CA2340501A1 - System, method, and program product for authenticating or identifying a subject through a series of controlled changes to biometrics of the subject - Google Patents
System, method, and program product for authenticating or identifying a subject through a series of controlled changes to biometrics of the subject Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2340501A1 CA2340501A1 CA002340501A CA2340501A CA2340501A1 CA 2340501 A1 CA2340501 A1 CA 2340501A1 CA 002340501 A CA002340501 A CA 002340501A CA 2340501 A CA2340501 A CA 2340501A CA 2340501 A1 CA2340501 A1 CA 2340501A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- biometrics
- biometric
- controlled change
- resultant
- subject
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Landscapes
- Collating Specific Patterns (AREA)
Abstract
This invention defines novel biometrics, called resultant biometrics. These resultant biometrics are a combination of traditional biometrics and some controlled change to the traditional biometric. That is, they are sequences of biometric signals over a short interval of time where the signals are modified according to some pattern. Resultant finger- or palm prints, for example, are consecutive print images where the subject exerts force, torque and/or rolling (controlled change) over an image acquisition interval of time. The physical way the subject distorts the images is the behavioral part of the resultant biometrics, the finger or palm print is the physiological part of the resultant biometric. An undistorted print image in combination with an expression of the distortion trajectory which can be computed from the sequence of distorted print images, forms a more compact representation of the resultant fingerprint. A template representing the resultant print biometrics is derived from the traditional template representing the finger- or palm print plus a template representing the trajectory. Other traditional biometrics also lend themselves to temporal modification and are described in the invention.
Description
SYSTEM, METHOD, AND PROGRAM PRODUCT FOR AUTHENTICATING OR
IDENTIFYING A SUBJECT THROUGH A SERIES OF CONTROLLED CHANGES TO
BIOMETRICS OF THE SUBJECT
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the field of biometrics, i.e., physiological or behavioral characteristics of a subject that more or less uniquely relate to the subject's identity. More specifically, this invention relates to a new type of biometrics which is produced by a subject through a series of controlled changes to a traditional biometrics.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Fingerprints have been used for identifying persons in a semiautomatic fashion for at least fifty years for law enforcement purposes and have been used for several decades in automatic authentication applications for access control such as building access and computer login.
Signature recognition for ~ 5 automatically authenticating a person's identity has been used at least for fifteen years, mainly for banking applications. In an automatic fingerprint or signature identification system, the first stage is the signal acquisition stage where a subject's fingerprint or signature is acquired. There are several techniques to acquire fingerprints including scanning an inked fingerprint and inkless techniques using optical, capacitative and other semiconductor- based sensing techniques.
The acquired signal 2o is processed and matched against a stored template that is a machine representation of the fingerprint.
The image processing techniques typically locate ridges and valleys in the fingerprint and derive templates from the ridge and valley pattern of a fingerprint image.
Signatures, on the other hand, are typically sensed through the use of pressure sensitive writing pads 2s or with electro-magnetic writing recording devices. More advanced systems use special pens that compute the pen's velocity and acceleration. The recorded signal can be simply a list of (x, y) coordinates, in the case of static signature recognition, or the coordinates can be a function of time (x(t), y(t)) for dynamic signature recognition. The template representing a signature is more directly related to the acquired signal than a fingerprint template is. An example is a representation of a signature in terms of a set of strokes between extremes, where for each stroke the acceleration is encoded. For examples of signature authentication see V. S. Nalwa, "Automatic on-line signature verification," Proceedings of IEEE, pp. 215-239, Feb. 1997.
Recently, biometrics, such as fingerprints, signature, face, and voice are being used increasingly for authenticating a user's identity, for example, for access to medical dossiers, ATM access, access to Internet services and other such applications.
to With the rapid growth of the Internet, many new e-commerce and e-business applications are being developed and deployed. For example, retail purchasing and travel reservations over the Internet using a credit card are very common commercial applications. Today, users are recognized with a userID and password, for identification and authentication, respectively. Very soon, more secure methods for authentication and possibly identification involving biometrics, such as fingerprints, signatures, voice prints, iris images and face images, will be replacing these simple methods of identification. An automated biometrics system involves acquisition of a signal from the user that more or less uniquely identifies the user. For example, for fingerprint- based authentication a user's fingerprint needs to be scanned and some representation needs to be computed and stored.
Authentication is then achieved by comparing the representation extracted from the user's newly acquired fingerprint image with a stored representation extracted from an image acquired at the time of enrollment. In a speaker verification system a user's speech signal is recorded and some representations computed and stored. Authentication is then achieved by comparing the representation extracted from a speech signal recorded at access or logon time with the stored 2s representation. Similarly, for signature verification, a template is extracted from the digitized signature and compared to previously computed templates.
Biometrics are distinguished into two broad groups: behavioral and physiological biometrics.
Physiological biometrics, are the ones that are relatively constant over time, such as, fingerprint and iris. Behavioral biometrics, on the other hand, are subject to possibly gradual change over time and/or more abrupt changes in short periods of time. Examples of these biometrics are signature, voice and face. (Face is often regarded to be a physiological biometrics since the basic features cannot be changed that easily; however, aging, haircuts, beard growth and facial expressions do change the global appearance of a face.) The field of the present invention relates to physiological and behavioral biometrics, and more particularly, the invention relates behavioral changes, that is, a series of user-controlled changes, to physiological or behavioral biometrics that can be used as a new type of biometrics.
1 o One of the main advantages of Internet-based commerce/business solutions is that they are accessible from remote, unattended locations including users' homes. Hence, the biometrics signal has to be acquired from a remote user in an unsupervised manner. So, a fingerprint or a palm-print reader, a signature digitizer or a camera for acquiring face or iris images is attached to the user's home computer. This, of course, opens up the possibility of fraudulent unauthorized system access attempts. Maliciously intended individuals or organizations may obtain biometrics signals from genuine users by intercepting them from the network or obtaining the signals from other applications where the user uses her/his biometrics. The recorded signals can then be reused for unknown, fraudulent purposes such as to impersonate a genuine, registered user of an Internet service. The simplest method is that a signal is acquired once and reused several times.
Perturbations can be 2o added to this previously acquired signal to generate a biometrics signal that looks "fresh." If the complete fingerprint or palm print is known to the perpetrator, a more sophisticated method would be to fabricate from, for example, materials like silicone or latex, an artificial ("spoof ') three-dimensional copy of the forger or palm. Finger- and palm print images of genuine users can then be produced by impostors without much effort. A transaction server, an authentication server or some other computing device then has the burden of ensuring that the biometrics signal transmitted from a client is a current and live signal, and not a previously acquired or otherwise constructed or obtained signal. Using artificial body parts, many fingerprint and palm-print readers produce images that look very authentic to a lay person when the right material is used to fabricate these body parts. The images will, in many cases, also appear real to the component image processing parts of the authentication systems. Hence, it is very difficult to determine whether the static fingerprint or palm-print images are produced by a real finger or palm or by spoof copies.
Other physiological biometrics suffer from the same limitations, the iris of a genuine user can be photographed and used for unauthorized access. A good iris recognition system detects the rapid fluctuations of the iris diameter, but even that phenomenon can be mimicked with iris image sequences. Similar methods, can of course be used for the face biometrics too.
PROBLEMS WITH THE PRIOR ART
Fingerprints and, to a lesser extent, palm prints are used more and more for authenticating a user's identity for access to medical dossiers, ATM access and other such applications. A problem with this prior art method of identification is that it is possible to fabricate three-dimensional spoof fingerprints or palm prints. Silicone, latex, urethane and other materials can be used to fabricate these artificial body parts and many image acquisition devices simply produce a realistic looking impression of the ridges on the artificial body parts which is hard to distinguish from a real impression. A contributing factor is that a fingerprint or palm-print impression obtained is the static depiction of the print at some given instant in time. The fingerprint in not a function of time. S imilar problems exist with biometrics like face and iris. A problem here is that static two-dimensional or three- dimensional spoof copies of the biometrics can be fabricated and used to spoof biometric security systems since these biometrics are not functions of time.
