CA2414648A1 - Method of decontaminating soil - Google Patents

Abstract

A method for decontaminating soil containing inorganic contaminants having a degree of liberation of at least 60%, comprising the steps of removing from a coarse fraction at least a portion of inorganic contaminants in particulate form contained therein with a jig to produce a treated coarse fraction, removing from an intermediate fraction at least a portion of inorganic contaminants in particulate form contained therein with a separator selected from the group consisting of a spiral and a classifier to produce a treated intermediate fraction, removing from a fine fraction at least a portion of inorganic contaminants in particulate form contained therein with a separator selected from the group consisting of a flotation cell and a multi-gravity separator to produce a treated fine fraction, whereby the combined treated coarse, intermediate and fine fractions are impoverished in inorganic contaminants.

Description

_i TITLE Of= THE INVENTION
METHOD OF DECONTAMINATING SOIL
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method of decontaminating soil. More particularly, the present method concerns a method for decontaminating soil not only in the fine fraction of the material but also in intermediate and coarse fractions thereof.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In urban area, past industrialisation projects have contaminated the soil in many zones. Some of these zones are highly polluted by mixed contaminants. The terms mixed contaminants. refer to two general components: the organic contaminants and the inorganic contaminants_ The organic contaminants are usually water-insoluble and adsorbed on the surface of mineral grains or solids. The organic contaminants are often concentrated in the fine grain-size fraction of the material ~"fines"). The inorganic contaminants, which include among others: arsenic, copper, mercury, selenium, zinc are found in the soil as: metal complexes adsorbed on the surface of minerals grains, mineral phases carrying the contaminants, metals alloys and metallic debris. According to various literature reviews (US-EPA, 1994; WASTECH, 1993), the inorganic contaminants are also largely confined in the fines. Because many of these polluted zones are currently being redeveloped by estate agency, the contaminated soil must be dealt with.
Usually, the contaminated soil is excavated and disposed in a regulated landfill or decontaminated. However, for mixed contaminants, the number of decontamination processes available is limited. The available processes include : vitrification ex situ or in situ, soil washing, stabilisation/solidification and eiectro-remediation (for review, see US-EPA Internet site: www.clu-in.com). With the exception of soil washing and perhaps stabilisationlsolidification the applications of these processes are restricted by their high costs.
Many commercial decontamination technologies for mixed contaminants operate on soil washing principles. All of these processes envision the soil contaminants as residing in the fines. Hence, the fines are isolated for the coarse fraction and submitted to different treatments using specially adapted washing fluids and froth flotation to recover contaminants from solids or from the washing solution. The coarse fraction is often treated by attrition scrubbing to remove the adsorbed fines. The latter being redirected to the fines treatment circuit.
In Canada, Tallon Technology, Environment Canada, technological fact sheet F1-04-95, Tallon Technalogy reports a soil washing process for mixed contaminants where a preliminary straightforward treatment involving washing, separation by particle size and magnetic separation recovers contaminants in the coarse fraction. A h~ydrometallurgical process treats the fines, rich in contaminants.
According to its final report, Pilot project report for the treatment of contaminated properties in the City of Montreal, CINTEC-ART has operated a soil washing pilot plant targeting the decontamination of soil from the Montreal area. Basically, the sand fraction was submitted to froth flotation while the coarse and fine fractions were separated by screening and hydrocycloning. The coarse fraction was used as backfill while the fines were routed towards a specialised landfill at high cosil. The results were not conclusive and the project was eventua(Iy abandoned.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,128 teaches the treatment of contaminated particulate material were the material is first washed with a suitable contaminant mobilising solution. The coarse fraction, typically larger than 5 mm, is mechanically separated and returned to the site as backfill. The intermediate size fraction is abraded in an attrition scrubber fior liberation of the fines. The contaminants dissolved from the particulate matter in the washing solution are adequately precipitated, concentrated and disposed.
U.S. Pat. IVo. 4,923,125 teaches a process for the purification of soil contaminated solely by organic material. Scrubbing, attrition and classification isolate the slow settling highly contaminated fines. The coarse fraction is treated by froth flotation for the removal of residual organic contaminants.
WASTECH, a U.S. multiorganization cooperative project, has reviewed available soil washing techniques (WASTECH, Soil washing, soil flushing, Innovative site remediation technology, 1993). The process used by Harbauer GMBH of Germany employs blade washers to blast offi contaminants from sands and gravel fractions. The contaminants from the fines are then dissolved in the process water by a chemical extraction. The water is later treated by flocculation and coagulation. The U.S. EPA mobile soil washing system (MSWS) consists in a series of screens, hydrocyclones and froth flotation cells that isolate contaminated fines and a clean soil fraction.
Waste-Tech Services Inc., has developed a similar technology based on froth flotation. The contaminants are collected in the froth while the cleaned soil is obtained from the flotation underfilow. The Deconterra process is more complex. , Basically the contaminated soil is separated in three fractions. A
fraction smaller than 53 ,um is not treated and routed towards the contaminated concentrate obtained from the process. An intermediate grain-size fraction is decontaminated by froth flotation and a coarse fraction by jigging.
From all of these descriptions, it is apparent that existing technologies are directed to the treatment of fines without or with only preliminary treatments of the coarse fractions.

_a,..
Investigations of the contaminants distribution versus grain-size fractions in soils of certain areas have shown that the contaminants are not restricted in the fines, they are instead distributed in all grain-size fractions (figure 1 ).
Figure 1 graphicaNy illustrates the distribution of contaminants in contaminated soil from the site St-AmbroiselSt-Paul in the City of Montreal according to grain size. It shows that the contaminants are limited to two main zones in that soil. A first zone below 12 ,um contains 10 to 25 % of contaminants. A second zone, corresponding to the grain-size interval from plus 38,um to minus 1 i mm, includes the prime portion of contaminants. The previously described technologies are not appropriate for treating this heterogeneous soil.
There thus remains a need to develop an effective treatment method for heterogeneous soil where contaminants are dispersed in fines, intermediate and coarse fractions.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved method for treating the fines, intermediate and coarse fractions of contaminated soil.
Other objects and further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter.
It should be understood, however, that this detailed description, while indicating preferred. embodiments of the invention, is given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art.

In the appended drawings:
Figure 1 shows grain-size fractions of contaminated soils from the Montreal region versus distribution of various contaminants (prior art);

Figure 2 illustrates a flow diagram of the inorganic contaminants treatment according to specific embodiments of the method of the present invention; and Figure 3 illustrates a flow diagram of the organic contaminants treatment according to specific embodiments of the method of the present invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention concerns a method for removing inorganic contaminants in particulate form from contaminated soil wherein the inorganic contaminants have a degree of liberation of at least 60%. The present method may decontaminate soil from a contaminated land so that the soil reaches satisfactory inorganic contaminants levels. In particular, MENV1Q
environmental norms for soils applicable in the province of Quebec may be reached with the methods of the present invention.
In a specific embodiment, organic contaminants are also removed from the soil so contaminated. In a more specific embodiment, metallurgical characterisation of the soil is performed prior to decontamination in order to reduce the volume of soil subjected to treatment.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for decontaminating soil containing inorganic contaminants having a degree of liberation of ~at feast 60%, comprising the steps of removing from a coarse fraction at least a portion of inorganic contaminants in particulate form contained therein with a jig to produce a treated coarse fraction, removing from an intermediate fraction at least a portion of inorganic contaminants in particulate form contained therein with a separator selected from the group consisting of a spiral and a classifier to produce a treated intermediate fraction; removing from a fine fraction at least a portion of inorganic contaminants in particulate form contained therein with a separator selected from the group consisting of a flotation cell and a multi-gravity separator to produce a treated fine fraction, whereby the combined treated coarse, intermediate and fine fractions are impoverished in inorganic contaminants. In a specific embodiment, the method may further comprise a step of removing a non-contaminated portion of the coarse fraction. According to other specific embodiments, the coarse fraction consists essentially in particles having a size within the range 1,7 mm and 6,4 mm, inclusively; the intermediate fraction consists essentially in particles having a size within the range of 106 pm to 1.~ mm, inclusively; and the fine fraction consists essentially in particles having a size equal to or smaller than 106 pm.
According to an other aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method comprising not only inorganic contaminants removal steps as described above but also a step of removing from an organically contaminated portion of the soil at least a portion of the organic contaminants contained therein with an attrition cell. This method is applied when excessive organic contaminants levels are identified in the contaminated soil as defined by the application that is intended for the soil or by applicable environmental norms. In a particular embodiments the steps of removing inorganic contaminants comprise the substeps of identifying the at least one organically contaminated grain-size fraction; b) isolating the at least one contaminated fraction identified in step a); c) washing the at least one contaminated fraction isolated in step b) in an attrition cell, whereby at least a portion of organic contaminants contained therein are solubilised in a liquid phase; d) separating from a solid phase, the liquid phase of step c) containing solubilised organic contaminants; e) flocculating at least a portion of the solubilised organic contaminants to produce a flocculated phase, whereby the solid phase of step d) is soil impoverished in organic contaminants.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for decontaminating soiB containing inorganic contaminants _7..
having a degree of liberation of at least 60%, comprising the steps of a) screening the soil to remove a non-contaminated fraction of the soil, wherein said non-contaminated fraction consists essentially in particles larger than those of the coarse fraction; b) screening the under size from step a) to obtain a coarse fraction, and a coarse fraction undersize; c) removing at least a portion of the inorganic contaminants from the coarse fraction, with a jig; d) screening the coarse fraction undersize from step b) to obtain an intermediate fraction, and an intermediate fraction undersize; e) removing at least a portion of the inorganic contaminants from the intermediate fraction, with a separator selected from the group consisting of a spiral and a fluidised bed classifier;f) screening the intermediate fractiori undersize from step d) to obtain a fine fraction; and g) removing at least a portion of the inorganic contaminants from the fine fraction, with a separator selected from the group consisting of an enhanced gravity concentrator and a flotation calf. According to other specific embodiments, the coarse fraction consists essentially in particles having a size within the range 1,7 mm and 6,4 mm, inclusively; the intermediate fraction consists essentially in particles having a size within the range of 106 pm to 1.7 mm, inclusively; and the fine fraction consists essentially in particles having a size equal to or smaller than 106 pm. In a particular embodiment, the method further comprises a step of removing from an organically contaminated portion of the soil at least a portion of the organic contaminants contained therein with an attrition cell. In a more specific embodiment,, the removal of organic contaminants is performed by a) identifying the at least one organically contaminated grain-size fraction; b) isolating the at feast one contaminated fraction identified in step a); c) washing the at least one contaminated fraction isolated in step b) in an attrition cell, whereby at least a portion of organic contaminants contained therein are solubilised in a liquid phase; d) separating from a solid phase the liquid phase of step c) containing solubilised organic contaminants; e) flocculating at least a portion of the solubifised organic _8_ contaminants to produce a flocculated phase, whereby the solid phase of step d) is soil impoverished in organic contaminants.
As used herein, the terminology "inorganic contaminants" is meant to refer to Pb, Cu and Zn.
As used herein, the terminology "organic contaminants" is meant to refer to C10-C50 petroleum hydrocarbons.
As used herein the terminology "degree of liberation" is meant to refer to the percentage of minerals occurring as free particles in the soil in relation to the total content of minerals.
As used herein, the terminology "particulate form" is meant to define the state of inorganic contaminants that are not. adsorbed on soil particles or dissolved in the soil.
As used herein the terminology "soil" is meant to refer to soil particles and embankment material particles.
As used herein, the terminology "inorganic contaminants" refers to Pb, Cu and Zn individually or collectively. The terminology "at least a portion of inorganic contaminants" is meant to refer to at least a portion of any one of Pb, Cu and Zn or of a combination thereof.
As used herein, the terminology "impoverished" is used herein to refer to the reduced content of contaminants in a sample of soil after being subjected to the method of the present invention ("treated soil") as compared to its content prior to being so subjected. In particular, it may refer to the reduced content in any one of or a combination of Zn, Pb and Cu.
As used herein, the terminology "consists essentially in" is meant to reflect the fact that the means according to specific embodiments used for isolating a specific soil fraction are by nature imprecise so that the fraction may contain particles larger than the specified threshold.

