CA2386296A1 - Hybrid yarns which include oil seed flax plant bast fiber and other fibers and fabrics made with such yarns - Google Patents
Hybrid yarns which include oil seed flax plant bast fiber and other fibers and fabrics made with such yarns Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2386296A1 CA2386296A1 CA002386296A CA2386296A CA2386296A1 CA 2386296 A1 CA2386296 A1 CA 2386296A1 CA 002386296 A CA002386296 A CA 002386296A CA 2386296 A CA2386296 A CA 2386296A CA 2386296 A1 CA2386296 A1 CA 2386296A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- fibers
- group
- yarn
- flax
- fiber
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 164
- 241000208202 Linaceae Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 title abstract description 18
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 20
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 17
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000009960 carding Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007378 ring spinning Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007833 carbon precursor Substances 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000007383 open-end spinning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012783 reinforcing fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009941 weaving Methods 0.000 description 3
- APOYTRAZFJURPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-n-(2-methoxyethyl)-n-(trifluoro-$l^{4}-sulfanyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COCCN(S(F)(F)F)CCOC APOYTRAZFJURPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002972 Acrylic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002544 Olefin fiber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000005907 alkyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000002216 antistatic agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012784 inorganic fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002085 irritant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000021 irritant Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 229960004592 isopropanol Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000009940 knitting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004767 olefin fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000259 polyoxyethylene lauryl ether Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052580 B4C Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241001589086 Bellapiscis medius Species 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 101100080609 Drosophila melanogaster Nsf2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241001481760 Erethizon dorsatum Species 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000347389 Serranus cabrilla Species 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001893 acrylonitrile styrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010009 beating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron carbide Chemical compound B12B3B4C32B41 INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012700 ceramic precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000748 compression moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003760 hair shine Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006253 high performance fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011872 intimate mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002843 nonmetals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009974 package dyeing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000009971 piece dyeing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940113115 polyethylene glycol 200 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940068886 polyethylene glycol 300 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940068918 polyethylene glycol 400 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000151 polyglycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010695 polyglycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- SCUZVMOVTVSBLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enenitrile;styrene Chemical compound C=CC#N.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 SCUZVMOVTVSBLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012744 reinforcing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012779 reinforcing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000194 supercritical-fluid extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009970 yarn dyeing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
- D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
- D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
- D02G3/02—Yarns or threads characterised by the material or by the materials from which they are made
- D02G3/04—Blended or other yarns or threads containing components made from different materials
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2929—Bicomponent, conjugate, composite or collateral fibers or filaments [i.e., coextruded sheath-core or side-by-side type]
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention is directed to (1) hybrid yarns which include oilseed flax straw plant bast fibers and a second group of fibers which may be synthetic and/or natural plant fibers, and (2) fabrics made from such yarns.
Description
i r HYBRID YARNS WHICH INCLUDE OIL SEED FLAX PLANT BAST FIBER AND
OTHER FIBERS AND FABRICS MADE WITH SUCH YARNS
The present application is a non-provisional application claiming priority under 35 USC 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60,290,856, of Khavkine et al., entitled HYBRID
YARNS WHICH INCLUDE OIL SEED FLAX PLANT BAST FIBER AND OTHER FIBERS
AND FABRICS MADE WITH SUCH YARNS, filed May 14, 2001.
The invention is directed to (1) hybrid yarns which include natural oilseed flax plant bast fibers and other natural and/or synthetic fibers, (2) fabrics made from such hybrid yarns, (3) composite reinforcements which include the fabrics and yarns of the invention, and a method of making such hybrid yarn. The yarns and reinforcing fabrics of the invention are low cost, light weight and environmentally-friendly. The yarns and fabrics are particularly useful for low to medium strength applications such as composite reinforcements and as garment fabrics. The significant advantages of the invention include the use of natural flax plant bast fibers in combination with other natural and/or synthetic fibers which provide desired mechanical properties for the hybrid yarn and fabrics of the invention.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A number of different materials, such as organic and inorganic fibers, have been used to make composite reinforcements, particularly reinforcements for low and medium strength applications. Inorganic fibers include glass and carbon filaments, filaments of metals or metal alloys such as steel, aluminum or tungsten; non metals such as boron; or metal or nonmetal oxides, carbides or nitrides such as aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, boron nitride, boron carbide or silicon carbide, ceramic filaments, filaments of slag, stone or quartz. Organic fibers include aramid, nylon, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester and natural fibers, such as cotton and wood.
Traditionally, fiberglass has been the most popular material for almost any composite reinforcement application. Fiberglass has unique combination of versatility and strength that made this reinforcement a material of choice for more than 50~ of all composite articles manufactured in the year 2000. Nylon, polyester, and polypropylene fibers are another composite reinforcement alternative. They have been used extensively for low and medium strength composite reinforcement applications. Despite their good availability, fiberglass, nylon, polyester, and polypropylene fibers have significant disadvantages, including high prices tied to crude oil prices. All of these materials pressure the environment because they are not necessarily renewable, do not biodegrade and generate significant Green House Gases emission upon manufacture and/or destruction. Key disadvantages of fiberglass also include the worker unfriendly nature of the material (fiberglass is an irritant) , its fragility which makes it difficult to process; and finally, its density (natural fibers have specific density that is 40~ less than density of fiberglass).
With respect to yarns and fabrics for garments, natural fibers, particularly, oilseed flax straw fibers, unfortunately are limited in length, resilience or crush resistance properties. In many garment or technical applications, better toughness, strength, recovery properties and degree of liveliness heretofore not attained are very desirable. It is very common in the textile industry when yarn made up of different fibers, either natural or synthetic, or the yarns may be made up of the same type fiber but have slightly different qualities, even when unintended. The different fibers often have varying dye characteristics, and if package dyeing of the hybrid yarn or piece dyeing is later employed, the fibers may attain visibly different color f shades, giving the resulting product a variegated appearance. A
variegated appearance may also arise from the differing texture or other properties of the individual fibers. While a variegated appearance may be desirable in itself, yarn patterning tends to produce micro-streaks or other patterns which repeat throughout the textile product in which the hybrid yarn is used.
Hybrid yarns from non-thermoplastic reinforcement filaments (e. g. aramid, glass or carbon fiber) and thermoplastic filaments (e. g. polyester fiber) are well known. For instance, the patent applications EP-A-0, 156, 599; EP-A-0, 156, 600; EP-A-0, 351, 201 and EP-A-0,378,381 as well as Japanese Publication JP-A-04/353,525 and US
Patent 5,792,555 consider hybrid yarns made of non-thermoplastic fibers (e.g. glass or aramid filaments or rovings) and thermoplastic fibers (e. g, polyester or PET filaments or rovings).
Thermoformable textile materials (e.g. plain weave fabrics) are made from thermoformable hybrid yarns having high melting point and non-melting filament or fibers. These textile materials can be converted into fiber reinforced, stiff thermoplastic sheets that may be used for different structural applications.
Various methods of producing fiber reinforced thermoplastic sheets are described in Chemiefasern/Textiltechnik, volume 39/91 (1989) pages T185 to T187, T224 to T228 and T236 to T240.
Processes are described which start with a woven mat composed of hybrid yarns. The advantage of these techniques are a mixing ratio of reinforcing and matrix fibers that can be very precisely controlled, as well as the drapability of the textile materials which makes it easy to process the material by compression moulding (Chemiefasern/Textiltechnik, volume 39/91 (1989), page T186).
EP-A-0,268,838 describes reinforcing textile material a layer of longitudinal threads and a layer of transverse threads, which are not interwoven. One of the plies of threads has a significantly higher heat shrinkage capacity than the other.
OTHER FIBERS AND FABRICS MADE WITH SUCH YARNS
The present application is a non-provisional application claiming priority under 35 USC 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60,290,856, of Khavkine et al., entitled HYBRID
YARNS WHICH INCLUDE OIL SEED FLAX PLANT BAST FIBER AND OTHER FIBERS
AND FABRICS MADE WITH SUCH YARNS, filed May 14, 2001.
