CA2470113C - Preparation of stable nanotube dispersions in liquids - Google Patents
Preparation of stable nanotube dispersions in liquids Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2470113C CA2470113C CA2470113A CA2470113A CA2470113C CA 2470113 C CA2470113 C CA 2470113C CA 2470113 A CA2470113 A CA 2470113A CA 2470113 A CA2470113 A CA 2470113A CA 2470113 C CA2470113 C CA 2470113C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- dispersant
- oil
- acid
- group
- liquid medium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- 239000002071 nanotube Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 4
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 66
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 claims description 66
- -1 ester carboxyl Chemical class 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 18
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011852 carbon nanoparticle Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sebacic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ZDWGXBPVPXVXMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-ethylhexyl) nonanedioate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC ZDWGXBPVPXVXMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000005690 diesters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000019388 lanolin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- XDOFQFKRPWOURC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 16-methylheptadecanoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O XDOFQFKRPWOURC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IRIAEXORFWYRCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylbenzyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1 IRIAEXORFWYRCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000089 Cyclic olefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004166 Lanolin Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IPRJXAGUEGOFGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-butylbenzenesulfonamide Chemical compound CCCCNS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 IPRJXAGUEGOFGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- YKGYQYOQRGPFTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(8-methylnonyl) hexanedioate Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCC(=O)OCCCCCCCC(C)C YKGYQYOQRGPFTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N cholesterol Chemical compound C1C=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@@]1(C)CC2 HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCC DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VJHINFRRDQUWOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioctyl sebacate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC VJHINFRRDQUWOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LZJUZSYHFSVIGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ditridecyl hexanedioate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCC(=O)OCCCCCCCCCCCCC LZJUZSYHFSVIGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCO LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCO ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940039717 lanolin Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001748 polybutylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N suberic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCC(O)=O TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-L adipate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCCCC([O-])=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCC(O)=O JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002563 ionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920006389 polyphenyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940116351 sebacate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WMYJOZQKDZZHAC-UHFFFAOYSA-H trizinc;dioxido-sulfanylidene-sulfido-$l^{5}-phosphane Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]P([O-])([S-])=S.[O-]P([O-])([S-])=S WMYJOZQKDZZHAC-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 3
- BJDAUCLANVMIOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3-decanoyloxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl) decanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(C)(C)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCC BJDAUCLANVMIOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DAFHKNAQFPVRKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylpentyl) 2-methylpropanoate Chemical compound CC(C)C(O)C(C)(C)COC(=O)C(C)C DAFHKNAQFPVRKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CIRMGZKUSBCWRL-LHLOQNFPSA-N (e)-10-[2-(7-carboxyheptyl)-5,6-dihexylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl]dec-9-enoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCC1C=CC(CCCCCCCC(O)=O)C(\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O)C1CCCCCC CIRMGZKUSBCWRL-LHLOQNFPSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RDAGYWUMBWNXIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzene Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CC1=CC=CC=C1CC(CC)CCCC RDAGYWUMBWNXIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YEYQUBZGSWAPGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-di(nonyl)benzene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1CCCCCCCCC YEYQUBZGSWAPGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RLPSARLYTKXVSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethanamine Chemical compound CC(N)C1=CN=CS1 RLPSARLYTKXVSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- TXBCBTDQIULDIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propoxy]methyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)COCC(CO)(CO)CO TXBCBTDQIULDIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PTJWCLYPVFJWMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[3-hydroxy-2-[[3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propoxy]methyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propoxy]methyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)COCC(CO)(CO)COCC(CO)(CO)CO PTJWCLYPVFJWMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CO YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WHHSHXMIKFVAEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-o-benzyl 1-o-octyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1 WHHSHXMIKFVAEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NUCFNMOPTGEHQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-2h-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine Chemical compound C1=NC=C2C(Br)=NNC2=C1 NUCFNMOPTGEHQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HBTAOSGHCXUEKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-chloro-n,n-dimethyl-3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide Chemical compound CN(C)S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(Cl)C([N+]([O-])=O)=C1 HBTAOSGHCXUEKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PCUXMDACXTVDGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylpentyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Chemical compound CC(C)CCCOC(=O)C(C)(C)C PCUXMDACXTVDGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ODMZDMMTKHXXKA-QXMHVHEDSA-N 8-methylnonyl (z)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCCCCCCCC(C)C ODMZDMMTKHXXKA-QXMHVHEDSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 102000008186 Collagen Human genes 0.000 claims description 2
- 108010035532 Collagen Proteins 0.000 claims description 2
- MQIUGAXCHLFZKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Di-n-octyl phthalate Natural products CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCCCCCC MQIUGAXCHLFZKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XTJFFFGAUHQWII-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dibutyl adipate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)CCCCC(=O)OCCCC XTJFFFGAUHQWII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane Chemical compound CCC(CO)(CO)CO ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VDEUTRIMVYSCKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetyl octadecaneperoxoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OOC(C)=O VDEUTRIMVYSCKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004996 alkyl benzenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000005215 alkyl ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940067597 azelate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- BJQHLKABXJIVAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC BJQHLKABXJIVAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WLLCYXDFVBWGBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(8-methylnonyl) nonanedioate Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCC(=O)OCCCCCCCC(C)C WLLCYXDFVBWGBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SCABKEBYDRTODC-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl] hexanedioate Chemical compound CCCCOCCOCCOC(=O)CCCCC(=O)OCCOCCOCCCC SCABKEBYDRTODC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012000 cholesterol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001436 collagen Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940100539 dibutyl adipate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- QMCVOSQFZZCSLN-VAWYXSNFSA-N dihexyl (e)-but-2-enedioate Chemical compound CCCCCCOC(=O)\C=C\C(=O)OCCCCCC QMCVOSQFZZCSLN-VAWYXSNFSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HBGGXOJOCNVPFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N diisononyl phthalate Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCCCCC(C)C HBGGXOJOCNVPFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940031578 diisopropyl adipate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940031569 diisopropyl sebacate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004205 dimethyl polysiloxane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013870 dimethyl polysiloxane Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- LTYMSROWYAPPGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl sulfide Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1SC1=CC=CC=C1 LTYMSROWYAPPGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XFKBBSZEQRFVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropan-2-yl decanedioate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC(C)C XFKBBSZEQRFVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KWKXNDCHNDYVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecylbenzene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1 KWKXNDCHNDYVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- MTVMXNTVZNCVTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethane-1,2-diol;2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethanol Chemical compound OCCO.OCCOCCO MTVMXNTVZNCVTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003976 glyceryl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C(O[H])([H])C(O[H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006158 high molecular weight polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002466 imines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000021388 linseed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000944 linseed oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N neopentyl glycol Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)CO SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YCWSUKQGVSGXJO-NTUHNPAUSA-N nifuroxazide Chemical group C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C(=O)N\N=C\C1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)O1 YCWSUKQGVSGXJO-NTUHNPAUSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-M octanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC([O-])=O WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940049964 oleate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002924 oxiranes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010690 paraffinic oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L phthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001495 poly(sodium acrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-L sebacate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium polyacrylate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)C=C NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- JZALLXAUNPOCEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecylbenzene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1 JZALLXAUNPOCEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000013638 trimer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002086 nanomaterial Substances 0.000 claims 4
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- YJTKZCDBKVTVBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Diphenylbenzene Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 YJTKZCDBKVTVBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 102000011782 Keratins Human genes 0.000 claims 1
- 108010076876 Keratins Proteins 0.000 claims 1
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- CGSLYBDCEGBZCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Octicizer Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(=O)(OCC(CC)CCCC)OC1=CC=CC=C1 CGSLYBDCEGBZCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 claims 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 claims 1
- GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-M decanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- UCVPKAZCQPRWAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=C(C(=O)OCC=2C=CC=CC=2)C=1C(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1 UCVPKAZCQPRWAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 abstract description 44
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 44
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 27
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 15
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 abstract description 14
- 238000002525 ultrasonication Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 39
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910001651 emery Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002121 nanofiber Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 description 5
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 231100000647 material safety data sheet Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 3
- FBWNMEQMRUMQSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tergitol NP-9 Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(OCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCO)C=C1 FBWNMEQMRUMQSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005087 graphitization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical class C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006072 paste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003890 succinate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000011044 succinic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000015961 tonic Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000001256 tonic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229960000716 tonics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 2
- OBETXYAYXDNJHR-SSDOTTSWSA-M (2r)-2-ethylhexanoate Chemical compound CCCC[C@@H](CC)C([O-])=O OBETXYAYXDNJHR-SSDOTTSWSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OVSKIKFHRZPJSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-D Chemical compound OC(=O)COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl OVSKIKFHRZPJSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YEVQZPWSVWZAOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(bromomethyl)-1-iodo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=CC=C(I)C(CBr)=C1 YEVQZPWSVWZAOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HLLBXNKHJCWFFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl decanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCCOCCOCCO HLLBXNKHJCWFFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 244000303965 Cyamopsis psoralioides Species 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WOBHKFSMXKNTIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroxyethyl methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCO WOBHKFSMXKNTIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical class [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000297 Rayon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VKCLPVFDVVKEKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N S=[P] Chemical compound S=[P] VKCLPVFDVVKEKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910020994 Sn-Zn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910009069 Sn—Zn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YSMRWXYRXBRSND-UHFFFAOYSA-N TOTP Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1OP(=O)(OC=1C(=CC=CC=1)C)OC1=CC=CC=C1C YSMRWXYRXBRSND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical class C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006653 Ziegler-Natta catalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000006177 alkyl benzyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-ethylcaproic acid Natural products CCCCC(CC)C(O)=O OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010539 anionic addition polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000006267 biphenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000004074 biphenyls Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DWBWDSBGZPFQLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(3-hydroxypropyl) hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound OCCCOP(O)(=O)OCCCO DWBWDSBGZPFQLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QHIWVLPBUQWDMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl prop-2-enoate;methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C.COC(=O)C(C)=C.CCCCOC(=O)C=C QHIWVLPBUQWDMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002134 carbon nanofiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004517 catalytic hydrocracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008199 coating composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013065 commercial product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- ALEXXDVDDISNDU-JZYPGELDSA-N cortisol 21-acetate Chemical compound C1CC2=CC(=O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@@](C(=O)COC(=O)C)(O)[C@@]1(C)C[C@@H]2O ALEXXDVDDISNDU-JZYPGELDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- DZQISOJKASMITI-UHFFFAOYSA-N decyl-dioxido-oxo-$l^{5}-phosphane;hydron Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCP(O)(O)=O DZQISOJKASMITI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009837 dry grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002272 engine oil additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006266 etherification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PBJZAYSKNIIHMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl carbamate;oxirane Chemical class C1CO1.CCOC(N)=O PBJZAYSKNIIHMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005660 hydrophilic surface Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940099367 lanolin alcohols Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HFGPZNIAWCZYJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead zirconate titanate Chemical group [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4].[Zr+4].[Pb+2] HFGPZNIAWCZYJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052451 lead zirconate titanate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006193 liquid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002763 monocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002048 multi walled nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000053 physical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005749 polyurethane resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010526 radical polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002964 rayon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012783 reinforcing fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002109 single walled nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinimide Chemical class O=C1CCC(=O)N1 KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010689 synthetic lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001911 terphenyls Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCOCCO UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UEUXEKPTXMALOB-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrasodium;2-[2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]ethyl-(carboxylatomethyl)amino]acetate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O UEUXEKPTXMALOB-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000005239 tubule Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001238 wet grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001285 xanthan gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- SXYOAESUCSYJNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;bis(6-methylheptoxy)-sulfanylidene-sulfido-$l^{5}-phosphane Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC(C)CCCCCOP([S-])(=S)OCCCCCC(C)C.CC(C)CCCCCOP([S-])(=S)OCCCCCC(C)C SXYOAESUCSYJNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M171/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
- C10M171/06—Particles of special shape or size
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M125/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an inorganic material
- C10M125/02—Carbon; Graphite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F9/00—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments
- D01F9/08—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments of inorganic material
- D01F9/12—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof
- D01F9/127—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon gases or vapours or other carbon-containing compounds in the form of gas or vapour, e.g. carbon monoxide, alcohols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2201/02—Water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2201/04—Elements
- C10M2201/041—Carbon; Graphite; Carbon black
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
- C10M2209/108—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups etherified
Abstract
The introduction of nanotubes in a liquid provides a means for changing the physical and/or chemical properties of the liquid. Improvements in heat transfer, electrical properties, viscosity, and lubricity can be realized upon dispersion of nanotubes in liquids; however, nanotubes behave like hydrophobic particles and tend to clump together in liquids. Methods of preparing stable dispersions of nanotubes are described and surfactants/dispersants are identified which can disperse carbon nanotubes in aqueous and petroleum liquid medium. The appropriate dispersant is chosen for the carbon nanotube and the water or oil based medium and the dispersant is dissolved into the liquid medium to form a solution. The carbon nanotube is added to the dispersant containing the solution with agitation, ultrasonication, and/or combinations thereof.
Description
PREPARATION OF STABLE NANOTUBE DISPERSIONS IN LIQUIDS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This application claims priority from United States Nonprovisional application Serial No. 10/021,767 filed on December 12, 2001 entitled "Preparation of stable carbon Nanotube Dispersions in Liquids".
Technical Field Methods are described and surfactants are identified which can disperse carbon nanotubes in aqueous and petroleum liquid medium utilizing selected dispersants and mixing methods to form stable carbon nanotube dispersions.
Description of the Prior Art Carbon nanotubes are a new form of the material formed by elemental carbon, which possess different properties than the other forms of the carbon materials. They have unique atomic structure, very high aspect ratio, and extraordinary mechanical properties (strength and flexibility), making them ideal reinforcing fibers in composites and other structural materials.
Carbon nanotubes are characterized as generally to rigid porous carbon three dimensional structures comprising carbon nanofibers and having high surface area and porosity, low bulk density, low amount of micropores and increased crush strength. The instant process is applicable to nanotubes with or without amorphous carbon.
The term "nanotube" refers to elongated structures having a cross section (e.g., angular fibers having edges) or diameter (e.g., rounded) less than 1 micron.
The structure may be either hollow or solid. Accordingly, the term includes "nanofibrils"
and "bucky tubes". Such structures provide significant surface area when incorporated into a structure because of their size and shape. Moreover, such fibers can be made with high purity and uniformity.