_9..
As used herein, the terminology "large debris" is meant to refer to material in the soil to be decontaminated that has a size equal or larger than 6 cm. It includes material such as rocks and large pieces of metals.
As used herein, the terminology "coarse fraction" is meant to refer to the fraction of the soil from which large debris have been removed and constituted of particles of a size within the functional range of the separator used to decontaminate the coarse fraction, namely a jig. Jigs are recognised as being functional with particles larger than 170 pm.
As used herein, the terminology "intermediate fraction" is meant to refer to a fraction of the soil and having a particulate size that is smaller than that of the coarse fraction and that is within the functional range of the separator used to decontaminate the intermediate fraction, namely a separator selected from the group consisting of spiral and fluidised bed classifier.
Hence, the spiral and the fluidised bed classifier are recognised as being functional with particles within the size range 60 pm and 2000 p~m.
As used herein, the terminology "fine fraction" is meant to refer to a fraction of the soil having a particulate size that is smaller than that of the intermediate fraction and that is within the functional range of the separator used to decontaminate the fine fraction, namely a separator selected from the group consisting of a mufti-gravity separator ("MGS") and a flotation cell.
Hence, the MGS and the flotation cells are recognised as being functional with particles within the size range 1 um to 300 Nm, and 10 pm to 300 pm, respectively.
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
Figures 2 and 3 illustrate various steps included in a specific embodiment of the present invention. The present invention describes a method for the removal of contaminants from soil. A specific embodiment of the method comprises two genera! steps. The fiirst step consists in the removal ofi inorganic contaminants from the soil. In the second step, organic contaminants are removed from soil impoverished in inorganic contaminants.
If required, for recycling purpose, organic contaminants can also be isolated from the inorganic concentrates. In a further specific embodiment, the method includes complete dehydration of the decontaminated material, yielding final products ready for disposal. This is advantageous for the following reasons:
a) versatility: the method can thus be used in cases where the soil carries only either one of inorganic or organic contaminants;
b) reduction of volume treated : only the most contaminated grain-size fractions) of the material is subjected to organic contaminants removal;
c) to facilitate the treatment, the operator can choose to use the dehydrated form of the contaminated material. This can be of interest when surfactant agents are added to the solid for removal of organic contaminants.
The inorganic and organic concentrates obtained from the process can be used as feedstock to other industries.
Inorganic contaminants removal Referring to FIG. 2, the contaminated soil 1 Oi , is first pre-treated on a triple decks vibrating screen, EQ-01, where the non-contaminated fraction and large debris are separated out and routed on a belt conveyor to the impoverished soil pile. UVater is also added in order to produce a pulp for the subsequent operations and to facilitate the screening of the material. In a specific embodiment where the soil used had the contaminants distribution illustrated at Figure 1, the apertures of the three screens were set to 18 mm, 6,4 mtn and 1,7 mm respectively. In this non-limiting example, the fraction +
6,4 mm was directed to the decontaminated material pile because globally, the resulting material (+6,4 mm and decontaminated material) satisfied the province of Quebec C norms for Pb, Zn and Cu. The apertures of the screens is therefore adjusted to the required grain-size depending of the grain-size distribution of the contaminants in the targeted material and the environmental norms of the contaminated soil's jurisdiction.
The contaminated fraction --6,4 mm + 1,7 mm, namely here the coarse fraction, 102, obtained from the previous screening procedures was transported by a belt conveyor to the jigs section. Water was added to the pulp to obtain a pulp % weight ratio solid/pulp of 11 %. The contaminated pulp was fed to two jigs set in line. The action of the first jig produced a concentrate of heavy minerals and materials containing mainly the inorganic contaminants and a lighter material impoverished in contaminants. The lighter material was fed to a second jig for a supplementary gravimetric separation. This second separation was conducted to reach Quebec inorganic contaminants regulation limits for soil decontamination and may therefore not be desirable for decontaminating soils in other jurisdictions. The jigs' highly contaminated concentrates, 103, were combined and dehydrated using a vibrating screen of 106 ,um aperture. Likewise, the partly decontaminated soil, 104, was dehydrated by a similar procedure. These screens were employed solely for dehydration purpose. The resulting water was free of solid and therefore returned to the water process reservoir. Screw conveyors transported the concentrates to a container and the partly decontaminated material to the stocking pile.
The undersize, 105, - 1,7 mm was fed to two vibrating screens with cut off apertures of 106,um, EQ-02. The resulting grain-size fraction -1,7 mm +106 um, namely the intermediate fraction, 106, was diluted with wash water to a weight ratio of 30 % and then directed to spirals (Reichert MG-4}.
The products obtained from the spirals, a densE~ fraction rich in inorganic contaminants, 107, and light fraction partly decontaminated, 108, were sent to dehydration vibrating screens, aperture 106 Nm. The water was pumped to the water . process reservoir. Screw conveyors directed the contaminated concentrate to containers and the partly decontaminated phase to the stocking pile.
The undersize, 109, -106 ,um, namely the fine fraction was pumped to a clarifier. The overflow was returned to the water process reservoir. The underflow, 110, adjusted to a weight ratio of 30 %, with dilution water, was directed to a MegaSep MGS Mozley unit, EQ-03. The centrifugal force combined to the vibrating action of this equipment permitted a gravimetric separation of the fines based on volumetric mass differences. Two flows were obtained from the MegaSep, a denss~ one and a light one. The dense fraction rich in inorganic contaminants, 111, was pumped to a thickener.
The underflow was returned to the water process reservoir while the underflow was pumped to the containers receiving the highly contaminated concentrates. The light fraction, 112, was submitted to a similar set of operations with the underflow water returning to the water process reservoir and the underflow to the partly decontaminated pile.
The water surplus exiting the water process reservoir was clarified before being rejected in the municipal water collecting system.
Organic contaminants removal Although the specific embodiment described hereafter is applicable to material where only the -106 Nm fraction is contaminated by organic products, the organic process disclosed generally herein is applicable to any grain-size fraction. Also, in this particular embodiment, the material used was not contaminated by inorganic contaminania so that the material was subjected to the organic decontamination step only. However, had it been contaminated also by inorganics, the inorganic removal step would have first been performed, and then, the fractions) of the partially decontaminated material containing the contaminants would have been subjected to the organics removal step.

In some cases, other equipment adapted to the grain-size fraction of the material can replace the centrifuges for the dehydration steps.
Referring to FIG. 3, after the screening procedures, the -106,um flow was directed to a thickener to increase its weight ratio to 45 %. The thickener underflow, 201, was pumped to two in fine attrition cells. Before the attrition step, the surfactant agent HostapurT"" SAS 60 was added to the pulp, 202.
This surfactant solubilizes hydrophobic organic contaminants during attrition.
The solid was then separated from the pulp by centrifugation, centrifuge-01.
The solid, 70 °I° weight ratio, centrifuge underflow, substantially free from the organic contaminants, 203, was accumulated in a reservoir. The centrifuge overflow, 204, mainly water containing the dissolved organic contaminants, was pumped to a reservoir. The reservoir exit flow was routed to a water treatment process in order to flocculate%oagulate the organic contaminants.
The exit flow was pumped to a second centrifuge, centrifuge-02. At the entry of the centrifuge, a coagulating agent, 205, (AIumT"", AI2(S04)3) and a flocculating agent, 206, (PercoIT"", 338) were added to the flow. The organic concentrate 207, obtained from the centrifuge underflow was disposed in a reservoir. The centrifuge overflow, 208 was directed to a clarifier where fines sunk at the bottom. The clarifier underflow, 209, was combined with the organic contaminants concentrate. The clarifier underfilow was pumped to the water process reservoir. Water surplus, 210, could be returned if necessary to the municipal sewer.
For all samples studied, the water rejected from the processes illustrated at FIG. 2 and 3 showed no sign of contamination either by organic or inorganic contaminants.
Any means for routing and transferring the soil, material or pulp is within the scope of these inventions.
The following inventions are described in further details by the following non-limiting examples.

-'I 4-The implementation and results of Examples 2 to 6 provided herein are summarised in Tables 1 and 37 to 43.
Optimisation results are presented in Tables 3 to 36 below.

