materials, the diatomaceous earth component is effective as an insecticidal agent to reduce the number insects or insect larvae in the stall or barn.
Preferably, the antimicrobial agent is 1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo, 2-nitro, which is sold in powder form 'under the trade name BronopolTM and in liquid form under the trade name MyacideTM and is present in the clay-based particulate in a concentration of from 50 to 250 ppm.
The antimicrobial agent can be combined into the clay-based particulate in the manner described in Baldry et al. In particular, the antimicrobial agent may be admixed with the clay material during the particle forming process. In the alternative, particles of the clay based-particulate are treated with the antimicrobial. agent, by means of the clay travelling through - a gravity fed 6"
In accordance with one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of.
reducing ammonia levels in a large animal stall or poultry barn comprising the step of applying an additive comprising a clay-based particulate, wherein said particulate contains an antimicrobial agent, over the floor of an animal stall or barn in an amount of between 0.22 kg/m2 and 0.43 kg/m2.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Figure 1 is a graph showing the mean ammonia levels (ppm) measured 30 cm above the manure over the test period using a clay-based particulate material with an antimicrobial agent (`Barn Fresh Plus") and without any treated material, (control) shavings alone.
Figure 2 is a graph showing the percent difference in ammonia levels between untreated sections and sections treated with a clay based particulate material with an antimicrobial agent (`Barn Fresh Plus").
Figure 3 is a graph showing mean (t SE) of pooled (0-14 days) ammonia levels (ppm) under pine wood shavings in horse stalls treated with a clay-based particulate material with an antimicrobial agent ("NewSD"), a clay-based particulate material without an antimicrobial agent ("OldSD") and untreated controls before rotation of treatments.
Figure 4 is a graph showing mean (t SE) of pooled (0-7 and 14 days) ammonia levels (ppm) on urine soaked wooden floors in horse stalls treated with a clay-based particulate material with an antimicrobial agent ("NewSD"), a clay-based particulate material without an antimicrobial agent ("O1dSD") and untreated controls after rotation of treatments.
Figure 5 is a graph of mean ( SE) of ammonia levels (ppm) on urine soaked wooden floors in horse stalls two days after treatment with a clay-based particulate material with an antimicrobial agent ("NewSD"), a clay-based particulate material without an antimicrobial agent ("OldSD") and untreated controls after rotation of treatments.
Figure 6 is a graph of mean ( SE) of ammonia levels (ppm) on urine soaked wooden floors in horse stalls 14 days after treatment with a clay-based particulate material with an antimicrobial agent ("NewSD"), a clay-based particulate material without an antimicrobial agent ("O1dSD") and untreated controls after rotation of treatments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The method of the present invention reduces ammonia levels in a large animal stall or poultry barn and comprises the steps of the applying a minor amount of a clay-based particulate material comprising a antimicrobial agent and d-a major amount of an absorbent bedding material over the floor of an animal stall or barn. It has surprisingly been found that a clay-based particulate which contains an antimicrobial agent can be used in relatively small amounts in combination with inexpensive bedding materials such as wood shavings, saw dust or straw, which are commonly used in large animal stalls or poultry barns, to reduce microbial growth and thus decrease ammonia production caused by micro organisms associated with animal waste.
The clay-based particulate can comprise any of a number of suitable clay minerals including smectite, attapulgite, sepiolite, bentonite, kaolinite, gypsum, and zeolite.
Preferably, the clay mineral is montmorrillonite. Optionally, the average particle size of the clay-based particulate is approximately -24 mesh.
Most preferably, the clay material is a naturally occurring mixture of montmorrillonite clay and diatomaceous earth such as is available from Western Industrial Clay Products under the trade names Barn FreshTM and Stall DryTM. Not only does the montmomllonite clay have exceptional absorbency characteristics which makes it suitable for absorbing urine that has passed through the straw,. saw dust or wood shaving bedding materials, the diatomaceous earth component is effective as an insecticidal agent to reduce the number insects or insect larvae in the stall or barn.
Preferably, the antimicrobial agent is 1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo, 2-nitro, which is sold in powder form 'under the trade name BronopolTM and in liquid form under the trade name MyacideTM and is present in the clay-based particulate in a concentration of from 50 to 250 ppm.