Preferably, the nanotube used in the present invention has a diameter less than 1 micron, preferably less than about 0.5 micron, and even more preferably less than 0.1 micron and most preferably less than 0.05 micron.
The term "internal structure" refers to the internal structure of an assemblage including the relative orientation of the fibers, the diversity of and overall average of fiber orientations, the proximity of the fibers to one another, the void space or pores created by the interstices and spaces between the fibers and size, shape, number and orientation of the flow channels or paths formed by the connection of the void spaces and/or pores.
The structure may also include characteristics relating to the size, spacing and orientation of aggregate particles that form the assemblage. The term "relative orientation" refers to the orientation of an individual fiber or aggregate with respect to the others (i.e., aligned versus non-aligned). The "diversity of and "overall average" of fiber or aggregate orientations refers to the range of fiber orientations within the structure (alignment and orientation with respect to the external surface of the structure).
Carbon nanotubes can be used to form a rigid assemblage or be made having diameters in the range of 3.5 to 70 manometers. The nanotubes, fibrils, bucky tubes and whiskers that are referred to inthis application are distinguishable from continuous carbon fibers commercially available as reinforcement materials. In contrast to nanotubes, which have desirably large, but unavoidably finite aspect ratios, continuous carbon fibers have aspect ratios (L!D) of at least 104 and often 106 or more. The diameter of continuous fibers is also far larger than that of nanotubes, being always > 1.0 micron and typically 5 to 7 microns. Continuous carbon fibers are made by the pyrolysis of organic precursor fibers, usually rayon, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and pitch. Thus, they may include heteroatoms within their structure. The graphitic nature of "as made"
continuous carbon fibers varies, but they may be subjected to a subsequent graphitization step.
Differences in degree of graphitization, orientation and crystallinity of graphite planes, if they are present, the potential presence of heteroatoms and even the absolute difference in substrate diameter make experience with continuous fibers poor predictors of nanofiber chemistry.
Carbon nanotubes are typically hollow graphite tubules having a diameter of generally several to several tens nanometers. Carbon nanotubes exist in many forms. The nanofibers can be in the form of discrete fibers or aggregate particles of nanofibers. The former results in a structure having fairly uniform properties. The latter results in a structure having two-tiered architecture comprising an overall macrostructure comprising aggregate particles of nanofibers bonded together to form the porous mass and a microstructure of intertwined nanofibers within the individual aggregate particles. For instance, one form of carbon fibrils are characterized by a substantially constant diameter, length greater than about 5 times the diameter, an ordered outer region of catalytically grown, multiple, substantially continuous layers of ordered carbon atoms having an outside diameter between about 3.5 and 70 nanometers, and a distinct inner core region.
Each of the layers and the core are disposed substantially concentrically about the cylindrical axis of the fibril. The fibrils are substantially free of pyrolytically deposited thermal carbon with the diameter of the fibrils being equal to the outside diameter of the ordered outer region.
Moreover, a carbon nanotube suitable for use with the instant process defines a cylindrical carbon fibril characterized by a substantially constant diameter between 3 .5 and about 70 nanometers, a length greater than about 5 times the diameter and less than about 5000 times the diameter, an outer region of multiple layers of ordered carbon atoms and a distinct inner core region, each of the layers and the core being disposed concentrically ab out the cylindrical axis of the fibril. Preferably the entire carbon nanotube is sub stantially free of thermal carbon overcoat. The term "cylindrical" is used herein in the broad geometrical sense, i.e., the surface traced by a straight line moving parallel to a fixed straight line and intersecting a curve. A circle or an ellipse are but two of the many possible curves of the cylinder. The inner core region of the nanotube may be hollow, or may comprise carbon atoms which are less ordered than the atoms of the outer region.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This application claims priority from United States Nonprovisional application Serial No. 10/021,767 filed on December 12, 2001 entitled "Preparation of stable carbon Nanotube Dispersions in Liquids".
Technical Field Methods are described and surfactants are identified which can disperse carbon nanotubes in aqueous and petroleum liquid medium utilizing selected dispersants and mixing methods to form stable carbon nanotube dispersions.
Description of the Prior Art Carbon nanotubes are a new form of the material formed by elemental carbon, which possess different properties than the other forms of the carbon materials. They have unique atomic structure, very high aspect ratio, and extraordinary mechanical properties (strength and flexibility), making them ideal reinforcing fibers in composites and other structural materials.
Carbon nanotubes are characterized as generally to rigid porous carbon three dimensional structures comprising carbon nanofibers and having high surface area and porosity, low bulk density, low amount of micropores and increased crush strength. The instant process is applicable to nanotubes with or without amorphous carbon.
The term "nanotube" refers to elongated structures having a cross section (e.g., angular fibers having edges) or diameter (e.g., rounded) less than 1 micron.
The structure may be either hollow or solid. Accordingly, the term includes "nanofibrils"
and "bucky tubes". Such structures provide significant surface area when incorporated into a structure because of their size and shape. Moreover, such fibers can be made with high purity and uniformity.
Preferably, the nanotube used in the present invention has a diameter less than 1 micron, preferably less than about 0.5 micron, and even more preferably less than 0.1 micron and most preferably less than 0.05 micron.
The term "internal structure" refers to the internal structure of an assemblage including the relative orientation of the fibers, the diversity of and overall average of fiber orientations, the proximity of the fibers to one another, the void space or pores created by the interstices and spaces between the fibers and size, shape, number and orientation of the flow channels or paths formed by the connection of the void spaces and/or pores.
The structure may also include characteristics relating to the size, spacing and orientation of aggregate particles that form the assemblage. The term "relative orientation" refers to the orientation of an individual fiber or aggregate with respect to the others (i.e., aligned versus non-aligned). The "diversity of and "overall average" of fiber or aggregate orientations refers to the range of fiber orientations within the structure (alignment and orientation with respect to the external surface of the structure).
Carbon nanotubes can be used to form a rigid assemblage or be made having diameters in the range of 3.5 to 70 manometers. The nanotubes, fibrils, bucky tubes and whiskers that are referred to inthis application are distinguishable from continuous carbon fibers commercially available as reinforcement materials. In contrast to nanotubes, which have desirably large, but unavoidably finite aspect ratios, continuous carbon fibers have aspect ratios (L!D) of at least 104 and often 106 or more. The diameter of continuous fibers is also far larger than that of nanotubes, being always > 1.0 micron and typically 5 to 7 microns. Continuous carbon fibers are made by the pyrolysis of organic precursor fibers, usually rayon, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and pitch. Thus, they may include heteroatoms within their structure. The graphitic nature of "as made"
continuous carbon fibers varies, but they may be subjected to a subsequent graphitization step.
Differences in degree of graphitization, orientation and crystallinity of graphite planes, if they are present, the potential presence of heteroatoms and even the absolute difference in substrate diameter make experience with continuous fibers poor predictors of nanofiber chemistry.
Carbon nanotubes are typically hollow graphite tubules having a diameter of generally several to several tens nanometers. Carbon nanotubes exist in many forms. The nanofibers can be in the form of discrete fibers or aggregate particles of nanofibers. The former results in a structure having fairly uniform properties. The latter results in a structure having two-tiered architecture comprising an overall macrostructure comprising aggregate particles of nanofibers bonded together to form the porous mass and a microstructure of intertwined nanofibers within the individual aggregate particles. For instance, one form of carbon fibrils are characterized by a substantially constant diameter, length greater than about 5 times the diameter, an ordered outer region of catalytically grown, multiple, substantially continuous layers of ordered carbon atoms having an outside diameter between about 3.5 and 70 nanometers, and a distinct inner core region.
Each of the layers and the core are disposed substantially concentrically about the cylindrical axis of the fibril. The fibrils are substantially free of pyrolytically deposited thermal carbon with the diameter of the fibrils being equal to the outside diameter of the ordered outer region.
Moreover, a carbon nanotube suitable for use with the instant process defines a cylindrical carbon fibril characterized by a substantially constant diameter between 3 .5 and about 70 nanometers, a length greater than about 5 times the diameter and less than about 5000 times the diameter, an outer region of multiple layers of ordered carbon atoms and a distinct inner core region, each of the layers and the core being disposed concentrically ab out the cylindrical axis of the fibril. Preferably the entire carbon nanotube is sub stantially free of thermal carbon overcoat. The term "cylindrical" is used herein in the broad geometrical sense, i.e., the surface traced by a straight line moving parallel to a fixed straight line and intersecting a curve. A circle or an ellipse are but two of the many possible curves of the cylinder. The inner core region of the nanotube may be hollow, or may comprise carbon atoms which are less ordered than the atoms of the outer region.
"Ordered carbon atoms," as the phrase is used herein means graphitic domains having their c-axes substantially perpendicular to the cylindrical axis of the nanotube. In one embodiment, the length ofthe nanotube is greater than about 20 times the diameter of the nanotube. In another embodiment, the nanotube diameter is between about 7 and about 25 manometers. In another embodiment the inner core region has a diameter greater than about 2 manometers.
Dispersing the nanotubes into organic and aqueous medium has been a serious challenge. The nanotubes tend to aggregate, form agglomerates, and separate from the dispersion.
Some industrial applications require a method of preparing a stable dispersion of a selected carbon nanotube in a liquid medium.
For instance, U. S. Patent S, 523,006 by Strumban teaches the user of a surfactant and an oil medium; however, the particles are Cu-Ni-Sn-Zn alloy particles with the size from 0.01 micron and the suspension is stable for a limited period of time of approximately 30 days. Moreover, the surfactants don't include the dispersants typically utilized in the lubricant industry.
U. S. Patent 5, 560, 898 by Uchida et al. teaches that a liquid medium is an aqueous medium containing a surfactant; however, the stability of the suspension is of little consequence in that the liquid is centrifuged upon suspension.
U.S. Patent 5,853,877 by Shibuta teaches dispersing disentangled nanotubes in a polar solvent and forming a coating composition with additives such as dispersing agents;
however, a method of obtaining a stable dispersion is not taught.
U.S. Patent 6,099,965 by Tennent et al. utilizes a kneader teaching mixing a dispersant with other reactants in a liquid medium using a high-torque dispersing tool, yet sustaining the stability of the dispersion does not appear to be taught nor suggested.
Dispersing the nanotubes into organic and aqueous medium has been a serious challenge. The nanotubes tend to aggregate, form agglomerates, and separate from the dispersion.
Some industrial applications require a method of preparing a stable dispersion of a selected carbon nanotube in a liquid medium.
For instance, U. S. Patent S, 523,006 by Strumban teaches the user of a surfactant and an oil medium; however, the particles are Cu-Ni-Sn-Zn alloy particles with the size from 0.01 micron and the suspension is stable for a limited period of time of approximately 30 days. Moreover, the surfactants don't include the dispersants typically utilized in the lubricant industry.
U. S. Patent 5, 560, 898 by Uchida et al. teaches that a liquid medium is an aqueous medium containing a surfactant; however, the stability of the suspension is of little consequence in that the liquid is centrifuged upon suspension.
U.S. Patent 5,853,877 by Shibuta teaches dispersing disentangled nanotubes in a polar solvent and forming a coating composition with additives such as dispersing agents;
however, a method of obtaining a stable dispersion is not taught.
U.S. Patent 6,099,965 by Tennent et al. utilizes a kneader teaching mixing a dispersant with other reactants in a liquid medium using a high-torque dispersing tool, yet sustaining the stability of the dispersion does not appear to be taught nor suggested.
None of the conventional methods taught provide a process for dispersing and maintaining nanotubes in suspension as described and claimed in the instant invention as follows.
SITMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Inthis invention physical and chemical treatments are combined to derive a metho d of obtaining a stable nanotube dispersion.
The present invention provides a method of preparing a stable dispersion of a selected carbon nanotube in a liquid medium, such as water or any water based solution, or oil, with the combined use of surfactants and agitation (e.g.
ultrasonication) or other means of agitation. The carbon nanotube can be either single-walled, or multi-walled, with typical aspect ratio of 500-5000; however, it is contemplated that nanotubes of other configurations can also be utilized with the instant invention. It is contemplated that a mixture containing carbon nanotubes having a length of 1 micron or more and a diameter of 50 nm or less. The raw material may contain carbon nanotubes having a size outside of the above ranges. The carbon nanotube is not required to be surFace treated providing a hydrophilic surface for dispersion into the aqueous medium, but optionally may be treated. The selected surfactant is soluble or dispersible in the liquid medium.
The term "surfactant" in the instant invention refers to any chemical compound that reduces surface tension of a liquid when dissolved into it, or reduces interfacial tension between two liquids, or between a liquid and a solid. It is usually, but not exclusively, a Iong chain molecule comprised of two moieties: a hydrophilic moiety and a lipophilic moiety. The "hydrophilic" and "lipophilic" moieties refer to the segment in the molecule with affinity for water, and that with affinity for oil, respectively. It is a broad term that covers all materials that have surface activity, including wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, detergents and foaming agents, etc. The term "dispersant" in the instant invention refers to a surfactant added to a medium to promote uniform suspension of extremely fine solid particles, often of colloidal size. In the lubricant industry the term "dispersant" is general accepted to describe the long chain oil soluble or dispersible compounds which function to disperse the "cold sludge" formed in engines.
These two terms are mostly interchangeable in the instant invention; however, in some cases the term "dispersant" is used with the tendency to emphasize, but not restrict to, the ones commonly used in the lubricant industry.
The method of making a stable particle-containing dispersions includes physical agitation in combination with chemical treatments. The physical mixing includes high shear mixing, such as with a high speed mixer, homogenizers, microfluidizers, a Lady mill, a colloid mill, etc., high impact mixing, such as attritor, ball and pebble mill, etc., and ultrasonication methods. The mixing methods are further aided by electrostatic stabilizationby electrolytes, and steric stabilizationbypolymeric surfactants (dispersants).
The chemical treatment and the use of the claimed surfactants/dispersants are critical to long term stability of the nanotube fluid mixtures. The treatment involves dissolving a selected dispersant into a selected liquid medium. The chemical method includes a two-step approach: dissolving the dispersant into the liquid medium, and then adding the selected carbon nanotube into the dispersant liquid medium mixture with mechanical agitation and/or ultrasonication. These steps can be reversed but may not produce as satisfactory a result. The liquid medium can be water or any water solution, a petroleum distillate, a petroleum oil, synthetic oil, or vegetable oil. The dispersant for the oily liquid medium is a surfactant with low hydrophile-lipophile balance (HI.,B) value (HLB < 8) or a polymeric dispersant of the type used in the lubricant industry. It is preferably nonionic, or a mixture of nonionics and Tonics. A preferred dispersant for the aqueous liquid medium is of high HLB value (HLB > 10), preferably a nonylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol-type surfactant. Of course, other alcohol based glycols having a high HLB value can be used as well. The uniform dispersion of nanotubes is obtained with a designed viscosity in the liquid medium. The dispersion of nanotubes may be obtained in the form of a paste, gel or grease, in either a petroleum liquid medium or an aqueous medium.
