CA2482428A1

CA2482428A1 - Adaptive receive and omnidirectional transmit antenna array

Info

Publication number: CA2482428A1
Application number: CA002482428A
Authority: CA
Inventors: James A. Proctor, Jr.; Bing Chiang
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: IPR Licensing Inc
Priority date: 2002-03-08
Filing date: 2003-03-10
Publication date: 2003-09-18
Also published as: AU2003222263A1; US20060211374A1; US6873293B2; US20040150569A1; CN1653784A; US20050192059A1; US7034759B2; JP2005520383A; EP1488614A2; KR20040108656A; NO20044255L; KR20070054753A; WO2003077358A3; AU2003222263A8; WO2003077358A2; EP1488614A4

Abstract

An adaptive antenna (120) used in a receive only mode with a separate transmit antenna such as in a handheld wireless device (100). The transmit antenna may be integrated with the receive array by utilizing a horizontally polarized transmit and vertically polarized receiver array. In other embodiments, the transmit antenna may be physically separate and not integrated with the receiver array. In either case there is separate receive and transmit signal port as an interface to radio transceiver equipment. The use of an adaptive antenna on the receiver only direction has potential to increase the forward capacity to levels equal to or greater than reverse link capacity. This allow for a significant increase in the overall number of voice users that may be active at the same time in a conventional wireless system without directly effecting the reverse capacity.

Description

ADAPTIVE RECEIVE AIVD OIVIIVIDIRECTIONAL TRA1~1SNIIT
ANTENNA ARRAY
to FIELD OF THE INVENTIOhI
This invention relates to a wireless communication systems and in particular ' to a compact, configurable antenna apparatus for use with a portable subscriber unit.
Zs BACKGROUND OF THE NVENTION
Code Division Multiple Access {CDiVIA) modulation now finds widespread application in various wireless systems such as cellular mobile telephone, wireless local axea network and similar systems. In these systems a connection is provided between a central hub or base station and one or more mobile or remote subscriber z o units. 'The base station typically includes a specialized antenna for sending forward link radio frequency signals to the mobile subscriber units and for receiving reverse link radio frequency signals transmitted from the mobile units. Each mobile subscriber unit also contains its own antenna for the reception of the fonvard link signals and for transmission of reverse link signals. A typical mobile subscriber z5 unit may for example, be a digital cellular telephone handset or a personal digital assistant having an incorporated cellular modem, or other wireless data device. In such systems, multiple mobile subscriber units are typically transmitting and receiving signals on the same carrier frequency at the same time. Unique modulation codes distinguish the signals originating from or intended to be sent to 3 o individual subscriber units in the typical CDMA. systems.
Other wireless access techniques employed for communications between a centralized unit and one or more remote or mobile units include those described by for example, the local area network standard promulgated by the Institute of the Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the industry developed a s wireless Bluetooth standard.
The most common antenna for transmitting and receiving signals at a mobile subscriber unit is a monopole or other antenna having an omnidirectional radiation pattern. A monopole antenna most often consists of a single wire or other elongated metallic element. A signal transmitted from such a monopole antenna is generally omnidirectional in nature. That is, the signal is sent with approximately the same signal power in all directions in a generally horizontal plane. Reception of a signal with a monopole antenna element is likewise omnidirectional. A monopole antenna s therefore does not differentiate in its ability to detect signals originating from one direction versus a different signal originating from another direction.
Although most monopole antennas do not produce significant radiation in the elevation plane, the expected antenna pattern in three dimensions is typically a donut-like toroidal shape, with the antenna element located at the center of the donut hole.
io Unfortunately, it is the case that CDMA communication systems are typically interference limited. That is, as more and more subscriber units become active within a particular area and share access to the same base station, interference increases among them, and thus so does the bit error rate they experience. To maintain signal system integrity in the face of increasing error rates, often the s5 maximum data rate available to one or more users must be decreased, or the number of active units must be decreased in order to clear the radio spectrum of interference. It is possible to eliminate excessive interference by using directed antenna at either the base station and/or the mobile units. Typically, a directive antenna beam pattern is achieved through the use of a phased array antenna at the 2 o base station. The phased array is electronically scanned or steered desired direction by controlling the phase angle of a signal input to each antenna element.
However, phased array antennas suffer decreased efficiency and gain as elements basing becomes electrically small as compared to the wavelength of the radiated signals. For example, when such an antenna is used or attempted to be used a5 in conjunction with a hand-held portable subscriber unit, the antenna arrays spacing must be relatively small and therefore antenna performance is correspondingly compromised.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