The antimicrobial agent can be combined into the clay-based particulate in the manner described in Baldry et al. In particular, the antimicrobial agent may be admixed with the clay material during the particle forming process. In the alternative, particles of the clay based-particulate are treated with the antimicrobial. agent, by means of the clay travelling through - a gravity fed 6"
diameter pipe at a flow rate of approximately 3.5 tonnes per hour. The clay material passes through a misting spray of antimicrobial agent at a pre-determined, pre-mixed concentration. In an alternative method of application, a known amount of clay travelling on a moving conveyor belt is sprayed with MyacideTM at an application rate pre-determined to achieve 250ppm, or other desired concentrations.
In addition to the use of BronopolTM or MyacideTM as the antimicrobial agent, an ammonia reducing agent such as phosphoric acid, citric acid, acetic acid or aluminium sulphate and a urease inhibitor such as cyclohexylphosphoric triamide, phenyl phosporodiamidate, or n-(n-butyl) thiophosporic triamide can also be incorporated into or surface treated onto the clay-based particulate to further reduce the level of ammonia production.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the clay-based particulate comprising the antimicrobial agent is first applied over the stall or barn floor, preferably in an amount of between 0.22 kg/m2 and 0.43 kg/m2. Thereafter, a layer of straw and/or wood shavings and/or sawdust in an amount and manner as is conventionally used ' in stall or barn applications is applied over the clay-based particulate. When used in this manner, the inexpensive straw and/or wood shavings and/or- saw dust bedding material is used as the primary absorbent material, thereby permitting a relatively small quantity of the more expensive clay-based particulate to be used. By applying the clay-based particulate first, is remains in direct contact with the floor of the barn or stall where pools of urine tend to collect.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the clay-based particulate comprising the antimicrobial agent can be applied to the stall or barn floor, preferably in an amount of between 0.22 kg/m2 and 0.43 kg/m2, after a primary absorbent bedding material such as wood shavings, saw dust or straw has been applied. An advantage of this embodiment is that the additive can be applied without first clearing the floor of bedding material.
It helps to dry the bedding material, thereby increasing its usage time and reducing bedding costs.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, a minor amount of the clay based particulate comprising the antimicrobial agent can be admixed with a major amount of the absorbent bedding material such as wood shaving, saw dust or straw, preferably in a weight ratio of from 25:1000 to 75:1000, prior to application to the stall or barn floor.
An advantage to this specific embodiment is that the application of clay particulate and absorbent bedding material can be accomplished in a single step. Furthermore, mixing in this manner tends to avoid the need of multiple applications of materials, particularly in poultry barns where 2 applications (one for bedding and one for clay particulate) would increase the operational costs.
5. EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1: Ammonia Emissions from Poultry Manure The study was undertaken in a standard high rise caged layer-facility that housed approximately 36,000 birds that were 19 weeks old and had been housed in the barn for 7 days at the beginning of the study. Manure was about 1 cm deep over a pine wood shavings base. The manure area was comprised of four pits (rows) each measuring 1.2 in x 90.9 in.
The rectangular-shaped barn was oriented in a north-south direction with air circulating fans on the east side and pit fans on the west side of the pit area.
A naturally occurring binary mineral particulate of about 50% diatomaceous earth and about 50% montmorrillonite clay into which had been incorporated commercially available BronopolTM to yield a concentration of about 50 ppm was applied at a rate of 0.27 kg/m2 over an area covering approximately 44% of the manure on all four pits for a distance of 40 in from the south wall of the barn. This comprised the treated section of the manure. The untreated section of the manure covered a distance of 40 in from the north wall of the barn. A
buffer section of approximately 10 in was maintained between the treated and untreated sections.
Ammonia was measured at sixteen different locations in the treated and.
untreated sections immediately after application of the additive and once daily for the 11 day duration of the study. The measuring locations were located on the first and third rows from the east wall of the barn.
A PassportTM Five Star Person Alarm (Mine -Safety Appliances Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania U.S.A.) was used to measure ammonia levels. The device was held approximately 20 cm above the centre of the manure pit during measurements.