The invention is directed to (1) hybrid yarns which include natural oilseed flax plant bast fibers and other natural and/or synthetic fibers, (2) fabrics made from such hybrid yarns, (3) composite reinforcements which include the fabrics and yarns of the invention, and a method of making such hybrid yarn. The yarns and reinforcing fabrics of the invention are low cost, light weight and environmentally-friendly. The yarns and fabrics are particularly useful for low to medium strength applications such as composite reinforcements and as garment fabrics. The significant advantages of the invention include the use of natural flax plant bast fibers in combination with other natural and/or synthetic fibers which provide desired mechanical properties for the hybrid yarn and fabrics of the invention.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A number of different materials, such as organic and inorganic fibers, have been used to make composite reinforcements, particularly reinforcements for low and medium strength applications. Inorganic fibers include glass and carbon filaments, filaments of metals or metal alloys such as steel, aluminum or tungsten; non metals such as boron; or metal or nonmetal oxides, carbides or nitrides such as aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, boron nitride, boron carbide or silicon carbide, ceramic filaments, filaments of slag, stone or quartz. Organic fibers include aramid, nylon, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester and natural fibers, such as cotton and wood.
Traditionally, fiberglass has been the most popular material for almost any composite reinforcement application. Fiberglass has unique combination of versatility and strength that made this reinforcement a material of choice for more than 50~ of all composite articles manufactured in the year 2000. Nylon, polyester, and polypropylene fibers are another composite reinforcement alternative. They have been used extensively for low and medium strength composite reinforcement applications. Despite their good availability, fiberglass, nylon, polyester, and polypropylene fibers have significant disadvantages, including high prices tied to crude oil prices. All of these materials pressure the environment because they are not necessarily renewable, do not biodegrade and generate significant Green House Gases emission upon manufacture and/or destruction. Key disadvantages of fiberglass also include the worker unfriendly nature of the material (fiberglass is an irritant) , its fragility which makes it difficult to process; and finally, its density (natural fibers have specific density that is 40~ less than density of fiberglass).
With respect to yarns and fabrics for garments, natural fibers, particularly, oilseed flax straw fibers, unfortunately are limited in length, resilience or crush resistance properties. In many garment or technical applications, better toughness, strength, recovery properties and degree of liveliness heretofore not attained are very desirable. It is very common in the textile industry when yarn made up of different fibers, either natural or synthetic, or the yarns may be made up of the same type fiber but have slightly different qualities, even when unintended. The different fibers often have varying dye characteristics, and if package dyeing of the hybrid yarn or piece dyeing is later employed, the fibers may attain visibly different color f shades, giving the resulting product a variegated appearance. A
variegated appearance may also arise from the differing texture or other properties of the individual fibers. While a variegated appearance may be desirable in itself, yarn patterning tends to produce micro-streaks or other patterns which repeat throughout the textile product in which the hybrid yarn is used.
Hybrid yarns from non-thermoplastic reinforcement filaments (e. g. aramid, glass or carbon fiber) and thermoplastic filaments (e. g. polyester fiber) are well known. For instance, the patent applications EP-A-0, 156, 599; EP-A-0, 156, 600; EP-A-0, 351, 201 and EP-A-0,378,381 as well as Japanese Publication JP-A-04/353,525 and US
Patent 5,792,555 consider hybrid yarns made of non-thermoplastic fibers (e.g. glass or aramid filaments or rovings) and thermoplastic fibers (e. g, polyester or PET filaments or rovings).
Thermoformable textile materials (e.g. plain weave fabrics) are made from thermoformable hybrid yarns having high melting point and non-melting filament or fibers. These textile materials can be converted into fiber reinforced, stiff thermoplastic sheets that may be used for different structural applications.
Various methods of producing fiber reinforced thermoplastic sheets are described in Chemiefasern/Textiltechnik, volume 39/91 (1989) pages T185 to T187, T224 to T228 and T236 to T240.
Processes are described which start with a woven mat composed of hybrid yarns. The advantage of these techniques are a mixing ratio of reinforcing and matrix fibers that can be very precisely controlled, as well as the drapability of the textile materials which makes it easy to process the material by compression moulding (Chemiefasern/Textiltechnik, volume 39/91 (1989), page T186).
EP-A-0,268,838 describes reinforcing textile material a layer of longitudinal threads and a layer of transverse threads, which are not interwoven. One of the plies of threads has a significantly higher heat shrinkage capacity than the other.
i Auxiliary threads provide cohesion. These auxiliary threads do not tightly bind the layers of the reinforcing threads together, but rather loosely fix them to one another so that they can move relative to one another.
DE-A-4,042,063 describes making easily deformed reinforcing layers. Longitudinal heat-shrinking and auxiliary threads are incorporated into a sheet material intended for use as textile reinforcement. Heating causes the textile material to contract as some extent, so that the reinforcing threads are held in a wavy state or in a loose looping.
US-6,51,313 describes yarn that is formed from non-twisted discontinuous parallel fibers held together by a covering yarn of sacrificial material wound around the fibers. The fibers comprise an intimate mixture of fibers of at least two different types: 1) carbon fibers or pre-oxidized polyacrylonitrile based carbon precursor fibers, 2) anisotropic or isotropic pitch based carbon precursor fibers, 3) phenolic or cellulosic based carbon precursor fibers, and 4) ceramic fibers or ceramic precursor fibers. In a carbon state, the mixture of fibers comprises at least 15~ by weight of high strength fibers having a tensile strength of at least 1500 Mpa and a modulus of at least 150 Mpa, and at least 15~
by weight of fibers with a low Young's modulus of at most 100 GPa.
DE-A-3,408,769 discloses a process for producing shaped fiber reinforced articles from thermoplastic material by using flexible textile structures consisting of substantially unidirectional aligned reinforcing fibers and a matrix constructed from thermoplastic yarns or fibers. Final shaping of a composite takes place after passing heated dies where virtually all of the thermoplastic fibers melt and bind the reinforcement.
It has been found that yarns in the prior art have significant disadvantage for low to medium strength composite reinforcement applications. Known reinforcements are designed for high performance applications and they are too expensive for broad use in cost sensitive applications like construction materials and interior trim automotive parts. Another disadvantage of reinforcing materials described in the previous art is difficulty in handling of these materials due to their irritant nature (e. g.
fiberglass and carbon fibers).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to natural fiber based hybrid yarns, fabrics made from such yarns and composite reinforcements which include the yarns and/or fabrics made from such yarns and a method for making such yarns. The yarns, fabrics and reinforcements of the invention advantageously include oilseed flax straw plant fibers bast which agri-by-products, straw that otherwise would be burned on the field and contribute to the Green House Gases emission. Indeed, each year about 1,000,000 tons of oil-seed flax straw is burnt in North America only.
The hybrid yarns of the invention comprise flax bast fibers and a second filament group which is selected from the group consisting of synthetic fibers, natural plant fibers, other than oil seed flax bast fibers, and mixtures thereof. In an important aspect, the second filament group includes cellulose or modified cellulosic fibers, acrylic fibers, polyester fibers, polyamide fibers, olefin fibers, thermoplastic fibers and mixtures thereof. The first and second filaments are in the hybrid yarn in an amount and twisted in an amount which is effective for making the yarns having a tenacity of at least about 0.8 grams/Denier and a Young's tensile modulus of at least about 6 g/Denier. The present invention is particularly advantageous because it can utilize North American oil seed flax varieties including CDC Normandy, AC Watson, Somme, and Bethune.
As used herein, "bast fibers" are those fibers from the phloem region of the flax plant and are not "shines" which form a part of the core tissue of the plant stock.
The hybrid yarns of the invention include at least the two aforedescribed groups which are twisted together to form the yarn.
The first group includes oilseed flax plant bast fibers having a tensile strength of at least about 1 GPa, a tenacity of at least about 1.5 grams/Denier, a breaking elongation of from about 1 to about 20~ and a crimp of from about 5 to about 80~. The oilseed flax plant bast fibers have an average fiber length of from about mm to about 75 mm and a Young's tensional modulus of at least 10 about 87 Gpa.
The second group comprises a second filament group, which is selected from the group described above, has a fiber tenacity of above about 1.5 gram/Denier and a breaking elongation of from about 5 to about 75~.
15 The oilseed flax plant bast fibers of the present invention are blended with a hydrophobic lubricant and antistat. Preferably, this blending is during the blending of the flax plant bast fibers with the second filament group and prior carding of the blended fibers.