N

~L

U A a a a o > a a a a z a a z a z z zzz zzz U

O Y

v ~ ~ U

~

a? ~ ar > o_ -t~

; z ~ z '~ ~ U
~~ r~

r f" .... O

H
'C3 g o , a aaaaaa aaaaa~ O
~~~ ~ ~
hao O v N oo~ z z z z W N v~N z z z z en N z z x x W c~1 v~

_L

U ~ O

"o ~ O

U O

+ 9 ~ 3 0 .
cL5 U j +.

= ~

b Y o ~ ~ fUh o ~ ~ g ~
~ ~o ; m x. ~a s a O N
c .~wa'~

_ ~ ~
~ G ' c V 'o g o ~
.- ~ o G ~ .~
~ .

~ :: i A 'Cr N
3 ~ W
p ~ y 1 y -. a ' ~~ 4 (~ o ! o , p u ~ 7 5 inG ~Yu U'~O UT7 -...

U ~ ' CO ~ ~ U
.

~c b " ~ ~ E N ,U
~ ~ ~
~

d v ~ cu ~ G ~

L . C . ~
N ~ N
H' p C

N H .. ~ O
C~ d' U ~ O
U
.

O ~ .~~ ~ O O
~ ~ C ~
+ + L
~ ~

~ ~ ~ O c~
~ ~ - _N
~
~

V' O ~
1 p '1 ~ l~
p ~

+ + . ~ o ~ ~
. . U

~ j U

O ~ ~ O
+.. [~. +r Q.
N

o ~ s ~ ~
'a ~ ~3 ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ x ~ x -' r C +. +-~ fn ~ +

N M V v7 .~ ~.~ao k Q ~' r'~ ~~? ~ Uv Z Z

H

Ltd O
r The chemical analyses for the inorganic contaminants were performed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy ("1CP-AES"). The organic contaminants were determined by an extraction in hexane with a finish by either a gravimetric method or gas chromatography. The samples were also submitted to a complete miineralogical and grain-size analysis.

Optimization assays and results Assays were performed to determine the inorganic contaminants removal efficiency of various separators on samples of contaminated soil of the Montreal region. Each separator was tested with various granulometric fractions of soil. The efficiency of the present method was analysed in terms of environmental norms applicable in Montreal, namely the MENVIQ norms (Table 2). Tables 3 to 10 below provide the optimisation parameters and results for the jig. Tables 13 to 22 below provide the optimisation parameters of the spiral. Tables 23 to 24 below provide the optimisation parameters of the fluidised bed classifier. Tables 25 to 34 below provide the optimisation parameters of the multi-gravity separator. Tables 35 to 36 below provide the optimisation parameters of the flotation cells. The results presented in these tables that all the separators used were able to generate soil impoverished in inorganic contaminants. The operation parameters presented in these tables are those that varied during the assays.
The feed contents were calculated along with light and heavy fraction contents of inorganic contaminants. Most cleaning coefficients were calculated with the following formula (1-(output concentration /feed concentration)*100 because the output is normally constituted of the light fraction and the concentrate of the heavy fraction. The MGS cleaning coefficients were calculated with the following formula: (1-(output heavy fraction concentration/feed concentration)*100 because in the optimisation trials, the contaminants were concentrated in the light fraction for an unknown reason. In the pilot/long-term trials, no such aberration occurred: the contaminants were concentrated in the heavy fraction.

Inorganics removal in soil divided in four fractions comprising the use of spirals Assays were performed to determine the consistency in inorganic contaminants removal efficiency of a method of decontamination according to a specific embodiment of the method of the present invention, namely one using jigs, spirals and MGS. Samples of the most contaminated zone of a contaminated land of the region of Montreal. More than 50 % of the mass was localised in the grain-size fraction superior to 106,um. The + 106 ,um fraction contained about 75 % of the inorganic. contaminants. This soil is typical of the Montreal contaminated areas. This method permitted the removal of 70 % of the inorganic contaminants. Far this F~cample, samples were taken from the most contaminated zone of a Montreal contaminated soil, Table 37 below provides operation parameters and cleaning coefficients for each of Pb, Cu and Zn separately. Because the organic contaminants concentrations were below the targeted decontamination values, they were not treated.

Inorganics removal in soil divided in 2 fractions For the fraction -106,um, a froth flotation cell replaced the MGS Mozley gravimetric separator. Results indicated a slight decrease in the removal of the inorganic contaminants, for this specific grain-size fraction, from 70 % to 55 °l°. This reduction in the removal of contaminants was not detrimental to the overall targeted decontamination values.

Inorganics removal in soil divided in 4 fractions comprising the use of fluidised bed classifier In this example, the spirals were replaced by a fluidised bed classifier for the decontamination of the grain-size fraction - 1,7 mm + 105 Vim. Removal of the inorganic contaminants dropped from 65 % to 45 %.

_i 8_ Organics removal in -45 pm fraction of harbour comprising Hostapur SAS60T'"
The starting material consisted in a highly contaminated sediment obtained form the Montreal Harbour. Sixty per cent of this material showed a grain-size distribution below 45,um and contained 30 000 ppm of C10-C50 petroleum hydrocarbons. The surfactant used HostapurT"" SAS 60, at the concentration of 5 000 ppm, is manufactured by Hoechst Inc. After the attrition steps, the C10-C50 concentration in the sediment dropped by 90 %.

Organics removal in -45 hum fraction of harbour comprising Aerosol OTT""
The surfactant used was Aerosol O-f T"" also at the 5 000 ppm level. Decontamination results achieved were similar to those reached with HostapurT"".

-p o 0 ~ 0 0o o rja ~ N

N N Q ~ ~M _ n - M
h +.i O
~ Q 000 O

C N ~ - a o n ~

' ~ ' Q ~M r ~
O o ~

0 0 ~ V Q o oy c N T p,N M

n _ t ~ M

t ~ ...a 0 ~ Cn ~ W
W 01W y W 0h ~ r y t~
~ O O

d ~cMDCMON p N Q

p.N~ N ~

O

-+-,. c Q a o 0 U ~ o . r r ~ U a sn Q a Q'~N N N ~ "' a ' ~

U U L-~ v-N c~ .Q ....
U 0 0_ f ~ ~ p_~~ O N ~ ~ U N N
N ~

(~ T' J
~ M
r M
M

O W W N~ ~ ' O ~ -~Y h h r y Y ~ i W r r f O ~ V tnM C C ~
Y

U "= ~ o ~ ~ v~
' a 4) ~ o 0 ~> ~ Q M choM ~ U N -vN Q a'~oa'~o ~

O N p.aM N tn~ N
~ >
N

m O

~o f N dN' a U a Q

s''M~ a ~ ~ o ~
a _ O ~-~ m ~ OM N U a +~ R h h h U

N U o.oN h N tn N N V N N
C

_ U a r . +-.
-~

_ O N c0c0N O

C S i O ~ M M ~W ' tD U Qo l U O _ V a i~

Q y E cow cacoO ti ~ m n . ~ r v ~

Q E , ~ Uo cflo r c a fn ~ . c ~ y Q) Z

~ o hN ~ ~

a .c n o,cc c c h,n Wm n o "' yo W n coo~

p N N

L s Q NN N M N ~ ~ ~ ~ .
U

O _ ..-U O ~ MW O m O r ~~

U N ~ o0aho~ m 'o ~ _ ~ ~

~ o _ ~ ~ W
~

c v, MW r ~ N C t0M NCOtL f o p a a-O p , o O a o M o~ o . U v d wooM

V

U
O t'~' M i(ir'a:O

C iC~ ~ d m . MO M M O ~ 70 ~ 't"' ' U M ' ~ ~ =

E NN r C rn a C c>a 3 O o o CC5--~ (U