In addition to the use of BronopolTM or MyacideTM as the antimicrobial agent, an ammonia reducing agent such as phosphoric acid, citric acid, acetic acid or aluminium sulphate and a urease inhibitor such as cyclohexylphosphoric triamide, phenyl phosporodiamidate, or n-(n-butyl) thiophosporic triamide can also be incorporated into or surface treated onto the clay-based particulate to further reduce the level of ammonia production.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the clay-based particulate comprising the antimicrobial agent is first applied over the stall or barn floor, preferably in an amount of between 0.22 kg/m2 and 0.43 kg/m2. Thereafter, a layer of straw and/or wood shavings and/or sawdust in an amount and manner as is conventionally used ' in stall or barn applications is applied over the clay-based particulate. When used in this manner, the inexpensive straw and/or wood shavings and/or- saw dust bedding material is used as the primary absorbent material, thereby permitting a relatively small quantity of the more expensive clay-based particulate to be used. By applying the clay-based particulate first, is remains in direct contact with the floor of the barn or stall where pools of urine tend to collect.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the clay-based particulate comprising the antimicrobial agent can be applied to the stall or barn floor, preferably in an amount of between 0.22 kg/m2 and 0.43 kg/m2, after a primary absorbent bedding material such as wood shavings, saw dust or straw has been applied. An advantage of this embodiment is that the additive can be applied without first clearing the floor of bedding material.
It helps to dry the bedding material, thereby increasing its usage time and reducing bedding costs.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, a minor amount of the clay based particulate comprising the antimicrobial agent can be admixed with a major amount of the absorbent bedding material such as wood shaving, saw dust or straw, preferably in a weight ratio of from 25:1000 to 75:1000, prior to application to the stall or barn floor.
An advantage to this specific embodiment is that the application of clay particulate and absorbent bedding material can be accomplished in a single step. Furthermore, mixing in this manner tends to avoid the need of multiple applications of materials, particularly in poultry barns where 2 applications (one for bedding and one for clay particulate) would increase the operational costs.
5. EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1: Ammonia Emissions from Poultry Manure The study was undertaken in a standard high rise caged layer-facility that housed approximately 36,000 birds that were 19 weeks old and had been housed in the barn for 7 days at the beginning of the study. Manure was about 1 cm deep over a pine wood shavings base. The manure area was comprised of four pits (rows) each measuring 1.2 in x 90.9 in.
The rectangular-shaped barn was oriented in a north-south direction with air circulating fans on the east side and pit fans on the west side of the pit area.
A naturally occurring binary mineral particulate of about 50% diatomaceous earth and about 50% montmorrillonite clay into which had been incorporated commercially available BronopolTM to yield a concentration of about 50 ppm was applied at a rate of 0.27 kg/m2 over an area covering approximately 44% of the manure on all four pits for a distance of 40 in from the south wall of the barn. This comprised the treated section of the manure. The untreated section of the manure covered a distance of 40 in from the north wall of the barn. A
buffer section of approximately 10 in was maintained between the treated and untreated sections.
Ammonia was measured at sixteen different locations in the treated and.
untreated sections immediately after application of the additive and once daily for the 11 day duration of the study. The measuring locations were located on the first and third rows from the east wall of the barn.
A PassportTM Five Star Person Alarm (Mine -Safety Appliances Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania U.S.A.) was used to measure ammonia levels. The device was held approximately 20 cm above the centre of the manure pit during measurements.
Statistical comparisons between the treated and untreated sections were analysed using the Student's t-test method. The t test employs the statistic (t), with n-1 degrees of freedom, to test a given statistical hypothesis about a population parameter. The method is suitable for use with small sample sizes (<30) and when population standard deviation is unknown.
RESULTS
Mean ammonia levels measured over the untreated section were significantly (a < 0.001) higher than levels measured over the treated section for each day of the study (see Figure, 1).
Expressed as a percentage, the untreated sections had ammonia levels of between 111 per cent and 522 per cent higher than the treated areas over the course of the study (see Figure 2).
The permissible ammonia exposure limit (PEL) as published by the AIHA
(American Industrial Hygiene Association) is 25 ppm. As can be seen in Figure 1, the untreated sections had reached this threshold by day 11, whereas the treated sections remained well below the limit at the conclusion of the study. Thus, the present invention can be employed to both reduce ammonia levels and increase times between manure cleanings in poultry facilities.
These results are surprising given that the additive was not used as the primary absorbent, but only a minor quantity was used in admixture with a major quantity of conventional sawdust bedding. This is important because during the first 10-14 days after a new flock of chickens is placed in a barn, mortality rates of chicks' increases with higher ammonia levels.