Flax plant bast fibers are treated with an amount of hydrophobic lubricant and antistat that is effective for increasing the affinity of the bast fibers to the surface of the second filament group and permit the ring or open spinning thereof. The hybrid yarn will include about 0.1$ to about 0.5°s of hydrophobic lubricant, based on the dry weight of the fibers, and from about 0.1~ to about 1~ of antistat, based on the dry weight of the fibers. Preferably, the hybrid yarn will include about 0.2~ to about 0.3o hydrophobic lubricant, based on the dry weight of the fibers, and a weight ratio of hydrophobic lubricant to antistat of about 80 to 20. A hybrid yarn of the invention having a moisture content of about 12~ will have at least about 0.3~ by weight hydrophobic lubricant and at least about 0.2~ by weight antistat.
The hydrophobic lubricant of the invention includes compositions that contain nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants and lubricant bases that include alkyl phosphate esters, alkyl esters of fatty acids, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether and polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether blended in an inert carrier. Antistats of the present invention include antistat compositions having at least one neutralized C3-C12 alkyl or alkenyl phosphate alkali metal or alkali earth metal and a solubilizer.
The surface characteristics of the oilseed flax bast fibers are enhanced such that they are effective for spinning when treated as described above with hydrophobic lubricant and antistat.
The yarn is processed by short staple ring or open spinning the flax bast fibers and the and the second filament group. The hybrid yarn is a mixture of at least about 30~ by weight of natural oil seed flax bast fibers and not more than about 70o by weight of synthetic and/or natural fibers other than the oil seed flax bast fibers. In an important aspect, the hybrid yarn of the invention is produced by ring spinning which provides a high degree of twisting. As a part of the spun yarn, the first fiber group can include an additional bast fibers which comes from a plant other than an oilseed flax plant.
The yarn can be woven into a large variety of textile products, including into open mat type products, and particularly into open mat products with openings that have an area in a range of about .2 to about 100 mm2. The significant advantage of the oilseed flax bast fiber based yarns over fiberglass, carbon and other stiff high performance fibers is the ease of processing natural fiber based yarns into a variety of textile products cost effectively on a very large scale.
In a reinforcement aspect of the invention, the fabric of the invention is an open thermoformable mat that is capable of being used for manufacturing reinforced composite articles which are produced by deforming the thermoformable textile sheet-like mats of r the invention. The open thermoformable woven mat can be uni- or multidirectionally placed to provide an article having an adjustable high strength in two or more directions. The reinforced composites of the invention include either the yarns or the woven open mats of the invention.
In yet another reinforcement aspect of the invention, the yarn is a thermoformable hybrid yarn which has at least two groups which are twisted together to form the yarn. The first fiber group which comprises oilseed flax plant bast fibers having have a length of from about 15mm to about 75mm, a tenacity of at least about 1.5 grams/Denier, a breaking elongation of from about 1 to about 20~ and a crimp of from about 5 to about 80~, the oilseed flax plant bast fibers. The second filament group comprises at least one thermoplastic filament having a melting point of at least about 10°C
and below the thermal decomposition point of the oilseed flax plant bast fibers, wherein the first and second group are ring spun to a yarn.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The hybrid yarns of the invention consists of two groups of fibers or filaments. One group is oilseed flax plant bast fibers having a tensile strength of at least about 1 GPa, a tenacity of at least about 1.5 grams/Denier, preferably from about 2 to about 8 grams/Denier, and most preferably from about 2.5 to about 7 grams/Denier, a breaking elongation of from about 1 to about 200, preferably from about 2 to about 10$ and most preferably about 2.5 to about 6~. These flax bast fibers have an average fiber length of from about 15mm to about 75mm.
The second filament group is selected from the group consisting of synthetic fibers, natural plant fibers, other than oil seed flax bast fibers, and mixtures thereof. The second filament group has a fiber tenacity of above about 1.5 gram/Denier, preferably from _g_ about 2 to about 20 grams/Denier, most preferably from about 5 to about 10 grams/Denier, and a breaking elongation of from about 5 to about 75~, preferably from about 9 to about 70~ and most preferably from about 9.5 to about ?0~. The second filament group can include cellulose or modified cellulosic fibers, acrylic fibers, polyester fibers, polyamide fibers, olefin fibers, thermoplastic fibers and mixtures thereof. As used herein, the term thermoplastic fibers refers to fibers comprising resins including polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), styrene resins, acrylonitrile resins, acrylonitrile-styrene resin (ABS) and the like, their compounded mixtures, their copolymers, their reactive modified resins and the like.
It is important that the bast fibers used in the invention are not weakened by virtue of their separation fram the plant and woody portions of the plant. Many processes for isolating bast fibers from the plant include chemical treatment and machines which use a scutching, beating or failing action as a primary separation mechanism. Many of these processes weaken the bast fibers. This weakening ultimately causes breakage and shortening of the fibers.
This is especially a concern for flax straw grown in North America which tends to have shorter bast fibers than for example European flax straw. In view of this circumstance, flax bast fibers may be recovered and separated from other plant materials such as shives in the plant stock by the processes and equipment described in U.S.
Patent Numbers 5, 720, 083; 5, 906, 030; and 6, 079, 647 are ideal for recovering bast fibers which may be used in the invention. North American oil seed flax varieties that can be utilized in the present invention include CDC Normandy, AC Watson, Somme, and Bethune.
In addition to having strong oilseed bast fibers having an average length of from about 15 mm to about 75 mm, the surface characteristics of the oilseed flax bast fibers after blending with hydrophobic lubricant and antistat as described herein are enhanced such that the fibers are effective for use in open end and ring spinning.
During blending of the bast fibers with the second filament group and prior to carding, the bast fibers are blended with a lubricant and antistat to provide a hybrid yarn having at least about 0.1~ to about 0.5~ of hydrophobic lubricant, based on the dry weight of the fibers, and from about 0.1~ to about 1$ of antistat, based on the dry weight of the fibers. Preferably, the hybrid yarn will include about 0.2~ to about 0.3~ hydrophobic lubricant, based on the dry weight of the fibers, and a weight ratio of hydrophobic lubricant to antistat of about 80 to 20.
Lubricants that may be blended with the bast fibers include lubricants containing nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants such as polyoxyethylene, polyethylene glycol 400 distearate, polyethylene glycol 300 distearate, polyethylene glycol 200 distearate, polyethylene 600 distearamide, and glycerol monosterate. Other suitable lubricants include self-emulsifiable, textile-fiber, lubricant bases and lubricant compositions. Effective lubricant bases include from about 2~ to about 20~ sodium or potassium alkyl phosphate ester, from about 15$ to about 50g alkyl ester of a fatty acid, from about 25~ to about 45~ polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, and from about 5~ to about 25~ polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether. The lubricant bases are mixed with inert carrier liquids such as mineral oil or aqueous solutions and then applied to the bast fibers. The amount of lubricant blended with the bast fibers is effective for providing a coefficient of friction of less than about 0.35.
Antistatic compositions that can be used in the present invention includes antistats that include at least one neutralized C3-C12 alkenyl phosphate alkali metal or alkali earth metal salt and a solubilizer. Solubilizers include glycols, polyglycols, diethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and potassium or sodium oleyl (ethylene oxide) phosphate having an ethylene content range of from about 2 to about 9 moles. The amount of antistat blended with the bast fibers is effective for limiting electrostatic charge to less than about 4000 volts during processing, and in a preferred aspect, to less than about 500 volts during processing.
Hydrophobic lubricant and antistat may be applied during a fiber blending stage, for example, in a low speed blender, and before carding. In this aspect of the invention, hydrophobic emulsions of lubricant and antistat may be simultaneously sprayed with jet sprayers onto the fibers.
An advantage of the reinforcing hybrid yarn of the invention is that the yarn may be produced by ring spinning which provides a high degree of twisting. The twisted yarns have a significant advantage in terms of tensile properties over non-spun filament bundles or other types of spinning that does not put a strong twist on the yarn. Ring spinning enables relatively weak fibers to form strong yarns. At the same time, any spun yarns have significant advantage over yarns made from non-spun filaments (e. g. fiberglass yarns), due to bundle coherency. The hybrid yarn is easier to process into sheet materials on conventional machines, for example weaving or knitting machines. This is very important for a thermoformable composition where intimate mixing of the reinforcing and matrix fibers results in very short flow paths for the molten matrix material. This property provides superior and complete embedding of the reinforcing fibers in the thermoplastic matrix;
e.g., when a sheet moulding material is shaped into fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite article.