Another problem with the prior art is that only one static fingerprint or palm-print image is collected during acquisition of the biometrics signal. This instant image may be a distorted depiction of the ridges and valleys on the forger or palm because the user exerts force or torque with the finger with respect to the image acquisition device (fingerprint or palm-print reader). A
problem is that, without collecting more than one image or modifying the mechanics of the sensor, it cannot be detected whether the image is acquired without distortion. An additional problem with the prior art is that there is only one choice for the image that can be used for person identification. Of course, for non-contact biometrics, like face and iris, distortion of the biometrics pattern cannot be detected or is very hard to detect.
Allen Pu and Demetri Psaltis User identification through sequential input of fingerprints US Patent Number 5933515, August 1999.
The method presented by Pu and Psaltis in their patent US 5933515 uses multiple fingers in a sequence which the user remembers and is known to the user only. If the fingers are indexed, say, from left to right as finger 0 through finger 9, the sequence is nothing more than a PIN. If one would consider the sequence plus the fingerprint images as a single biometric, the sequence is a changeable and non-static part of the biometric. However, it is not a series of controlled changes to an existing 1 o biometric, the pattern of each of the fingers is not changed but rather the pattern of the sequence can be changed. A problem is that anyone can watch the fingerprint sequence, probably easier than observing PIN entry because fingerprint entry is a slower process. Moreover, it requires storing each of the fingerprints of the subject for comparison.
Another problem with the prior art is that in order to assure authenticity of the biometrics signal, the sensor (fingerprint or palm-print reader, face imaging camera) needs to have embedded computational resources for body part authentication and sensor authentication. Body part authentication is commonly achieved by pulse and body temperature measurement.
Sensor authentication can be achieved with two-directional communication between the sensor and the 2o authentication server in the form of a challenge and response question session.
A potential big problem with prior art palm- and fingerprints is that if the user somehow loses a fingerprint or palm print impression or the template representing the print and this ends up in the wrong hands, the print is compromised forever since one cannot change prints.
Prints of other forgers 2s can then be used but that can only be done a few more times.
A problem with prior art systems that use static fingerprints is that there is no additional information associated with the fingerprint which can be used for its additional discriminating power. That is, individuals that have fingerprints that are close in appearance can be confused because the fingerprints are static and no additional information is available to distinguish between these prints.
Traditional fingerprint databases may be searched by first filtering on fingerprint type (loop, whorl,...). A problem with this prior art is that there are few fingerprint classes because the fingerprint images are static snapshots in time and no additional information is associated with the fingerprints.
A final problem with any of the prior art biometrics is that they are not backward compatible with other biometrics. The use of, say, faces for authentication is not backward compatible with 1 o fingerprint databases.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
An object of the invention is a new type of biometrics which is produced by a subject through a series of controlled changes to an existing biometrics.
Another object of the invention is a biometric that is modified through a series of user-controlled changes, which has both a physiological and temporal characteristic.
Another object of the invention is a biometric that is modified through a series of user-controlled 2o changes, which has both aphysiological, physical (e.g., force, torque, linear motion, rotation), and/or temporal characteristic.
An object of this invention is an efficient way to modify compromised biometrics.
An object of this invention is a biometric that is modified through a series of user-controlled changes, a combination of a traditional biometrics with a user-selected behavioral biometrics.
A further object of this invention is a biometric that is harder to produce with spoof body parts.
YOR9-2000-O l 58 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention achieves these and other objectives by defining a new class of biometrics, called resultant biometrics, biometrics that are modified through a series of user-controlled changes.
A biometric is a more or less unique characteristic associated with a person.
There exist physiological and behavioral biometrics. Physiological biometrics are characteristics that do not change, or change very little, over time while behavioral biometrics are characteristics which may change over time, and may change abruptly, because they depend on a person's mood, mental or physical state. Examples of physiological biometrics are fingerprint, iris and face; examples of behavioral biometrics are voice and signature.
The biometrics introduced in this invention are a combination of physiological or behavioral biometrics signals produced by a subject by modifying (through a controlled change over a time period) the appearance of the physiological or behavioral biometrics using behavioral biometrics and/or physical elements. In a preferred embodiment, for resultant fingerprints and palm prints, the ~ 5 appearance of the print is changed by changing force, torque and roll while scanning the prints. This results in a sequence of fingerprint or palm print images where the finger or palm and hence the impressions of the prints are continuously, elastically deformed according to the force, torque and roll, i.e., physical elements, and/or behavioral biometrics (e.g., the motion of the signature or gesture).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 gives prior art examples of traditional biometrics.
Figure 2 shows a block diagram of an automated biometrics system for authentication (Figure 2A) and a block diagram of an automated biometrics system for identification (Figure 2B).
Figure 3 shows various possibilities for combining two biometrics at the system level, where Fig. 3A is combining through ANDing component, Fig. 3B is combining through ORing component, Fig. 3B is combining through ADDing and Fig. 3D is sequential combining.
Figure 4 is a generic block diagram conceptually showing the combining one biometrics with user action (another biometric) to obtain a biometric that is modified through a series of user-controlled changes.
Figure 5 is an example of a resultant fingerprint biometrics where the user can rotate the finger on the scanner according to a pattern.
Figure 6 is an example of a resultant fingerprint biometrics where the user has four degrees of freedom to move the finger on the scanner.
Figure 7 is an example of a resultant palm-print image sequence generation.
Figure 8 is an example of a resultant face image sequence generation.
Figure 9 shows a block diagram of the behavioral component extraction of a resultant biometric. As an example, the rotation extraction of resultant rotated fingerprints of Fig. 5 is 1 o shown.
Figure 10 shows the local flow computation on a block by block basis from the input resultant fingerprint image sequence.
Figure 11 explains the computation of the curl or the spin of the finger as a function of time, which is the behavioral component of the resultant fingerprint.
IS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
This invention introduces a new biometric, called a resultant biometrics. A
resultant biometrics is a sequence of consecutive physiological or behavioral biometrics signals recorded at some sample rate producing the first biometrics signal plus a second biometrics, the behavioral biometrics, which 20 is the way the physiological or behavioral biometrics is transformed over some time interval. This transformation is the result of a series of user-controlled changes to the first biometric.
Traditional biometrics, such as fingerprints, have been used for (automatic) authentication and identification purposes for several decades. Signatures have been accepted as a legally binding proof 25 of identity and automated signature authentication/verification methods have been available for at least 20 years. Figure 1 gives examples of these biometrics. On the top-left, a signature 110 is shown and on the top-right a fingerprint impression 130 is shown. The bottom- left shows a voice (print);
the bottom-right an iris pattern.
YOR9-2000-015 8 t3 Biometrics can be used for automatic authentication or identification of a (human) subject. Typically, the subject is enrolled by offering a sample biometric when opening, say, a bank account or subscribing to an Internet service. From this sample biometrics, a template is derived that is stored and used for matching purposes at the time the user wishes to access the account or service. In the present preferred embodiment, a template for a resultant biometric is a combination of a traditional template of the biometrics and a template describing the changing appearance of this biometric over time.
Resultant fingerprints and palm prints are described in further detail. A
finger- or palm print template to is derived from a selected impression in the sequence where there is no force, torque or rolling exerted. The template of the trajectory is a quantitative description of this motion trajectory over the period of time of the resultant fingerprint. Matching of two templates, in turn, is a combination of traditional matching of fingerprint templates plus dynamic string matching of the trajectories similar to signature matching. This string matching is well known in the prior art.
Resultant fingerprints t 5 sensed while the user only exerts torque are described in greater detail.
A biometric more or less uniquely determines a person's identity, that is, given a biometric signal, the signal is either associated with one unique person or narrows down significantly the list of people with whom this biometric is associated. Fingerprints are an excellent biometrics, since never in 2o history two people with the same fingerprints have been found; on the other hand, biometrics signals such as shoe size and weight are poor biometrics signals since these signals obviously have little discriminatory value. Biometrics can be divided up into behavioral biometrics and physiological biometrics. Behavioral biometrics depend on a person's physical and mental state and are subject to change, possibly rapid change, over time. Behavioral biometrics include signatures 110 and voice 2s prints 120 (see Fig. 1). Physiological biometrics, on the other hand, are subject to much less variability. For a fingerprint, the basic flow structure of ridges and valleys, see the fingerprint 130 in Fig. l, is essentially unchanged over a person's life span. As an example of another biometrics, the circular texture of a subject's iris, 140 in Fig. l, is believed to be even less variable over a subject's life span. Hence, there exist behavioral biometrics, e.g., 110 and 120, which to a certain extent are under the control of the subjects and there exist physiological biometrics whose appearance cannot be influenced (the iris 140) or can be influenced very little (the fingerprint 130).