O

O LT .a,C o~ N M CMOCMOO E N N

O p ~ NN N N U m~ ~ ,p ~
o M

Uy~ ~ ~ ~ O~O~O~~ ~ Y
W

N

ay a?

' _ - N MV ~ RS
~

rN M V y E.'~ E" I-_ F--r~o- o~o N fl-~~ v ~'' Q O

Q-N V d N - ~(Dd O ~O O O O ~ O
O O O

~ ~ O ~
a a fl- V d N ~ O-h~ r N

L

c>0 ~p M p p ~ E OO ~ O

Z ~ 0. Z ~ Q r~ o U U

N ~ M n N
N

O .c O tOGOM .c ofh N oa O p~d V N O> ~N N M

!~.f'4DN ~ ~ Y

N ?~ O O O r ~ >,? OO O O

t Y- rt-.
C EO O O O .~. C ~ OO O O
O

N a ' ~ O N Q 'TM N

C r C
O

- c a Eo o o o O c n E oo ~oo o m o>f~

U o a o_o j - Q av co~n N N r' ' ~ ~

.Q

0~ ~ ~ ao o o o ctf ~ a scDC~o ~

F" O U a, ~ ~ ~"' ~ U Q dN N N
n ~

N J r N j _J
M a N r a cp O
T-C ~
D ( ~

_ t- p> 00O)Ish ~ ~ ~ M L!~
NInCO

d7 . O) ~p N Y(ON h ~ ~ + N Y O(flC4r -r ' rr ~-C .Oo o ~ h /~ ~ Od ~

R Q r ~ ~ o V d ~.
'1 r N aaNOO N d ~ U ~ N O-~N tMDN

fl-r N r M ~ I m Q rM - N

U M M ~ n Eo ~ a U U Mc d M ~ -a~ E wd d o - y . Q~ c ' d d' a v (LS ~. ~ M d M (i y_ ~ a u j ! r M r ~ V N 1' ~ ~ h ~ V
N

~ , _ r _ jv N ~ C)j a~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ y no~d ~ U ~ n com ,ii i ~ 0..-r N M ~ ~ U , Md M
Q

N

~ COr ~ d a0h O
O

.Qo ~ Oi_ N
v o 'n ~ v ~ o v a ~
U

a M r v U

O :.La. ~ ~ Ec4coc~cop ~ ~ w E cocococa ~

>, d r E Q E'" ~. MN N M O.E '-' ~o N O ~ ~ ~ 3 0 h ~ O
o 0 C o .

() c r N ' m U I~c0h M N
O Z 'D U? _ . COtpas ~, .~ d'O CON ~ >, +y.
~

h a7O W C a-' ~ NI~d a0~ ti ~ ' ~

~o c0W E ~ 'E~ tnttyO o y p\\VM d (D ~ tn1nM O

~ p \N N N M ~ fn 7 ~ hh h M
~

U O. ~ L s g NN N M

O ~ ~ U

a- 4:"" ~ NQQU. ~
'C

(Ocp, . N C V1~d ~ m -. ?
~

No CO00O ~ ~ N ~ o M
~ o M

in~ ~ c a U ma Wm ~ ~
a a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ -p ~s0 0M 0 (OCO~ C ' (~ cps0 0 M0 o O
~ ~ '~ O r Qo ~ = C o ~ o aDCON ( - o t C
~

d d ~ .Y o V d o ~~ t~t~ o O ,~ O

0 O O m N cM c0O O ~ > o O100N is+, m C M00O O
.7 .

'~ a~ U~ ~ '~'3 caEN r '~ a>U m~ rn ~ ~ E N
O ~

-1 N J c n U> N N N

_ M M c~ vO~ L c0 d OD -pC
U ' O ~ I U I~N tl~ Q
N

~o COCOC O N N N .~o ~ E NN N N

O M ~ fny ~ ~ OO Q>O ~ ~ y ~

'-'N 3 tOh N O>~ c0h o~6~ r N M
~

_ _ ~ ~ ~ ~
w o I- I- v F- ~' h ~--F-I"'.' N ~ Q ~ N ~ O
a n ~
(L$ O a Q ~ N

a O N

Z U Q

~ T <t O L COM

O O

+-O j o op ~ . c O
d o C N

~r ~r _ a N N 4 S

_ ClS

(-- ~ ~ E O o f_ ~

o~U
~ ~ d'N ;C
N
~

. J N
N o yn O
.- yn N .
r.

L
~

O

O + .~ ~ v ;V
c ...~ ~'--c m o N N ~ ~ ~ r - o N ~ ~- n c o U CO c ~ ~ c~
I N o C U

O ~ a N r i C

..

_ '~d~'N N ~ ' ~') ( o ~ N

c . ~ L E c V ~ t o~
~ ~. 7 m a, .+ p i~a a r~N "_ ~

,~~v c~ __ p . N f~

cfl~iriof~ U ~ ~

~ ~ U Q

r N W

*-' ~ i~

~ V N~ ~ p I~(D
- N N~ U

d t~

7 (7 C~

- E O to 7, ~ O)CON a E r Z_ j c0t~
~

7 o tnIsh.~ ~ ~ ~ o O
a c~VN r .. ~
U o I ~ ~ U cflN
w .~ * =
' *_ c~C~N _ C c J C'~C~7O C~ ~j : t O
N
t_ C1 N N :~

~ E O O . o f~

~ O ~ M ~
rtn .
U

~ m '~YC'~~ m ~ ~ p .C~

m a~~ E N Ejo~~rp ~

,.- L a m p p ~, =

~ ~ ~ , , 0 0 ? a <u O c coaoN m a N O O

- ~ o ri"v of o ~ o a ci CJ

~ nm ~r~ ~' .
U

o c u N OJ
Z

tn'-N M ~ N y 1~-V 7 V ~Y
.

U ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ E r. CCi U ~ n ~ J
cu U_ O ~ ' -O ~
C~

O ~ ~ CDCDO7 ~ o ~ ~ N
N N O

T- C~ ~ Q o O ~
C,~

T - ~

T

-Q O ~N c7 S~

(C1 . (~ ct5 ~l ~

I- f- ~ f- -~ ~ V
~~

N O M N hM CDr N

c ~ O O OO o O O O C77 O

N flN N N ~ ~ M N c - N M m _ .floc0d M h ~d0O O c9 a M d M VM ~ c0Cc7 c O ~ O O OO O O O O V d O

. N

- M M _d dN'N Lj N N.
t N I' 7 ~

i O ~ ~N aDM T ~d'N ODO
U '~M ~nd dd M COm E o o o o o o 0 o o o n 0 ~v v v ~ s h h ~ O h ~

~ O tn~ COM h N

N ~ ~ m V O h N t0N h d OisN N tn W

~ r N MO r M N N ~, T r "

O O OO O O O O
O

'~' ' ~

o ~ ~n a o,,nov c co~
o,c o. q ~ O O OO O O O O _ a N ~ N ~M 'NM M
O ~ ' c d d N a o h mh cD~ a~ ~n o~

N T rT r T T
r ~, tnN O~NN tn ~ s h d cWn M f o~

m U
O O O r ' N N N u M

O~a Q M t~~~ a O ~~ ~ = N d d C
Q Mh D ~ ~
tn T r h a ~ M ~ M

- ... N O h N t0O CO

O Oo O O ~ o~ ~ e' ~ ~

3 ~ O O o O M aD~

V Q N ~ tc~N d N

- - N r h N c0 ~
Ch M

,O o ~ N O

tn t9 N ~ NO N ~ n~ ~ N. ~ ~ N M N d m Y O ODhO'~a0c0M cfl M
~

O r O OO O O O r O ' N

il~N tpd tp00M M
Ih.~t ODNd O O

~ y j M M

O N a ~ ~ ~~ d VO'000C00 ~ d N N M NN r N

- .-r-T,-r T .- r ~
fl- r O a_ _ V 0 0 0 0 0 ~ g j o~ ~ ~ N

~ ,~E o 0 0 ~ a~ d ' Q a v vv v ~ ~ ~ N tDM N ~ dN '-N
r ~

_ .Q

. W LS L p0N N M M . M

~ T ,~ M
~

m 3 E N N N~ ~ ~ O O ~ W N h ~ 'd'COd ~ f ~ D

V Q 4Dh h0000ODM C = ~ M M N M MN r M
V D
CD

J

O ~ ~ M hCDN N M

t c oy ~ m N d M O ~ M M O N

v ~ V~ v (iCn n ~ N M tn OOM
' r '' r r .-Cy O O tnM t0~tnh T r O

~

h h c0c0O W 07 y ~7T ~_ a0h N
a0 Q 007T ~n t~~ a0 N O ~ a o ~
~

~ O (;Crj00 h (ACh r .-r T ,- r ~ Ch M

~ ~. C~M M M M N

N t~~ ~M OMOO M N ~ L M O GON d h M
CdD

a E ~..h hh h 07O N ~- C_r~ ~w0Cp,-Cntnh IsM
O

fl' 'J~ V M N ~ M N M r .O O MC C r O U ~ C O

_ ppN M(Dt0O O~ a0~ CO
N

cDN(nO N O .C CVc0M Cnt0N ~ i~CD
U E r n o O ~ ~tn o00 m ~ . ~d w ~ ~ cD ~ o o ~n CnC ~ O WM h y N

C t 1 t<

O O
L

U ' ' i s 3 c . 3 c ~

~ 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 ~ ~n o 0 0 00 0 0 0 ~

p c C 3 .~ 3 cu Y-O

N N NT ~ ~ ~ ~ CJN N T CV
~

O o C~M M C(7tn L O oM C~C~ r-tf) ~ N N

o p p~ p p N N ~ ~ ~ O O O OO N
N d d M MM

o o ~

~ ~

~ a ~ a ~

3 ~ h h haoaoaoum ~nU ~ ~h h h aomaom n ~n p E M M Mm m n h h EM M M m n~nh h h h Q O Q
~

C 0.

N
m O _ c c ~ N N NN N N N N ~: ~ ~CVN N N NN N N N
N

T Y T Y

O

r N Md u7c0h a~~ N M d'~COh a0O~
M

~

H ~ H

i N ~ ;,nn ~ ~ NM M M

N E o o o o ~
c a.c ~ mc ~ c ei~~ _ o n o o O-N N NN N N NN N

N ~ (OMM W (OOCON n O O OO O O OO O U Q.~ N r r M MN N N
E

C ~ O O OO O O ON n O d Q O n O O

_ N ~ N NM M Q

U

O 7 \ O O(OO O tnO N O
o 0 00 U

~ E O O OO 0 0 00 o O O Nc0M

U cfl~ ~v co~ mo>

Q

<rc4r con aov v ao c ~ v nr yncuMaor~r N cocor r ~ co~!0 0 ~ o M r n e c o ~ m o To~c c_ _ roar ~ o a v m Y _ r N N NN N

O O OO O O OO O

G ~ ~N ~ tntn1ST00Wit' O p O 00r r OpnO N m _ _ ~ COC)COCOO~d)O)M M
E N. M MN N M

N O ~ O~ p p ~p ~ ~ MN M M
Q
Q

. N r Nr N N NN r n N ~ ~ ~ O~ ~ tf7~tc0M O
o 0 0 00 0 0 ~ao = U cu~M

_ r Nr ~ Q M ~ VV t!7V ~f7tnt~

' 'O N n O ~ t0 f N CO
O d ~

M N. M O M ~t c ~ E O O OO O O ~COt1) ~ M M n n n -~ U m ~ ~n ~ o o ~ r r Q m o a c a~a o o o d' tl~O>M tI~

N ~, M M M V N O)(DV N COON N a0 O
~ N L On M n V~ r MM r M d'r M
D
CO

_ ~ Y n N O (9MO r -O O OO O O .

0 0 00 0 0 00 0 p~o ~ O~ t~~ (OOM00 C E O O OO O O 'V'M ~ ~ r .N O)N N~
~
N

N N
N Q N o~maon n o~o~o> c a O tf~~-~ ~ O ~V ~ V rN N M

O O OO O O ~<tM T O o O O n-Q tn~ ~V ~ V Vtt1~ N ~ ~~ N ~'~N N n C c' ~ r 7 r 0 ~ -C N C'~d.n N W n ICJ

E 0 0 00 0 0 0)M t!) M

U "s' ~ N ~ ~ N MM N ~ M N O
r r ( o on n n o~ ~ ~ TJ
o o O

_ tnVCOM n V'CO N