Hybrid yarn that is a combination of oilseed flax bast fibers and polypropylene filaments which may be ring spun at a ratio of 75 flax to 25 polypropylene to have about 15.3 twist per inch. Hybrid yarn having at ratio of 50 flax to 50 polypropylene may be ring spun to have about 21.4 twist per inch. Hybrid yarn having at ratio of 60 flax to 40 polypropylene and open end spun had about 16.97 twists per inch.
In the aspect of the invention which includes thermoplastic filaments for a reinforcing agent, the thermoplastic filaments have a melting point which is at least 10°C., preferably 20° to 225°C., below the thermal decomposition point of the oilseed flax bast fibers. These thermoplastic filaments have a crimp of 5~ to 80~, preferably of 12 to 50~, in particular of 18 to 90o. In this aspect, the hybrid yarn is easier to process into sheet materials on conventional machines, for example weaving or knitting machines.
This is very important for a thermoformable composition where intimate mixing of the reinforcing and matrix fibers results in very short flow paths for the molten matrix material. This property provides superior and complete embedding of the reinforcing fibers in the thermoplastic matrix; e.g., when a sheet moulding material is shaped into fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite article.
In this aspect, the present invention is effective for providing permanently deformed composite material that includes a hybrid yarn that is a combination of themaplastic filaments and oilseed flax bast fibers. "Permanent deformation" or "permanently deformed"
refers to a property of the composite material where a composite material that is formed under heat and pressure retains its shape indefinitely or until the article is destroyed.
EXAMPLES
Raw Materials 1. 200 pounds of flax fibers having 2-inch staple length for processing into yarn in blend with polyester fibers.
2. Polyester fibers with a 2-inch width and 3 denier.
At the blending stage, fibers are treated with:
1) Anionic antistatic agent Lurol PP-920 (Goulston Technologies) is i applied at the fiber blending stage as a 10% water solution to achieve a 0.2% concentration of active ingredients on a dry fiber weight basis.
Chemical and Physical Properties:
Classification: Anionic Appearance: Amber Liquid Viscosity (cSt @ 25°C): Approximately 12.0 Activity 50%
Dilution Procedure:
Stable emulsions of Lurol pp-920 are prepared by adding Lurol PP-920 to room temperature water slowly while mixing.
Finish Level Measurements:
The amount of Lurol pp-920 on fiber is measured by conventional extraction methods using iso-propanol, methanol, or any polar based solvent.
2) Lurol PP-6845 (Goulston Technologies, Inc.) hydrophobic lubricant is applied at the fiber blending stage as a 5% water emulsion to achieve a 0.3% concentration of the active ingredient on a dry fiber weight basis.
Chemical and Physical Properties:
Appearance: milky emulsion Viscosity (5°C): 7 cPs Activity 40%
pH 6 Particle size 0.9 ~c Surface tension, 20% 55 dyne/cm3 AAA~plication Lurol PP-6845 is used in conjunction with a suitable antistatic agent. Lurol PP-6845 is applied at the fiber blending stage. Lurol PP-6845 may be diluted to the desired concentration by stirring into demineralized water at 22-30°C. The emulsion is stable for 48 hours with agitation.
Finish level measurement:
The finish on yarn is measured by supercritical fluid extraction or by solvent extraction using iso-propanol as solvent.
The following processes maybe used to convert the flax fibers as supplied into yarn:
1. Cleaning and opening, 2. Carding, 3. Drawing single pass, and 4. Ring spinning.
Opening and Cleaning The fibers are hand fed into a WRZ pre-cleaner (similar to an axi-flow cleaner) having two rows in line with porcupine beaters and then pneumatically transferred into a lint cleaner, which is similar to a Saco-Lowell card. The lint cleaner's cylinder rpm is 500 and 222 pts./inch2, and the licker-in rpm is 1,100 having 96-100th/inch2. About 30o waste is generated.
Carding, is carried out with Marzoli C300 card for both 75/25 and 50/50 flax/polypropylene blends.
Blending and Carding Both the flax and polypropylene are hand blended after weighing them into the right proportions. Small tufts of the blended fibers are fed into Fiber Control's opening and blending line. A 310 vertical fine opener further opens and blends the tufts. The blend i material is fed through the chute to the card. At blending, TS-1 oil and water are sprayed with a Gintex mister. The following machine settings are used.
Chute Front - ~ closed Beater Setting - 5.0 Fan Setting - 5.0 Licker-in, rpm - 512 Cylinder, rpm - 301 Doffer, rpm - 40 - 6 inches Flat Speed - min-1 Licker-in Wire Density - 24 pts. inch-2 - 850 pts.
Cylinder Wire Density - inch-2 - 350 pts.
Doffer Wire Density - inch-2 - 280 pts.
Flat Wire Density - inch-2 Rear Fixed Flat Setting - 0.29 inch Moving Flat Setting - 0.29 inch Front Fixed Flat - 0.20 inch Setting Silver Wt. gram - 72.5 Drawing Card sliver is drawn single pa ss on a Rieter 851 draw frame using the following specifications:
Total Draft - 5.05 Break Draft - 1.87 Front Zone Setting - 50 mm Back Zone Setting - 53 mm Number of Ends Up - 4 Delivery Tension to Coiler - 0.99 Speed, m/m - 400 Draw Sliver Size, gram/yard - 58.6 Ring Sninninct Blended draw sliver are spun on a Marzoli NSF2 ring frame. The following spinning parameters are used.
75/25 Flax/PP~ 50/50 Flax Twist, inch-1 15.3 21.4 Builder 12.0 6 Ring Diameter, mm 48 48 Middle Roll Pressure No Clips No Clips Back Roll Pressure Black Black Rear Condenser 8 mm 8 mm Front Condenser 6 mm 6 mm Yarn Count 7/1 12/1 B. Open-end spinning The open-end yarn is spun from 60/40 flax/polyester single-pass draw sliver (53 grain/yard? . The blended sliver is spun on a Rieter R-20 rotor open-end spinning frame. An 8/1 single yarn is produced using the following set up:
Feed, m/min 1.83 Draft 41 Comber roll type X 6014D
Face plate D40 Navel KS
Doffing tube Soft twist Twist multiplier 6 Turns per inch 16.97 Delivery roll speed, m/min 75.1 Winding angle, deg. 33.6 Room condition 58$ RH and 83/F
Fabric The 8/2 flax/PET yarn is warped on a sample warper and then woven without sizing on a rapier loom. The fabric construction is 13 ends/inch and 13 picks/inch in a plain weave design. No difficulties in warping and weaving should be found. The 8/1 yarns axe plied to produce 2/8 (45) as required by the fabric specifications on a two-for-one twister.
DE-A-4,042,063 describes making easily deformed reinforcing layers. Longitudinal heat-shrinking and auxiliary threads are incorporated into a sheet material intended for use as textile reinforcement. Heating causes the textile material to contract as some extent, so that the reinforcing threads are held in a wavy state or in a loose looping.
US-6,51,313 describes yarn that is formed from non-twisted discontinuous parallel fibers held together by a covering yarn of sacrificial material wound around the fibers. The fibers comprise an intimate mixture of fibers of at least two different types: 1) carbon fibers or pre-oxidized polyacrylonitrile based carbon precursor fibers, 2) anisotropic or isotropic pitch based carbon precursor fibers, 3) phenolic or cellulosic based carbon precursor fibers, and 4) ceramic fibers or ceramic precursor fibers. In a carbon state, the mixture of fibers comprises at least 15~ by weight of high strength fibers having a tensile strength of at least 1500 Mpa and a modulus of at least 150 Mpa, and at least 15~
by weight of fibers with a low Young's modulus of at most 100 GPa.
DE-A-3,408,769 discloses a process for producing shaped fiber reinforced articles from thermoplastic material by using flexible textile structures consisting of substantially unidirectional aligned reinforcing fibers and a matrix constructed from thermoplastic yarns or fibers. Final shaping of a composite takes place after passing heated dies where virtually all of the thermoplastic fibers melt and bind the reinforcement.