The signature and voice print on the left are behavioral biometrics; the fingerprint and iris image on the right are physiological biometrics.
Referring now to Fig. 2A. A typical, legacy prior-art automatic fingerprint authentication system has a fingerprint image (biometrics signal) as input 210 to the biometrics matching system. This system consists of three other stages 215, 220 and 225, comprising: signal processing 215 for feature extraction, template extraction 220 from the features and template matching 225. Along with the 1 o biometrics signal 210, an identifier 212 of the subject is input to the matching system. During the template matching stage 225, the template associated with this particular identifier is retrieved from some database of templates 230 indexed by identities (identifiers). If there is a Match/No Match between the extracted template 220 and the retrieved template from database 230, a 'Yes/No' 240 answer is the output of the matching system. Matching is typically based on a similarity measure, if the measure is significantly large, the answer is 'Yes,' otherwise the answer is 'No.' The following reference describes examples of the state of the prior art:
N. K. Ratha, S. Chen and A. K. Jain, Adaptive flow orientation based feature extraction in fingerprint images, 2o Pattern Recognition, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 1657-1672, Nov. 1995.
Note that system 200 is not limited to fingerprint authentication, this system architecture is valid for any biometric. The biometric signal 210 that is input to the system can be acquired either local to the application on the client or remotely with the matching application running on some server. Hence architecture 200 applies to all biometrics and networked or non-networked applications.
System 200 in Fig. 2A is an authentication system, system 250 in Fig 2B is an identification system.
A typical, legacy prior-art automatic biometrics signal identification system takes only a biometric signal 210 as input (Fig. 2A). Again, the system consists again of three other stages 215, 220 and 225, comprising: signal processing 215 for feature extraction, template extraction 220 from the features and template matching 225. However, in the case of an identification system 250, only a biometric signal 210 is input to the system. During the template matching stage 225, the extracted template is matched to all template, identifier pairs stored in database 230.
If there exists a match between the extracted template 220 and a template associated with an identity in database 230, this identity is the output 255 of the identification system 250. If no match can be found in database 230, the output identity 255 could be set to NIL. Again, the biometric signal 210 can be acquired either local to the application on the client or remotely with the matching application running on some server. Hence architecture 250 applies to networked or non-networked applications.
Biometric signals can be combined (integrated) at the system level and at the subject level. The latter is the object of this invention. The former is summarized in Fig. 3 for the purposes of comparing the different methods and for designing decision methods for integrated subject-level biometrics (resultant biometrics). Four possibilities for combining (integrating) two biometrics are shown:
~ 5 Combining through ANDing 210 (Fig. 3A), Combining through ORing 220 (Fig.
3B), Combining through ADDing 230 (Fig. 3C) and serial or sequential combining 240 (Fig 3D).
Two biometrics BX
(250) and By (260) of a subject Zare used for authentication as shown in Fig.
3. However, more than two biometrics of a subject can be combined in a straightforward fashion.
These biometrics can be the same, e.g., two fingerprints, or they can be different biometrics, e.g., fingerprint and signature.
2o The corresponding matchers for the biometrics Bx and By, are matcher A 202 and matcher B 204 in Fig. 3, respectively. These matchers compare the template of the input biometrics 250 and 260 with stored templates and either give a 'Yes/No' 214 answer as in systems 210 and 220 or score values, S, (231) and SZ (233), as in systems 230 and 240.
25 System 210, combining through ANDing, takes the two 'Yes/No' answers of matcher A 202 and matcher B 204 and combines the result through the AND gate 212. Hence, only if both matchers 202 and 204 agree, the 'Yes/No' output 216 of system 210 is 'Yes' (the biometrics both match and subject Z is authenticated) otherwise the output 216 is 'No' (one or both of the biometrics do not match and subject Z is rejected). System 220, combining through ORing, takes the two 'Yes/No' answers of matchers A 202 and B 204 and combines the result through the OR
gate 222. Hence, if one of the matchers' 202 and 204 'Yes/No' output 214 is 'Yes,' the 'Yes/No' output 216 of system 220 is 'Yes' (one or both of the biometrics match and subject Z is authenticated). Only if both 'Yes/No' outputs 214 of the matchers 202 and 204 are 'No,' the 'Yes/No' output 216 of system 220 is 'No' (both biometrics do not match and subject Z is rejected).
For system 230, combining through ADDing, matcher A 202 and matcher B 204 produce matching scores S, (231 ) and SZ (233), respectively. Score S, expresses how similar the template extracted from biometrics BX (250) is to the template stored in matcher A 202, while score SZ
expresses how similar 1 o the template extracted from biometrics BY (260) is to the template stored in matcher B 204. The ADDer 232 gives as output the sum of the scores 231 and 233, S, + Sz. In 234, this sum is compared to a decision threshold T, if S, + SZ > T, 236, the output is 'Yes' and the subject Z with biometrics BX and By is authenticated, otherwise the output is 'No' {238) and the subject is rejected.
t 5 System 240 in Fig. 3 combines the biometrics Bx (250) and By (260) of a subject Z sequentially. The first biometrics BX (250) is matched against the template stored in matcher A
(202) resulting in matching score S, (231). The resulting matching score is compared to threshold T, 244, and when test 244 fails and the output is 'No' (238) the subject Z is rejected.
Otherwise biometrics BY (260) is matched against the template stored in matcher B (204). The output score SZ
(233) of this matcher 20 is compared to threshold TZ 246. If the output is 'Yes,' i.e., SZ > TZ
(236) subject Z is authenticated.
Otherwise, when the output is 'No' 238, subject Z is rejected.
Figure 4 is a generic flow diagram for combining a biometrics with user action, i.e., combining biometrics at the subject level. The user action, just like the movement of a pen to produce a 25 signature, is the second behavioral biometrics. The user 410 offers a traditional biometric 420 for authentication or identification purposes. Such a biometric could be a fingerprint, iris or face.
However, rather than holding the biometric still, as in the case of fingerprint or face, or keeping the eyes open, as in case of iris recognition, the user performs some specific action 430, a(t) with the biometrics. This action is performed over time 432, from time 0 (434) to some time T (436). Hence, YOR9-2000-O 158 l2 the action a(t) is some one-dimensional function of time 430 and acts upon the traditional biometric 420. Note that this biometric is the actual biometric of user 410 and not a machine readable biometrics signal (i.e., in the case of fingerprints, it is the three-dimensional finger with the print on it). It is specified what the constraints of the action 430 are but within these constraints, the user 410 can define the action. (For example, constraints for putting a signature are that the user can move the pen over the paper in the x- and y-direction but cannot move the pen in the z-direction.) That is, the action 430 in some sense transforms the biometric of the user over time. It is this transformed biometric 450 that is input to the biometric signal recording device 460. The output 470 of this device is a sequence (series) of individually transformed biometrics signals B(t) 480 from time 0 (434) to some time T (436). In the case of fingerprints, these are fingerprint images, in the case of face, these are face images. This output sequence 470, is the input 485 to some extraction algorithm 490. The extraction algorithm computes from the sequence of transformed biometrics the pair (a'(t), B), 495, which is itself a biometric. The function a'(t) is some behavioral way of transforming biometric B over a time interval [0, T] and is related to the function a(t) wich is chosen by the user (very much like a user would select a signature). The biometrics B can be computed from the pair (a'(t), B), that is, where a(t) 430 is zero, where there is no action of the user, the output 470 is undistorted digitization of biometric 420. In general, it can be computed where in the signal 480, the biometrics 420 is not distorted.
2o Refer now to Fig. 5. This figure is an example of a resultant fingerprint biometric where the user can rotate the finger on the fingerprint reader 510 (without sliding over the glass platen). This rotation can be performed according to some user defined angle a as a function of time a(t). An example of producing a resultant fingerprint is given in Fig. 5. The user puts the forger 540 on the fingerprint reader 510 in hand position 520. Then from time 0 (434) to time T(436), the user rotates finger 540 over the glass platen of fingerprint reader 510 according to some angle a as a function of time a(t).