_'7_ This dispersion may also contain a large amount of one or more other chemical compounds, preferably polymers, not for the purpose of dispersing, but to achieve thickening or other desired fluid characteristics.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of preparing a stable dispersion ofthe carbonnanotube in a liquid mediumwiththe combined use of dispersants and physical agitation.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize a carbon nanotube that is either single-walled, or multi-walled, with typical aspect ratio of 500-5000.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize carbon nanotubes which may optionally be surface treated to be hydrophilic at surface for ease of dispersing into the aqueous medium.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize a dispersant that is soluble for a selected liquid medium.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize a method of preparation dissolving the dispersant into the liquid medium first, and then adding the carbon nanotube into the mixture while being strongly agitated or ultrasonicated.
It is another object of the present invention to add the carbon nanotube into the liquid while being agitated or ultrasonicated, and then adding the surfactant.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize a petroleum distillate or a .
synthetic petroleum oil as the liquid medium.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize a liquid medium of the type used in the lubricant industry, or a surfactant, or a mixture of surfactants with a low HL,~
_g_ (<8), preferably nonionic or mixture of nonionic and ionic surfactant. More typically, the dispersant can be the ashless polymeric dispersant used in the lubricant industry.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize a dispersant-detergent (DI) additive package typical sold in the lubricant industry as the surfactant/dispersant.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize a liquid medium consisting of water or any water based solution.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize a dispersant having a high HLB (>10), preferably nonylphenoxypoly-(ethyleneoxy)ethanol-type surfactants.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize a uniform dispersion with a designed viscosity having a nanotube in petroleum liquid medium.
It is another object of the present invention to obtain a uniform dispersion in a form as a gel or paste containing nanotubes in petroleum liquid medium or aqueous medium.
It is another object of the present invention to obtain a uniform dispersion of nanotubes in a form as a grease obtained from dispersing carbon nanotube in petroleum liquid medium or aqueous medium.
It is another object of the present invention to form a uniform and stable dispersion of carbon nanotubes containing dissolved non-dispersing, "other"
compounds in the liquid oil based medium.
It is yet another object of the present invention to form a uniform and stable dispersion in a form containing carbon nanotubes with dissolved non-dispersing, "other"
compounds in the liquid water medium.
The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in or apparent from the following description.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The present invention provides a method a dispersing carbon nanotubes into a liquid medium.
As set forth above, the nanotubes can be either single-walled, or mufti-walled, having a typical nanoscale diameter of 1-500 manometers. More typically the diameter is around 10-30 manometers. The length of the tube can be in submicron and micron scale, usually from 500 manometers to 500 microns. More typical length is 1 micron to microns. The aspect ratio ofthe tube can be from hundreds to thousands, more typical 500 to 5000. the carbon nanotubes, fibers, particles or combination thereof can be utilized as is from the production. The carbon nano particles comprising carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, carbon particles or combinations thereof can be utilized as a substrate in the present invention' as is' as a commercial product straight from a commercial production process.
A preferred embodiment of the instant invention was obtained using a nano particle product having the surface treated chemically to achieve certain level of hydrophilicity by an activated carbon treatment. Moreover, a certain level of hydrophilicity can be achieved by utilizing avapor disposition process using chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide;
and/or by treatment with a strong acid or base.
A preferred embodiment utilized a carbon nanotube product obtained from Carbolex at the University of Kentucky which contains amorphous carbon particles and which is believed to utilize an activated carbon treatment to improve the level of hydrophilicity. The Carbolex carbon nanotubes comprise single walled nanotubes, multi-wall nanotubes, and combinations thereof. Moreover, the combination can include small fractions of the carboneous materials made up of partially disordered spherical particles and/or short carbon nanotubes.
Petroleum Basestocks Liquid Medium The petroleum liquid medium can be any petroleum distillates or synthetic petroleum oils, greases, gels, or oil-soluble polymer composition. More typically, it is the mineral basestocks or synthetic basestocks used in the lube industry, e.g., Group I (solvent refined mineral oils), Group II (hydrocracked mineral oils), Group III
(severely hydrocracked oils, sometimes described as synthetic or semi-synthetic oils), Group IV
(polyalphaolefins), and Group VI (esters, naphthenes, and others). One preferred group includes the polyalphaolefins, synthetic esters, and polyalkylglycols.
Synthetic lubricating oils include hydrocarbon oils and halo-substituted hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene-isobutylene copolymers, chlorinated polybutylenes, poly(1-octenes), poly(1-decenes), etc., and mixtures thereof; alkylbenzenes (e.g., dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di-(2-ethylhexyl)benzenes, etc.);
polyphenyls (e.g., biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenyls, etc.), alkylated diphenyl, ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and the derivatives, analogs and homologs thereof and the like.
Alkylene oxide polymers and interpolymers and derivatives thereof where the terminal hydroxyl groups have been modified by esterification, etherification, etc.
constitute another class of known synthetic oils.
Another suitable class of synthetic oils comprises the esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phtalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids and alkenyl succinic acids, malefic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, alkenyl malonic acids, etc.) with a variety of alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol, etc.).
Specific examples of these esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azealate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dicicosyl sebacate, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and the like.
Esters usefizl as synthetic oils also include those made from CS to Clz monocarboxylic acids and polyols and polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, etc. Other synthetic oils include liquid esters of phosphorus-containing acids (e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, diethyl ester of decylphosphonic acid, etc.), polymeric tetrahydrofurans and the like.
Preferred polyalphaoleflns (PAO), include those sold byMobil Chemical company as SHF fluids, and those sold by Ethyl Corporation under the name ETHYLFLO, or ALBERMAFvLE. PAO's include the Ethyl-flow series by Ethyl Corporation, "Albermarle Corporation," including Ethyl-flow 162,164,166, 168, and 174, having varying viscosity from about 2 to about 460 centistokes.
Mobil SHF-42 from Mobil Chemical Company, Emery 3004 and 3006, and Quantum Chemical Company provide additional polyalphaolefins basestocks. For instance, Emery 3004 polyalphaolefln has a viscosity of 3.86 centistokes (cSt) at 212 °F.
(100 °C) and 16.75 cSt at 104 °F (40 °C). It has a viscosity index of 125 and a pour point of -98 °F and it also has a flash point of 432 °F and a fire point of 478 °F. Moreover, Emery 3006 polyalphaolefln has a viscosity of 5.88 cSt at +212 °F and 31.22 cSt at +104 °F. It has a viscosity index of 135 and a pour point of -87 °F.
It also has a flash point of +464 °F and a fire point of +514 °F.
Additional satisfactory polyalphaolefins are those sold by Uniroyal Inc. under the brand Synton PAO-40, which is a 40 centistoke polyalphaolefln. Also useful are the Oronite brand polyalphaoleflns manufactured by Chevron Chemical Company.
It is contemplated that Gulf Synfluid 4 cSt PAO, commercially available from Gulf Oil Chemicals Company, a subsidiary of Chevron Corporation, which is similar in many respects to Emery 3004 may also be utilized herein. Mobil SHF-41 PAO, commercially available from Mobil Chemical Corporation, is also similar in many respects to Emery 3004.
Preferably the polyalphaolefins will have a viscosity in the range of about 2-centistoke at 100°C, with viscosity of 4 and 10 centistoke being particularly preferred.
The most preferred synthetic based oil ester additives are polyolesters and diesters such as di-aliphatic diesters of alkyl carboxylic acids such as di-2-ethylhexylazelate, di-isodecyladipate, and di-tridecyladipate, commercially available under the brand name Emery 2960 by Emery Chemicals, described in U. S. Patent 4, 859,352 to Waynick. Other suitable polyolesters are manufactured by Mobil Oil. Mobil polyolester P-43, M-containing two alcohols, and Hatco Corp. 2939 are particularly preferred.
Diesters and other synthetic oils have been used as replacements of mineral oil in fluid lubricants. Diesters have outstanding extreme low temperature flow properties and good residence to oxidative breakdown.
The diester oil may include an aliphatic diester of a dicarboxylic acid, or the diester oil can comprise a dialkyl aliphatic diester of an alkyl dicarboxylic acid, such as di-2-ethyl hexyl azelate, di-isodecyl azelate, di-tridecyl azelate, di-isodecyl adipate, di-tridecyl adipate. For instance, Di-2-ethylhexyl azelate is commercially available under the brand name of Emery 2958 by Emery Chemicals.
Also useful are polyol esters such as Emery 2935, 2936, and 2939 from Emery Group ofHenkel Corporation andHatco 2352, 2962, 2925, 2938, 2939, 2970, 3178, and 4322 polyol esters from Hatco Corporation, described in U.S. 5,344,579 to Ohtani et al.
and Mobil ester P 24 from Mobil Chemical Company. Mobil esters such as made by reacting dicarboxylic acids, glycols, and either monobasic acids or monohydric alcohols like Emery 2936 synthetic-lubricant basestocks from Quantum Chemical Corporation and Mobil P 24 from Mobil Chemical Company can be used. Polyol esters have good oxidation and hydrolytic stability. The polyol ester for use herein preferably has a pour point of about -100°C or lower to -40°C and a viscosity of about 2-460 centistoke at 100°C.
Group III oils are often referred to as hydrogenated oil to be used as the sole base oil component of the instant invention providing superior performance to conventional motor oils with no other synthetic oil base or mineral oil base.
A hydrogenated oil is a mineral oil subjected to hydrogenation or hydrocracking under special conditions to remove undesirable chemical compositions and impurities resulting in a mineral oil based oil having synthetic oil components and properties.
Typically the hydrogenated oil is defined as a Group III petroleum based stock with a sulfur level less than 0.03, severely hydrotreatd and isodewaxed with saturates greater than or equal to 90 and a viscosity index of greater than or equal to 120 may optionally be utilized in amounts up to 90 percent by volume, more preferably from 5.0 to 50 percent by volume and more preferably from 20 to 40 percent by volume when used in combination with a synthetic or mineral oil.
The hydrogenated oil my be used as the sole base oil component of the instant invention providing superior performance to conventional motor oils with no other synthetic oil base or mineral oil base. When used in combination with another conventional synthetic oil such as those containing polyalphaolefins or esters, or when used in combination with a mineral oil, the hydrogenated oil may be present in an amount of up to 95 percent by volume, more preferably from about 10 to 80 percent by volume, more preferably from 20 to 60 percent by volume and most preferably from 10 to percent by volume of the base oil composition.
A Group I or II mineral oil basestock may be incorporated in the present invention as a portion of the concentrate or a basestock to which the concentrate may be added.
Preferred as mineral oil basestocks are the ASHLAND 325 Neutral defined as a solvent refined neutral having a SABOLT U1VIVERSAL viscosity of 325 SUS @ 100°F
and ASHLAND 100 Neutral defined as a solvent refined neutral having a SABOLT
UNIVERSAL viscosity of 100 SUS @ 100°F, manufactured by the Marathon Ashland Petroleum.
Other acceptable petroleum-base fluid compositions include white mineral, paraffinic and MVI naphthenic oils having the viscosity range of about 20-400 centistokes.
Preferred white mineral oils include those available from Witco Corporation, Arco Chemical Company, P SI and Penreco. Preferred paraffinic oils include solvent neutral oils available from Exxon Chemical Company, HVI neutral oils available from Shell Chemical Company, and solvent treated neutral oils available from Arco Chemical Company.
Preferred MVI naphthenic oils include solvent extracted coastal pale oils available from Exxon Chemical Company, MVI extracted/acid treated oils available from Shell Chemical Company, and naphthenic oils sold under the names HydroCal and Calsol by Calumet, and described in U.S. Patent 5,348,668 to Oldiges.
Finally, vegetable oils may also be utilizes as the liquid medium in the instant invention.
Aqueous Medium The selected aqueous medium is water, or it can be any water-based solution including alcohol and its derivatives, such as glycols or any water-soluble inorganic salt or organic compound.
Surfactants/Dispersants D~'~ persants used in Lubricant Industry Dispersants used in the lubricant industry are typically used to disperse the "cold sludge" formed in gasoline and diesel engines, which can be either "ashless dispersants", or containing metal atoms. They can be used in the instant invention since they have been found to be an excellent dispersing agent for soot, an amorphous form of carbon particles generated in the engine crankcase and incorporated with dirt and grease.
The ashless dispersants commonly used in the automotive industry contain an lipophilic hydrocarbon group and a polar functional hydrophilic group. The polar functional group can be of the class of carboxylate, ester, amine, amide, imine, imide, hydroxyl, ether, epoxide, phosphorus, ester carboxyl, anhydride, or nitrite.
The lipophilic group can be oligomeric or polymeric in nature, usually from 70 to 200 Gabon atoms to ensure oil solubility. Hydrocarbon polymers treated with various reagents to introduce polar functions include products prepared by treating polyolefins such as polyisobutene first with malefic anhydride, or phosphorus sulfide or chloride, or by thermal treatment, and then with reagents such as polyamine, amine, ethylene oxide, etc.
Of these ashless dispersants the ones typically used in the petroleum industry includeN-substitued polyisobutenyl succinimides and succinates, allkylmethacrylate-vinyl pyrrolidinone copolymers, alkyl methacrylate-dialkylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymers, alkylmethacrylate-polyethylene glycol methacrylate copolymers, and polystearamides.
Preferred oil-based dispersants that are most important in the instant application include dispersants from the chemical classes of alkylsuccinimide, succinate esters, high molecular weight amines, Mannich base and phosphoric acid derivatives. Some specific examples are polyisobutenyl succinimide-polyethylenepolyamine, polyisobutenyl succinic ester, polyisobutenyl hydroxybenzyl-polyethylenepolyamine, bis-hydroxypropyl phosphorate.
The dispersant may be combined with other additives used in the lubricant industry to form a "dispersant-detergent (DI)" additive package, e.g., Lubrizol 9802A, and the whole DI package can be used as dispersing agent for the nanotube suspension.