3 o Several considerations should be taken into account when designing an antenna for a hand-held wireless device. For example, careful consideration should be given to the electrical characteristics of the antenna so that propagating signals satisfy predetermined standards requirements such as, for example, bit error rate, signal to noise ratio or signal to noise plus interference ratio.
The antenna should also exhibit certain mechanical characteristics to satisfy the needs of a typical user. For example, the is the physical length of each element of the antenna array, depends upon the transmit and receive signal frequency.
If the antenna is configured as monopole the length is typically a quarter length of a signal frequency; for operation at 800 MegaHertz (MHz) (one of the more popular wireless frequency bands) a quarter wavelength monopole must typically be in the range 3.7"
long.
. The antenna should furthermore present an esthetically pleasing appearance to the user. Especially when a communication device is used in a mobile or handheld portable unit the device must remain relatively small and light with a shape that allows it to be easily carned. The antenna therefore if it needs a deployment mechanism must be mechanically simple and read liable or not present at all if possible.
In CDMA type systems in particular, another consideration involves the capacity of the overall network. While some have provided for adaptive antenna arrays for use on a reverse link of a CDMA system in a handset to generally improves the performance, that is using directional antenna arrays can be used to a o increase system performance by decreasing interference from surrounding base-stations and/or other handsets. However, employing directional antennas especially on the reverse link complicates the performance of power control systems, that is, as in most wireless communication systems the power level of signals radiated from handsets must be carefully controlled in order to avoid interference to other handsets ~ s and such that the signal powers arrive at the base or other central site within a relatively fixed known power level.
Brief Description Of The Present Invention The present invention comes about from realizing the advantages of using a 3 o directional or other adaptive antenna array in a mobile subscriber unit together with a separate transmit antenna located in the same device. The directional adaptive antenna array, which is used only to receive signals, may typically consist of a number, N, of monopole antenna elements. These monopole elements can be formed as conductive segments on a portion of a dielectric substrate such as a printed circuit board. To complete the array, at least one element is designated as an active antenna element which is also disposed on the same substrate adjacent to each one of the monopole passive elements. In a preferred embodiment, the active element is disposed in the center of the array and a number of passive elements is two.
The separate transmit antenna may be integrated with the receive array. In a preferred embodiment, the transmit antenna is an omnidirectional single element to rotation.
By utilizing a horizontally polarized transmit and vertically polarized receive array isolation between the antenna is improved. In other embodiments, the transmit antenna may be physically separated such as on the opposite side of the housing that is the receiver array may be positioned on the top of the handset with the transmit 15 antenna on the lower portion thereof. In either case there is a separate receive and transmit interface part to the two antennas.
In most systems that exist today, such as IS-95 and IS-2000, a capacity limitation exists for bidirectional circuits. The differences in capacity in the two directions arise from limitations in the forward link due to the power control as well a o as interference. This interference originates from both adjacent cells as well as from users within the same cell. Indeed, the difference in capacity between the forward and reverse links can be estimated to be as high as 50 to 100%. For voice and circuits switched data systems, the number of users that can be simultaneously supported is defined by the less capacious of the two links. Therefore, the limitation 2 s on the forward link actually limits the total number of users, and the excess capacity of the reverse link is wasted.
The use of an adaptive antenna in the subscriber unit on the receive only side has the potential to increase the forward capacity to levels equal to or greater than the reverse capacity. This allows for a significant increase in the overall number of 3 o users without directly increasing the reverse capacity.
It is also envisioned that other types of systems, such as Time Division Duplex (TDD) systems, may also advantageously use the adaptive array for receive but to steer in an omnidirectional mode during transmit periods. The effect is achieves a similar result. It is also expected that when TDD systems are in a stationary or slow moving environment, a directional transmit may also be able to be utilized.
s Thus, in accordance with key aspects the present invention consists of an antenna system in which an adaptive array is used for receiving signals and an omnidirectional antenna is used for transmitting. In preferred embodiments, the adaptive antenna is integrated into the housing of a handheld wireless communication unit, such as a mobile telephone unit, personal digital assistant or the like.
The adaptive array used for receive mode is preferably an array that uses parasitic, that is passive elements to achieve directionality.
In further aspects, the omnidirectional transmit antenna is physically and/or electrically separated from the receiver array. For example, the omnidirectional transmit antenna may be integrated at a different polarity, for example, a vertically polarized receiver array may have a horizontally polarized transmit element.
In other instances, the separation can be provided by a physical distance such as by integrating the transmit antenna and the base of a handheld telephone unit.
Radio Frequency modulations associated with the invention may be of many a o different types. For example, the invention is utilized in Code Division Multiple Access systems as well as other Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing systems.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating 3 o the principles of the invention.
Fig. 1 is a high level schematic diagram of a wireless communication device incorporating an adaptive antenna array for receiving signals.