O O M ~ N o O O) N 07 (ON ~t ' m m ~ ~ N O ~~ ~ c'~40d (D00M
~ O c N Y o o T o cyr ~ coV~ n V CYn m r y p ofn ~ro~cocovv co~ ~ N 'tco'~'nrN o O c E n N Mn o N ov o _ ~ o ' '~o "!. o 'r?
O ' d ~.r~ N n.o o~o>aoo>a>00 o ~ ap_~ W n vO c0 ~
' ' Q N r r NN N :r.~ V ~ (OM M V M
rr r O ~ ~ ~o ~ o MO CO~ ~ o~
' ~ E cocococon n ~r ~ > y n coo d:r co ~

o d o> o y ~ .

Q c ~ - ~ U ~ '~ n v _ v o ~ ' O .O . dn ~

~ M COVr O O !sa0n Cn (n t6 COO n M ~ N L n i17O)00 ODn t-.(~~ ~ 070707OJN p0NM M O . ~ V'~\I tnO)00N C'~
W

C U Q mcno~.C ~ co000of~fcri ~ ri O + ~ o mn n cn~rm co~c C C

O a O

~ a~

3 ~ _ ' _ c .

' E o 0 00 0 0 00 0 ' ~ ~ ~ 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 t ~ O

ttf O

~ n n nn n n ~ ~ m com n n n ~ ~

v ~ o ~ cocococncwn v~ <r~' ~ o o>cna~v ~t<r<r~ ~t COCOCOd000M 07OiN ~ N tn o N W O)07m O O OW Q)03 N N N NN N N ~ ~ M MM M M MN N N
o o c~ U ~

~-c~ a m .

O

O d E c C cflumm n cococo Q E
D o ~ ~ un ~c c C
n m no D o C d cu c~3 N

o ~ _ ~
U

o M coM rorye N NN N N N

N N ~ ~ 7 M MN N N

Y M CM M

T

O r NT ~ COn N ~ O ~-N M V nCOn N
t ~

(- -- ~- -I I

CA

O c o O N01O CO
C ~ N

N r Nr N N

U
o N A O O

d M M V V

a W
o con o ~ ~
O

c O O OO O O
c E O O OO O O OO O

N Q N N NN N N ~ N M c0c0tO cocD N O .V M
<") . MM C~

C

O O OO O O
0O O rN M N O C E

. d d ett~7C N U7 U a o ~ ~
fl 0O ~

v - M N ret N N ~ .N
N

Q ~ N

o O U ~ o '-N =' o '- ~ o0 0 ~.

o oo o o y 3 E OO O
n co a0co a N N m U Q vv v r r r ~ = rr r NO M

O n 1f1CMOT o0~On0 N ~ nN ' h O ~ (DO CO
t _ Y N M tn chV~ - c I r . t7)M'd'M
m ? 0 0 00 0 0 m Y CVN N

> OO O

O 'Mn~ O ~ ~

_ .9 ~ c ) o ~, O

O O OO O O V a N OO O
n n N N

N N C Q
N ~-M N MN N ~ OO O

N N NN N N N flMN N

yS' . ~n n -o ~,na7o o y ~ 0 y a a o o = ~ '~ " W E o ao o rncco 0 oo a a o o 7 7 7 c o_n w coco c o a7a a aoaon c a M N
'~O ~ N MM ~ s O a E a O'rt i N
O.

V o o oo o o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E oo o Q r r r U Q O o rr r c M vo n n '~
M o v o m ~~i ~ ~ N ~ ~a c nc c r fu r ~ v7 7 'm .7cm o c?m o v r . ~ o ro n ~ rr N
2 cio 00 0 0 ~" _ - ?~ 00 0 n .

~ a ~ "''vM' ~ o p c E o o oo o o a7 t n N d cO~M ON ~ ~ U n! a 0oo o07 .~. C M O ~ ~-MM N
~
W

tnc0N a0 CDn ,_ ~ .~

U O

G o a a oNm '~ m N 't o co ~ c a o om oo7 7 a o ~ o . o0707 o 7 a U ~ p r ~

U .a ~ .c u7 u7 aoN i='c 0 0 00 0 0 ~-- !r n ciro7M ao V ~c i- U Q M M~ O O n d'OiOi t cu~

". J ~ C C V ~ ~ ~ r ~ V C.~C'O~M
-. - ~J' r ,- r ,-r d' ~ r ,-, a ,-~ r r ~ ~

N n ~m N N n ' ~ 07n co ~ ~ c o ~ vm N n ~
N .

O a0C77 N 07;~- GOMn O M ~ O tot1'N r M M NN CV~ .YNN N

'~ ~

O O M (DO N M ~ r N N n <n E ~ O O r COOD~ N A O

O C V C~Ntn N N . ~ C Lf)d'Ln Q ooaoaon m O w N ofW o n : ~ c E

N a7 - r7c ~ N
O N N NN N N ' CDCOCOc IV

_ ~ ~ p (O(pr ~ Q MO N

07COn N 07~ j M

0 0 ~ O ~ n O M ~ on n i a~
- 0 0 0 .7.7 3 ~ Vo C ~ C a .p E
- U D.D D

' - ~ ~ n~ n~ ' ' ~ a Q ~o o - n ~ r r r cc,n vn co ~ O

Q M m cN~c~ N C'~7p ao aN o v ~ !~ ~ oco00 V p r ~ 47 o n 7 "; U ~ E MN N
n ~

_ *- ~ (O1I7CO CO(p~ U Q
nn n n n p - rr r p O

c?
'm - .

;=0 0 00 0 0 ~ E o 00 0 0 o ' ~ o _ ~ m 0 0 s c N V ~ ~ L ~

3 ;~ 3 c~

O

'' ~ w o on n n ~ ~ L a ~

d v~ o ~ 'T 'v v v ~ L 0 ~ 0 7.7.v v ~ O ;n-o vv v - 7 oa MCo 7MC 'O~~ C O 'M~ M ~ M _ m \ NN N
h o ~
M

U ~ ~ ~C7 o ca ~ ~ E

4_.=
l~ c6 N (6 L N
cL3a L

dS a m O - m U

O a ~ omoo onow o a W o o E i ~

m o ~ mn u n ~
m u O Q c oo oo E cc O .

N

N

~ ~ M ~ ~M M 1 _ a ~ t c t' O
C'c C U

) ~~ ~ o , v_ t r M

O f n ~ M MM M O ~ NN
M ~ N

M ( Y

_U U

O ~ O _ ((j - N NN N i N N
~ N

~ 0 r N N N ~ N NN
~

H - F- , F !-I-I-L

c o0 o r or E O o o m N or o O
~

C N d C 1 c N Q N M

v a ' o 0 0 ~ a ~~ ~ cnv '_ a c.nE ~ o ~, , E o 00 0 0 c a ~ ~naoh ~ ~ Q N M~ N
~ M M Q t N

Q ~ - M ~ M
MN N r oM O CC
Q V o o rN U U ~d d N

j E o 0 0 0 0 0 ~ ~ m ~ n. c ,oE d oN o~
c o w - v ~ M d Q.d cncon d G o O NQ G4\r ~-M

N o ~ft~N ~ h ~ O N , O
r '~y N N N ~ > E M OO O O
o ?~ 0 0 0 J U Q ~~ ~ 0 r n O ~M M N

d o h n O O O ~ d N

N N Q ~ ~ O u) N
NO

d r r N "- m apd O O
M ~

~ Y N ~d M M
~ d rn N U oN M M

M _ Cfl-Q OMOCnO~ ~ Q X 00 0 0 s N O ~~ N

a O o N ~~ ' ~_ y oO~ 00h m aor ~U Q a ao ~ O

~ o o ~ E o 0 0 ' MO W

' a ~ ~ o n cs ~ N dr N r N o M ~O L r M N N o~ ~ r ~ _a0 ~ ~ N O M
, '_ d Y - ~ E p OO O O
r ~ o .~ ~ r ' p m Cj~ ~ cc c c y~ v ~

_ M CDM N d - 'n~~' u~ d ov r O =

a o ~ fri c Q 0 0 o c N
'~ aoh ~ ~

o, _ oc O N m r ~ t O

. r v C~~ e0 d voco ~ ~ .~Yrn ~ c 0 O o 0 ~N p N ~ n M N p ~ '.. r CV

CJ d c.0E N c0d U t C
' ' ~ N

.-: gn.Q i"d cop O

S3 +_. c E h ~ncco 0 y n~ o h CAS ~ tn U ~ ~ ~ N f Q1 V N O~M MN N r . ~ 1~NOo (LS O t-.. oM ~ O ~ ~ .
m L N N ~ N

N h d'O ~ OU Q N ~ ~ M M

J Q ~
r ~ m m ~

ll~ a .oQ M
a a h d00 d ~ h r M

N o o ~t~ ~ p~~ ~ ~ ~ N ~can ~ h O v m 00aph O Y p N

~ r ~ (+ U N Od ~ W

U Q-o ~M N o a o r ~00 ~'~w c E ~ N V = O .L7~O N O I~ Q.d rM r N
o O a oN M GO

I1 p~ODLn .~N Q h CO(D' V

+~ ~ co00 r ~ j ~ I
r r r c0 ~ ~h N 'O E O d t0~ o ~ m .t..m ~ a te .a ~ ~ ,a.> > oN M CO +~-. N E N 00N M N
p p N - J U N M

U O c0M . ~. Q c0 - n (DCflCD~
e-.

h hh O U O ~ ~ ~ r rr p f~ ~
fi U E N h U

O o f,ON . 7 M ~ ~03 CDM
~ r U cod co a~ M ~oao m h cflui O Q ,~
' ..r ~ hh p ~ ~ N

O +-.
O C d O d a O ~

~ 3 3 ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ 3 c ~ c E ~ mv v v m ~ 0 00 ~ ~ 0 0 0 ~'Eo 0 0 ~ _ p ~ p m 'S

~ a c a a '~ ~ ~

3 O 3 . p O

O cn cn ~ a ' ' ~ N ~ ~~ ~ ~

.N tnO c d;dd ~ t~.AO M M ~ .'""N p ,d V ~! _~ t o \

N NN ~ ~ N N N m N N N N

~ _~ ~

~ E U E

eu ~ ~ ~ ccs ~ a ~ a aS a~

m ~ U ~ ~ ~ M MM M ~
i m U c a c c cC C
3 0 0o O 3 ' 0 0 0 3 0 0 o O Q E ~ O'1~ n E MM M

Q E cflcocflO ~ ~ h h h a co coco O
O . +r 'C a ~ a C a ~ a N p N N

C O T5~ U ~ ~ O ~ ~ M MM M M
U

~ N ~ N N N EN N N n ~

~ N N _'' ~ ~ ( M MM M M
~ ~ ~ ~ N Y

N Y N N y N N N N

_ ent0h _ 0001O _ a0 O~O _ ~ NM d In _Q ~ ~ ~

c6 N NN (Iff0 N N M ~ ~6 N N M ~ ,RS

~ H ~'-H I"'1-o Oo o O o oO o tiQ cno a i cNC~

T

o a v ~v ~ '~~ ~v v . N

U ' Q.

NO M

~ N ~ N M ~

d1 m ~ Q t ~O O t C~t~ V
V p D O 7 O

_c = o"r rr cnr r mr r c ' c a ~ c ~ .c v a o -~

m .C is~.-cnN M 'd'CON
' ' O_O

t~NO c4M r cM0~
U o~eNC)n c'~~v 0 0o 0 0 0 oO o N Q N~ N N N NN N

a ~ r~ i - N

N
ac ~
oo O O

MM O N O NO ~

a a ~'a D ~a0O
c0 L1 n d~N O ~ rcO~ aDCO

U . o W C?r<3'M c~
d o N

U

M ~ ~

~ r ro~o N o 0 0 N _ ~ U ~ '~ M'WnO

~ 7 o O N ~r N - ~. ~ T, O
O

(] M N ~M M
J

W M ~

L r' D1 r O Int1)[vt~V
~

M 00COac)c0O N Mr C7M ttNM ~t 'S

a~o cor o~caO N

~~ ~ ~ ~ N0 M

C o c0MN M ~ N a o0 D a0 a a D0 D

O N o itsN ~M ~ O ~

O o rO W CD~ d'~t0o>
U

Q C +=~ _ a p.t9Nr N Or O
~~~ fl ~ ~ N~ o ~ '- a ~ncoco coc cococ4 U v - ' c U