For instance, LUBRIZOL 9802A is described in the technical brochure (MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET No. 1922959-1232446-3384064) by The Lubrizol Corporation in Wickliffe, OH and is hereby incorporated by reference.
LUBRIZOL 9802A is described as a motor oil additive is believed to contain as an active ingredient a zinc dithiophosphate and/or zinc alkyldithiophosphate.
LUBRIZOL 4999 is described in its Technical Brochure (MATERIAL SAFETY
DATA SHEET No. 1272553-1192556-3310026) by the Lubrizol Corporation in Wickliffe, OH and is hereby incorporated by reference. LUBRIZOL 9802A is described as a engine oil additive and contains as an active ingredient from 5 to 9.9 percent of a zinc alkyldithiophosphate.
OLOA 9061 is described in Technical Brochure "MATERIAL SAFETY DATA
SHEET No. 006703" by Chevron Chemical Company LLC and is hereby incorporated by reference. OLOA 9061 is described as zinc alkyl dithiophosphate compound.
IGEPAL CO-630 is described in Technical Brochure "MATERIAL SAFETY
DATA SHEET" from Rhodia Inc. and is hereby incorporated by reference. IGEPAL
CO-63 0 is described as a nonylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol, branched compound.
Other Types of Dispersants Alternatively a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with low HLB value (typically less than or equal to 8), preferably nonionic, or a mixture of nonionics and Tonics, may be used in the instant invention.
The dispersant for the water based carbon nanotube dispersion should be of high HLB value (typically less than or equal to 10), preferable nonylphenoxypoly (ethyleneoxy) ethanol-type surfactants are utilized.
In both the water and oil based cases, the dispersants selected should be soluble or dispersible in the liquid medium.
The dispersant can be in a range of up from 0.001 to 30 percent, more preferably in a range of from between 0.5 percent to 20 percent, more preferably in a range of from between 1.0 to 8.0 percent, and most preferably in a range of from between 2 to 6 percent. The carbon nanotube can be of any desired weight percentage in a range of from 0.0001 up to 50 percent. For practical application it is usually in a range of from between 0.01 percent to 2 percent, and most preferably in a range of from between 0.05 percent to 0.5 percent. The remainder of the formula is the selected oil or water medium.
It is believed that in the instant invention the dispersant functions by adsorbing onto the surface of the carbon nanotube. The dispersant contains a hydrophilic segment and a hydrophobic segment which surrounds the carbon particles thereby providing a means for isolating and dispersing the carbon particles. The selection of a dispersant having a particular HLB value is important to determine the dispersant characteristics such as rate and the degree of stabilization over time.
Other Chemical Compound Additives This dispersion may also contain a large amount of one or more other chemical compounds, preferably polymers, not for the purpose of dispersing, but to achieve thickening or other desired fluid characteristics.
The viscosity improvers used in the lubricant industry can be used in the instant invention for the oil medium, which include olefin copolymers (OCP), polymethacrylates (PMA), hydrogenated styrene-diene (STD), and styrene-polyester (STPE) polymers.
Olefin copolymers are rubber-like materials prepared from ethylene and propylene mixtures through vanadium-based Ziegler-Natta catalysis. Styrene-diene polymers are produced by anionic polymerization of styrene and butadiene or isoprene.
Polymethacrylates are produced by free radical polymerization of alkyl methacrylates.
Styrene-polyester polymers are prepared by first co-polymerizing styrene and malefic anhydride and then esterifying the intermediate using a mixture of alcohols.
Other compounds which can be used in the instant invention in either the aqueous medium or the oil medium include: acrylic polymers such as polyacrylic acid and sodium polyacrylate, high-molecular-weight polymers of ethylene oxide such as Polyox~
WSR
from Union Carbide, cellulose compounds such as carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), xanthan gums and guar gums, polysaccharides, alkanolamides, amine salts of polyamide such as Disparlon AQ
series from King Industries, hydrophobically modified ethylene oxide urethane (e.g., Acrysol series from Rohmax), silicates, and fillers such as mica, silicas, cellulose, wood flour, clays (including organoclays) and nanoclays, and resinpolymers such as polyvinyl butyral resins, polyurethane resins, acrylic resins and epoxy resins.
Chemical compounds such as plasticizers can also be used in the instant invention and may be selected from the group including phthalate, adipates, sebacate esters, and more particularly: glyceryl tri(acetoxystearate), epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized linseed oil, N,n-butyl benzene sulfonamide, aliphatic polyurethane, epoxidized soy oil, polyester glutarate, polyester glutarate, triethylene glycol caprate/caprylate, long chain alkyl ether, dialkyl diester glutarate, monomeric, polymer, and epoxy plasticizers, polyester based on adipic acid, hydrogenated dimer acid, distilled dimer acid, polymerized fatty acid trimer, ethyl ester of hydrolyzed collagen, isostearic acid and sorbian oleate and cocoyl hydrolyzedkeratin, PPG-12/PEG-65 lanolin oil, dialkyl adipate, alkylarylphosphate, alkyl diaryl phosphate, modified triaryl phosphate, triaryl phosphate, butyl benzyl phthalate, octyl benzyl phthalate, alkyl benzyl phthalate, dibutoxy ethoxy ethyl adipate, ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate, dibutoxy ethoxy ethyl formyl, diisopropyl adipate, diisopropyl sebacate, isodecyl oleate, neopentyl glycol dicaprate, neopenty glycol diotanoate, isohexyl neopentanoate, ethoxylated lanolins, polyoxyethylene cholesterol, propoxylated (2 moles) lanolin alcohols, propoxylated lanoline alcohols, acetylated polyoxyethylene derivatives of lanoline, and dimethylpolysiloxane. Other plasticizers which may be substituted for and/or used with the above plasticizers including glycerine, polyethylene glycol, dibutyl phthalate, and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate, and diisononyl phthalate all of which are soluble in a solvent carrier.
Physical Agitation The physical mixing includes high shear mixing, such as with a high speed mixer, homogenizers, microfluidizers, a Kady mill, a colloid mill, etc., high impact mixing, such as attritor, ball and pebble mill, etc., and ultrasonication methods.
LTltrasonication is the most preferred physical method inthe instant invention since it is less destructive to the carbon nanotube structure than the other methods described.
LTltrasonication can be done either in the bath-type ultrasonicator, or by the tip-type ultrasonicator. More typically, tip-type ultrasonication is applied for higher energy output.
Sonication at the medium-high instrumental intensity for up to 30 minutes, and usually in a range of from 10 to 20 minutes is desired to achieve better homogeneity.
One dismembrator useful for preparing the instant invention is a Model 550 Sonic dismembrator manufactured by Fisher Scientific Company, located in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania. The instruction manual Publication No. FS-IM-2 published in November of 1996 describing the use of the Fisher Scientific Model 550 Sonic Dismembrator is hereby incorporated by reference. The generator power supply converst conventional 50/60 Hz AC line power to 20 kHZ electrical energy which is fed to the converter where it is transformed to mechanical vibration. The heart of the convertor is a lead zirconate titanate (Piezoelectric) crystal which, when subjected to an alternating voltage, expands and contracts. The convertor vibrates in the longitudinal direction and transmits this motion to the horn tip immersed in the liquid solution. Cavitation results, in which microscopic vapor bubbles are formed momentarily and implode, causing powerful shock waves to radiate throughout the sample from the tip face. Horns and probes amplify the longitudinal vibration of the convertor; higher amplification (or gain) results in more intense cavitational action and greater disruption. The larger the tip of the probe, the larger the volume that can be processed but at lesser intensity. The convertor is tuned to vibrate at a fixed frequency of 20 kHZ. All horns and probes are resonant bodies, and are also tuned to vibrate at 20 kHZ. Of course it is contemplated that other models and competing ultrasonic mixing devices could be utilized in accordance with the present invention.
The raw material mixture may be pulverized by any suitable known dry or wet grinding method. One grinding method includes pulverizing the raw material mixture in the fluid mixture of the instant invention to obtain the concentrate, and the pulverized product may then be dispersed further in a liquid medium with the aid of the dispersants described above. However, pulverization or milling reduces the carbon nanotube average aspect ratio.
The instant method of forming a stable suspension of nanotubes in a solution consist of two primary steps. First select the appropriate dispersant for the carbon nanotube and the medium, and dissolve the dispersant into the liquid medium to form a solution, and second add the carbonnanotubeinto the dispersant containing solutionwhile strongly agitating, ball milling, or ultrasonication of the solution.
The present invention is further described and illustrated in the following examples:
EXAMPLES
Example 1 Com onents ~ ~ Descri tion ~ ~Wei ht ercenta a p______________________ I? _____________. .g_.d? ____~_.
Carbon nanotube Surface untreated, aspect ratio 2000, diameter 0.1 25 nm, length 50 ~m Dispersant Lubrizol 9802A q..g Liquid Poly(a-olefin), 6 cSt 95.1 Sonication Fisher Scientific 550 Sonic Dismembrator, 15 minutes Example 2 Components Description Weight percentage Carbon nanotube Surface untreated, aspect ratio 2000, diameter 0.1 25 nm, length 50 ~,m Dispersant Lubrizol 4999 4.8 Liquid Poly(a-olefin), 6 cSt 95.1 Sonication Fisher Scientific 550 Sonic Dismembrator, 15 minutes Example 3 Com onents Descri tion ~ Wei ht ercenta a _____P______________________1~______________.____~_.P_____~_.
Carbon nanotube Surface untreated, aspect ratio 2000, diameter 0.1 25 nm, length 50 ~,m Dispersant OLOA 9061 4.8 Liquid Poly(a-olefin), 6 cSt 95.1 Sonication Fisher Scientific 550 Sonic Dismembrator, 15 minutes Example 4 Components Description Weight percentage Carbon nanotube Surface treated 0.1 Dispersant Igepal~ CO-630 5.0 Liquid Water 94.9 Sonication Fisher Scientific 550 Sonic Dismembrator, 15 minutes The dispersions in Examples 1-4 are very uniform, and will remain in a stable dispersion without any sign of separation or aggregation for at least a year.
It is contemplated that substitute dispersants could be utilized in the examples set forth in Examples 1-4 and yield yield similar results. For instance, in Example 1 up to 4. 8 weight percent of a zinc dithiophosphate could be substituted for the LUBRIZOL
since it is the primary active ingredient of the product. In Example 2, up to 4.8 weight percent of a zinc alkyldithiophosphate could be substituted for the LUBRIZOL
product and be expected to yield similar results since a zinc alkyldithiophosphate is the active ingredient in the LUBRIZOL 4999 product. In Example 3, up to 4.8 weight percent a zinc alkyl dithiophosphate compound could be substituted for the since the alkyl dithiophosphate compound is the active ingredient in the OLOA
product. Finally, in Example 4, up to 5.0 weight percent of a nonylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol, branched compound could be substituted fro the IGEPAL CO-630 product since the nonylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol, branched compound is the primary active ingredient in the IGEPAL CO-630 product. Moreover, the weight percent of the carbon nanotube can be up to 10 weight percent, and more preferably up to 1 weight percent and most preferably from .01 to 1 weight percent in the formulations depending upon the preferred viscosity and chemical and physical properties of the resulting products. Accordingly the weight percent of the liquid medium can be reduced and the weight percent of the dispersant can be increased up to 20 weight percent, more preferably from .Ol to 10 weight percent and most preferably from 3 to 6 weight percent.
The amount of nanotubes, dispersant, and liquid medium can be varied as long as the desired HBL value is maintained to produce compounds having a gel, grease, or wax type consistency.
Specific compositions, methods, or embodiments discussed are intended to be only illustrative of the invention disclosed by this specification. Variation on these compositions, methods, or embodiments are readily apparent to a person of skill in the axt based upon the teachings of this specification and are therefore intended to be included as part of the inventions disclosed herein. Reference to documents made in the specification is intended to result in such patents or literature cited are expressly incorporated herein by reference, including any patents or other literature references cited within such documents as if fully set forth in this specification. The foregoing detailed description is given primarily for clearness of understanding and no unnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom, for modification will become obvious to those skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure and may be made upon departing from the spirit of the invention and scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, this invention is not intended to be limited by the specific exemplification presented herein above. Rather, what is intended to be covered is within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
SITMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Inthis invention physical and chemical treatments are combined to derive a metho d of obtaining a stable nanotube dispersion.
The present invention provides a method of preparing a stable dispersion of a selected carbon nanotube in a liquid medium, such as water or any water based solution, or oil, with the combined use of surfactants and agitation (e.g.
ultrasonication) or other means of agitation. The carbon nanotube can be either single-walled, or multi-walled, with typical aspect ratio of 500-5000; however, it is contemplated that nanotubes of other configurations can also be utilized with the instant invention. It is contemplated that a mixture containing carbon nanotubes having a length of 1 micron or more and a diameter of 50 nm or less. The raw material may contain carbon nanotubes having a size outside of the above ranges. The carbon nanotube is not required to be surFace treated providing a hydrophilic surface for dispersion into the aqueous medium, but optionally may be treated. The selected surfactant is soluble or dispersible in the liquid medium.
The term "surfactant" in the instant invention refers to any chemical compound that reduces surface tension of a liquid when dissolved into it, or reduces interfacial tension between two liquids, or between a liquid and a solid. It is usually, but not exclusively, a Iong chain molecule comprised of two moieties: a hydrophilic moiety and a lipophilic moiety. The "hydrophilic" and "lipophilic" moieties refer to the segment in the molecule with affinity for water, and that with affinity for oil, respectively. It is a broad term that covers all materials that have surface activity, including wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, detergents and foaming agents, etc. The term "dispersant" in the instant invention refers to a surfactant added to a medium to promote uniform suspension of extremely fine solid particles, often of colloidal size. In the lubricant industry the term "dispersant" is general accepted to describe the long chain oil soluble or dispersible compounds which function to disperse the "cold sludge" formed in engines.
These two terms are mostly interchangeable in the instant invention; however, in some cases the term "dispersant" is used with the tendency to emphasize, but not restrict to, the ones commonly used in the lubricant industry.
The method of making a stable particle-containing dispersions includes physical agitation in combination with chemical treatments. The physical mixing includes high shear mixing, such as with a high speed mixer, homogenizers, microfluidizers, a Lady mill, a colloid mill, etc., high impact mixing, such as attritor, ball and pebble mill, etc., and ultrasonication methods. The mixing methods are further aided by electrostatic stabilizationby electrolytes, and steric stabilizationbypolymeric surfactants (dispersants).