EXAMPLE 2: Ammonia Emissions from Horse Manure Six stalls in a cutting-horse operation were numbered and assigned to one of the following treatments:
1. A 'naturally occurring particulate comprising a mixture of about 50%
diatomaceous earth and about 50% montmorrillonite clay (without antimicrobial agent) sold under the trade name Stall Dry7m ("OriginalSD").
RESULTS
Mean ammonia levels measured over the untreated section were significantly (a < 0.001) higher than levels measured over the treated section for each day of the study (see Figure, 1).
Expressed as a percentage, the untreated sections had ammonia levels of between 111 per cent and 522 per cent higher than the treated areas over the course of the study (see Figure 2).
The permissible ammonia exposure limit (PEL) as published by the AIHA
(American Industrial Hygiene Association) is 25 ppm. As can be seen in Figure 1, the untreated sections had reached this threshold by day 11, whereas the treated sections remained well below the limit at the conclusion of the study. Thus, the present invention can be employed to both reduce ammonia levels and increase times between manure cleanings in poultry facilities.
These results are surprising given that the additive was not used as the primary absorbent, but only a minor quantity was used in admixture with a major quantity of conventional sawdust bedding. This is important because during the first 10-14 days after a new flock of chickens is placed in a barn, mortality rates of chicks' increases with higher ammonia levels.
EXAMPLE 2: Ammonia Emissions from Horse Manure Six stalls in a cutting-horse operation were numbered and assigned to one of the following treatments:
1. A 'naturally occurring particulate comprising a mixture of about 50%
diatomaceous earth and about 50% montmorrillonite clay (without antimicrobial agent) sold under the trade name Stall Dry7m ("OriginalSD").
2. A naturally occurring binary mineral particulate of about 50% diatomaceous earth and about 50% montmorrillonite clay into which had been. incorporated commercially available BronopolTM to yield a concentration of about 50 ppm ("AntibacSD").
3. No treatment ("Control").
5. The wood floors of the stalls were stripped of all shavings and treatments were applied in a quantity of 0.32. kg/m2. The floor of each stall was then covered with 0.85 m3 of clean pine wood shavings. Ammonia levels were measured using a Passport Tm Five Star Personal Alarm at between 3 and 5 locations in each stall, above and below the shavings, each day for the 14-day duration of the study.
At the mid-point of the study (7 days), the stalls were cleaned of shavings.
Ammonia measurements were taken with the ammonia meter placed directly on the floors of the stalls.
One kilogram of test materials was sprinkled directly onto urine spots on the floors of the stalls and a fresh layer of shavings was placed over the stall floors.
After the initial 14 days of the study, the stalls were again stripped of shavings and the treatments. were rotated by one stall in an anti-clockwise manner. Ammonia measurements were continued daily for 7 days and then on a weekly basis for 4 weeks.
The assignment of treatments was as follows. Before rotation, treatment 1 without antimicrobial agent (Original SD) was assigned to stall numbers 3 & 4, treatment 2 with BronopolTM (AntibacSD) to stall numbers 5 & 6 and treatment 3 (Control) to stall numbers 7 &
S. After rotation, treatment 1 was assigned to stall numbers 3 & 8, treatment 2 to stalls 4 & 5 and treatment 3 to stalls 6 & 7.
All ammonia measurements were statistically analyzed by ANOVA (Analysis of 'Variance) and Student's t-test methods.
RESULTS
The mean ammonia levels recorded under the wood shaving bedding materials before and after rotation are set out in Figures 3 to 6. Table 1 below summarizes results of ammonia measurements at different time intervals.
3. No treatment ("Control").
5. The wood floors of the stalls were stripped of all shavings and treatments were applied in a quantity of 0.32. kg/m2. The floor of each stall was then covered with 0.85 m3 of clean pine wood shavings. Ammonia levels were measured using a Passport Tm Five Star Personal Alarm at between 3 and 5 locations in each stall, above and below the shavings, each day for the 14-day duration of the study.
At the mid-point of the study (7 days), the stalls were cleaned of shavings.
Ammonia measurements were taken with the ammonia meter placed directly on the floors of the stalls.
One kilogram of test materials was sprinkled directly onto urine spots on the floors of the stalls and a fresh layer of shavings was placed over the stall floors.