~

U N d'~ O M COf0N

M ~ U Q ~ ~aroci~maroooa~om 0 V ' ~ ~ ~c C
O o N = O
U

r ~p ~' .

_Oo r N NN V O O OO O O O OO O

d7~ M N rM M ~ N M MM M M M MC9M

O ~

M

O

t/1 .-~ -ac m mn ~

~ ~ y MM r>c~M MM M
'~

v m ~ o ~

m m c a>

o 3 U ~ E m mn w ~n~m n .=_5 0'c ,m un~n '~

t - m Q

U N
(0 ~ ~ U

~_ m ~

E (~ ~' ~ m rmn u~uo~rmn 0 ~ .a ~ m o Oo O y i o N

.U ~ a~m ' m o 0o coo o0 0 N

O

~ c V O

E r '-n-M M

a O c C ~ r- c~M c mnmn a N

N

_ OO ~ ~

N Q O tW p a.r NN r N LNrN N

N N MchN _ N N

N N

N MV en~ r-NM 'd'tn(Dra0(A

~

~' F- ~ F-M O ~

N M N M N N N N Q ~ NO ~ tn~ ~(M9m Q-N dM N M V c~M M

m C
O ~ N~ 0 2o N M N ~ MM ~ N M p d Q M OM c M 0 D c M TM M N ~ ON

U

M r M VCO M ,~ > E O OO O O O OO O

U~ M M U M ~o a m ~ d~~mco J Q NN ~ N r- N

Co W O N MN 'ct00N pr o7COc0O V'V ~N CD
M

~o C4M COd'N M 'WN N O M ~

) N h ~ d'rtn~
p n ~

N_o ~ N M V M ~ ~ N N Q ~ ~~ V~fmf ~CMONO

U Q M NN M N N ~N ( N

T
~ E ~ M ~ h CONU7f~

~o (ON r M VM M 00~ ~ ~ p ~ ~ n ~ M
Uo c0 'N N d M r ~ ~ m V Q N pn O M o U p O O

N

T
M

r M r C pN ~ ~ N U N ~~ M ~ 'T0 '~

= a a a a o Co M O DOh-M N c0 ~ N M ~ M M tn M
~ O ~ N

N M f~o)M tC)t~ tnh a) tn~p~ ~ ~ '"V c0 O ~ E OM M ~ ~ 0N d .~ ~ ~ W M tn00N M O C m NO~O c do ~tt~ ()(p M e0 N M 0 y= . . ~ Q N N

~ N MN M M M MM M

_ N
O

O _C C 'a c0h V tf)V NV c0 ~ U E

O! ~ V ofO) CS7t~N N t0~ .a p p~ tna0V tn O
Uo M com dw a -nr. ~ ~ ~ ~ Q o .0 0 o r or "- ~ +- U
E

~ No a0V apN O)N ~ ~ N ~ ~ M Uf7N M M OV~d MV
o N c0a0M V'h ~ t~ U

N Q
u7 a N Op 'a ~O O O O O OO O O O + O O OO O O O oO O

M M M M MM M M M ~ M MM M M M MM M

O o C7 0 L

r O

' ~

ac . -O~

~E M M M M MM M M M ~- ~ _ M MM M M M MM M
~

Vy ti- O

.,_..
. C

>

O

E m u m ~mnm n m n U ._E w m m o ~n~m n EE r E E r a~ d ~nE
'md m U ~ N U

'i''(a G ~ ~ C

~ ~ o a ~nm n m mn ~a~mn - ..m nm m m ~nm ~ U

N
(n L N

~ lL

.V ~ E m m '~ cocoo coococococo~5 ~ a,o cocococococoo co d'o cL3 d a O

U a~

c O

c c ~

~E r M MM tntIW.t7~ ~ E r M M C~~M tn () ~~ ~no o ~ oo m~o o p ~ E o oo o 0 0 00 0 flp-~ N N n oN ~ O Q Q tnON Ln tnO
N

. L N N

~

N N

O

N M V tr7cDI~a0O)_ ~ O -N M V tWOI~00 ~

F- E" F--M N ~M O M h h ~ E O OO O O O OO O
N N ~ M M

No r N r h~Q ~ M C ~ N NM ~
Q n O

V ttnV ~tt~VV ~

O

C
M h M MM M M O N = Q E O OO O O O OO O

~ Od N ~ 07Mh N
d , N '' N N r N O d Q ctCOh d'~ h Md'~

U

Vo o u~ Mco~ cph ~ ~ E ~ ~ o, om c~

M ~-M f' CM'd' J U Q O NN p~N O

N ~ ~

N O>~ M hM tnM COO m ~fN n m V C Na O
~ O p M ~ ~ M ~ WO M

C ao pptpc~~tptcltp~MM 0 00 0 0 0 00 0 o C p ~ O Il d a0~f7.V hIn~ ~ c0~t7 _ ) O)tf~MODr N

a N NN N N N NN N

h '~

U~ ~ w ~ ~~ c ~ n c ~ a a n ~~ n o ~~
o o U a m c a o o ~

N ~o tnO OU ~ ~ O 7 Q M NM d'N tnOaDM

a~o o~c cooper~ro n v ~ U n naMOaon ~ ~~ ~

Q c z p O h N~ d CON~ ' N M t~ ~ O ~ N~ ~ 0'~ N 0 d tC d V'' 0 d _.

M d, O O O rtnN
O .Q~ N ~1h cDV tn h h ' G E h~ M M a0hN O~
~

N-o V 1nN~'~t~ M etO N Q o0COh 00h Op00c0Lf~

(n ~ M MM M M M MM M

M M 07c0M M Cntn~ m ~ E ~ c'oM ~ ~ n c'to0 U M ttrM M r,N M O ~pd Q N NN N N N NN

U ~ r rr 4 m 'o ,no rno~N o~ coo U U ~ E m rc'~oo~~ o ~"
~ cocomn ~n~'v co ~

~ ~ ~ U y n com n ~ncmn N L

.,.-+-a ~ 0 O 0M O M 0 M ~ O OO O O O OO O

M c C C C C M MM M M M MM M
~ O 9 O 9 o ~ o L

_ E M M M MM M M M M ~~ClMM M M M MM M

~ Q ~ v _~

m -O -Q O

m n u~~cmn u n ~ U . E ~mn~ ~n m nm n Q E r ~

Q m a ~

'"-a sa m c~~nmm n ~n~ .n~ ~ a O c~ -. ~ ~~cw m n ~n~ ~n U

~

~ L L

.U a~~ ~ a~

m Q o 0 o cocao 0 0 0 ~ ~ o 00 o o 0 0 c o ca a Q

U ci5 U o m cc ~

r MM M CJn n t t t E r M M M n17n t Xt ~-(~

~

U m ~ E

a ~rovn uo m n o n m o no o~ o o~n o n N N ~~ ~ ~

rN N r N CJ ~ a'N NM N N M NN M

N N

N

o r N M~ ~ o . o c r c O

(LS~ ~ cp NN N N N NN N

I~'N

00 0 0 o 0 oo 0 ~

co o ao o~cDh n ~ oo c oo_0 0 0 0 00 0 ~ M M M M N

N V M M M M Q ~~ ~ ~ M

do M M M MM M M M M O a ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tf)CO

U

m ~ OO O O O O OO O

Co N tnh O>M N ~ W ~ C mo ~ N o ~ ~~ o UW rmc v v~nrnv n . . _,U Q N N N N .- N

o N N O d'tn01COInN 1 ON N O N COM~ O
O

Na ~ n cocon coaon r _ ~ h NO
N

~h COi~07 t~

o Qo N n o ~n o ~ n s N o~ O r O N OM 0 a c c a Q c d C ( O o o o ~ ~ 0 NN M N N N NN N

'C Co CpO M SON CDf~, ~ C p E OO O O O O OO O

U~ aoh co0om n m oot~ ~ . a ~ m o o~ o a ' a > w n ~ m o >.

o ~ N Q oo ~ o o o '~o n ~ v ~coe h c ~ = C7 > a n ~
n O o n Q I~f~07f~COCOhc0t~

M N ~ MN ~ N N 'h~'~ ~ ~ n N

N~ M ~ m ~ O ~f N

NV 7 V M r N V

~ ~M M ~ h N mN

C O .Do d0c0 I~~'N tt)V O C O c S. c o ' O ~ I O

a r N ~YrN M r N N N Q ~' M'~ V V V~ N' n a d d V

~ ~

_ tnM 'd'M I~h~ N
o ~ d'00d' O) S ~ fl~ ~..O O c0O O VN O

()o r N M r N T N ~ . Q MM ~ M ~ ~ ?~.V
L2.

~ rr r r r rr r ~ U

' .co O CON hO>O N M tn~ ~ ~ pdn'~ Oh7M u(7~V~N
m~
'N

M V tnNM tnN M ~ ~ U Q COtnI~T c0CDCOCOc4 N
u~

y a ~ -o ~ ~

U N

M M M MM M M M M MM M M M M MM M
o ~ o +~

~

aC 'flC

~~M M M MM M M M M O ~ ~ MM M M M M MM M

v _~

C

Q) E m m ~m m m ~nU E ~nm m m n mm n .
~

EE r E E E .-E a~ Q a~Q

U ~ ~ U

C

~ a 3Q 47M M ~tf)~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Q ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~tnin ~U ~ U
~

N N

LL

m a~

a~
~~ co0 0 occao 0 0 0 ~ m o0 o coco0 ocflco Q~ cu m U ~

cc ~ ~ c can_ ' MM M t!~M ~ ~ ~ ~ '- M M M cntfWO
~

to ~~ 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 ~ ~ 00 0 0 0 0 00 0 U~'N NN ~ N N ~ NN ~ N O NN

- N M . Q ~- N M M
.

M r O O NM ~t~ COP~.~ ~ NO O N M ~Y~ CO

N N NN N N N N ~ .~ NN M M M M MM M

I- F- y -- I-C ~ tnO lC)f~V'O COI~In C EN O M OM N CAO

N ~ ~ d~MCO mn~ ~M N ao o ~ N oo i n c c . cc W
o o r oo 'c~ o N ccM M v n no~ ~ 0 0 o r~o~ 0 0 0 o ~

Q et~ MM ~f~ M stM ~ a U-a ~ M O M ~
0 n fl-N r r U M M r o Cfl~ N ODW cfO1d' ~ ~ EO O N O N M O
U o cncp Mu7~ tptntOtn U Q0'N N N O ~ N

= c NC' N
?