The chemical treatment and the use of the claimed surfactants/dispersants are critical to long term stability of the nanotube fluid mixtures. The treatment involves dissolving a selected dispersant into a selected liquid medium. The chemical method includes a two-step approach: dissolving the dispersant into the liquid medium, and then adding the selected carbon nanotube into the dispersant liquid medium mixture with mechanical agitation and/or ultrasonication. These steps can be reversed but may not produce as satisfactory a result. The liquid medium can be water or any water solution, a petroleum distillate, a petroleum oil, synthetic oil, or vegetable oil. The dispersant for the oily liquid medium is a surfactant with low hydrophile-lipophile balance (HI.,B) value (HLB < 8) or a polymeric dispersant of the type used in the lubricant industry. It is preferably nonionic, or a mixture of nonionics and Tonics. A preferred dispersant for the aqueous liquid medium is of high HLB value (HLB > 10), preferably a nonylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol-type surfactant. Of course, other alcohol based glycols having a high HLB value can be used as well. The uniform dispersion of nanotubes is obtained with a designed viscosity in the liquid medium. The dispersion of nanotubes may be obtained in the form of a paste, gel or grease, in either a petroleum liquid medium or an aqueous medium.
_'7_ This dispersion may also contain a large amount of one or more other chemical compounds, preferably polymers, not for the purpose of dispersing, but to achieve thickening or other desired fluid characteristics.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of preparing a stable dispersion ofthe carbonnanotube in a liquid mediumwiththe combined use of dispersants and physical agitation.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize a carbon nanotube that is either single-walled, or multi-walled, with typical aspect ratio of 500-5000.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize carbon nanotubes which may optionally be surface treated to be hydrophilic at surface for ease of dispersing into the aqueous medium.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize a dispersant that is soluble for a selected liquid medium.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize a method of preparation dissolving the dispersant into the liquid medium first, and then adding the carbon nanotube into the mixture while being strongly agitated or ultrasonicated.
It is another object of the present invention to add the carbon nanotube into the liquid while being agitated or ultrasonicated, and then adding the surfactant.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize a petroleum distillate or a .
synthetic petroleum oil as the liquid medium.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize a liquid medium of the type used in the lubricant industry, or a surfactant, or a mixture of surfactants with a low HL,~
_g_ (<8), preferably nonionic or mixture of nonionic and ionic surfactant. More typically, the dispersant can be the ashless polymeric dispersant used in the lubricant industry.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize a dispersant-detergent (DI) additive package typical sold in the lubricant industry as the surfactant/dispersant.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize a liquid medium consisting of water or any water based solution.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize a dispersant having a high HLB (>10), preferably nonylphenoxypoly-(ethyleneoxy)ethanol-type surfactants.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize a uniform dispersion with a designed viscosity having a nanotube in petroleum liquid medium.
It is another object of the present invention to obtain a uniform dispersion in a form as a gel or paste containing nanotubes in petroleum liquid medium or aqueous medium.
It is another object of the present invention to obtain a uniform dispersion of nanotubes in a form as a grease obtained from dispersing carbon nanotube in petroleum liquid medium or aqueous medium.
It is another object of the present invention to form a uniform and stable dispersion of carbon nanotubes containing dissolved non-dispersing, "other"
compounds in the liquid oil based medium.
It is yet another object of the present invention to form a uniform and stable dispersion in a form containing carbon nanotubes with dissolved non-dispersing, "other"
compounds in the liquid water medium.
The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in or apparent from the following description.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The present invention provides a method a dispersing carbon nanotubes into a liquid medium.
As set forth above, the nanotubes can be either single-walled, or mufti-walled, having a typical nanoscale diameter of 1-500 manometers. More typically the diameter is around 10-30 manometers. The length of the tube can be in submicron and micron scale, usually from 500 manometers to 500 microns. More typical length is 1 micron to microns. The aspect ratio ofthe tube can be from hundreds to thousands, more typical 500 to 5000. the carbon nanotubes, fibers, particles or combination thereof can be utilized as is from the production. The carbon nano particles comprising carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, carbon particles or combinations thereof can be utilized as a substrate in the present invention' as is' as a commercial product straight from a commercial production process.
A preferred embodiment of the instant invention was obtained using a nano particle product having the surface treated chemically to achieve certain level of hydrophilicity by an activated carbon treatment. Moreover, a certain level of hydrophilicity can be achieved by utilizing avapor disposition process using chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide;
and/or by treatment with a strong acid or base.
A preferred embodiment utilized a carbon nanotube product obtained from Carbolex at the University of Kentucky which contains amorphous carbon particles and which is believed to utilize an activated carbon treatment to improve the level of hydrophilicity. The Carbolex carbon nanotubes comprise single walled nanotubes, multi-wall nanotubes, and combinations thereof. Moreover, the combination can include small fractions of the carboneous materials made up of partially disordered spherical particles and/or short carbon nanotubes.
Petroleum Basestocks Liquid Medium The petroleum liquid medium can be any petroleum distillates or synthetic petroleum oils, greases, gels, or oil-soluble polymer composition. More typically, it is the mineral basestocks or synthetic basestocks used in the lube industry, e.g., Group I (solvent refined mineral oils), Group II (hydrocracked mineral oils), Group III
(severely hydrocracked oils, sometimes described as synthetic or semi-synthetic oils), Group IV
(polyalphaolefins), and Group VI (esters, naphthenes, and others). One preferred group includes the polyalphaolefins, synthetic esters, and polyalkylglycols.
Synthetic lubricating oils include hydrocarbon oils and halo-substituted hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene-isobutylene copolymers, chlorinated polybutylenes, poly(1-octenes), poly(1-decenes), etc., and mixtures thereof; alkylbenzenes (e.g., dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di-(2-ethylhexyl)benzenes, etc.);
polyphenyls (e.g., biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenyls, etc.), alkylated diphenyl, ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and the derivatives, analogs and homologs thereof and the like.
Alkylene oxide polymers and interpolymers and derivatives thereof where the terminal hydroxyl groups have been modified by esterification, etherification, etc.
constitute another class of known synthetic oils.
Another suitable class of synthetic oils comprises the esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phtalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids and alkenyl succinic acids, malefic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, alkenyl malonic acids, etc.) with a variety of alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol, etc.).
Specific examples of these esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azealate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dicicosyl sebacate, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and the like.
Esters usefizl as synthetic oils also include those made from CS to Clz monocarboxylic acids and polyols and polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, etc. Other synthetic oils include liquid esters of phosphorus-containing acids (e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, diethyl ester of decylphosphonic acid, etc.), polymeric tetrahydrofurans and the like.
Preferred polyalphaoleflns (PAO), include those sold byMobil Chemical company as SHF fluids, and those sold by Ethyl Corporation under the name ETHYLFLO, or ALBERMAFvLE. PAO's include the Ethyl-flow series by Ethyl Corporation, "Albermarle Corporation," including Ethyl-flow 162,164,166, 168, and 174, having varying viscosity from about 2 to about 460 centistokes.
Mobil SHF-42 from Mobil Chemical Company, Emery 3004 and 3006, and Quantum Chemical Company provide additional polyalphaolefins basestocks. For instance, Emery 3004 polyalphaolefln has a viscosity of 3.86 centistokes (cSt) at 212 °F.
(100 °C) and 16.75 cSt at 104 °F (40 °C). It has a viscosity index of 125 and a pour point of -98 °F and it also has a flash point of 432 °F and a fire point of 478 °F. Moreover, Emery 3006 polyalphaolefln has a viscosity of 5.88 cSt at +212 °F and 31.22 cSt at +104 °F. It has a viscosity index of 135 and a pour point of -87 °F.
It also has a flash point of +464 °F and a fire point of +514 °F.
Additional satisfactory polyalphaolefins are those sold by Uniroyal Inc. under the brand Synton PAO-40, which is a 40 centistoke polyalphaolefln. Also useful are the Oronite brand polyalphaoleflns manufactured by Chevron Chemical Company.
It is contemplated that Gulf Synfluid 4 cSt PAO, commercially available from Gulf Oil Chemicals Company, a subsidiary of Chevron Corporation, which is similar in many respects to Emery 3004 may also be utilized herein. Mobil SHF-41 PAO, commercially available from Mobil Chemical Corporation, is also similar in many respects to Emery 3004.
Preferably the polyalphaolefins will have a viscosity in the range of about 2-centistoke at 100°C, with viscosity of 4 and 10 centistoke being particularly preferred.
The most preferred synthetic based oil ester additives are polyolesters and diesters such as di-aliphatic diesters of alkyl carboxylic acids such as di-2-ethylhexylazelate, di-isodecyladipate, and di-tridecyladipate, commercially available under the brand name Emery 2960 by Emery Chemicals, described in U. S. Patent 4, 859,352 to Waynick. Other suitable polyolesters are manufactured by Mobil Oil. Mobil polyolester P-43, M-containing two alcohols, and Hatco Corp. 2939 are particularly preferred.
Diesters and other synthetic oils have been used as replacements of mineral oil in fluid lubricants. Diesters have outstanding extreme low temperature flow properties and good residence to oxidative breakdown.
The diester oil may include an aliphatic diester of a dicarboxylic acid, or the diester oil can comprise a dialkyl aliphatic diester of an alkyl dicarboxylic acid, such as di-2-ethyl hexyl azelate, di-isodecyl azelate, di-tridecyl azelate, di-isodecyl adipate, di-tridecyl adipate. For instance, Di-2-ethylhexyl azelate is commercially available under the brand name of Emery 2958 by Emery Chemicals.
Also useful are polyol esters such as Emery 2935, 2936, and 2939 from Emery Group ofHenkel Corporation andHatco 2352, 2962, 2925, 2938, 2939, 2970, 3178, and 4322 polyol esters from Hatco Corporation, described in U.S. 5,344,579 to Ohtani et al.
and Mobil ester P 24 from Mobil Chemical Company. Mobil esters such as made by reacting dicarboxylic acids, glycols, and either monobasic acids or monohydric alcohols like Emery 2936 synthetic-lubricant basestocks from Quantum Chemical Corporation and Mobil P 24 from Mobil Chemical Company can be used. Polyol esters have good oxidation and hydrolytic stability. The polyol ester for use herein preferably has a pour point of about -100°C or lower to -40°C and a viscosity of about 2-460 centistoke at 100°C.
Group III oils are often referred to as hydrogenated oil to be used as the sole base oil component of the instant invention providing superior performance to conventional motor oils with no other synthetic oil base or mineral oil base.
A hydrogenated oil is a mineral oil subjected to hydrogenation or hydrocracking under special conditions to remove undesirable chemical compositions and impurities resulting in a mineral oil based oil having synthetic oil components and properties.
Typically the hydrogenated oil is defined as a Group III petroleum based stock with a sulfur level less than 0.03, severely hydrotreatd and isodewaxed with saturates greater than or equal to 90 and a viscosity index of greater than or equal to 120 may optionally be utilized in amounts up to 90 percent by volume, more preferably from 5.0 to 50 percent by volume and more preferably from 20 to 40 percent by volume when used in combination with a synthetic or mineral oil.
The hydrogenated oil my be used as the sole base oil component of the instant invention providing superior performance to conventional motor oils with no other synthetic oil base or mineral oil base. When used in combination with another conventional synthetic oil such as those containing polyalphaolefins or esters, or when used in combination with a mineral oil, the hydrogenated oil may be present in an amount of up to 95 percent by volume, more preferably from about 10 to 80 percent by volume, more preferably from 20 to 60 percent by volume and most preferably from 10 to percent by volume of the base oil composition.
A Group I or II mineral oil basestock may be incorporated in the present invention as a portion of the concentrate or a basestock to which the concentrate may be added.
Preferred as mineral oil basestocks are the ASHLAND 325 Neutral defined as a solvent refined neutral having a SABOLT U1VIVERSAL viscosity of 325 SUS @ 100°F
and ASHLAND 100 Neutral defined as a solvent refined neutral having a SABOLT
UNIVERSAL viscosity of 100 SUS @ 100°F, manufactured by the Marathon Ashland Petroleum.
Other acceptable petroleum-base fluid compositions include white mineral, paraffinic and MVI naphthenic oils having the viscosity range of about 20-400 centistokes.
Preferred white mineral oils include those available from Witco Corporation, Arco Chemical Company, P SI and Penreco. Preferred paraffinic oils include solvent neutral oils available from Exxon Chemical Company, HVI neutral oils available from Shell Chemical Company, and solvent treated neutral oils available from Arco Chemical Company.
Preferred MVI naphthenic oils include solvent extracted coastal pale oils available from Exxon Chemical Company, MVI extracted/acid treated oils available from Shell Chemical Company, and naphthenic oils sold under the names HydroCal and Calsol by Calumet, and described in U.S. Patent 5,348,668 to Oldiges.
Finally, vegetable oils may also be utilizes as the liquid medium in the instant invention.
Aqueous Medium The selected aqueous medium is water, or it can be any water-based solution including alcohol and its derivatives, such as glycols or any water-soluble inorganic salt or organic compound.
Surfactants/Dispersants D~'~ persants used in Lubricant Industry Dispersants used in the lubricant industry are typically used to disperse the "cold sludge" formed in gasoline and diesel engines, which can be either "ashless dispersants", or containing metal atoms. They can be used in the instant invention since they have been found to be an excellent dispersing agent for soot, an amorphous form of carbon particles generated in the engine crankcase and incorporated with dirt and grease.
The ashless dispersants commonly used in the automotive industry contain an lipophilic hydrocarbon group and a polar functional hydrophilic group. The polar functional group can be of the class of carboxylate, ester, amine, amide, imine, imide, hydroxyl, ether, epoxide, phosphorus, ester carboxyl, anhydride, or nitrite.
The lipophilic group can be oligomeric or polymeric in nature, usually from 70 to 200 Gabon atoms to ensure oil solubility. Hydrocarbon polymers treated with various reagents to introduce polar functions include products prepared by treating polyolefins such as polyisobutene first with malefic anhydride, or phosphorus sulfide or chloride, or by thermal treatment, and then with reagents such as polyamine, amine, ethylene oxide, etc.
Of these ashless dispersants the ones typically used in the petroleum industry includeN-substitued polyisobutenyl succinimides and succinates, allkylmethacrylate-vinyl pyrrolidinone copolymers, alkyl methacrylate-dialkylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymers, alkylmethacrylate-polyethylene glycol methacrylate copolymers, and polystearamides.