The rotation takes place in the horizontal plane, the plane parallel to the glass platen of the fingerprint reader. The rotation function in this case is the behavioral part of the resultant fingerprint and is defined by the user. (If this portion of the resultant biometric is compromised, the user can redefine this behavioral part of the resultant fingerprint.) First the user rotates by angle 550 to the YOR9-2000-O 158 1 ~
left, to the hand position 525. Then the user rotates by angle 555 to the right, resulting in final hand position 530. During this operation over time interval [0, T], the fingerprint reader has as output 470 a series of transformed (distorted) fingerprint images. This output 470 is a sequence of transformed biometrics 480 (fingerprints), as in Fig. 4, which are the input to the extraction algorithm 490 (Fig.
4). This algorithm computes, given the output 470, the angle a as a function of time a(t) 560 over the time interval 0 (434) to time T (436). The resultant fingerprint in this case is (a(t), F), with F the undistorted fingerprint image. The undistorted fingerprint image is found at times 434, 570 and 436 where the rotation angle a is zero. A preferred method for extracting the rotation angles from the distorted fingerprint images is described in Figs. 9-11.
Figure 6 is an example of a resultant fingerprint biometric where the user has four degrees of freedom, instead of one degree of freedom in Fig. 5, to move the finger on the scanner. Again, as in Fig. 5, the user has the ability to rotate the finger 540 around the z-axis (the axis perpendicular to the glass platen of the fingerprint reader 510). This is depicted by rotation a, first along 550 to the left and then along 555 to the right. This brings the hand position from 520 to 525 to the final hand position 530. Also, at any given angle a, the user can perform a rotation /3 610 around the axis 620 of the finger. Finally, the user can exert a force f 630 parallel to the glass platen of fingerprint reader 510. This force can be constrained to be only on the direction of the finger 632, or can be unconstrained 634. In the former case, the degrees of freedom for moving the finger (without sliding t 0 over the glass platen) is three, in the latter there are four degrees of freedom. The angles a, /~ plus force f can be combined and referred to as motion m. During the user operations over time interval [0, TJ, the fingerprint reader has as output 470 a sequence of transformed (distorted) fingerprint images. This output 470 is a sequence of transformed biometrics 480 (fingerprints), as in Fig. 4, which are the input to an extraction algorithm 490 (Fig. 4). This algorithm computes, given the output 470, the angles a and /3 as a function of time over the interval 0 (434) to time T (436). For example, the function for the angle a, a(t) is the function 560 of Fig. 5.
Moreover, the algorithm computes the force 630. In the case of force constrained to be along the finger direction 632, f(t) will be a one-dimensional function. For the case that the force may be exerted along the glass platen of reader 510 in any direction, f(t) will be a two-dimensional function. The force will then have a 2o component in the x-direction and a component in the y-direction. The resultant fingerprint for this case is (a(t), /3(t), f(t) F) or (m (t), F) with F the undistorted fingerprint image. The undistorted fingerprint image is found at times 434, 570 and 436 where the reconstructed motion m (690) is zero.
Figure 7 gives an example of the same principle as fingerprints for palm prints. The palm print reader 710 with glass platen 720 can, for example, be mounted next to a door. Only authorized users with matching palm print templates will be allowed access. The user will put his/her hand 730 on the palm print reader platen 720. As with the resultant fingerprints of Figs. 6 and 7, the user will not keep the palm biometric still but rather make movements with the palm. In the case of Fig. 7, rotation of the palm around the axis perpendicular to the glass platen is the behavioral part of the resultant palm-print biometric. The user could, for instance, rotate the hand to the right 740, followed by a rotation of the hand to the left 744, followed by a rotation of the hand to the right 748 again. As in Fig. 5, during these operations over some time interval [0, T], the palm print reader has as output a sequence of transformed (distorted) palm print images. This output is a sequence of transformed biometrics 480 (palm prints), as in Fig. 4, which are the input to an extraction algorithm 490 as in Fig. 4. The algorithm computes, given the output of palm print reader 710, the palm rotation angle a as a function of time a(t) 560 over the time interval 0 (434) to time T
(436). The resultant palm print in this case will be (a(t), P), with P the undistorted palm print image.
The undistorted palm print image is found at times 434, 570 and 436 where the rotation angle a is zero.
l0 Figure 8 describes a facial resultant biometric. Here subject 800 is posing in front of a camera to be identified or authenticated trough both recognition of the physiological face biometrics plus an additional behavioral component. This behavioral component is introduced by head motion of the subject. This motion produces a sequence of face images as a function of time, Face-Image(t). When the subject's face is in canonical position, the head is embedded in coordinate system 805 with the Y-Axis 810 along the length of the head. The X-axis 820 is parallel to the line connecting the ears, while the Z-Axis 830 is parallel to the perpendicular to the frontal plane of the face. The subject now can generate a resultant biometric, Face-Image(t), by panning the face around the Y-Axis, resulting in a pan 840 as a function of time, Pan(t). The subject further can tilt 850 the face by bending the 2o head in the plane 860 that is spanned by the Y-Axis 810 and the pan direction. This tilting 850 results in another function of time, Tilt(t). Hence, the resultant biometric in this case is a face image at some time, t~,, Face-Image(t~,), a frontal depiction of the face, plus the pan and tilt, Pant) and Tilt(t), respectively. The face images in the sequence are mathematical transformations of the image of the face. Other distortions of the face image through other means are envisioned by the present invention.
In Fig. 9, a block diagram 900 of a generic process for extracting the behavioral component from a resultant biometric is given. The input 910 is a sequence of biometric signals B(t). In block 920, subsequent biometric signals, B(t+1) and B(t), are processed through inter-signal analysis. Block YOR9-2000-O 158 1 ~
930, uses this analysis to extract the change, a(t+ 1 ) - a(t), in the behavioral component. In turn, this gives the output a(t) as a function of time 940, where a(t) is the behavioral component of the resultant biometric B(t). Added in Fig. 9 are the specific steps (inter-image flow analysis and affine motion parameter estimation) for estimating the forger rotation from a sequence of distorted fingerprint s images produced as in Fig. 5. These are further detailed in Figs. 10 and 11.
Rotation from one fingerprint image to the next can be estimated using the steps illustrated in Fig.
10. The images, B(t) and B(t+1), 1010 and 1015, are divided up into 16 x 16 blocks 1020, 1022, 1024, ..., 1028 as given by the MPEG compression standard. Given a fingerprint image sequence B(t), of which two images (1010 and 1015) are shown in Fig. 10, the inter-image flow (u, v) 1040 for each block (of size 16 x 16) 1030 present in an image is computed. This represents the motion that may be present in any image B(t) 1010 with respect to its immediate next image B(t+1) 1015 in the sequence. A flow characterization [u(x,y), v(x,y)] 1050 as a function of (x, y) 1060 and t 1070 of an image sequence is then a uniform motion representation amenable for consistent interpretation.
~ 5 This motion representation 1050 can be computed from the raw motion vectors encoded in the MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 image sequences. If the input is uncompressed, the flow field can be estimated using motion estimation techniques known in the prior art.
The following references describe the state of the prior art in MPEG
compression, an example of 2o prior art optical flow estimation in image sequences, and an example of prior art of directly extracting flow from MPEG-compressed image sequences respectively:
B.G. Haskell, A. Puri and A.N. Netravali, Digital Video: An introduction to MPEG-2, 25 Chapman and Hill, 1997.
J. Bergen, P. Anandan, K. Hanna and R. Hingorani, Hierarchical model-based motion estimation, Second European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 237-252, 1992.
YOR9-2000-015 $ 17 Chitra Dorai and Vikrant Kobla, Extracting Motion Annotations from MPEG-2 Compressed Video for HDTV Content Management Applications, IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, pp.673-678, 1999.
Refer now to Fig. 11. By examining the flow [u(x,y), v(x,y)] 1 OSO in the blocks 1020, 1022, 1024,..., 1028, a largest connected component of zero-motion blocks, pictured by pivotal region 1110 in Fig.