It has been found that yarns in the prior art have significant disadvantage for low to medium strength composite reinforcement applications. Known reinforcements are designed for high performance applications and they are too expensive for broad use in cost sensitive applications like construction materials and interior trim automotive parts. Another disadvantage of reinforcing materials described in the previous art is difficulty in handling of these materials due to their irritant nature (e. g.
fiberglass and carbon fibers).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to natural fiber based hybrid yarns, fabrics made from such yarns and composite reinforcements which include the yarns and/or fabrics made from such yarns and a method for making such yarns. The yarns, fabrics and reinforcements of the invention advantageously include oilseed flax straw plant fibers bast which agri-by-products, straw that otherwise would be burned on the field and contribute to the Green House Gases emission. Indeed, each year about 1,000,000 tons of oil-seed flax straw is burnt in North America only.
The hybrid yarns of the invention comprise flax bast fibers and a second filament group which is selected from the group consisting of synthetic fibers, natural plant fibers, other than oil seed flax bast fibers, and mixtures thereof. In an important aspect, the second filament group includes cellulose or modified cellulosic fibers, acrylic fibers, polyester fibers, polyamide fibers, olefin fibers, thermoplastic fibers and mixtures thereof. The first and second filaments are in the hybrid yarn in an amount and twisted in an amount which is effective for making the yarns having a tenacity of at least about 0.8 grams/Denier and a Young's tensile modulus of at least about 6 g/Denier. The present invention is particularly advantageous because it can utilize North American oil seed flax varieties including CDC Normandy, AC Watson, Somme, and Bethune.
As used herein, "bast fibers" are those fibers from the phloem region of the flax plant and are not "shines" which form a part of the core tissue of the plant stock.
The hybrid yarns of the invention include at least the two aforedescribed groups which are twisted together to form the yarn.
The first group includes oilseed flax plant bast fibers having a tensile strength of at least about 1 GPa, a tenacity of at least about 1.5 grams/Denier, a breaking elongation of from about 1 to about 20~ and a crimp of from about 5 to about 80~. The oilseed flax plant bast fibers have an average fiber length of from about mm to about 75 mm and a Young's tensional modulus of at least 10 about 87 Gpa.
The second group comprises a second filament group, which is selected from the group described above, has a fiber tenacity of above about 1.5 gram/Denier and a breaking elongation of from about 5 to about 75~.
15 The oilseed flax plant bast fibers of the present invention are blended with a hydrophobic lubricant and antistat. Preferably, this blending is during the blending of the flax plant bast fibers with the second filament group and prior carding of the blended fibers.
Flax plant bast fibers are treated with an amount of hydrophobic lubricant and antistat that is effective for increasing the affinity of the bast fibers to the surface of the second filament group and permit the ring or open spinning thereof. The hybrid yarn will include about 0.1$ to about 0.5°s of hydrophobic lubricant, based on the dry weight of the fibers, and from about 0.1~ to about 1~ of antistat, based on the dry weight of the fibers. Preferably, the hybrid yarn will include about 0.2~ to about 0.3o hydrophobic lubricant, based on the dry weight of the fibers, and a weight ratio of hydrophobic lubricant to antistat of about 80 to 20. A hybrid yarn of the invention having a moisture content of about 12~ will have at least about 0.3~ by weight hydrophobic lubricant and at least about 0.2~ by weight antistat.
The hydrophobic lubricant of the invention includes compositions that contain nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants and lubricant bases that include alkyl phosphate esters, alkyl esters of fatty acids, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether and polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether blended in an inert carrier. Antistats of the present invention include antistat compositions having at least one neutralized C3-C12 alkyl or alkenyl phosphate alkali metal or alkali earth metal and a solubilizer.
The surface characteristics of the oilseed flax bast fibers are enhanced such that they are effective for spinning when treated as described above with hydrophobic lubricant and antistat.
The yarn is processed by short staple ring or open spinning the flax bast fibers and the and the second filament group. The hybrid yarn is a mixture of at least about 30~ by weight of natural oil seed flax bast fibers and not more than about 70o by weight of synthetic and/or natural fibers other than the oil seed flax bast fibers. In an important aspect, the hybrid yarn of the invention is produced by ring spinning which provides a high degree of twisting. As a part of the spun yarn, the first fiber group can include an additional bast fibers which comes from a plant other than an oilseed flax plant.
The yarn can be woven into a large variety of textile products, including into open mat type products, and particularly into open mat products with openings that have an area in a range of about .2 to about 100 mm2. The significant advantage of the oilseed flax bast fiber based yarns over fiberglass, carbon and other stiff high performance fibers is the ease of processing natural fiber based yarns into a variety of textile products cost effectively on a very large scale.
In a reinforcement aspect of the invention, the fabric of the invention is an open thermoformable mat that is capable of being used for manufacturing reinforced composite articles which are produced by deforming the thermoformable textile sheet-like mats of r the invention. The open thermoformable woven mat can be uni- or multidirectionally placed to provide an article having an adjustable high strength in two or more directions. The reinforced composites of the invention include either the yarns or the woven open mats of the invention.
In yet another reinforcement aspect of the invention, the yarn is a thermoformable hybrid yarn which has at least two groups which are twisted together to form the yarn. The first fiber group which comprises oilseed flax plant bast fibers having have a length of from about 15mm to about 75mm, a tenacity of at least about 1.5 grams/Denier, a breaking elongation of from about 1 to about 20~ and a crimp of from about 5 to about 80~, the oilseed flax plant bast fibers. The second filament group comprises at least one thermoplastic filament having a melting point of at least about 10°C
and below the thermal decomposition point of the oilseed flax plant bast fibers, wherein the first and second group are ring spun to a yarn.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The hybrid yarns of the invention consists of two groups of fibers or filaments. One group is oilseed flax plant bast fibers having a tensile strength of at least about 1 GPa, a tenacity of at least about 1.5 grams/Denier, preferably from about 2 to about 8 grams/Denier, and most preferably from about 2.5 to about 7 grams/Denier, a breaking elongation of from about 1 to about 200, preferably from about 2 to about 10$ and most preferably about 2.5 to about 6~. These flax bast fibers have an average fiber length of from about 15mm to about 75mm.
The second filament group is selected from the group consisting of synthetic fibers, natural plant fibers, other than oil seed flax bast fibers, and mixtures thereof. The second filament group has a fiber tenacity of above about 1.5 gram/Denier, preferably from _g_ about 2 to about 20 grams/Denier, most preferably from about 5 to about 10 grams/Denier, and a breaking elongation of from about 5 to about 75~, preferably from about 9 to about 70~ and most preferably from about 9.5 to about ?0~. The second filament group can include cellulose or modified cellulosic fibers, acrylic fibers, polyester fibers, polyamide fibers, olefin fibers, thermoplastic fibers and mixtures thereof. As used herein, the term thermoplastic fibers refers to fibers comprising resins including polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), styrene resins, acrylonitrile resins, acrylonitrile-styrene resin (ABS) and the like, their compounded mixtures, their copolymers, their reactive modified resins and the like.
It is important that the bast fibers used in the invention are not weakened by virtue of their separation fram the plant and woody portions of the plant. Many processes for isolating bast fibers from the plant include chemical treatment and machines which use a scutching, beating or failing action as a primary separation mechanism. Many of these processes weaken the bast fibers. This weakening ultimately causes breakage and shortening of the fibers.
This is especially a concern for flax straw grown in North America which tends to have shorter bast fibers than for example European flax straw. In view of this circumstance, flax bast fibers may be recovered and separated from other plant materials such as shives in the plant stock by the processes and equipment described in U.S.
Patent Numbers 5, 720, 083; 5, 906, 030; and 6, 079, 647 are ideal for recovering bast fibers which may be used in the invention. North American oil seed flax varieties that can be utilized in the present invention include CDC Normandy, AC Watson, Somme, and Bethune.
In addition to having strong oilseed bast fibers having an average length of from about 15 mm to about 75 mm, the surface characteristics of the oilseed flax bast fibers after blending with hydrophobic lubricant and antistat as described herein are enhanced such that the fibers are effective for use in open end and ring spinning.