Preferred oil-based dispersants that are most important in the instant application include dispersants from the chemical classes of alkylsuccinimide, succinate esters, high molecular weight amines, Mannich base and phosphoric acid derivatives. Some specific examples are polyisobutenyl succinimide-polyethylenepolyamine, polyisobutenyl succinic ester, polyisobutenyl hydroxybenzyl-polyethylenepolyamine, bis-hydroxypropyl phosphorate.
The dispersant may be combined with other additives used in the lubricant industry to form a "dispersant-detergent (DI)" additive package, e.g., Lubrizol 9802A, and the whole DI package can be used as dispersing agent for the nanotube suspension.
For instance, LUBRIZOL 9802A is described in the technical brochure (MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET No. 1922959-1232446-3384064) by The Lubrizol Corporation in Wickliffe, OH and is hereby incorporated by reference.
LUBRIZOL 9802A is described as a motor oil additive is believed to contain as an active ingredient a zinc dithiophosphate and/or zinc alkyldithiophosphate.
LUBRIZOL 4999 is described in its Technical Brochure (MATERIAL SAFETY
DATA SHEET No. 1272553-1192556-3310026) by the Lubrizol Corporation in Wickliffe, OH and is hereby incorporated by reference. LUBRIZOL 9802A is described as a engine oil additive and contains as an active ingredient from 5 to 9.9 percent of a zinc alkyldithiophosphate.
OLOA 9061 is described in Technical Brochure "MATERIAL SAFETY DATA
SHEET No. 006703" by Chevron Chemical Company LLC and is hereby incorporated by reference. OLOA 9061 is described as zinc alkyl dithiophosphate compound.
IGEPAL CO-630 is described in Technical Brochure "MATERIAL SAFETY
DATA SHEET" from Rhodia Inc. and is hereby incorporated by reference. IGEPAL
CO-63 0 is described as a nonylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol, branched compound.
Other Types of Dispersants Alternatively a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with low HLB value (typically less than or equal to 8), preferably nonionic, or a mixture of nonionics and Tonics, may be used in the instant invention.
The dispersant for the water based carbon nanotube dispersion should be of high HLB value (typically less than or equal to 10), preferable nonylphenoxypoly (ethyleneoxy) ethanol-type surfactants are utilized.
In both the water and oil based cases, the dispersants selected should be soluble or dispersible in the liquid medium.
The dispersant can be in a range of up from 0.001 to 30 percent, more preferably in a range of from between 0.5 percent to 20 percent, more preferably in a range of from between 1.0 to 8.0 percent, and most preferably in a range of from between 2 to 6 percent. The carbon nanotube can be of any desired weight percentage in a range of from 0.0001 up to 50 percent. For practical application it is usually in a range of from between 0.01 percent to 2 percent, and most preferably in a range of from between 0.05 percent to 0.5 percent. The remainder of the formula is the selected oil or water medium.
It is believed that in the instant invention the dispersant functions by adsorbing onto the surface of the carbon nanotube. The dispersant contains a hydrophilic segment and a hydrophobic segment which surrounds the carbon particles thereby providing a means for isolating and dispersing the carbon particles. The selection of a dispersant having a particular HLB value is important to determine the dispersant characteristics such as rate and the degree of stabilization over time.
Other Chemical Compound Additives This dispersion may also contain a large amount of one or more other chemical compounds, preferably polymers, not for the purpose of dispersing, but to achieve thickening or other desired fluid characteristics.
The viscosity improvers used in the lubricant industry can be used in the instant invention for the oil medium, which include olefin copolymers (OCP), polymethacrylates (PMA), hydrogenated styrene-diene (STD), and styrene-polyester (STPE) polymers.
Olefin copolymers are rubber-like materials prepared from ethylene and propylene mixtures through vanadium-based Ziegler-Natta catalysis. Styrene-diene polymers are produced by anionic polymerization of styrene and butadiene or isoprene.
Polymethacrylates are produced by free radical polymerization of alkyl methacrylates.
Styrene-polyester polymers are prepared by first co-polymerizing styrene and malefic anhydride and then esterifying the intermediate using a mixture of alcohols.
Other compounds which can be used in the instant invention in either the aqueous medium or the oil medium include: acrylic polymers such as polyacrylic acid and sodium polyacrylate, high-molecular-weight polymers of ethylene oxide such as Polyox~
WSR
from Union Carbide, cellulose compounds such as carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), xanthan gums and guar gums, polysaccharides, alkanolamides, amine salts of polyamide such as Disparlon AQ
series from King Industries, hydrophobically modified ethylene oxide urethane (e.g., Acrysol series from Rohmax), silicates, and fillers such as mica, silicas, cellulose, wood flour, clays (including organoclays) and nanoclays, and resinpolymers such as polyvinyl butyral resins, polyurethane resins, acrylic resins and epoxy resins.
Chemical compounds such as plasticizers can also be used in the instant invention and may be selected from the group including phthalate, adipates, sebacate esters, and more particularly: glyceryl tri(acetoxystearate), epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized linseed oil, N,n-butyl benzene sulfonamide, aliphatic polyurethane, epoxidized soy oil, polyester glutarate, polyester glutarate, triethylene glycol caprate/caprylate, long chain alkyl ether, dialkyl diester glutarate, monomeric, polymer, and epoxy plasticizers, polyester based on adipic acid, hydrogenated dimer acid, distilled dimer acid, polymerized fatty acid trimer, ethyl ester of hydrolyzed collagen, isostearic acid and sorbian oleate and cocoyl hydrolyzedkeratin, PPG-12/PEG-65 lanolin oil, dialkyl adipate, alkylarylphosphate, alkyl diaryl phosphate, modified triaryl phosphate, triaryl phosphate, butyl benzyl phthalate, octyl benzyl phthalate, alkyl benzyl phthalate, dibutoxy ethoxy ethyl adipate, ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate, dibutoxy ethoxy ethyl formyl, diisopropyl adipate, diisopropyl sebacate, isodecyl oleate, neopentyl glycol dicaprate, neopenty glycol diotanoate, isohexyl neopentanoate, ethoxylated lanolins, polyoxyethylene cholesterol, propoxylated (2 moles) lanolin alcohols, propoxylated lanoline alcohols, acetylated polyoxyethylene derivatives of lanoline, and dimethylpolysiloxane. Other plasticizers which may be substituted for and/or used with the above plasticizers including glycerine, polyethylene glycol, dibutyl phthalate, and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate, and diisononyl phthalate all of which are soluble in a solvent carrier.
Physical Agitation The physical mixing includes high shear mixing, such as with a high speed mixer, homogenizers, microfluidizers, a Kady mill, a colloid mill, etc., high impact mixing, such as attritor, ball and pebble mill, etc., and ultrasonication methods.
LTltrasonication is the most preferred physical method inthe instant invention since it is less destructive to the carbon nanotube structure than the other methods described.
LTltrasonication can be done either in the bath-type ultrasonicator, or by the tip-type ultrasonicator. More typically, tip-type ultrasonication is applied for higher energy output.
Sonication at the medium-high instrumental intensity for up to 30 minutes, and usually in a range of from 10 to 20 minutes is desired to achieve better homogeneity.
One dismembrator useful for preparing the instant invention is a Model 550 Sonic dismembrator manufactured by Fisher Scientific Company, located in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania. The instruction manual Publication No. FS-IM-2 published in November of 1996 describing the use of the Fisher Scientific Model 550 Sonic Dismembrator is hereby incorporated by reference. The generator power supply converst conventional 50/60 Hz AC line power to 20 kHZ electrical energy which is fed to the converter where it is transformed to mechanical vibration. The heart of the convertor is a lead zirconate titanate (Piezoelectric) crystal which, when subjected to an alternating voltage, expands and contracts. The convertor vibrates in the longitudinal direction and transmits this motion to the horn tip immersed in the liquid solution. Cavitation results, in which microscopic vapor bubbles are formed momentarily and implode, causing powerful shock waves to radiate throughout the sample from the tip face. Horns and probes amplify the longitudinal vibration of the convertor; higher amplification (or gain) results in more intense cavitational action and greater disruption. The larger the tip of the probe, the larger the volume that can be processed but at lesser intensity. The convertor is tuned to vibrate at a fixed frequency of 20 kHZ. All horns and probes are resonant bodies, and are also tuned to vibrate at 20 kHZ. Of course it is contemplated that other models and competing ultrasonic mixing devices could be utilized in accordance with the present invention.
The raw material mixture may be pulverized by any suitable known dry or wet grinding method. One grinding method includes pulverizing the raw material mixture in the fluid mixture of the instant invention to obtain the concentrate, and the pulverized product may then be dispersed further in a liquid medium with the aid of the dispersants described above. However, pulverization or milling reduces the carbon nanotube average aspect ratio.
The instant method of forming a stable suspension of nanotubes in a solution consist of two primary steps. First select the appropriate dispersant for the carbon nanotube and the medium, and dissolve the dispersant into the liquid medium to form a solution, and second add the carbonnanotubeinto the dispersant containing solutionwhile strongly agitating, ball milling, or ultrasonication of the solution.
The present invention is further described and illustrated in the following examples:
EXAMPLES
Example 1 Com onents ~ ~ Descri tion ~ ~Wei ht ercenta a p______________________ I? _____________. .g_.d? ____~_.
Carbon nanotube Surface untreated, aspect ratio 2000, diameter 0.1 25 nm, length 50 ~m Dispersant Lubrizol 9802A q..g Liquid Poly(a-olefin), 6 cSt 95.1 Sonication Fisher Scientific 550 Sonic Dismembrator, 15 minutes Example 2 Components Description Weight percentage Carbon nanotube Surface untreated, aspect ratio 2000, diameter 0.1 25 nm, length 50 ~,m Dispersant Lubrizol 4999 4.8 Liquid Poly(a-olefin), 6 cSt 95.1 Sonication Fisher Scientific 550 Sonic Dismembrator, 15 minutes Example 3 Com onents Descri tion ~ Wei ht ercenta a _____P______________________1~______________.____~_.P_____~_.
Carbon nanotube Surface untreated, aspect ratio 2000, diameter 0.1 25 nm, length 50 ~,m Dispersant OLOA 9061 4.8 Liquid Poly(a-olefin), 6 cSt 95.1 Sonication Fisher Scientific 550 Sonic Dismembrator, 15 minutes Example 4 Components Description Weight percentage Carbon nanotube Surface treated 0.1 Dispersant Igepal~ CO-630 5.0 Liquid Water 94.9 Sonication Fisher Scientific 550 Sonic Dismembrator, 15 minutes The dispersions in Examples 1-4 are very uniform, and will remain in a stable dispersion without any sign of separation or aggregation for at least a year.
It is contemplated that substitute dispersants could be utilized in the examples set forth in Examples 1-4 and yield yield similar results. For instance, in Example 1 up to 4. 8 weight percent of a zinc dithiophosphate could be substituted for the LUBRIZOL
since it is the primary active ingredient of the product. In Example 2, up to 4.8 weight percent of a zinc alkyldithiophosphate could be substituted for the LUBRIZOL
product and be expected to yield similar results since a zinc alkyldithiophosphate is the active ingredient in the LUBRIZOL 4999 product. In Example 3, up to 4.8 weight percent a zinc alkyl dithiophosphate compound could be substituted for the since the alkyl dithiophosphate compound is the active ingredient in the OLOA
product. Finally, in Example 4, up to 5.0 weight percent of a nonylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol, branched compound could be substituted fro the IGEPAL CO-630 product since the nonylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol, branched compound is the primary active ingredient in the IGEPAL CO-630 product. Moreover, the weight percent of the carbon nanotube can be up to 10 weight percent, and more preferably up to 1 weight percent and most preferably from .01 to 1 weight percent in the formulations depending upon the preferred viscosity and chemical and physical properties of the resulting products. Accordingly the weight percent of the liquid medium can be reduced and the weight percent of the dispersant can be increased up to 20 weight percent, more preferably from .Ol to 10 weight percent and most preferably from 3 to 6 weight percent.
The amount of nanotubes, dispersant, and liquid medium can be varied as long as the desired HBL value is maintained to produce compounds having a gel, grease, or wax type consistency.
Specific compositions, methods, or embodiments discussed are intended to be only illustrative of the invention disclosed by this specification. Variation on these compositions, methods, or embodiments are readily apparent to a person of skill in the axt based upon the teachings of this specification and are therefore intended to be included as part of the inventions disclosed herein. Reference to documents made in the specification is intended to result in such patents or literature cited are expressly incorporated herein by reference, including any patents or other literature references cited within such documents as if fully set forth in this specification. The foregoing detailed description is given primarily for clearness of understanding and no unnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom, for modification will become obvious to those skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure and may be made upon departing from the spirit of the invention and scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, this invention is not intended to be limited by the specific exemplification presented herein above. Rather, what is intended to be covered is within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
Claims
We claim:
Claim 17. A method of preparing a stable dispersion of carbon nano particles in a liquid, comprising the steps of:
dissolving a dispersant comprising a surfactant having a low hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value of 8 or less in an amount of from 0.001 to 30.0 percent, into a major amount of a liquid medium selected from the group consisting of a mineral oil, a hydrogenated oil, a vegetable oil, a synthetic oil, and combinations thereof forming a dispersant liquid medium:
adding carbon nano material having an aspect ratio of from 500 to 5,000 in an amount of from 0.01 to 10.0 percent by weight into said dispersant liquid medium with mechanical agitation, and forming a uniform suspension of colloidal size solid particles.
Claim 18. A method of preparing a stable dispersion of carbon nano particles in a liquid, comprising the steps of:
dissolving a dispersant in an amount of from 0.001 to 30.0 percent comprising a surfactant having a low hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value of 8 or less into a major amount of a liquid medium selected from the group consisting of a mineral oil, a hydrogenated oil, a vegetable oil, a synthetic oil, and combinations thereof forming a dispersant liquid medium;
adding carbon nano material having an aspect ratio of from 500 to 5000 in an amount of from 0.01 to 10.0 percent by weight into said dispersant liquid medium with ultrasonification; and forming a uniform suspension of colloidal size solid particles.