11 is determined. Further analysis is performed on the flow around this region. Using the flow computed for each image in the given image sequence, motion parameters from the fingerprint region are computed by imposing an affine motion model on the image-to-image flow and sampling the non-zero motion blocks radially around the bounding box 1120 of region 1110.
Affme motion A
1130 can transform shape 1140 into shape 1145 in Fig 11B and quantifies translation 1150, rotation 1152 and shear 1154 due to image flow. Six parameters, a, ... a6 are estimated in this process, where a, and a4 correspond to translation, a~ and a5 correspond to rotation, and a2 and ab correspond to shear.
These parameters are estimated for each sampling around bounding box 1120.
Average curl is computed in each frame t, C(t) _ - a~+ as. The curl in each frame quantitatively provides the extent of rotation, or the spin of the finger skin around the pivotal region. That is, an expression C(t) of the behavioral component of the resultant fingerprint computed from flow vectors [u(x,y), v(x,y)] 1050 is obtained. The magnitude of the average translation vector, T(t)= (a,, a4) of the frame is also computed.
For all the resultant biometrics discussed and envisioned, we have a traditional behavioral or physiological biometric. For representation (template) purposes and for matching purposes of that part of resultant biometrics, these traditional biometrics are well understood in the prior art. (See, the above Ratha, Chen and Jain reference for fingerprints.) For the other part of the resultant biometrics, the behavioral part, we are left with some one-dimensional or higher-dimensional function a(t) of time, a user action. Matching this part amounts to matching this function a(t) with a stored template a'(t). Such matching is again well-understood in the prior art and is routinely done in the area of signature verification. The following reference gives examples of approaches for matching.
V. S. Nalwa, "Automatic on-line signature verification," Proceedings of IEEE, s pp. 215-239, Feb. 1997.
Now the resultant biometric, after matching with a stored template has either two 'Yes/No' (214 in Fig. 3) answers or two scores S, and Sz (231 and 233 in Fig. 3). Any of the methods for combining the two biometrics discussed on Fig. 3 can be used to combine the traditional and user-defined 1 o biometrics of a resultant biometric to arrive at a matching decision.
YOR9-2000-O 158 I c~
IDENTIFYING A SUBJECT THROUGH A SERIES OF CONTROLLED CHANGES TO
BIOMETRICS OF THE SUBJECT
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the field of biometrics, i.e., physiological or behavioral characteristics of a subject that more or less uniquely relate to the subject's identity. More specifically, this invention relates to a new type of biometrics which is produced by a subject through a series of controlled changes to a traditional biometrics.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Fingerprints have been used for identifying persons in a semiautomatic fashion for at least fifty years for law enforcement purposes and have been used for several decades in automatic authentication applications for access control such as building access and computer login.
Signature recognition for ~ 5 automatically authenticating a person's identity has been used at least for fifteen years, mainly for banking applications. In an automatic fingerprint or signature identification system, the first stage is the signal acquisition stage where a subject's fingerprint or signature is acquired. There are several techniques to acquire fingerprints including scanning an inked fingerprint and inkless techniques using optical, capacitative and other semiconductor- based sensing techniques.
The acquired signal 2o is processed and matched against a stored template that is a machine representation of the fingerprint.
The image processing techniques typically locate ridges and valleys in the fingerprint and derive templates from the ridge and valley pattern of a fingerprint image.
Signatures, on the other hand, are typically sensed through the use of pressure sensitive writing pads 2s or with electro-magnetic writing recording devices. More advanced systems use special pens that compute the pen's velocity and acceleration. The recorded signal can be simply a list of (x, y) coordinates, in the case of static signature recognition, or the coordinates can be a function of time (x(t), y(t)) for dynamic signature recognition. The template representing a signature is more directly related to the acquired signal than a fingerprint template is. An example is a representation of a signature in terms of a set of strokes between extremes, where for each stroke the acceleration is encoded. For examples of signature authentication see V. S. Nalwa, "Automatic on-line signature verification," Proceedings of IEEE, pp. 215-239, Feb. 1997.
Recently, biometrics, such as fingerprints, signature, face, and voice are being used increasingly for authenticating a user's identity, for example, for access to medical dossiers, ATM access, access to Internet services and other such applications.
to With the rapid growth of the Internet, many new e-commerce and e-business applications are being developed and deployed. For example, retail purchasing and travel reservations over the Internet using a credit card are very common commercial applications. Today, users are recognized with a userID and password, for identification and authentication, respectively. Very soon, more secure methods for authentication and possibly identification involving biometrics, such as fingerprints, signatures, voice prints, iris images and face images, will be replacing these simple methods of identification. An automated biometrics system involves acquisition of a signal from the user that more or less uniquely identifies the user. For example, for fingerprint- based authentication a user's fingerprint needs to be scanned and some representation needs to be computed and stored.
Authentication is then achieved by comparing the representation extracted from the user's newly acquired fingerprint image with a stored representation extracted from an image acquired at the time of enrollment. In a speaker verification system a user's speech signal is recorded and some representations computed and stored. Authentication is then achieved by comparing the representation extracted from a speech signal recorded at access or logon time with the stored 2s representation. Similarly, for signature verification, a template is extracted from the digitized signature and compared to previously computed templates.
Biometrics are distinguished into two broad groups: behavioral and physiological biometrics.
Physiological biometrics, are the ones that are relatively constant over time, such as, fingerprint and iris. Behavioral biometrics, on the other hand, are subject to possibly gradual change over time and/or more abrupt changes in short periods of time. Examples of these biometrics are signature, voice and face. (Face is often regarded to be a physiological biometrics since the basic features cannot be changed that easily; however, aging, haircuts, beard growth and facial expressions do change the global appearance of a face.) The field of the present invention relates to physiological and behavioral biometrics, and more particularly, the invention relates behavioral changes, that is, a series of user-controlled changes, to physiological or behavioral biometrics that can be used as a new type of biometrics.
1 o One of the main advantages of Internet-based commerce/business solutions is that they are accessible from remote, unattended locations including users' homes. Hence, the biometrics signal has to be acquired from a remote user in an unsupervised manner. So, a fingerprint or a palm-print reader, a signature digitizer or a camera for acquiring face or iris images is attached to the user's home computer. This, of course, opens up the possibility of fraudulent unauthorized system access attempts. Maliciously intended individuals or organizations may obtain biometrics signals from genuine users by intercepting them from the network or obtaining the signals from other applications where the user uses her/his biometrics. The recorded signals can then be reused for unknown, fraudulent purposes such as to impersonate a genuine, registered user of an Internet service. The simplest method is that a signal is acquired once and reused several times.
Perturbations can be 2o added to this previously acquired signal to generate a biometrics signal that looks "fresh." If the complete fingerprint or palm print is known to the perpetrator, a more sophisticated method would be to fabricate from, for example, materials like silicone or latex, an artificial ("spoof ') three-dimensional copy of the forger or palm. Finger- and palm print images of genuine users can then be produced by impostors without much effort. A transaction server, an authentication server or some other computing device then has the burden of ensuring that the biometrics signal transmitted from a client is a current and live signal, and not a previously acquired or otherwise constructed or obtained signal. Using artificial body parts, many fingerprint and palm-print readers produce images that look very authentic to a lay person when the right material is used to fabricate these body parts. The images will, in many cases, also appear real to the component image processing parts of the authentication systems. Hence, it is very difficult to determine whether the static fingerprint or palm-print images are produced by a real finger or palm or by spoof copies.
Other physiological biometrics suffer from the same limitations, the iris of a genuine user can be photographed and used for unauthorized access. A good iris recognition system detects the rapid fluctuations of the iris diameter, but even that phenomenon can be mimicked with iris image sequences. Similar methods, can of course be used for the face biometrics too.
PROBLEMS WITH THE PRIOR ART
Fingerprints and, to a lesser extent, palm prints are used more and more for authenticating a user's identity for access to medical dossiers, ATM access and other such applications. A problem with this prior art method of identification is that it is possible to fabricate three-dimensional spoof fingerprints or palm prints. Silicone, latex, urethane and other materials can be used to fabricate these artificial body parts and many image acquisition devices simply produce a realistic looking impression of the ridges on the artificial body parts which is hard to distinguish from a real impression. A contributing factor is that a fingerprint or palm-print impression obtained is the static depiction of the print at some given instant in time. The fingerprint in not a function of time. S imilar problems exist with biometrics like face and iris. A problem here is that static two-dimensional or three- dimensional spoof copies of the biometrics can be fabricated and used to spoof biometric security systems since these biometrics are not functions of time.