N o~~ r~ m rn~ '~ v~ r?'y ~co Nr ro o Ot()h N M I~r ( N
o D

(pM ftM N~ ~ N ~t d ~ ~ ~~ N ~ ~ ~~

_ o o . N o-oncoroo o o~ ~ o o - ~ t~ ~

. co o a U fl-- r N N o o r U

U ~ m 'ron o ~

a m a m ~ ~~ o a -nno ~ ao~nonoo o o o U-r N N N r. r N o r N

~ ~ N u7aDa01~t~r O~~ ~ 3 .
a~a oocomo cpaoo ncp ~ V am aon csaow n n p ?,r _r a'~con n co~mn cor.

.Q
. .

~ 0 NN O ~ N cN0~ n ~ r t~

N r N ~ N O C N~ t0~ M

~ h cDtn07r O h p o ~ NN O I~ ~ ~

G. N COrN -_ N ~ ~ V ~ uc7~V hVtnVM
j ' p ~''- r r ~ v'- tA N

> U .,U_ M ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~0 ~ O O ~~ i 0 eD

V Z U ~ NN '~~tM + ~ a Qc i.> C c~ I~C n -n 0 r~O 0 n 7 ~ r n n ao r r p U

~ CC

m. p~ ~v ~ ' a' ' O U Qn ~ n ~ N

'o c~c ~j c c no c c n i o n o o m V Q.m m n en~m m n ' p a a tUO M M M'O0 'OM MM ~ N O

C C C ~ M M C ~M M M
~ 9 ~ ~

L

i a C

'w'' a C
E M M MM M M c9MM

O ~ ~M M M M C9M t0M M

CQ

C

C N
a o a .. w E T T
n n ~ m nn U E

a E r ._ m m ~n~m m m n Er r r r E ~ ~

a ~ m a~ ~

~1-I U ~ U
C

.....Itt~ a ~ n a cLf m ~n~nm n u~4n~n p a,v ' ~ am u ~ n u ~ uwn m fn ~ U

I L

Q) ,U

m o o o0 o o 0 00 ~ ~ o o o c c c 0 00 o w o ~

p c~ Q a v o I
~ r M M 9 ~ ~~
c ,~ ~ ~ Er r - M MM 0 ~
- 3 , t ~ ~ .

~ ~

_ ~ O O OO O O O OO ~ U

Q fl'N MN M N N O Q Q N
N N N

~ N NN N
N C~ M

M

p p a 0 ~ N M V ~ t0 ~
O O

N N M MM M M M M ~ rN M V M CO D D A
~ t~ C

- - ~'y -I-N o W N ~~ o ~ 1jN M

t C7t t t C d O ' c c N ~

c ~ ~ M N NC C n r N N
3 ~ V

m U

~ M M N ~

C
O

N o ~,.yn o>h oaN r o>~

c o ~ N NN ~ h M h N

U d.

~ tOMc0ppM N 07 C~ t ~Na M ~ ~M N ~ M N ~

c P

(B

N ~ ~ g 0~ a ~ m o a 0 > ~
o C ~ o h NtnM M tnM d' ~ ~

D_ h hh M W M M h t U o ~ ~ N~'~ ~ ~ ~ 't :y:'J
o aa a o Oo o U

cTf - ~ ~ t a0 M h COh h tn f N o m COCO(Oh 07(rh.C4 ~

M
vi N

N ~''~MM '~M

0 ('C M M C
) 7 ~

L

+-i ~ C
~ M M MM M M M M M

+r .>

C~

L m a . ~ T ~ M~ M tntO~ M

Q

Q

+. 0.5C

N m s a m n mm m n m ~n N

~U ~ w a'~ cococococflcocococfl O Q

O

U

c M M M ~ ~ tn O

_ Q M N ~ N M

~ ' N N M N N

N Mvitn(Dh M m cn n~aiaHaa ~nn~-i~-is ~ coC oWn tnco0o r v r)N~h rnN T M o c dc O ~ c O M M M ~ h V M o r m 0 0 ' - ) m U

(o ~ M C O O ~ ~ hh ~ N N CVV C'h M

. ) >

L

E ~ 6 O OO

1 C O CO( O O O O OO O O O O O O O O COVM
N CO C (ph CO7nN1n~ C~M C~)(D7f7M V

Q

~ cDO>~ o o O o oO O o o c7o O o 0 o OO
M M h O V COhh ~ h O 7f7(OM M h V CON

N-per;h h C M h c0O h(Dc0 7nO W h O M ~ c0NIn a.

O

Cn ~ ~E m m nio 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0o +~ p_M W O M h CO~ (O N COLAN O V h Q)r UQ coco~ r.coco070)m co <tM a)coh cocou)cor N
~

U

m h v coo v u)co7nN r 7no ~r)a7h N v M vN

O ~' m rnm ' ~ ~M ~ ~ > rnm ~ ' ~

O m ~ w a a7a a h o 7 o o U

N O) CflV m 07Lna) h t0 COODV aD.CDO)N
CE p7O f0COM ODN h(Dm CDi~N V M M N6) NQ N O)c h h CDCOc0c0cD inV dth CDn cDCOhh t~

_ U 'd pE ~th ~jV M V ON O M tnO>~t7O o0r No0 .Q ~ C h O ~ ~ 0 ~ G N N ~

h h C h ( t0 t h C D t0h COD
D 0 f) O ( ( - tn CD N N of U~ W ~ C COOm ~ P 0 ~ ~ V G)h ~ n O CM9M
Q

U

0 o h h a77numnum w n 7r)h m n h h h N N N N NN N N N CVr N N c0 O

+J
U o ~ m Iono 0 0 0 00 0 0 o c70 0 0 0 0 00 ~

U

.+-N O
E

C7~~ 2 ~

) a7 !n M D7 O O O O OO O O O O O O O O O OO

O O O OO O O O O O OO
~ O 0 ~ c ~ o ~ N N~ t~ ~ u tL>~ ~ ~ ~ O~tnO

, .f E U

O

O o U rh o~ h o 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 o c70 0 0 0 0 00 U O uJO O O O OO O O O C7O O O ~ O uJO

N ON r M N N N NN r N N N r M M M7t7 .C aU
+-O

a~
c a~
o N o 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 o c70 0 0 0 0 00 Y

O

U

m m m ~ mm S 3 O ~ N

3 > > > > 7 >> p) 07p r O ~ OO
N N i i N N o NN

C C 6 6 C C f CC
C C C

L C

'~tnInIn <ntUtnOO u!;1LOt1] LnInu7V7 W

~
N C
E
J

N N N N N

N O O O ~ O O O OO ~ ~ '~O O O ~ O O OO
C ~ S S C
' ~ L a ~

0 ~ r.cacpN cflcococflcnN N r ~~o o c cocococo E E E n n E E

o > > ~

U U U U U

O- E E E E E E E EE E E E E E E E E E EE

z z s z a a z za ~ z z ~ z z ~ s s ~s m w m m w m m mm m m m mym w m m m mm L d M M M M M M M MM M M M M M M M M M MM
+ + + t t t + ++ + t + + + + + + + t+

M " o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o o o oo ~

M M M M M M M MM M M M M M C7c~M M MM

N M COh O O rN M V'~ (Oh OD N M V
N N

N NN

O O NCO
OCO

N .- N N a T coN
of O

o CO ~ h r c ~ca o r r ~ E rn v o N j a Q O NV
C) O U fl-+.

CtS U
o ,r-hO N N

o .
U Q N VV
N

~ O OO O O

'~ IVQ-~ ON O ~
Q-~t~V ~t~

N ~ ~ nr cr,)O VM~

~ O OO O O C

~ O OO O O
+_~ d ~YM N GO

Q r rT r v y a 1~ M NI~

~ ~ a m O OM

~ flO OO O O

U - naoco~
fl-r E

..- a~

O cL

cn ~ o rnoo cocfl ~jo ~ o . v _ ~m c~m ~ v NM
C

~ o n N

~ o ro N n c O N(Om N
~d ~ ~ N Z N ~v O
V

U

a~

'a o~ o)o)'v _ a Q-c yn v c o o o ~ Q

o a o ~ v~ c z c N

U 3 ~ ~ Nr ~~h m ~U

00~ C a0~ N
N U

O o N c0N
~ N N

z n ~V ~

U c _ m N Nr C7N ~ ca m '- U
O v com ~ c E

N Q ~ r~ O
m O ~

~ o o M m O o ca ~ M
n d U O U a M N ~~ f o ~ Q ~ M n Q c o u)O
o L ~

c O
o L

~ ~

E O O O ~ U N CO O) Q

CO p r O . ~ ~ CO
O fnfn ~ m r ~ ~

C O - - N

O U U N o, c ~ ~ y o _ h ~ ' ~

. o d NV (LS
O ~ 00O O~ ~ p ~ M

Q in a o O ~ ~ a~

N

a N ~
i ~ ~ _ ~O O O ~ o p ~~ C) U o 0 O ~

~ ~ t0c N
O ~ > 0 U

: 07 E Y ~ %~

o ~ c i. O

m ' U

a (CS E ~t'cocococo~ N N~ ai r cn ~ ~ ~ m ~ '~c~a ~- Ic' M
O

_rna>
- J .~ -~ 4) _ O-Q O O
~ > ~ D
!JJ

~ N Q C: ~ O Q ~ M
~

C> .O
'c r-.
C
) ~ , .
-f O ~ COCDCOCOG~o ~L
O ~

a 07 O hV) o w o i ~,O M C ON . -O O

~ ~ O V

C~ o ~. ~ o_O)o) f ~

_ Q) 3 ~Z ~ ~ ~ ~ U

. O
~

M MM ~ ~

v C~ I~ '-~E Cn ~ 00 c C~ ~ E ~ ~ C'~
o ~

E + ~ : m c o O c E ~ ~o Q; ~ U a r ~ + O i ~ ~ d noo' o ~ ' a ' _ r N ~ U L1J
~ ~

CA

m m p p ~ ~ .,.~ O O O

m ~ ~ ~ m N

N M N N ~ M r N

p o U U

c :..
~c c oQ oo ~n m ~ oz nn ~ U

U ~ ~ ar U C ~C7 O O O C> ~ O
Y

'ON ~ ,D N ~
' a 00 r N O O~ N

a a ~

m ' ' ~~ zz z a O ~ d'1r N ~ ~! ~ ~

Q fl-M V
~ ~ M

N ~ O ~ t C

O '"