Claim 18. (Cancel) A method of preparing a stable dispersion of carbon nano particles in a liquid, comprising the steps of:
dissolving a dispersant in an amount of from 0.001 to 30.0 percent comprising a surfactant having a low hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value of 8 or less into a major amount of a liquid medium selected from the group consisting of a mineral oil, a hydrogenated oil, a vegetable oil, a synthetic oil, and combinations thereof forming a dispersant liquid medium;
adding carbon nano material having an aspect ratio of from 500 to 5000 in an amount of from 0.01 to 10.0 percent by weight into said dispersant liquid medium with ultrasonification; and forming a uniform suspension of colloidal size solid particles.
Claim 18. (Cancel) The method according to claim 17, wherein said dispersant is selected from the group consisting of a nonionic surfactant, an ionic surfactant, and mixtures thereof.
Claim 19. The method according to claim 17, wherein said dispersant comprises an ashless polymeric dispersant.
Claim 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein said ashless polymeric dispersant comprises a lipophilic hydrocarbon group and a polar hydrophilic functional group.
Claim 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein said polar hydrophilic functional group is selected from the group consisting of a carboxylate, ester, amine, amide, imine, imide, hydroxyl, ether, epoxide, phosphorus, ester carboxyl, anhydride, nitrile, and combinations thereof.
Claim 22. The method according to claim 20, wherein said lipophilic hydrocarbon. group comprises from 70 to 200 carbon atoms to ensure oil solubility.
Claim 23. The method according to claim 17, including the step of adding electrolytes to aid in electrostatic stabilization.
Claim 24. The method according to claim 17, wherein said mechanical agitation is comprises the step of mixing said carbon nano particles using a high shear mixer selected from the group consisting of a high speed mixer, homogenizer, microfluidizer, a Kady mill, a colloid mill, a high impact mixer, a attritor, a ball and pebble mill, and combinations thereof.
Claim 25. The method according to claim 17, including the step of adding a viscosity improver.
Claim 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein said viscosity improver is selected from the group consisting of an olefin copolymer, a polymethacrylate, a hydrogenated styrene-diene, a styrene-polyester polymer, and combinations thereof.
Claim 27. The method according to claim 25, including a thickening agent selected from the group consisting of a polyacrylic acid and sodium polyacrylate, a high-molecular-weight polymer of ethylene oxide, a carboxymethylcellulose, a polyvinyl alcohol, a polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and combinations thereof.
Claim 28. The method according to claim 17, including the step of adding a plasticizer.
Claim 29. The method according to claim 28, wherein said plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of a phthalate, an adipate, a sebacate ester, a glyceryl tri(acetoxystearate), an epoxidized soybean oil, an epoxidized linseed oil, a N, n-butyl benzene sulfonamide, an aliphatic polyurethane, a polyester glutarate, a triethylene glycol, a caprate/caprylate, a long chain alkyl ether; a dialkyl diester glutarate, a monomeric polymer, a polyester based on adipic acid, a hydrogenated dimes acid, a distilled dimes acid;
a polymerized fatty acid trimer, an ethyl ester of hydrolyzed collagen, an isostearic acid, a sorbian oleate, a cocoyl hydrolyzed keratin; a lanolin oil, a dialkyl adipate, an alkylaryl phosphate, an alkyl diaryl phosphate, a modified triaryl phosphate, triaryl phosphate, a butyl benzyl phthalate, an octyl benzyl phthalate, analkyl benzyl phthalate, a dibutoxy ethoxy ethyl adipate, a 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate, a dibutoxy ethoxy ethyl formyl, a diisopropyl adipate, a diisopropyl sebacate; an isodecyl oleate, a neopentyl glycol dicaprate, a neopenty glycol diotanoate, an isohexyl neopentanoate, an ethoxylated lanolin, a polyoxyethylene cholesterol, a propoxylated (2 moles) lanolin alcohol, a propoxylated lanoline alcohol, an acetylated polyoxyethylene derivative of lanoline, a dimethylpolysiloxane, a glycerine, a polyethylene glycol, a dibutyl phthalate, a 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate, a diisononyl phthalate, and combinations thereof.
Claim 30. The method according to claim 17, wherein said dispersant is selected from the group comprising a zinc dithiophosphate, a zinc alkyldithiophosphate, and combinations thereof.
Claim 31. The method according to claim 17, wherein said dispersant comprises a surfactant added to said liquid medium promoting uniform suspension of extremely fine solid particles of colloidal size.
Claim 32. The method according to claim 17, wherein said dispersant comprises a long chain oil soluble or dispersible compound which functions to disperse the "cold sludge" formed in engines.
Claim 33. The method according to claim 17, wherein said dispersant comprises a polymeric dispersant of the type used in the lubricant industry.
Claim 34. The method according to claim 17, wherein said dispersant comprises a dispersant-detergent (DI) additive package typically sold in the lubricant industry.
Claim 35. The method according to claim 17, wherein said mineral oil comprises a solvent refined neutral oil, a white mineral oil, a paraffinic oil, a MVI naphthenic oil, and combinations thereof.
Claim 36. The method according to claim 17, wherein said mineral oil further comprises a hydrocracked mineral oil.
Claim 37. The method according to claim 17, wherein said hydrogenated oil comprises a severely hydrocracked mineral oil.
Claim 38. The method according to claim 17, wherein said synthetic oil is selected from the group consisting of a polyalphaolefin, an ester, a naphthene, a polyalkylglycol, a hydrocarbon oil, a halo-substituted hydrocarbon oil such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins, a polybutylene, a polypropylene, a propylene-isobutylene copolymer, a chlorinated polybutylene, a poly(1-octenes), a poly(1-decenes), an alkylbenzene, a dodecylbenzene, a tetradecylbenzene, a dinonylbenzene, a di-(2-ethylhexyl) benzene, a polypheny, a biphenyl, a terphenyl, an alkylated polyphenyl, an alkylated diphenyl ether, an alkylated diphenyl sulfide, an alkylene oxide polymer and interpolymer and derivatives thereof where the terminal hydroxyl groups have been modified by esterification, an ester of a dicarboxylic acids, a phtalic acid, a succinic acid, an alkyl succinic acid and an alkenyl succinic acid, a maleic acid, an azelaic acid, a suberic acid, a sebacic acid, a fumaric acid, an adipic acid, an alkenyl malonic acid, a butyl alcohol, a hexyl alcohol, a dodecyl alcohol, a 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, an ethylene glycol diethylene glycol monoether, a propylene glycol, a dibutyl adipate, a di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, a di-hexyl fumarate, a dioctyl sebacate, a diisooctyl azelate, a diisodecyl azealate, a dioctyl phthalate, a didecyl phthalate.
a dicicosyl sebacate, a 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, a polyol ether, a neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, a pentaerythritol, a dipentaerythritol, a tripentaerythritol, a polyolester, a diester, a di-aliphatic diester of alkyl carboxylic acids such as di-2-ethylhexylazelate, di-isodecyladipate, and di-tridecyladipate, an aliphatic diester of a dicarboxylic acid, a dialkyl aliphatic diester of an alkyl dicarboxylic acid, such as di-2-ethyl hexyl azelate, di-isodecyl azelate, di-tridecyl azelate, di-isodecyl adipate, di-tridecyl adipate, Claim 39. The method according to claim 17, wherein said synthetic oil is selected from the group having varying viscosity from about 2 to about 460 centistokes.
Claim 40. The method according to claim 17, wherein said carbon nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of an amorphous carbon particles nanotubes, carbon fibers, spherical particles, short nanotubes, and combinations thereof.
Claim 41. The method according to claim 17, wherein said carbon nanoparticles are surface treated chemically to achieve certain level of hydrophilicity by an activated carbon treatment.
Claim 42. The method according to claim 17, further comprising the step of varying the amount of said carbon nanoparticles, said dispersant, and said liquid medium and maintaining an HBL value of 8 or less producing compounds having a gel, grease, or wax type consistency.
Claim 43. The method according to claim 17, wherein said dispersant is selected from the group consisting of a nonionic surfactant, an ionic surfactant, and mixtures thereof.
Claim 44. A method of preparing a stable dispersion of carbon nano particles in a liquid, comprising the steps of:
dissolving a dispersant in an amount of from 0.001 to 30.0 percent comprising a surfactant having a low hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value of 8 or less into a major amount of a liquid medium selected from the group consisting of a mineral oil, a hydrogenated oil, a vegetable oil, a synthetic oil, and combinations thereof forming a dispersant liquid medium;
adding carbon nano material having an aspect ratio of from 500 to 5000 in an amount of from 0.01 to 10.0 percent by weight into said dispersant liquid medium with ultrasonification; and forming a uniform suspension of colloidal size solid particles.
Claim 17. A method of preparing a stable dispersion of carbon nano particles in a liquid, comprising the steps of:
dissolving a dispersant comprising a surfactant having a low hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value of 8 or less in an amount of from 0.001 to 30.0 percent, into a major amount of a liquid medium selected from the group consisting of a mineral oil, a hydrogenated oil, a vegetable oil, a synthetic oil, and combinations thereof forming a dispersant liquid medium:
adding carbon nano material having an aspect ratio of from 500 to 5,000 in an amount of from 0.01 to 10.0 percent by weight into said dispersant liquid medium with mechanical agitation, and forming a uniform suspension of colloidal size solid particles.
Claim 18. A method of preparing a stable dispersion of carbon nano particles in a liquid, comprising the steps of:
dissolving a dispersant in an amount of from 0.001 to 30.0 percent comprising a surfactant having a low hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value of 8 or less into a major amount of a liquid medium selected from the group consisting of a mineral oil, a hydrogenated oil, a vegetable oil, a synthetic oil, and combinations thereof forming a dispersant liquid medium;
adding carbon nano material having an aspect ratio of from 500 to 5000 in an amount of from 0.01 to 10.0 percent by weight into said dispersant liquid medium with ultrasonification; and forming a uniform suspension of colloidal size solid particles.
Claim 18. (Cancel) A method of preparing a stable dispersion of carbon nano particles in a liquid, comprising the steps of:
dissolving a dispersant in an amount of from 0.001 to 30.0 percent comprising a surfactant having a low hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value of 8 or less into a major amount of a liquid medium selected from the group consisting of a mineral oil, a hydrogenated oil, a vegetable oil, a synthetic oil, and combinations thereof forming a dispersant liquid medium;
adding carbon nano material having an aspect ratio of from 500 to 5000 in an amount of from 0.01 to 10.0 percent by weight into said dispersant liquid medium with ultrasonification; and forming a uniform suspension of colloidal size solid particles.
Claim 18. (Cancel) The method according to claim 17, wherein said dispersant is selected from the group consisting of a nonionic surfactant, an ionic surfactant, and mixtures thereof.
Claim 19. The method according to claim 17, wherein said dispersant comprises an ashless polymeric dispersant.
Claim 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein said ashless polymeric dispersant comprises a lipophilic hydrocarbon group and a polar hydrophilic functional group.
Claim 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein said polar hydrophilic functional group is selected from the group consisting of a carboxylate, ester, amine, amide, imine, imide, hydroxyl, ether, epoxide, phosphorus, ester carboxyl, anhydride, nitrile, and combinations thereof.
Claim 22. The method according to claim 20, wherein said lipophilic hydrocarbon. group comprises from 70 to 200 carbon atoms to ensure oil solubility.
Claim 23. The method according to claim 17, including the step of adding electrolytes to aid in electrostatic stabilization.
Claim 24. The method according to claim 17, wherein said mechanical agitation is comprises the step of mixing said carbon nano particles using a high shear mixer selected from the group consisting of a high speed mixer, homogenizer, microfluidizer, a Kady mill, a colloid mill, a high impact mixer, a attritor, a ball and pebble mill, and combinations thereof.
Claim 25. The method according to claim 17, including the step of adding a viscosity improver.
Claim 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein said viscosity improver is selected from the group consisting of an olefin copolymer, a polymethacrylate, a hydrogenated styrene-diene, a styrene-polyester polymer, and combinations thereof.
Claim 27. The method according to claim 25, including a thickening agent selected from the group consisting of a polyacrylic acid and sodium polyacrylate, a high-molecular-weight polymer of ethylene oxide, a carboxymethylcellulose, a polyvinyl alcohol, a polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and combinations thereof.
Claim 28. The method according to claim 17, including the step of adding a plasticizer.
Claim 29. The method according to claim 28, wherein said plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of a phthalate, an adipate, a sebacate ester, a glyceryl tri(acetoxystearate), an epoxidized soybean oil, an epoxidized linseed oil, a N, n-butyl benzene sulfonamide, an aliphatic polyurethane, a polyester glutarate, a triethylene glycol, a caprate/caprylate, a long chain alkyl ether; a dialkyl diester glutarate, a monomeric polymer, a polyester based on adipic acid, a hydrogenated dimes acid, a distilled dimes acid;
a polymerized fatty acid trimer, an ethyl ester of hydrolyzed collagen, an isostearic acid, a sorbian oleate, a cocoyl hydrolyzed keratin; a lanolin oil, a dialkyl adipate, an alkylaryl phosphate, an alkyl diaryl phosphate, a modified triaryl phosphate, triaryl phosphate, a butyl benzyl phthalate, an octyl benzyl phthalate, analkyl benzyl phthalate, a dibutoxy ethoxy ethyl adipate, a 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate, a dibutoxy ethoxy ethyl formyl, a diisopropyl adipate, a diisopropyl sebacate; an isodecyl oleate, a neopentyl glycol dicaprate, a neopenty glycol diotanoate, an isohexyl neopentanoate, an ethoxylated lanolin, a polyoxyethylene cholesterol, a propoxylated (2 moles) lanolin alcohol, a propoxylated lanoline alcohol, an acetylated polyoxyethylene derivative of lanoline, a dimethylpolysiloxane, a glycerine, a polyethylene glycol, a dibutyl phthalate, a 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate, a diisononyl phthalate, and combinations thereof.
Claim 30. The method according to claim 17, wherein said dispersant is selected from the group comprising a zinc dithiophosphate, a zinc alkyldithiophosphate, and combinations thereof.
Claim 31. The method according to claim 17, wherein said dispersant comprises a surfactant added to said liquid medium promoting uniform suspension of extremely fine solid particles of colloidal size.
Claim 32. The method according to claim 17, wherein said dispersant comprises a long chain oil soluble or dispersible compound which functions to disperse the "cold sludge" formed in engines.
Claim 33. The method according to claim 17, wherein said dispersant comprises a polymeric dispersant of the type used in the lubricant industry.
Claim 34. The method according to claim 17, wherein said dispersant comprises a dispersant-detergent (DI) additive package typically sold in the lubricant industry.