Another problem with the prior art is that only one static fingerprint or palm-print image is collected during acquisition of the biometrics signal. This instant image may be a distorted depiction of the ridges and valleys on the forger or palm because the user exerts force or torque with the finger with respect to the image acquisition device (fingerprint or palm-print reader). A
problem is that, without collecting more than one image or modifying the mechanics of the sensor, it cannot be detected whether the image is acquired without distortion. An additional problem with the prior art is that there is only one choice for the image that can be used for person identification. Of course, for non-contact biometrics, like face and iris, distortion of the biometrics pattern cannot be detected or is very hard to detect.
Allen Pu and Demetri Psaltis User identification through sequential input of fingerprints US Patent Number 5933515, August 1999.
The method presented by Pu and Psaltis in their patent US 5933515 uses multiple fingers in a sequence which the user remembers and is known to the user only. If the fingers are indexed, say, from left to right as finger 0 through finger 9, the sequence is nothing more than a PIN. If one would consider the sequence plus the fingerprint images as a single biometric, the sequence is a changeable and non-static part of the biometric. However, it is not a series of controlled changes to an existing 1 o biometric, the pattern of each of the fingers is not changed but rather the pattern of the sequence can be changed. A problem is that anyone can watch the fingerprint sequence, probably easier than observing PIN entry because fingerprint entry is a slower process. Moreover, it requires storing each of the fingerprints of the subject for comparison.
Another problem with the prior art is that in order to assure authenticity of the biometrics signal, the sensor (fingerprint or palm-print reader, face imaging camera) needs to have embedded computational resources for body part authentication and sensor authentication. Body part authentication is commonly achieved by pulse and body temperature measurement.
Sensor authentication can be achieved with two-directional communication between the sensor and the 2o authentication server in the form of a challenge and response question session.
A potential big problem with prior art palm- and fingerprints is that if the user somehow loses a fingerprint or palm print impression or the template representing the print and this ends up in the wrong hands, the print is compromised forever since one cannot change prints.
Prints of other forgers 2s can then be used but that can only be done a few more times.
A problem with prior art systems that use static fingerprints is that there is no additional information associated with the fingerprint which can be used for its additional discriminating power. That is, individuals that have fingerprints that are close in appearance can be confused because the fingerprints are static and no additional information is available to distinguish between these prints.
Traditional fingerprint databases may be searched by first filtering on fingerprint type (loop, whorl,...). A problem with this prior art is that there are few fingerprint classes because the fingerprint images are static snapshots in time and no additional information is associated with the fingerprints.
A final problem with any of the prior art biometrics is that they are not backward compatible with other biometrics. The use of, say, faces for authentication is not backward compatible with 1 o fingerprint databases.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
An object of the invention is a new type of biometrics which is produced by a subject through a series of controlled changes to an existing biometrics.
Another object of the invention is a biometric that is modified through a series of user-controlled changes, which has both a physiological and temporal characteristic.
Another object of the invention is a biometric that is modified through a series of user-controlled 2o changes, which has both aphysiological, physical (e.g., force, torque, linear motion, rotation), and/or temporal characteristic.
An object of this invention is an efficient way to modify compromised biometrics.
An object of this invention is a biometric that is modified through a series of user-controlled changes, a combination of a traditional biometrics with a user-selected behavioral biometrics.
A further object of this invention is a biometric that is harder to produce with spoof body parts.
YOR9-2000-O l 58 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention achieves these and other objectives by defining a new class of biometrics, called resultant biometrics, biometrics that are modified through a series of user-controlled changes.
A biometric is a more or less unique characteristic associated with a person.
There exist physiological and behavioral biometrics. Physiological biometrics are characteristics that do not change, or change very little, over time while behavioral biometrics are characteristics which may change over time, and may change abruptly, because they depend on a person's mood, mental or physical state. Examples of physiological biometrics are fingerprint, iris and face; examples of behavioral biometrics are voice and signature.
The biometrics introduced in this invention are a combination of physiological or behavioral biometrics signals produced by a subject by modifying (through a controlled change over a time period) the appearance of the physiological or behavioral biometrics using behavioral biometrics and/or physical elements. In a preferred embodiment, for resultant fingerprints and palm prints, the ~ 5 appearance of the print is changed by changing force, torque and roll while scanning the prints. This results in a sequence of fingerprint or palm print images where the finger or palm and hence the impressions of the prints are continuously, elastically deformed according to the force, torque and roll, i.e., physical elements, and/or behavioral biometrics (e.g., the motion of the signature or gesture).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 gives prior art examples of traditional biometrics.
Figure 2 shows a block diagram of an automated biometrics system for authentication (Figure 2A) and a block diagram of an automated biometrics system for identification (Figure 2B).
Figure 3 shows various possibilities for combining two biometrics at the system level, where Fig. 3A is combining through ANDing component, Fig. 3B is combining through ORing component, Fig. 3B is combining through ADDing and Fig. 3D is sequential combining.
Figure 4 is a generic block diagram conceptually showing the combining one biometrics with user action (another biometric) to obtain a biometric that is modified through a series of user-controlled changes.
Figure 5 is an example of a resultant fingerprint biometrics where the user can rotate the finger on the scanner according to a pattern.
Figure 6 is an example of a resultant fingerprint biometrics where the user has four degrees of freedom to move the finger on the scanner.
Figure 7 is an example of a resultant palm-print image sequence generation.
Figure 8 is an example of a resultant face image sequence generation.
Figure 9 shows a block diagram of the behavioral component extraction of a resultant biometric. As an example, the rotation extraction of resultant rotated fingerprints of Fig. 5 is 1 o shown.
Figure 10 shows the local flow computation on a block by block basis from the input resultant fingerprint image sequence.
Figure 11 explains the computation of the curl or the spin of the finger as a function of time, which is the behavioral component of the resultant fingerprint.
IS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
This invention introduces a new biometric, called a resultant biometrics. A
resultant biometrics is a sequence of consecutive physiological or behavioral biometrics signals recorded at some sample rate producing the first biometrics signal plus a second biometrics, the behavioral biometrics, which 20 is the way the physiological or behavioral biometrics is transformed over some time interval. This transformation is the result of a series of user-controlled changes to the first biometric.
Traditional biometrics, such as fingerprints, have been used for (automatic) authentication and identification purposes for several decades. Signatures have been accepted as a legally binding proof 25 of identity and automated signature authentication/verification methods have been available for at least 20 years. Figure 1 gives examples of these biometrics. On the top-left, a signature 110 is shown and on the top-right a fingerprint impression 130 is shown. The bottom- left shows a voice (print);
the bottom-right an iris pattern.
YOR9-2000-015 8 t3 Biometrics can be used for automatic authentication or identification of a (human) subject. Typically, the subject is enrolled by offering a sample biometric when opening, say, a bank account or subscribing to an Internet service. From this sample biometrics, a template is derived that is stored and used for matching purposes at the time the user wishes to access the account or service. In the present preferred embodiment, a template for a resultant biometric is a combination of a traditional template of the biometrics and a template describing the changing appearance of this biometric over time.
Resultant fingerprints and palm prints are described in further detail. A
finger- or palm print template to is derived from a selected impression in the sequence where there is no force, torque or rolling exerted. The template of the trajectory is a quantitative description of this motion trajectory over the period of time of the resultant fingerprint. Matching of two templates, in turn, is a combination of traditional matching of fingerprint templates plus dynamic string matching of the trajectories similar to signature matching. This string matching is well known in the prior art.
Resultant fingerprints t 5 sensed while the user only exerts torque are described in greater detail.