After the initial 14 days of the study, the stalls were again stripped of shavings and the treatments. were rotated by one stall in an anti-clockwise manner. Ammonia measurements were continued daily for 7 days and then on a weekly basis for 4 weeks.
The assignment of treatments was as follows. Before rotation, treatment 1 without antimicrobial agent (Original SD) was assigned to stall numbers 3 & 4, treatment 2 with BronopolTM (AntibacSD) to stall numbers 5 & 6 and treatment 3 (Control) to stall numbers 7 &
S. After rotation, treatment 1 was assigned to stall numbers 3 & 8, treatment 2 to stalls 4 & 5 and treatment 3 to stalls 6 & 7.
All ammonia measurements were statistically analyzed by ANOVA (Analysis of 'Variance) and Student's t-test methods.
RESULTS
The mean ammonia levels recorded under the wood shaving bedding materials before and after rotation are set out in Figures 3 to 6. Table 1 below summarizes results of ammonia measurements at different time intervals.
Table 1. Mean ( SE) Ammonia Levels (PPM) Under Wood Shavings Before Treatment Rotation for Treatments 1, 2 and 3.
Day # Treatment Mean ( SE) ANOVA Output Ammonia Level 1-14 2 (Antibac) 11.4 1.52 DF 116 1 (Original SD) 19.7 3.02 F Ratio 5.886 3 (Control) 25.4 3.91 Prob>F 0.0037 The additive reduced ammonia levels measured below the shavings by* an average of approximately 53.1 per cent over the 14 days of the study.
Table 2 below summarizes the results of ammonia measurements before rotation of treatment.
Table 2. Mean ( SE) Ammonia Levels (PPM) Measured Under Wood Shavings During the First Two Weeks in the Initial Stall before Treatment Rotation for Treatments 1, 2 and 3.
Day # Treatment Mean ( SE) ANOVA Output Ammonia Level Period 2 (Antibac SD) 16.4 2.66 DF 120 1-14 1 (Original SD) 22.7 2.28 F Ratio 4.737 3 (Control) 28.4 3.25 Prob>F 0.0105 Day 2 2 (Antibac SD) 27.3 8.61 DF 17 1(Original SD) 28.7 6.84 F Ratio 1.295 3 (Control) 44.2 .9.04 Prob>F 0.3027 Day 14 2 (Antibac SD) 17.3 6:49 DF 17 1(Original SD) 25.3 4.59 F Ratio 1.272 3 (Control) 28.3 3.62 Prob>F 0.3089 For pooled data of ammonia measurements taken from under the treatment areas over the entire duration of the trial, significantly lower levels of ammonia were recorded in stalls treated with AntibacSD compared to stalls treated with shavings alone. An average reduction of 42 per cent in ammonia levels was achieved. Further results are listed in Figures 3-6 below The results of the study show that the use of the clay-based particulate comprising BronopolTM bactericide reduced the hydrolysis of ammonia on wood floors of horse stables.
Ammonia reduction in stalls treated with the additive was as much as 66 per cent lower than levels in untreated stalls. Since the use of the same clay-based particulate without microbial agent produced only slight reductions in ammonia relative to untreated stalls, the ammonia reduction observed in stalls treated with the additive was due to the inhibition of microorganisms responsible for urease production.
As in Example 1, these results are surprising given that the additive was not used as the principal absorbent, but was used in minor quantities in combination with a conventional wood shavings absorbent bedding material.
Ammonia control action can be improved by either increasing the concentration of the antibacterial compound or by adding other materials having ammonia control activity including phosphoric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, aluminum sulphate and urease inhibitors including cyclohexylphosphoric triamide, phenylphosphorodiamidate and n-(n-butyl) thiophosphorictriamide.
Day # Treatment Mean ( SE) ANOVA Output Ammonia Level 1-14 2 (Antibac) 11.4 1.52 DF 116 1 (Original SD) 19.7 3.02 F Ratio 5.886 3 (Control) 25.4 3.91 Prob>F 0.0037 The additive reduced ammonia levels measured below the shavings by* an average of approximately 53.1 per cent over the 14 days of the study.
Table 2 below summarizes the results of ammonia measurements before rotation of treatment.
Table 2. Mean ( SE) Ammonia Levels (PPM) Measured Under Wood Shavings During the First Two Weeks in the Initial Stall before Treatment Rotation for Treatments 1, 2 and 3.