During blending of the bast fibers with the second filament group and prior to carding, the bast fibers are blended with a lubricant and antistat to provide a hybrid yarn having at least about 0.1~ to about 0.5~ of hydrophobic lubricant, based on the dry weight of the fibers, and from about 0.1~ to about 1$ of antistat, based on the dry weight of the fibers. Preferably, the hybrid yarn will include about 0.2~ to about 0.3~ hydrophobic lubricant, based on the dry weight of the fibers, and a weight ratio of hydrophobic lubricant to antistat of about 80 to 20.
Lubricants that may be blended with the bast fibers include lubricants containing nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants such as polyoxyethylene, polyethylene glycol 400 distearate, polyethylene glycol 300 distearate, polyethylene glycol 200 distearate, polyethylene 600 distearamide, and glycerol monosterate. Other suitable lubricants include self-emulsifiable, textile-fiber, lubricant bases and lubricant compositions. Effective lubricant bases include from about 2~ to about 20~ sodium or potassium alkyl phosphate ester, from about 15$ to about 50g alkyl ester of a fatty acid, from about 25~ to about 45~ polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, and from about 5~ to about 25~ polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether. The lubricant bases are mixed with inert carrier liquids such as mineral oil or aqueous solutions and then applied to the bast fibers. The amount of lubricant blended with the bast fibers is effective for providing a coefficient of friction of less than about 0.35.
Antistatic compositions that can be used in the present invention includes antistats that include at least one neutralized C3-C12 alkenyl phosphate alkali metal or alkali earth metal salt and a solubilizer. Solubilizers include glycols, polyglycols, diethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and potassium or sodium oleyl (ethylene oxide) phosphate having an ethylene content range of from about 2 to about 9 moles. The amount of antistat blended with the bast fibers is effective for limiting electrostatic charge to less than about 4000 volts during processing, and in a preferred aspect, to less than about 500 volts during processing.
Hydrophobic lubricant and antistat may be applied during a fiber blending stage, for example, in a low speed blender, and before carding. In this aspect of the invention, hydrophobic emulsions of lubricant and antistat may be simultaneously sprayed with jet sprayers onto the fibers.
An advantage of the reinforcing hybrid yarn of the invention is that the yarn may be produced by ring spinning which provides a high degree of twisting. The twisted yarns have a significant advantage in terms of tensile properties over non-spun filament bundles or other types of spinning that does not put a strong twist on the yarn. Ring spinning enables relatively weak fibers to form strong yarns. At the same time, any spun yarns have significant advantage over yarns made from non-spun filaments (e. g. fiberglass yarns), due to bundle coherency. The hybrid yarn is easier to process into sheet materials on conventional machines, for example weaving or knitting machines. This is very important for a thermoformable composition where intimate mixing of the reinforcing and matrix fibers results in very short flow paths for the molten matrix material. This property provides superior and complete embedding of the reinforcing fibers in the thermoplastic matrix;
e.g., when a sheet moulding material is shaped into fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite article.
Hybrid yarn that is a combination of oilseed flax bast fibers and polypropylene filaments which may be ring spun at a ratio of 75 flax to 25 polypropylene to have about 15.3 twist per inch. Hybrid yarn having at ratio of 50 flax to 50 polypropylene may be ring spun to have about 21.4 twist per inch. Hybrid yarn having at ratio of 60 flax to 40 polypropylene and open end spun had about 16.97 twists per inch.
In the aspect of the invention which includes thermoplastic filaments for a reinforcing agent, the thermoplastic filaments have a melting point which is at least 10°C., preferably 20° to 225°C., below the thermal decomposition point of the oilseed flax bast fibers. These thermoplastic filaments have a crimp of 5~ to 80~, preferably of 12 to 50~, in particular of 18 to 90o. In this aspect, the hybrid yarn is easier to process into sheet materials on conventional machines, for example weaving or knitting machines.
This is very important for a thermoformable composition where intimate mixing of the reinforcing and matrix fibers results in very short flow paths for the molten matrix material. This property provides superior and complete embedding of the reinforcing fibers in the thermoplastic matrix; e.g., when a sheet moulding material is shaped into fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite article.
In this aspect, the present invention is effective for providing permanently deformed composite material that includes a hybrid yarn that is a combination of themaplastic filaments and oilseed flax bast fibers. "Permanent deformation" or "permanently deformed"
refers to a property of the composite material where a composite material that is formed under heat and pressure retains its shape indefinitely or until the article is destroyed.
EXAMPLES
Raw Materials 1. 200 pounds of flax fibers having 2-inch staple length for processing into yarn in blend with polyester fibers.
2. Polyester fibers with a 2-inch width and 3 denier.
At the blending stage, fibers are treated with:
1) Anionic antistatic agent Lurol PP-920 (Goulston Technologies) is i applied at the fiber blending stage as a 10% water solution to achieve a 0.2% concentration of active ingredients on a dry fiber weight basis.
Chemical and Physical Properties:
Classification: Anionic Appearance: Amber Liquid Viscosity (cSt @ 25°C): Approximately 12.0 Activity 50%
Dilution Procedure:
Stable emulsions of Lurol pp-920 are prepared by adding Lurol PP-920 to room temperature water slowly while mixing.
Finish Level Measurements:
The amount of Lurol pp-920 on fiber is measured by conventional extraction methods using iso-propanol, methanol, or any polar based solvent.
2) Lurol PP-6845 (Goulston Technologies, Inc.) hydrophobic lubricant is applied at the fiber blending stage as a 5% water emulsion to achieve a 0.3% concentration of the active ingredient on a dry fiber weight basis.
Chemical and Physical Properties:
Appearance: milky emulsion Viscosity (5°C): 7 cPs Activity 40%
pH 6 Particle size 0.9 ~c Surface tension, 20% 55 dyne/cm3 AAA~plication Lurol PP-6845 is used in conjunction with a suitable antistatic agent. Lurol PP-6845 is applied at the fiber blending stage. Lurol PP-6845 may be diluted to the desired concentration by stirring into demineralized water at 22-30°C. The emulsion is stable for 48 hours with agitation.
Finish level measurement:
The finish on yarn is measured by supercritical fluid extraction or by solvent extraction using iso-propanol as solvent.
The following processes maybe used to convert the flax fibers as supplied into yarn:
1. Cleaning and opening, 2. Carding, 3. Drawing single pass, and 4. Ring spinning.
Opening and Cleaning The fibers are hand fed into a WRZ pre-cleaner (similar to an axi-flow cleaner) having two rows in line with porcupine beaters and then pneumatically transferred into a lint cleaner, which is similar to a Saco-Lowell card. The lint cleaner's cylinder rpm is 500 and 222 pts./inch2, and the licker-in rpm is 1,100 having 96-100th/inch2. About 30o waste is generated.
Carding, is carried out with Marzoli C300 card for both 75/25 and 50/50 flax/polypropylene blends.
Blending and Carding Both the flax and polypropylene are hand blended after weighing them into the right proportions. Small tufts of the blended fibers are fed into Fiber Control's opening and blending line. A 310 vertical fine opener further opens and blends the tufts. The blend i material is fed through the chute to the card. At blending, TS-1 oil and water are sprayed with a Gintex mister. The following machine settings are used.
Chute Front - ~ closed Beater Setting - 5.0 Fan Setting - 5.0 Licker-in, rpm - 512 Cylinder, rpm - 301 Doffer, rpm - 40 - 6 inches Flat Speed - min-1 Licker-in Wire Density - 24 pts. inch-2 - 850 pts.
Cylinder Wire Density - inch-2 - 350 pts.
Doffer Wire Density - inch-2 - 280 pts.
Flat Wire Density - inch-2 Rear Fixed Flat Setting - 0.29 inch Moving Flat Setting - 0.29 inch Front Fixed Flat - 0.20 inch Setting Silver Wt. gram - 72.5 Drawing Card sliver is drawn single pa ss on a Rieter 851 draw frame using the following specifications:
Total Draft - 5.05 Break Draft - 1.87 Front Zone Setting - 50 mm Back Zone Setting - 53 mm Number of Ends Up - 4 Delivery Tension to Coiler - 0.99 Speed, m/m - 400 Draw Sliver Size, gram/yard - 58.6 Ring Sninninct Blended draw sliver are spun on a Marzoli NSF2 ring frame. The following spinning parameters are used.