~C

~ ~ ~~ N
V

c oZ M M

J

n--ar- r a a ~cl r~ 00 O ' m n tn N n O '- aD
~ ~ ~

LLCV - N l1.CV r r m m N

m m ~ ~~ ~

o '~ t~
O

N a0 m N ~ N
O N ~ N N (V

C ~ M N N

U U

M ~ ~ n N

t V t3 ~ ~
O ' ' 'p_M .~ N ~ 17CO r d r a~
CV M~ N flM N M d ~'~ 0 d M

C - ~ f O ~ 3 ~ 0 N

d' N

r O r U

(tt~ N

W 1l U.I

m i ~ Q d ~ ~ o a E ~ ~ a ~ ~' p ~
o t fl. ~ m tiN u c ._n N

r ~

N c Lf t. O O O . ~r~ O O O C ppN ~
M

N V ~ m ~ GAO CMSn m N ~ O ~ N C Nn V

' co cpch,ij i ~ N wt N N ~ c~l (fl M N ~ d'NN

i U_~ N~ o C U U U

O

'~ o> a! a~

c p ~ O p c tp n ' c~f -aa o ~ ~ a ~ ~' ~ W a m 'T~
o ~ O

cc~ a L- '>3m n N ~ 'acC~ N 'ac0r N

U mm c ~ o ' ON

U

~ .
s L11 r +~. ~ ~ a~ n p ~ m n n p U

_O_N O ~G.M N Q a ao ~ ~ d N M ~ N

c0M ~ ~ ~ r CO

o N~ M .U O r O W O

O

V- 4" Q

-U ~ W

W

~Nm N ~ cMO ~ m a~D V M N N ~NO

~ a Q N

O ~ ch ~ t~N O~ ~ ~ N ~ ~ lLN

caN ~ ~ m fn (~

U U

Q>
~ ' ~ ~ a o C a. EE E ~ ~ a n.n. d - . ~ Q a ~ v a E o W_fl.Q. E a, g a fl. E o~

~ d N d N N

Ua n! ~ ~ U ~ ~ U ~3?.rU ~

~ a a d m m m m i0 iQ m cco o c w o o c ao o c M o ,d.n o _ , m y v _ n UN ~ O~~ U N M O ~ U NM ~ ~ U ~OM M ~

C C C C

U

U U U

QCOCON ~ Q N N p Q hO CO~ Q M (D(O

O ~ ~'O tO hh M COOD(D

N ~ V ~ V ~ N tOV'N NetV N O CDctV
CJ

'NO ~ O ~ O ~

J J J J

a a n. a m m m m j D O f m COh M flJm CON COM N ~ N N

- f mN C ~ n N N a0~ NaDM fl) M h mM M h ~ m M m ,n m N u7 ~ (D MODCO M M

tnO (DM ~ ~ ~.,~ ~ ~,.~ LLr M

z- (n fiJ N M

+r E E E ~ a'E ~ ~ m a'~ ~ ~ m ' m a a a m a o_a m a a a m a a a c ~

~_ a.Q.Q ~ ~ a_Q n. ~ ~a a n. ~ a a n.

N 'a~ ~ ~ c ' '~~ tic ~ ~~~ o c ~ -d~ .nc ''. a~ U a nt a ~ U . N a ~U . rv a ~ U a m a a C

O

_ m m m m m ~s cM ~ o ~ c ~t~ r O _ ~ cfl~ c h o N L ~ ~ '--mM O m h _ m ~ N m M N m M _ st M N ~ M M N M N
UM ~ O1~ U ~" O)M U N~ ~ M U N r ~ M U O

C C C C C
U ) U U ~ U

C

Q

Q O fl O Q O Q a p h 'a0 V W h O . N V Os~ COO M N m O a~~ W _ O 'tO
t N c0 o c C0 COCON

n et<f' f OY0 O1 ~ h N ~ V N ~ V
V V N~ V

O~ N Q N ~ N O O ~ N

~ J J W ~

;,. a a a ~ Q

~.- g g ~ ~ m ~ a Q a a ~ m m m ah o ~ a U a M ~ a o a ~n M

fnmM tn07Q fnm COh tn~ fnm hO o0~ fnm M r o0~ m ~ M
~t mO ~ h CO m ~ M c0 m OO h (D m O O tt~tn m N h LLr M 11M ~ O M ~ytnr M M l1~ O M ~ ~ Q1t0~.,~

U

L ~ ~ L

t '' E E E a?' E E E 'E E E ' ~'~ E E ? ' E EE
' . m a a a m a a a . o_a a ro o.a a m Q.Qa m m ~ ~

a n.Q ~ n _aQ ~ Q.a Q ~ a a _a ~ ~ Q.QQ

'a'm~ Q c '~-a>> flc ' 'a~~ a c 'a-m~ flc ~ a~~ ~c a~ U . r~ y U . ri ~U a r~ ~ U . ri ~ U ar.~
n- a a ~ a a ~

E---U
E a , N
m O

4 ' E
"

CO . N
M C_ Q' E
-m a a t c m a . y o E E ..
a r~

., c cow eo c cps a o . E
. m a~ ~
~ ~ v .

M ~ o cn a ~ m m ~.

u_ Q u'_ a ~ Q o ~

m _ ~ o n '!~
3 wM

a ri .-m O

O

s ~ ~t ,- N
s_ v N
t'3 S~c'~ CO '~~' ~6 (/~a . ~ (/~ ~ C G
: O O n ~

> m N _ E U U
ClT 'a ~
U

_ ~ a_ L .U L .N ~ O O
.,.'~~

~ ~ ~ o U

E O N ~ ~
~ vi ~ o ~ .x 3 _ i :

= N ~ O) O
O 'a..

_ c o. n.
a a O ~ Q N m m O

_ E ~ aN ~
l~6 a ~ 4 ~~ _ ~) m O

~ + ~ N

_ E E ~ E ~ C c . :
+

~, ~ N v ~ E
cfl co E

+ c m r~ a E
E o_ Y, O : O~ ~ ~' C D

Q
~ ~ M CO

a ~ ~
~' 3 R

' O ~ - ~ .'~ .~ O~~ U m , c ~
~: N
N

__ ,-. ~ C a .. _ a (~f ~ ' V E .Q t U ' ~ ~ O
a (-~i ciU U T ' U._:.- E-~u ~SD is . y r Although the invention has been described above with respect to a few representative examples and drawings, it will be evident in the person skilled in the art that it may be modified and refined in various ways.
It is therefore wished to have it understood that the present invention should not be limited in scope, except by the terms of the following claims:

Claims (13)

1. A method for decontaminating soil containing inorganic contaminants having a degree of liberation of at least 60%, comprising the steps of:

a) removing from a coarse fraction at least a portion of inorganic contaminants in particulate form contained therein with a jig to produce a treated coarse fraction, b) removing from an intermediate fraction at least a portion of inorganic contaminants in particulate form contained therein with a separator selected from the group consisting of a spiral and a classifier to produce a treated intermediate fraction; and c) removing from a fine fraction at least a portion of inorganic contaminants in particulate form contained therein with a separator selected from the group consisting of a flotation cell and a multi-gravity separator to produce a treated fine fraction, whereby the combined treated coarse, intermediate and fine fractions are impoverished in inorganic contaminants.

2. A method as in claim 1, further comprising prior to step a), a step of removing a non-contaminated portion of the coarse fraction.

3. A method as in claim 1, wherein the coarse fraction consists essentially in particles larger than or equal to 1.7 mm.

4. A method as in claim 1, wherein the intermediate fraction consists essentially in particles having a size within the range of 38 µm to 1.7 mm, inclusively.

5. A method as in claim 1, wherein the fine fraction consists essentially in particles of a size smaller than or equal to 106 µm.

6. A method as in claim 1, wherein the coarse fraction consists essentially in particles having a size within the range 1,7 mm and 6,4 mm, inclusively; wherein the intermediate fraction consists essentially in particles having a size within the range of 106 µm to 1.7 mm, inclusively; and wherein the fine fraction consists essentially in particles having a size equal to or smaller than 106 µm.

7. A method as in claim 6, further comprising a step of removing from an organically contaminated portion of the soil at least a portion of the organic contaminants contained therein with an attrition cell.

8. A method as in claim 6, wherein the step of removing at least a portion of organic contaminants comprises the substeps of a) identifying the at least one organically contaminated grain-size fraction;
b) isolating the at least one contaminated fraction identified in step a);
c) washing the at least one contaminated traction isolated in step b) in an attrition cell, whereby at least a portion of organic contaminants contained therein are solubilised in a liquid phase;
d) separating from a solid phase, the liquid phase of step c) containing solubilised organic contaminants; and e) flocculating at least a portion of the solubilised organic contaminants to produce a flocculated phase, whereby the solid phase of step d) is soil impoverished in organic contaminants.

9. A method for decontaminating soil containing inorganic contaminants having a degree of liberation of at least 60%, comprising the steps of:
a) screening the soil to remove a non-contaminated fraction of the soil, wherein said non-contaminated fraction consists essentially in particles larger than those of the coarse fraction;
b) screening the undersize from step a) to obtain a coarse fraction, and a coarse fraction undersize;
c) removing at least a portion of the inorganic contaminants from the coarse fraction, with a jig;
d) screening the coarse fraction undersize from step b) to obtain an intermediate fraction, and an intermediate fraction undersize;
e) removing at least a portion of the inorganic contaminants from the intermediate fraction, with a separator selected from the group consisting of a spiral and a fluidised bed classifier;
f) screening the intermediate fraction undersize from step d) to obtain a fine fraction; and g) removing at least a portion of the inorganic contaminants from the fine fraction, with a separator selected from the group consisting of an enhanced gravity concentrator and a flotation cell.

10. A method as in claim 7, wherein the coarse fraction consists essentially in particles having a size within the range 1,7 mm and 6,4 mm, inclusively; wherein the intermediate fraction consists essentially in particles having a size within the range of 106 µm to 1.7 mm, inclusively; and wherein the fine fraction consists essentially in particles having a size equal to or smaller than 106 µm.

11. A method as in any of claim 1 or 7 further comprising a step of removing from an organically contaminated portion of the soil at least a portion of the organic contaminants contained therein with an attrition cell.

12. A method as in claim 7, further comprising a step of removing from an organically contaminated portion of the soil at least a portion of the organic contaminants contained therein with an attrition cell.

13. A method as in claim 12, wherein the step of removing at least a portion of organic contaminants comprises the substeps of a) identifying the at least one organically contaminated grain-size fraction;
b) isolating the at least one contaminated fraction identified in step a);
c) washing the at least one contaminated fraction isolated in step b) in an attrition cell, whereby at least a portion of organic contaminants contained therein are solubilised in a liquid phase;
d) separating from a solid phase the liquid phase of step c) containing solubilised organic contaminants; and e) flocculating at least a portion of the solubilised organic contaminants to produce a flocculated phase, whereby the solid phase of step d) is soil impoverished in organic contaminants.