Day # Treatment Mean ( SE) ANOVA Output Ammonia Level Period 2 (Antibac SD) 16.4 2.66 DF 120 1-14 1 (Original SD) 22.7 2.28 F Ratio 4.737 3 (Control) 28.4 3.25 Prob>F 0.0105 Day 2 2 (Antibac SD) 27.3 8.61 DF 17 1(Original SD) 28.7 6.84 F Ratio 1.295 3 (Control) 44.2 .9.04 Prob>F 0.3027 Day 14 2 (Antibac SD) 17.3 6:49 DF 17 1(Original SD) 25.3 4.59 F Ratio 1.272 3 (Control) 28.3 3.62 Prob>F 0.3089 For pooled data of ammonia measurements taken from under the treatment areas over the entire duration of the trial, significantly lower levels of ammonia were recorded in stalls treated with AntibacSD compared to stalls treated with shavings alone. An average reduction of 42 per cent in ammonia levels was achieved. Further results are listed in Figures 3-6 below The results of the study show that the use of the clay-based particulate comprising BronopolTM bactericide reduced the hydrolysis of ammonia on wood floors of horse stables.
Ammonia reduction in stalls treated with the additive was as much as 66 per cent lower than levels in untreated stalls. Since the use of the same clay-based particulate without microbial agent produced only slight reductions in ammonia relative to untreated stalls, the ammonia reduction observed in stalls treated with the additive was due to the inhibition of microorganisms responsible for urease production.
As in Example 1, these results are surprising given that the additive was not used as the principal absorbent, but was used in minor quantities in combination with a conventional wood shavings absorbent bedding material.
Ammonia control action can be improved by either increasing the concentration of the antibacterial compound or by adding other materials having ammonia control activity including phosphoric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, aluminum sulphate and urease inhibitors including cyclohexylphosphoric triamide, phenylphosphorodiamidate and n-(n-butyl) thiophosphorictriamide.
Claims (18)
PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A use, for reducing ammonia levels in large animal stalls or poultry barns, of a minor amount of a clay-based particulate material comprising a antimicrobial agent in combination with a major amount of an absorbent bedding material over the floor of said stall or barn.
2. The use according to claim 1, wherein said antimicrobial agent is 1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo, 2-nitro (Bronopol.TM.).
3. The use according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said clay-based particulate comprises montmorillonite.
4. The use according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein said clay-based particulate comprises mixture of montmorillonite and diatomaceous earth.
5. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein said antimicrobial agent is present in said clay based particulate at a concentration in the range of from 50 to 250 ppm.
6. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein said clay-based particulate material is applied at a rate of from 0.22 kg/m2 to 0.43 kg/m2.
7. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the average particle size of said clay-based particulate is approximately -24 mesh.
8. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the absorbent bedding material is selected from the group consisting of straw, saw dust and wood shavings.
9. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein said minor amount of the clay-based particulate material comprising the antimicrobial agent is in a form for application to the floor of said stall or barn and the major amount of said absorbent bedding material is in a form for application over said clay-based particulate.
10. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein said minor amount of the clay-based particulate material comprising the antimicrobial agent is admixed with said major amount of said absorbent bedding material prior to use.
11. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein said major amount of said absorbent bedding material is in a form for application over the floor of said stall or barn and said minor amount of the clay-based particulate material comprising the antimicrobioal agent is in a form for application over said absorbent bedding material.
12. A material for reducing ammonia levels in large animal stalls or poultry barns comprising in combination a minor amount of a clay-based particulate material comprising an antimicrobial agent and a major amount of an absorbent bedding material.
13. The material according to claim 12, wherein said antimicrobial agent is 1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo, 2-nitro (Bronopol.TM.).
14. The material according to claim 12 or 13, wherein said clay-based particulate comprises montmorillonite.
15. The material according to claim 12, 13 or 14, wherein said clay-based particulate comprises mixture of montmorillonite and diatomaceous earth.
16. The material according to any one of claims 12 to 15 wherein said antimicrobial agent is present in said clay based particulate at a concentration in the range of from 50 to 250 ppm.
17. The material according to any one of claims 12 to 16, wherein the average particle size of said clay-based particulate is approximately -24 mesh.
18. The material according to any one of claims 12 to 17, wherein the absorbent bedding material is selected from the group consisting of straw, saw dust or wood shavings.
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