Claim 35. The method according to claim 17, wherein said mineral oil comprises a solvent refined neutral oil, a white mineral oil, a paraffinic oil, a MVI naphthenic oil, and combinations thereof.
Claim 36. The method according to claim 17, wherein said mineral oil further comprises a hydrocracked mineral oil.
Claim 37. The method according to claim 17, wherein said hydrogenated oil comprises a severely hydrocracked mineral oil.
Claim 38. The method according to claim 17, wherein said synthetic oil is selected from the group consisting of a polyalphaolefin, an ester, a naphthene, a polyalkylglycol, a hydrocarbon oil, a halo-substituted hydrocarbon oil such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins, a polybutylene, a polypropylene, a propylene-isobutylene copolymer, a chlorinated polybutylene, a poly(1-octenes), a poly(1-decenes), an alkylbenzene, a dodecylbenzene, a tetradecylbenzene, a dinonylbenzene, a di-(2-ethylhexyl) benzene, a polypheny, a biphenyl, a terphenyl, an alkylated polyphenyl, an alkylated diphenyl ether, an alkylated diphenyl sulfide, an alkylene oxide polymer and interpolymer and derivatives thereof where the terminal hydroxyl groups have been modified by esterification, an ester of a dicarboxylic acids, a phtalic acid, a succinic acid, an alkyl succinic acid and an alkenyl succinic acid, a maleic acid, an azelaic acid, a suberic acid, a sebacic acid, a fumaric acid, an adipic acid, an alkenyl malonic acid, a butyl alcohol, a hexyl alcohol, a dodecyl alcohol, a 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, an ethylene glycol diethylene glycol monoether, a propylene glycol, a dibutyl adipate, a di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, a di-hexyl fumarate, a dioctyl sebacate, a diisooctyl azelate, a diisodecyl azealate, a dioctyl phthalate, a didecyl phthalate.
a dicicosyl sebacate, a 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, a polyol ether, a neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, a pentaerythritol, a dipentaerythritol, a tripentaerythritol, a polyolester, a diester, a di-aliphatic diester of alkyl carboxylic acids such as di-2-ethylhexylazelate, di-isodecyladipate, and di-tridecyladipate, an aliphatic diester of a dicarboxylic acid, a dialkyl aliphatic diester of an alkyl dicarboxylic acid, such as di-2-ethyl hexyl azelate, di-isodecyl azelate, di-tridecyl azelate, di-isodecyl adipate, di-tridecyl adipate, Claim 39. The method according to claim 17, wherein said synthetic oil is selected from the group having varying viscosity from about 2 to about 460 centistokes.
Claim 40. The method according to claim 17, wherein said carbon nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of an amorphous carbon particles nanotubes, carbon fibers, spherical particles, short nanotubes, and combinations thereof.
Claim 41. The method according to claim 17, wherein said carbon nanoparticles are surface treated chemically to achieve certain level of hydrophilicity by an activated carbon treatment.
Claim 42. The method according to claim 17, further comprising the step of varying the amount of said carbon nanoparticles, said dispersant, and said liquid medium and maintaining an HBL value of 8 or less producing compounds having a gel, grease, or wax type consistency.
Claim 43. The method according to claim 17, wherein said dispersant is selected from the group consisting of a nonionic surfactant, an ionic surfactant, and mixtures thereof.
Claim 44. A method of preparing a stable dispersion of carbon nano particles in a liquid, comprising the steps of:
dissolving a dispersant in an amount of from 0.001 to 30.0 percent comprising a surfactant having a low hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value of 8 or less into a major amount of a liquid medium selected from the group consisting of a mineral oil, a hydrogenated oil, a vegetable oil, a synthetic oil, and combinations thereof forming a dispersant liquid medium;
adding carbon nano material having an aspect ratio of from 500 to 5000 in an amount of from 0.01 to 10.0 percent by weight into said dispersant liquid medium with ultrasonification; and forming a uniform suspension of colloidal size solid particles.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/021,767 | 2001-12-12 | ||
US10/021,767 US6783746B1 (en) | 2000-12-12 | 2001-12-12 | Preparation of stable nanotube dispersions in liquids |
PCT/US2002/038643 WO2003050332A1 (en) | 2001-12-12 | 2002-12-06 | Preparation of stable carbon nanotube dispersions in liquids |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2470113A1 CA2470113A1 (en) | 2003-06-19 |
CA2470113C true CA2470113C (en) | 2011-01-25 |
Family
ID=21806039
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA2470113A Expired - Lifetime CA2470113C (en) | 2001-12-12 | 2002-12-06 | Preparation of stable nanotube dispersions in liquids |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1495171A4 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1304657C (en) |
AU (1) | AU2002357065B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BR0215135B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2470113C (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA04005761A (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ533941A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2003050332A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (36)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ATE229281T1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 2002-12-15 | Pillsbury Co | EGG PRODUCT WITH LOW WATER ACTIVITY |
CA2487340A1 (en) * | 2002-05-30 | 2003-12-24 | Ashland Inc. | Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with graphite nanoparticles and carbon nanotube |
US7052618B2 (en) | 2004-01-28 | 2006-05-30 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Nanostructures and methods of making the same |
AU2005323492A1 (en) * | 2004-04-07 | 2006-07-13 | Eikos, Inc. | Fugitive viscosity and stability modifiers for carbon nanotube compositions |
DE102004021812A1 (en) * | 2004-04-30 | 2005-12-08 | KLüBER LUBRICATION MüNCHEN KG | Lubricating grease, useful as e.g. antifriction bearing grease, high temperature grease and friction bearing grease, comprises base oil, thickening agent, inorganic material and optionally further more usual additives |
WO2005118688A1 (en) * | 2004-06-01 | 2005-12-15 | Mcgill University | Method for fabricating intrinsically conducting polymer nanorods |
WO2007013872A2 (en) | 2004-07-22 | 2007-02-01 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois | Sensors employing single-walled carbon nanotubes |
WO2007011369A2 (en) * | 2004-08-23 | 2007-01-25 | E.I. Dupont De Nemours And Company | Method for preparing cnt/pani dispersions |
US9023771B2 (en) | 2006-01-31 | 2015-05-05 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Nanoparticle-containing lubricating oil compositions |
CN101374761B (en) * | 2006-02-16 | 2011-04-27 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | Catalyst and conversion method for synthesis gas |
CN1847374B (en) * | 2006-04-14 | 2011-02-09 | 杨东彤 | Preparation process of carbon nanotube friction-reducing reinforcer |
FR2901154B1 (en) | 2006-05-18 | 2008-07-18 | Arkema France | USE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON CARBON NANOTUBES AS VISCOSIFYING AGENTS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS |
KR100854967B1 (en) * | 2006-08-16 | 2008-08-28 | 금호석유화학 주식회사 | Carbon nanomaterial dispersion and its preparation method |
US7935767B2 (en) | 2006-12-21 | 2011-05-03 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Multiblock polymer dispersions of carbon nanotubes |
FR2916364B1 (en) | 2007-05-22 | 2009-10-23 | Arkema France | PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF PRE-COMPOSITES BASED ON NANOTUBES, IN PARTICULAR CARBON |
CN101225247B (en) * | 2007-12-27 | 2011-04-06 | 江苏奈特纳米科技有限公司 | Nano material additive |
CN101485962B (en) * | 2008-11-06 | 2011-05-04 | 青岛大学 | Simple method for dispersing carbon nano-tube |
CN101457019B (en) * | 2009-01-04 | 2011-06-08 | 上海大学 | Carbon nanotube/polysulfonamide nano composite material and preparation method thereof |
FR2950628B1 (en) | 2009-09-25 | 2013-11-01 | Arkema France | MASTER MIXTURE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF DRILLING FLUID |
US20110204258A1 (en) | 2009-12-11 | 2011-08-25 | Heller Daniel A | Spectral imaging of photoluminescent materials |
CN101886022A (en) * | 2010-07-08 | 2010-11-17 | 东南大学 | Preparation method of high-efficiency water-based lubricating liquid based on carbon nano-tube |
FR2965274A1 (en) * | 2010-09-28 | 2012-03-30 | Total Raffinage Marketing | LUBRICANT COMPOSITION |
CA2843950A1 (en) | 2011-08-01 | 2013-02-07 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Photoluminescent nanostructure-based sensors |
CN102627727B (en) * | 2012-03-29 | 2017-05-31 | 江南大学 | A kind of preparation method and purposes of photosensitive polymers base carbon nanotube dispersing auxiliary |
EP2650325A1 (en) | 2012-04-10 | 2013-10-16 | ContiTech AG | Polymer mixture, rubber mixture comprising the polymer mixture and process for preparing the rubber mixture |
CN103896247B (en) * | 2014-03-12 | 2016-04-20 | 复旦大学 | A kind of preparation method of water-soluble fullerene nano particle |
US20170131287A1 (en) | 2014-06-13 | 2017-05-11 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Saccharide responsive optical nanosensors |
CN104307429B (en) * | 2014-10-13 | 2016-09-28 | 南京大学 | Carbon nanomaterial/water/comb-like polyether block polypropylene acid copolymer suspension and preparation method thereof |
CN104559397A (en) * | 2014-12-25 | 2015-04-29 | 天津弘业万博电子有限公司 | Method for preparing static conductive coating |
CN104591125A (en) * | 2014-12-30 | 2015-05-06 | 广州聚能生物科技有限公司 | Method for dispersing one-dimensional or two-dimensional nanometer material |
CN104672783B (en) * | 2015-03-10 | 2017-01-04 | 北京化工大学 | A kind of preparation method of high-performance carbon nanotube/epoxy resin |
CN105713235B (en) * | 2016-01-22 | 2017-10-31 | 西南大学 | It is a kind of to improve multi-walled carbon nanotube dispersed method in aqueous |
CN106398803A (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2017-02-15 | 四川碳世界科技有限公司 | Preparation method of carbon nanotube and graphene compounded lubricating oil |
CN110894068A (en) * | 2018-11-12 | 2020-03-20 | 江苏天奈科技股份有限公司 | Preparation method of easily-dispersible carbon nanotube powder and carbon nanotube powder |
CN111015021B (en) * | 2019-12-30 | 2021-12-07 | 苏州优诺电子材料科技有限公司 | Low-temperature lead-free soldering paste and preparation method thereof |
CN111171430B (en) * | 2020-02-18 | 2022-03-25 | 江西铜业技术研究院有限公司 | Easily-dispersible carbon nanotube master batch and preparation method and application thereof |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0823031B2 (en) * | 1989-02-17 | 1996-03-06 | 旭硝子株式会社 | Lubricating oil composition |
JPH0822733B2 (en) * | 1993-08-04 | 1996-03-06 | 工業技術院長 | Separation and purification method of carbon nanotube |
JP4696229B2 (en) * | 1998-04-09 | 2011-06-08 | ホーカム・リミテッド | Carbon nanotube refining method and carbon nanotube polymer composite |
US6531513B2 (en) * | 1998-10-02 | 2003-03-11 | University Of Kentucky Research Foundation | Method of solubilizing carbon nanotubes in organic solutions |
JP2001011344A (en) * | 1999-06-30 | 2001-01-16 | Nec Corp | Coating and film formed using the same and their production |
-
2002
- 2002-12-06 CA CA2470113A patent/CA2470113C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-12-06 MX MXPA04005761A patent/MXPA04005761A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-12-06 NZ NZ533941A patent/NZ533941A/en unknown
- 2002-12-06 WO PCT/US2002/038643 patent/WO2003050332A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-12-06 BR BRPI0215135-9A patent/BR0215135B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-12-06 CN CNB028280075A patent/CN1304657C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-12-06 AU AU2002357065A patent/AU2002357065B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-12-06 EP EP02804723A patent/EP1495171A4/en not_active Ceased
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1617958A (en) | 2005-05-18 |
AU2002357065A1 (en) | 2003-06-23 |
MXPA04005761A (en) | 2004-11-01 |
BR0215135A (en) | 2005-01-04 |
EP1495171A1 (en) | 2005-01-12 |
CA2470113A1 (en) | 2003-06-19 |
NZ533941A (en) | 2006-09-29 |
BR0215135B1 (en) | 2014-12-16 |
EP1495171A4 (en) | 2008-04-02 |
AU2002357065B2 (en) | 2008-09-04 |
CN1304657C (en) | 2007-03-14 |
WO2003050332A1 (en) | 2003-06-19 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CA2470113C (en) | Preparation of stable nanotube dispersions in liquids | |
US6783746B1 (en) | Preparation of stable nanotube dispersions in liquids | |
US7470650B2 (en) | Shock absorber fluid composition containing nanostructures | |
US7348298B2 (en) | Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with graphite nanoparticles and carbon nanotube | |
US7449432B2 (en) | Gear oil composition containing nanomaterial | |
US20070293405A1 (en) | Use of nanomaterials as effective viscosity modifiers in lubricating fluids | |
AU2002341540A1 (en) | Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with graphite nanoparticles and carbon nanotube | |
US20080287326A1 (en) | Lubricants with enhanced thermal conductivity containing nanomaterial for automatic transmission fluids, power transmission fluids and hydraulic steering applications | |
WO2006076728A2 (en) | Gear oil composition containing nanomaterial | |
US20100022422A1 (en) | High temperature shear stable nanographite dispersion lubricants with enhanced thermal conductivity and method for making | |
US20050124504A1 (en) | Lubricant and additive formulation | |
US8951942B2 (en) | Method of making carbon nanotube dispersions for the enhancement of the properties of fluids | |
Mohamed et al. | Experimental investigations of rheological behaviour and thermal conductivity of nanogrease | |
WO2005060648A2 (en) | Lubricants with enhanced thermal conductivity containing nanomaterial | |
ЖОРНИК et al. | Mechanism of formation of heterogeneous dispersed phase of greases with participation of nanosized additives and its influence on properties of lubricants | |
US11053124B2 (en) | Conductive grease with enhanced thermal or electrical conductivity and reduced amount of carbon particle loading | |
WO2022139853A1 (en) | Tribotechnical compositions from self-assembled carbon nanoarchitectonics, and applications thereof | |
GREASE et al. | EGTRIB Journal | |
Badran et al. | TRIBOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF LITHIUM GREASE DISPERSED BY SILCA NANO PARTICLES AND CARBON NANOTUBES |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
EEER | Examination request | ||
MKEX | Expiry |
Effective date: 20221206 |
|
MKEX | Expiry |
Effective date: 20221206 |