Figs. 2A-2C show various arrangements in which a horizontally polarized ornnidirectional transmit antenna is incorporated within the device.
Figs. 3A-3C illustrate an alternate embodiment for the transmit antenna mounted on the backside of a handset.
Fig. 4 is a more detailed plan of a three element adaptive array.
Fig. 5 is a circuit diagram showing one possible feed structure for the adaptive array.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating how the adaptive array can be integrated into a handset.
~o Figs. 7A-7C illustrate a three-dimensional radiation pattern, azimuthal pattern and elevational pattern for the adaptive array.
Figs. 8A-8C illustrate the gain patterns of a horizontal monopole transmit element in the three-dimensional, azimuthal and elevational.
Figs. 9A-9C illustrate gain patterns of the bent horizontal monopole element i5 operating in a PCS radio frequency band.
Figs. l0A-10C illustrate three-dimension azimuthal and elevational patterns for a bent monopole and its effect on the array.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
2 o A description of preferred embodiments of the invention follows.
Turning attention now to the drawings Fig. 1 illustrates a wireless device 100 that consists of a housing 110 and having incorporated therein an antenna array 120.
In general the housing may be utilized to provide, for example, a cellular mobile handset, or a personal digital assistant such as a Palm Pilot type device.
~ s The antenna array 100 provides for directional reception of forward link radio signals transmitted from for example, a base station in the case of a cellular handset, or from a access point, in the case of a wireless data unit making use of wireless local area network (WLAN) protocols. By directively receiving signals originating more or less from the location of a particular base station and/or access 3 o point, the antenna array 120 assists in reducing the overall effect of intercell interference and multipath fading for the mobile unit 100. Moreover, since antenna beam patterns generated by the antenna array, as will be understood shortly, extend _'7_ outward in a desired direction, but are attenuated in most other directions, less power is required for effective transmission by the base station.
In example embodiment, the antenna array 120 consists of a center element 102 and a pair of passive elements 104, one to each side. As will be understood s shortly, the passive elements 104 can each be operated in either a reflective or directive mode; it is through this expediency that the array 120 can be steered to a particular direction. Although this embodiment shows three elements, it should be understood that the array 120 is not so limited, and that four or even more passive elements may be included. Yet other embodiments are possible for the antenna array 1 o such as phased array, where the center element 102 is absent and the other elements are themselves used as active elements, together with active signal combining circuitry. We believe th simple N passive element array is preferred, however, because of it's low cost.
Figs. 2A-2C illustrate various possible placements for a separate transmit 15 antenna 200 in accordance with the present invention. In one embodiment as shown in Fig. 2A, the transmit antenna 200 is placed on the same circuit board as the antenna array 120. In this particular embodiment the transmit antenna 200 has a horizontal, i.e. orthogonal, position as opposed to the elements of the receiver array 120. This arrangement provides for greater isolation between the two antenna sets.
2 o In an alternate embodiment shown in Fig. 2B, the transmit antenna can be placed at the lower end of the handset 110 housing. This provides for even more electromagnetic isolation due to the physical distance between the horizontal element 200 and the elements of the receive array 120. This also tends to move a high power microwave region associated with the transmit antenna 200, near to a a s region of the chin of a user, rather than the user's brain.
In still other embodiments as shown in Fig. 2C, an end portion of the transmit antenna 200 may be bent. The bent portion, which itself may then become more or less parallel with the elements of the directional array, allows for more design freedom. For example, this type of antenna can be used at a lower frequency 3 o where the overall length of the antenna must be longer but must still fit within the width of the handset. Th bent element 200 might also be used to accommodate other components within the handset such as a keypad. The bent arrangement also avoids radiation in the horizontal plane when the handset is held near a vertical position.