75/25 Flax/PP~ 50/50 Flax Twist, inch-1 15.3 21.4 Builder 12.0 6 Ring Diameter, mm 48 48 Middle Roll Pressure No Clips No Clips Back Roll Pressure Black Black Rear Condenser 8 mm 8 mm Front Condenser 6 mm 6 mm Yarn Count 7/1 12/1 B. Open-end spinning The open-end yarn is spun from 60/40 flax/polyester single-pass draw sliver (53 grain/yard? . The blended sliver is spun on a Rieter R-20 rotor open-end spinning frame. An 8/1 single yarn is produced using the following set up:
Feed, m/min 1.83 Draft 41 Comber roll type X 6014D
Face plate D40 Navel KS
Doffing tube Soft twist Twist multiplier 6 Turns per inch 16.97 Delivery roll speed, m/min 75.1 Winding angle, deg. 33.6 Room condition 58$ RH and 83/F
Fabric The 8/2 flax/PET yarn is warped on a sample warper and then woven without sizing on a rapier loom. The fabric construction is 13 ends/inch and 13 picks/inch in a plain weave design. No difficulties in warping and weaving should be found. The 8/1 yarns axe plied to produce 2/8 (45) as required by the fabric specifications on a two-for-one twister.
Claims (12)
1. A hybrid yarn comprising at least two groups which are twisted together to form the yarn, the group comprising:
a first fiber group which comprises flax oilseed plant bast fibers having a tenacity of at least about 1.5 grams/Denier, a breaking elongation of from about 1 to about 20% and a crimp of from about 5 to about 80%;
a second filament group which is selected from the group consisting of synthetic fibers, natural plant fibers other than oil flax oilseed plant bast fibers and mixtures thereof, the second filament group having a fiber tenacity of above about 1.5 gram/Denier and a breaking elongation of from about 5 to about 75%;
a hydrophobic lubricant; and a hydrophobic antistat.
a first fiber group which comprises flax oilseed plant bast fibers having a tenacity of at least about 1.5 grams/Denier, a breaking elongation of from about 1 to about 20% and a crimp of from about 5 to about 80%;
a second filament group which is selected from the group consisting of synthetic fibers, natural plant fibers other than oil flax oilseed plant bast fibers and mixtures thereof, the second filament group having a fiber tenacity of above about 1.5 gram/Denier and a breaking elongation of from about 5 to about 75%;
a hydrophobic lubricant; and a hydrophobic antistat.
2. The hybrid yarn as recited in claim 1 wherein the first fiber group and the second filament group each comprise a plurality of fibers.
3. The hybrid yarn as recited in claims 1 or 2 wherein the two groups have been twisted and each group is in an effective amount for providing a yarn with a tenacity of at least about 0.8 grams/Denier.
4. The hybrid yarn as recited in claims 1 or 2 wherein the flax oilseed plant bast fibers have a length of from about 15 mm to about 75 mm and a tensile strength of at least about 1 GPa.
5. The hybrid yarn as recited in claim 4 wherein the first and second group are ring spun into a yarn.
6. The hybrid yarn as recited in claim 1, wherein the second filament group is selected from the group consisting of polypropylene filaments, polyester filaments, polyethylene filaments, polyvinyl chloride filaments, polyurethane filaments and mixtures thereof.
7. The hybrid yarn as recited in claim 4, wherein the first group of oilseed flax bast fibers further includes an additional type of bast fiber which comes from a plant other than an oilseed flax plant.
8. A thermoformable hybrid yarn comprising:
at least two groups which are twisted together to form the yarn, the yarn comprising:
a first fiber group which comprises oilseed flax plant bast fibers having have a length of from about 15mm to about 75mm, a tenacity of at least about 1.5 grams/Denier, a breaking elongation of from about 1 to about 20% and a crimp of from about 5 to about 80%; and a second filament group which comprises at least one thermoplastic filament having a melting point of at least about 10°C
and below the thermal decomposition point of the plant bast fibers, wherein the first and second group are ring spun to a yarn.
at least two groups which are twisted together to form the yarn, the yarn comprising:
a first fiber group which comprises oilseed flax plant bast fibers having have a length of from about 15mm to about 75mm, a tenacity of at least about 1.5 grams/Denier, a breaking elongation of from about 1 to about 20% and a crimp of from about 5 to about 80%; and a second filament group which comprises at least one thermoplastic filament having a melting point of at least about 10°C
and below the thermal decomposition point of the plant bast fibers, wherein the first and second group are ring spun to a yarn.
9. A thermoformable hybrid yarn as recited in claim 8, wherein the yarn further comprises a hydrophobic lubricant and antistat.
10. A thermoformable hybrid yarn as recited in claim 8, wherein the hybrid yarn is effective for forming composites which are permanently deformable.
11. A method for making a hybrid yarn comprising at least two groups, a first fiber group and a second fiber group:
mixing the first fiber group, the second fiber group, a hydrophobic lubricant, and a hydrophobic antistat to provide a lubricated fiber group; and spinning the lubricated group, the first fiber group comprising flax oilseed plant bast fibers having a tenacity of at least about 1.5 grams/Denier, a breaking elongation of from about 1 to about 20% and a crimp of from about to about 80%, the second filament group being selected from the group consisting of synthetic fibers, natural plant fibers other than flax bast fibers and mixtures thereof, the second filament group having a fiber tenacity of above about 1.5 gram/Denier and a breaking elongation of from about 5 to about 75%, and the first fiber group and the second fiber group being in amounts effective for proving a yarn with a tenacity of at leat about 0.8 grams/Denier.
mixing the first fiber group, the second fiber group, a hydrophobic lubricant, and a hydrophobic antistat to provide a lubricated fiber group; and spinning the lubricated group, the first fiber group comprising flax oilseed plant bast fibers having a tenacity of at least about 1.5 grams/Denier, a breaking elongation of from about 1 to about 20% and a crimp of from about to about 80%, the second filament group being selected from the group consisting of synthetic fibers, natural plant fibers other than flax bast fibers and mixtures thereof, the second filament group having a fiber tenacity of above about 1.5 gram/Denier and a breaking elongation of from about 5 to about 75%, and the first fiber group and the second fiber group being in amounts effective for proving a yarn with a tenacity of at leat about 0.8 grams/Denier.