A biometric more or less uniquely determines a person's identity, that is, given a biometric signal, the signal is either associated with one unique person or narrows down significantly the list of people with whom this biometric is associated. Fingerprints are an excellent biometrics, since never in 2o history two people with the same fingerprints have been found; on the other hand, biometrics signals such as shoe size and weight are poor biometrics signals since these signals obviously have little discriminatory value. Biometrics can be divided up into behavioral biometrics and physiological biometrics. Behavioral biometrics depend on a person's physical and mental state and are subject to change, possibly rapid change, over time. Behavioral biometrics include signatures 110 and voice 2s prints 120 (see Fig. 1). Physiological biometrics, on the other hand, are subject to much less variability. For a fingerprint, the basic flow structure of ridges and valleys, see the fingerprint 130 in Fig. l, is essentially unchanged over a person's life span. As an example of another biometrics, the circular texture of a subject's iris, 140 in Fig. l, is believed to be even less variable over a subject's life span. Hence, there exist behavioral biometrics, e.g., 110 and 120, which to a certain extent are under the control of the subjects and there exist physiological biometrics whose appearance cannot be influenced (the iris 140) or can be influenced very little (the fingerprint 130).
The signature and voice print on the left are behavioral biometrics; the fingerprint and iris image on the right are physiological biometrics.
Referring now to Fig. 2A. A typical, legacy prior-art automatic fingerprint authentication system has a fingerprint image (biometrics signal) as input 210 to the biometrics matching system. This system consists of three other stages 215, 220 and 225, comprising: signal processing 215 for feature extraction, template extraction 220 from the features and template matching 225. Along with the 1 o biometrics signal 210, an identifier 212 of the subject is input to the matching system. During the template matching stage 225, the template associated with this particular identifier is retrieved from some database of templates 230 indexed by identities (identifiers). If there is a Match/No Match between the extracted template 220 and the retrieved template from database 230, a 'Yes/No' 240 answer is the output of the matching system. Matching is typically based on a similarity measure, if the measure is significantly large, the answer is 'Yes,' otherwise the answer is 'No.' The following reference describes examples of the state of the prior art:
N. K. Ratha, S. Chen and A. K. Jain, Adaptive flow orientation based feature extraction in fingerprint images, 2o Pattern Recognition, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 1657-1672, Nov. 1995.
Note that system 200 is not limited to fingerprint authentication, this system architecture is valid for any biometric. The biometric signal 210 that is input to the system can be acquired either local to the application on the client or remotely with the matching application running on some server. Hence architecture 200 applies to all biometrics and networked or non-networked applications.
System 200 in Fig. 2A is an authentication system, system 250 in Fig 2B is an identification system.
A typical, legacy prior-art automatic biometrics signal identification system takes only a biometric signal 210 as input (Fig. 2A). Again, the system consists again of three other stages 215, 220 and 225, comprising: signal processing 215 for feature extraction, template extraction 220 from the features and template matching 225. However, in the case of an identification system 250, only a biometric signal 210 is input to the system. During the template matching stage 225, the extracted template is matched to all template, identifier pairs stored in database 230.
If there exists a match between the extracted template 220 and a template associated with an identity in database 230, this identity is the output 255 of the identification system 250. If no match can be found in database 230, the output identity 255 could be set to NIL. Again, the biometric signal 210 can be acquired either local to the application on the client or remotely with the matching application running on some server. Hence architecture 250 applies to networked or non-networked applications.
Biometric signals can be combined (integrated) at the system level and at the subject level. The latter is the object of this invention. The former is summarized in Fig. 3 for the purposes of comparing the different methods and for designing decision methods for integrated subject-level biometrics (resultant biometrics). Four possibilities for combining (integrating) two biometrics are shown:
~ 5 Combining through ANDing 210 (Fig. 3A), Combining through ORing 220 (Fig.
3B), Combining through ADDing 230 (Fig. 3C) and serial or sequential combining 240 (Fig 3D).
Two biometrics BX
(250) and By (260) of a subject Zare used for authentication as shown in Fig.
3. However, more than two biometrics of a subject can be combined in a straightforward fashion.
These biometrics can be the same, e.g., two fingerprints, or they can be different biometrics, e.g., fingerprint and signature.
2o The corresponding matchers for the biometrics Bx and By, are matcher A 202 and matcher B 204 in Fig. 3, respectively. These matchers compare the template of the input biometrics 250 and 260 with stored templates and either give a 'Yes/No' 214 answer as in systems 210 and 220 or score values, S, (231) and SZ (233), as in systems 230 and 240.
25 System 210, combining through ANDing, takes the two 'Yes/No' answers of matcher A 202 and matcher B 204 and combines the result through the AND gate 212. Hence, only if both matchers 202 and 204 agree, the 'Yes/No' output 216 of system 210 is 'Yes' (the biometrics both match and subject Z is authenticated) otherwise the output 216 is 'No' (one or both of the biometrics do not match and subject Z is rejected). System 220, combining through ORing, takes the two 'Yes/No' answers of matchers A 202 and B 204 and combines the result through the OR
gate 222. Hence, if one of the matchers' 202 and 204 'Yes/No' output 214 is 'Yes,' the 'Yes/No' output 216 of system 220 is 'Yes' (one or both of the biometrics match and subject Z is authenticated). Only if both 'Yes/No' outputs 214 of the matchers 202 and 204 are 'No,' the 'Yes/No' output 216 of system 220 is 'No' (both biometrics do not match and subject Z is rejected).
For system 230, combining through ADDing, matcher A 202 and matcher B 204 produce matching scores S, (231 ) and SZ (233), respectively. Score S, expresses how similar the template extracted from biometrics BX (250) is to the template stored in matcher A 202, while score SZ
expresses how similar 1 o the template extracted from biometrics BY (260) is to the template stored in matcher B 204. The ADDer 232 gives as output the sum of the scores 231 and 233, S, + Sz. In 234, this sum is compared to a decision threshold T, if S, + SZ > T, 236, the output is 'Yes' and the subject Z with biometrics BX and By is authenticated, otherwise the output is 'No' {238) and the subject is rejected.
t 5 System 240 in Fig. 3 combines the biometrics Bx (250) and By (260) of a subject Z sequentially. The first biometrics BX (250) is matched against the template stored in matcher A
(202) resulting in matching score S, (231). The resulting matching score is compared to threshold T, 244, and when test 244 fails and the output is 'No' (238) the subject Z is rejected.
Otherwise biometrics BY (260) is matched against the template stored in matcher B (204). The output score SZ
(233) of this matcher 20 is compared to threshold TZ 246. If the output is 'Yes,' i.e., SZ > TZ
(236) subject Z is authenticated.
Otherwise, when the output is 'No' 238, subject Z is rejected.
Figure 4 is a generic flow diagram for combining a biometrics with user action, i.e., combining biometrics at the subject level. The user action, just like the movement of a pen to produce a 25 signature, is the second behavioral biometrics. The user 410 offers a traditional biometric 420 for authentication or identification purposes. Such a biometric could be a fingerprint, iris or face.
However, rather than holding the biometric still, as in the case of fingerprint or face, or keeping the eyes open, as in case of iris recognition, the user performs some specific action 430, a(t) with the biometrics. This action is performed over time 432, from time 0 (434) to some time T (436). Hence, YOR9-2000-O 158 l2 the action a(t) is some one-dimensional function of time 430 and acts upon the traditional biometric 420. Note that this biometric is the actual biometric of user 410 and not a machine readable biometrics signal (i.e., in the case of fingerprints, it is the three-dimensional finger with the print on it). It is specified what the constraints of the action 430 are but within these constraints, the user 410 can define the action. (For example, constraints for putting a signature are that the user can move the pen over the paper in the x- and y-direction but cannot move the pen in the z-direction.) That is, the action 430 in some sense transforms the biometric of the user over time. It is this transformed biometric 450 that is input to the biometric signal recording device 460. The output 470 of this device is a sequence (series) of individually transformed biometrics signals B(t) 480 from time 0 (434) to some time T (436). In the case of fingerprints, these are fingerprint images, in the case of face, these are face images. This output sequence 470, is the input 485 to some extraction algorithm 490. The extraction algorithm computes from the sequence of transformed biometrics the pair (a'(t), B), 495, which is itself a biometric. The function a'(t) is some behavioral way of transforming biometric B over a time interval [0, T] and is related to the function a(t) wich is chosen by the user (very much like a user would select a signature). The biometrics B can be computed from the pair (a'(t), B), that is, where a(t) 430 is zero, where there is no action of the user, the output 470 is undistorted digitization of biometric 420. In general, it can be computed where in the signal 480, the biometrics 420 is not distorted.