This can provide for improved performance in all orientations of the handset 110.
Figs. 3A-3C show still further possible embodiments of the transmit element 200. Fig. 3A being a side view and Fig. 3B being a rear view of the housing 110.
s Here the transmit antenna 200 is a relatively short length for operation at relatively high frequencies such as in Personal Communication Services (PCS) type frequencies that typically are in the range of 1900 MegaHertz (MHz). However the element 200 can be provided with a hinge 210 allowing for an elongated section to be deployed. The overall length of the fully deployed antenna element can be to made to resonate at a lower frequency, such as the 800 (MHz) frequency associated with voice or standard cellular communication. The hinged or flipping arrangement for the element 200 assures that it can either resonate within one band or the other.
It is therefore preferred to sliding or telescoping arrangements which might lead to the user not fully deploying the element 200 at the proper length.
i5 In this embodiment a feedpoint 230 associated with the transmitting antenna 200 may actually be placed in an offset position that is not completely at one end of the element 200. This offset feedpoint location allows the resonant length ratio to fit the 1900/800 MHz frequency ratio.
Fig. 4 is more detailed view of the directional or adaptive array at least in one 2 o embodiment. Here the array 100 is disposed on portions of a printed circuit board, including the center element 102 and passive elements 104A and 104C a previously described. Each of the passive elements 104 can be operated in a reflective or directive mode as will be understood shortly.
'The center element 102 comprises a conductive radiator 106 disposed on a 2s dialelectric substrate 108. The passive elements 104A and 104C each themselves have an upper conductive segment 1 l0A and 1 l OC as well as a corresponding lower conductive segment 112A and 112C. These segments 110A, 110C, 112A, and 112C
are also disposed on the dialelectric substrate 108. The lower conductive segments 112A and 112C are in general grounded. Also, in general, the upper segments 3 o and 11 OC and the lower 112A and 112C are of equal length.
When the upper conductive segment of one of the passive elements 104, for example, the upper conductive segment 110A, is connected to the respective lower conductive segment 112A, the passive element 104A operates in a reflective mode such that all received radio frequency (RF energy) is reflected back from the passive element 104A towards its source.
When the upper conductive segment 110A is open (i.e., not connected to the s lower conductive segment 112A or other ground potential) the passive element operates in a directive mode in which the passive element 104A essentially is invisible to the propagating RF energy which passes therethrough.
In one embodiment, the center element 102 and the passive elements 104A
and 104D are fabricated from a single dialelectric substrate such a printed circuit io board with the respective elements disposed thereon. The passive elements and 104D can also be disposed on a deformable or flexible substrate or attached to one surface of the center element 102 as well.
A microelectronics module 122 as respective switch modules 116A and 116C may also be disposed on the same substrate 108 with conductive traces 124 15 being provided therebetween. The signals carned on the conductive traces control components within the microelectronic modules 116A and 116C that achieve particular operating states for the passive elements 104A and 104C, e.g., to place them in either the reflective or directive state as described above. Further connected to the microelectronics module 122 is an interface 125 for providing electrical signal 2 o control connectivity between the array 120 and an external controller device such as located in the remainder of the handset 100. Interface 125 can be constructed from either a rigid or flexible material such as ribbon cable or other connector, for example.
Fig. 5 illustrates one possible feed structure for the array 120 in more detail.
z 5 A switch control and driver 142 associated with the electronics module 122 provides the logic signals to each of the respective control modules 116A and 116C
associated with the respective elements 104A and 1040. For example, each such control module 116 may have associated with it a switch S 1 or S2 and two impedances Z1 and Z2. The switch S1 or S2 provides for connection states of either 3 o connecting the first impedance Zl or the second impedance Z2. In preferred embodiments, the second impedance Z2 may be 0 ohms and the first impedance Z1 may be infinite, thus providing the desired short ground or open connection.