12. The method as recited in claim 13 wherein the flax oilseed plant bast fibers have a length of from about 15 mm to about 75 mm and a tensile strength of at least about 1 GPa.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US29085601P | 2001-05-14 | 2001-05-14 | |
US60/290,856 | 2001-05-14 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2386296A1 true CA2386296A1 (en) | 2002-11-14 |
Family
ID=23117823
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002386296A Abandoned CA2386296A1 (en) | 2001-05-14 | 2002-05-14 | Hybrid yarns which include oil seed flax plant bast fiber and other fibers and fabrics made with such yarns |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20030157323A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2386296A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6820406B2 (en) * | 2001-05-14 | 2004-11-23 | Cargill, Incorporated | Hybrid yarns which include plant bast fiber and thermoplastic fiber, reinforcement fabrics made with such yarns and thermoformable composites made with such yarns and reinforcement fabrics |
EP2503036A4 (en) * | 2009-11-17 | 2015-09-30 | Kurashiki Boseki Kk | Spun yarn and intermediate for fiber-reinforced resin, and molded article of fiber-reinforced resin using same |
FR2967051B1 (en) * | 2010-11-10 | 2012-11-30 | Innothera Topic Int | COMPRESSION / CONTENTION MEASUREMENT ORTHESIS, FOR THE STRENGTHENING OF THE MUSCULO-APONEVROTIC MOLLET PUMP. |
US8635844B1 (en) | 2011-03-29 | 2014-01-28 | Hbi Branded Apparel Enterprises, Llc | Method for harvesting bast plants |
US8475628B1 (en) | 2011-03-29 | 2013-07-02 | Hbi Branded Apparel Enterprises, Llc | Process and apparatus for orienting bast stalks for decortication |
ITFI20110260A1 (en) * | 2011-12-06 | 2013-06-07 | Lanificio Nova Fides Spa | UNREADABLE MIXED LINEN FABRICS, YARNS FOR THEIR PRODUCTION AND THEIR PREPARATION METHOD. |
US9663636B2 (en) | 2012-10-10 | 2017-05-30 | Cnh Industrial Canada, Ltd. | Processing method for fiber material used to form biocomposite component |
US9650728B2 (en) | 2012-10-10 | 2017-05-16 | Cnh Industrial Canada, Ltd. | Processing method for fiber material used to form biocomposite component |
CA2964561A1 (en) * | 2014-10-14 | 2016-04-21 | Coolcore Llc | Hybrid yarns, method of making hybrid yarns and fabrics made of hybrid yarns |
US11421349B2 (en) * | 2014-10-31 | 2022-08-23 | Klox Technologies Inc. | Photoactivatable fibers and fabric media |
CN107338533A (en) * | 2016-10-18 | 2017-11-10 | 桐乡守敬应用技术研究院有限公司 | A kind of flax fiber blended yarn and its production method |
CN107338535A (en) * | 2016-10-18 | 2017-11-10 | 桐乡守敬应用技术研究院有限公司 | A kind of numb Sai Er scribbleds |
CN107338534A (en) * | 2016-10-18 | 2017-11-10 | 桐乡守敬应用技术研究院有限公司 | Tossa scribbled |
KR20220065063A (en) * | 2019-09-25 | 2022-05-19 | 베스트 파이버 테크놀로지스 인코포레이티드. | Bast fibers, fabrics made therefrom, and related manufacturing methods |
CN115434052B (en) * | 2022-10-14 | 2024-06-18 | 浙江宏扬纺织科技有限公司 | Tianshuang hemp yarn and production process thereof |
Family Cites Families (25)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CA1277188C (en) * | 1984-11-19 | 1990-12-04 | James E. O'connor | Fiber reinforced thermoplastic articles and process for the preparationthereof |
KR890005310A (en) * | 1987-09-17 | 1989-05-13 | 나까하라 노부유끼 | Fiber-reinforced composite resin molded product and its manufacturing method |
EP0326409B1 (en) * | 1988-01-29 | 1992-05-13 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Hybrid yarn, unidirectional hybrid prepreg and laminated material thereof |
US4913937A (en) * | 1988-02-17 | 1990-04-03 | Xerkon Inc. | Composite articles using meltable resin holding threads |
FR2640908B1 (en) * | 1988-12-23 | 1991-06-14 | Brochier Sa | |
FR2664621B1 (en) * | 1990-07-13 | 1994-08-26 | Schappe Sa | HYBRID WIRE FOR COMPOSITE MATERIALS WITH THERMOPLASTIC MATRIX AND PROCESS FOR OBTAINING SAME. |
FR2669940B1 (en) * | 1990-12-03 | 1994-10-21 | Europ Propulsion | WIRE FORMED FROM REFRACTORY FIBERS OR PRECURSORS THEREOF AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE MANUFACTURE OF PARTS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL. |
US5888609A (en) * | 1990-12-18 | 1999-03-30 | Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus | Planar porous composite structure and method for its manufacture |
EP0512433B1 (en) * | 1991-05-04 | 1997-07-30 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Porous honeycomb material, process for its manufacture and its use |
US5554330A (en) * | 1995-01-31 | 1996-09-10 | Isoboard Enterprises Inc. | Process for the manufacturing of shaped articles |
DE19506037A1 (en) * | 1995-02-22 | 1996-08-29 | Hoechst Trevira Gmbh & Co Kg | Deformable, heat-stabilizable textile pile goods |
DE19506038A1 (en) * | 1995-02-22 | 1996-08-29 | Hoechst Trevira Gmbh & Co Kg | Deformable, heat stabilizable textile loop pile fabric |
DE19513506A1 (en) * | 1995-04-10 | 1996-10-17 | Hoechst Ag | Hybrid yarn and permanently deformable textile material made from it, its production and use |
FR2734581B1 (en) * | 1995-05-24 | 1997-08-14 | Europ Propulsion | HYBRID YARN FOR MANUFACTURING FIBROUS PREFORMS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PARTS AND PROCESS FOR PREPARING THE SAME |
JPH08323748A (en) * | 1995-05-29 | 1996-12-10 | Toho Rayon Co Ltd | Molding material and manufacture thereof |
FR2735151B1 (en) * | 1995-06-09 | 1997-07-18 | Vetrotex France Sa | SIZING COMPOSITION FOR COMPOSITE YARNS AND COMPOSITE YARNS COATED WITH THIS COMPOSITION |
DE19531001A1 (en) * | 1995-08-23 | 1997-02-27 | Hoechst Trevira Gmbh & Co Kg | Textile composite, process for its production, its use and scrims containing mixed yarns |
EP0790276A3 (en) * | 1996-02-14 | 1998-05-13 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Process for producing flat polyurethane moldings |
US5846356A (en) * | 1996-03-07 | 1998-12-08 | Board Of Trustees Operating Michigan State University | Method and apparatus for aligning discontinuous fibers |
US5741382A (en) * | 1996-05-07 | 1998-04-21 | National Science Council | Method for preparing oriented discontinuous long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin composite sheet product |
US6079647A (en) * | 1996-07-19 | 2000-06-27 | Durafibre Inc. | Plant material processing system |
US5720083A (en) * | 1996-07-19 | 1998-02-24 | Durafibre Inc. | Method for decorticating plant material |
US5885609A (en) * | 1997-05-23 | 1999-03-23 | Northeastern University | Biocompatible articles and method for making same |
CA2269408A1 (en) * | 1998-04-22 | 1999-10-22 | Cargill, Limited | Flax shives reinforced thermoplastic resin compositions |
CA2269457A1 (en) * | 1998-04-22 | 1999-10-22 | Cargill, Limited | Flax shives reinforced thermosetting resin compositions |
-
2002
- 2002-05-13 US US10/144,672 patent/US20030157323A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-05-14 CA CA002386296A patent/CA2386296A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20030157323A1 (en) | 2003-08-21 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20030157323A1 (en) | Hybrid yarns which include oil seed flax plant bast fiber and other fibers and fabrics made with such yarns | |
Zhang et al. | Commingled natural fibre/polypropylene wrap spun yarns for structured thermoplastic composites | |
Gries et al. | Textile technology: an introduction | |
US6820406B2 (en) | Hybrid yarns which include plant bast fiber and thermoplastic fiber, reinforcement fabrics made with such yarns and thermoformable composites made with such yarns and reinforcement fabrics | |
KR101035958B1 (en) | Process Of Producing Wool/Polylacticacid-fiber Spun Yarn | |
CN102358972A (en) | Blended yarns of mercerized wool, chinlon and anti-pilling acrylic fibers and preparation method thereof | |
US4477526A (en) | High strength aramid spun yarn | |
CN101760862A (en) | Dobby blending cotton-nylon, tencel and milk chinlon and manufacture process thereof | |
US20190323152A1 (en) | Ultra soft fabric and process of manufacturing same | |
CN101177819A (en) | Weaving of core-spun yarn | |
US4547933A (en) | Process for preparing a high strength aramid spun yarn | |
CN111065769A (en) | Yarns incorporating fluoropolymer staple fibers | |
Alagirusamy et al. | Yarns: production, processability and properties | |
CN112877873A (en) | Anti-pilling super-soft knitted fabric and preparation method thereof | |
US5837370A (en) | Fabrics of wool and/or polyester fibers | |
JP2867565B2 (en) | Blended yarn | |
JP3235726B2 (en) | Fibers and yarns containing kenaf and methods for producing them | |
CN112877881B (en) | Moisture-absorbing and sweat-releasing knitted fabric and preparation method thereof | |
KR100670198B1 (en) | Method of preparing mixed-yarn of waste-silk and preparing the same | |
Park et al. | Properties of hybrid yarn made of paper yarn and filament yarn | |
CN1094528C (en) | Cashmere noil yarn, its textile fabric and preparation method | |
CN108456964A (en) | A kind of hemp viscose glue vortex spinning yarn and its application | |
CN110835797B (en) | Noctilucent staple fiber yarn and preparation method thereof | |
JP4163084B2 (en) | Non-slip recycled high-performance spun yarn and high-performance fiber products | |
CN104775206A (en) | Multi-color yarn and preparation method thereof |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
FZDC | Discontinued application reinstated | ||
FZDE | Discontinued |