However, it should be understood that other values of the reactive loads Zl and Z2 are possible.
Here it is also evident that the center element 102 is being directly driven to the receiver circuitry 300 associated with the handset. Thus, unlike other types of s directive arrays, this particular directive array 120 has an advantage in that it is quite simple in operation, and complex combiners and the like are not necessary.
Fig. 6 is a exploded view of one possible implementation showing the directive array 120 formed on a printed circuit board and placed within a rear cover of a handset, for example. A center module 410 may include electronic circuitry, i o radio reception and transmission equipment, and the like and a final module 420 may serve as, for example, a front cover of the device. What is important to see here is that the printed circuit board implementation of the 100 can be fit within a handset form factor quite easily.
Fig. 7A and 7B are antenna patterns illustrating performance of the array 120 is as housed in a handset. The gain achievable is about 3 dBi. Fig. 7A is a three dimensional radiation pattern (in the X, Y and Z directions with respect to the referenced diagram shown for the handset 500). Fig. 7B illustrates the azimuthal radiation pattern achievable when one of the elements is placed in conducting mode and the other element is placed in reflective mode. The conducting element (which 2 o is long in the Z direction), intercepts the received radio wave and re-radiates it with an opposing phase. This creates a null at the horizon. The dimension of the circuit board in the X direction is not resonant, so that the signal is able to circulate all the way around the azimuthal plane.
The pattern in Fig. 7C, is an elevational pattern, should be compared to an as ideal symmetrical pattern to illustrate the effect of the housing 110. The comparison shows that the overall effect on the azimuthal plane is a slight skewing of the beam about 15° away from the X-axis. The elevation pattern of Fig. 7C also illustrates "necking-down", which is an effect of placing the radiating element in a handset.
Good directivity is seen, at least along an approximate 180° azimuthal plane, 3 o although skewing is evident.
Figs. 8A-8C are similar to Figs. 7A-7C, although illustrate patterns to the horizontal transmit antenna. This particular embodiment, with the reference drawing 510 shown in the upper left hand corner, was for a bent horizontal monopole element. The gain pattern in three-dimensions is relatively uniform, as shown in Fig.BC. The radiation pattern approaches a symmetric toroid with a gain of approximately 2.1 dBi. Again, the radiation pattern is offset somewhat through the s effects of the handset enclosure 110. However, relatively omnidirectional performances, other than in the azimuthal plane (as shown in Fig. 8B) is the overall desired effect.
Figs. 9A-9C are simulated gain patterns of a bent horizontal monopole designed for the 800 MHz cellular band, but operating in the higher frequency PGS
i o band. The radiation pattern, as is evident from the view of Fig. 9A, is a cut toroid standing its "uncut" side. The gain is 4.2 dBi. The antenna is evidently radiating at its higher order mode, but is radiating effectively and thus can be used as a PCS
radiator at 900 MHz. As evident from Figs. 9B and 9C, as at least some useable radiation pattern is seen in the azimuthal direction.
15 Finally, Figs. l0A-l OC illustrate the effect of adding a bent monopole together with the array 120 through a simulation process. In this simulation, a horizontal bent monopole 200 and the extending ground strip were added to the antenna array 120; distortions found were slight. The beam is tilted upward by 15°
(as shown in the elevational plot of Fig. l OC). The gain provided is 4.7 dBi with a a o beamwidth of 145° in the azimuthal plane. This illustrates that the bent monopole does not appreciably affect the operation of the array in the directional modes.
While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without 2 s departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. An adaptive antenna array intended for use in a mobile communication device that utilizes an adaptive directional array for signed reception and a omnidirectional transmit element for signed transmit.

2. A device as in Claim 1 wherein the adaptive array has parasitic elements.

3. A device as in Claim 1 wherein the antenna array is integrated into the housing of a hand portable device.

4. A device as in Claim 1 wherein the transmit antenna is disposed at a different polarity with respect to the elements of the receive array.

5. A device as in Claim 4 wherein the receiver element is a vertically polarized receive array and the transmit element is a horizontally polarized transmit element.

6. A device as in Claim 1 wherein the omnidirectional transmit antenna is physically separated from the receive array.

7. A device as in Claim 6 wherein the omnidirectional transmit antenna is located at the base of a handheld unit where the receive array is located in a top portion.

8. A device as in Claim 1 wherein the unit is used with Time-Division Duplex system, whereby the array is used during transmit time periods be forced to operate in a directive mode during at least some of a receive time period.

9. A device as in Claim 1 wherein the device uses a Code Division Multiple Access modulation.

10. A device as in Claim 1 wherein a Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex modulation is used.