2o Refer now to Fig. 5. This figure is an example of a resultant fingerprint biometric where the user can rotate the finger on the fingerprint reader 510 (without sliding over the glass platen). This rotation can be performed according to some user defined angle a as a function of time a(t). An example of producing a resultant fingerprint is given in Fig. 5. The user puts the forger 540 on the fingerprint reader 510 in hand position 520. Then from time 0 (434) to time T(436), the user rotates finger 540 over the glass platen of fingerprint reader 510 according to some angle a as a function of time a(t).
The rotation takes place in the horizontal plane, the plane parallel to the glass platen of the fingerprint reader. The rotation function in this case is the behavioral part of the resultant fingerprint and is defined by the user. (If this portion of the resultant biometric is compromised, the user can redefine this behavioral part of the resultant fingerprint.) First the user rotates by angle 550 to the YOR9-2000-O 158 1 ~
left, to the hand position 525. Then the user rotates by angle 555 to the right, resulting in final hand position 530. During this operation over time interval [0, T], the fingerprint reader has as output 470 a series of transformed (distorted) fingerprint images. This output 470 is a sequence of transformed biometrics 480 (fingerprints), as in Fig. 4, which are the input to the extraction algorithm 490 (Fig.
4). This algorithm computes, given the output 470, the angle a as a function of time a(t) 560 over the time interval 0 (434) to time T (436). The resultant fingerprint in this case is (a(t), F), with F the undistorted fingerprint image. The undistorted fingerprint image is found at times 434, 570 and 436 where the rotation angle a is zero. A preferred method for extracting the rotation angles from the distorted fingerprint images is described in Figs. 9-11.
Figure 6 is an example of a resultant fingerprint biometric where the user has four degrees of freedom, instead of one degree of freedom in Fig. 5, to move the finger on the scanner. Again, as in Fig. 5, the user has the ability to rotate the finger 540 around the z-axis (the axis perpendicular to the glass platen of the fingerprint reader 510). This is depicted by rotation a, first along 550 to the left and then along 555 to the right. This brings the hand position from 520 to 525 to the final hand position 530. Also, at any given angle a, the user can perform a rotation /3 610 around the axis 620 of the finger. Finally, the user can exert a force f 630 parallel to the glass platen of fingerprint reader 510. This force can be constrained to be only on the direction of the finger 632, or can be unconstrained 634. In the former case, the degrees of freedom for moving the finger (without sliding t 0 over the glass platen) is three, in the latter there are four degrees of freedom. The angles a, /~ plus force f can be combined and referred to as motion m. During the user operations over time interval [0, TJ, the fingerprint reader has as output 470 a sequence of transformed (distorted) fingerprint images. This output 470 is a sequence of transformed biometrics 480 (fingerprints), as in Fig. 4, which are the input to an extraction algorithm 490 (Fig. 4). This algorithm computes, given the output 470, the angles a and /3 as a function of time over the interval 0 (434) to time T (436). For example, the function for the angle a, a(t) is the function 560 of Fig. 5.
Moreover, the algorithm computes the force 630. In the case of force constrained to be along the finger direction 632, f(t) will be a one-dimensional function. For the case that the force may be exerted along the glass platen of reader 510 in any direction, f(t) will be a two-dimensional function. The force will then have a 2o component in the x-direction and a component in the y-direction. The resultant fingerprint for this case is (a(t), /3(t), f(t) F) or (m (t), F) with F the undistorted fingerprint image. The undistorted fingerprint image is found at times 434, 570 and 436 where the reconstructed motion m (690) is zero.
Figure 7 gives an example of the same principle as fingerprints for palm prints. The palm print reader 710 with glass platen 720 can, for example, be mounted next to a door. Only authorized users with matching palm print templates will be allowed access. The user will put his/her hand 730 on the palm print reader platen 720. As with the resultant fingerprints of Figs. 6 and 7, the user will not keep the palm biometric still but rather make movements with the palm. In the case of Fig. 7, rotation of the palm around the axis perpendicular to the glass platen is the behavioral part of the resultant palm-print biometric. The user could, for instance, rotate the hand to the right 740, followed by a rotation of the hand to the left 744, followed by a rotation of the hand to the right 748 again. As in Fig. 5, during these operations over some time interval [0, T], the palm print reader has as output a sequence of transformed (distorted) palm print images. This output is a sequence of transformed biometrics 480 (palm prints), as in Fig. 4, which are the input to an extraction algorithm 490 as in Fig. 4. The algorithm computes, given the output of palm print reader 710, the palm rotation angle a as a function of time a(t) 560 over the time interval 0 (434) to time T
(436). The resultant palm print in this case will be (a(t), P), with P the undistorted palm print image.
The undistorted palm print image is found at times 434, 570 and 436 where the rotation angle a is zero.
l0 Figure 8 describes a facial resultant biometric. Here subject 800 is posing in front of a camera to be identified or authenticated trough both recognition of the physiological face biometrics plus an additional behavioral component. This behavioral component is introduced by head motion of the subject. This motion produces a sequence of face images as a function of time, Face-Image(t). When the subject's face is in canonical position, the head is embedded in coordinate system 805 with the Y-Axis 810 along the length of the head. The X-axis 820 is parallel to the line connecting the ears, while the Z-Axis 830 is parallel to the perpendicular to the frontal plane of the face. The subject now can generate a resultant biometric, Face-Image(t), by panning the face around the Y-Axis, resulting in a pan 840 as a function of time, Pan(t). The subject further can tilt 850 the face by bending the 2o head in the plane 860 that is spanned by the Y-Axis 810 and the pan direction. This tilting 850 results in another function of time, Tilt(t). Hence, the resultant biometric in this case is a face image at some time, t~,, Face-Image(t~,), a frontal depiction of the face, plus the pan and tilt, Pant) and Tilt(t), respectively. The face images in the sequence are mathematical transformations of the image of the face. Other distortions of the face image through other means are envisioned by the present invention.
In Fig. 9, a block diagram 900 of a generic process for extracting the behavioral component from a resultant biometric is given. The input 910 is a sequence of biometric signals B(t). In block 920, subsequent biometric signals, B(t+1) and B(t), are processed through inter-signal analysis. Block YOR9-2000-O 158 1 ~
930, uses this analysis to extract the change, a(t+ 1 ) - a(t), in the behavioral component. In turn, this gives the output a(t) as a function of time 940, where a(t) is the behavioral component of the resultant biometric B(t). Added in Fig. 9 are the specific steps (inter-image flow analysis and affine motion parameter estimation) for estimating the forger rotation from a sequence of distorted fingerprint s images produced as in Fig. 5. These are further detailed in Figs. 10 and 11.
Rotation from one fingerprint image to the next can be estimated using the steps illustrated in Fig.
10. The images, B(t) and B(t+1), 1010 and 1015, are divided up into 16 x 16 blocks 1020, 1022, 1024, ..., 1028 as given by the MPEG compression standard. Given a fingerprint image sequence B(t), of which two images (1010 and 1015) are shown in Fig. 10, the inter-image flow (u, v) 1040 for each block (of size 16 x 16) 1030 present in an image is computed. This represents the motion that may be present in any image B(t) 1010 with respect to its immediate next image B(t+1) 1015 in the sequence. A flow characterization [u(x,y), v(x,y)] 1050 as a function of (x, y) 1060 and t 1070 of an image sequence is then a uniform motion representation amenable for consistent interpretation.
~ 5 This motion representation 1050 can be computed from the raw motion vectors encoded in the MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 image sequences. If the input is uncompressed, the flow field can be estimated using motion estimation techniques known in the prior art.
The following references describe the state of the prior art in MPEG
compression, an example of 2o prior art optical flow estimation in image sequences, and an example of prior art of directly extracting flow from MPEG-compressed image sequences respectively:
B.G. Haskell, A. Puri and A.N. Netravali, Digital Video: An introduction to MPEG-2, 25 Chapman and Hill, 1997.
J. Bergen, P. Anandan, K. Hanna and R. Hingorani, Hierarchical model-based motion estimation, Second European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 237-252, 1992.
YOR9-2000-015 $ 17 Chitra Dorai and Vikrant Kobla, Extracting Motion Annotations from MPEG-2 Compressed Video for HDTV Content Management Applications, IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, pp.673-678, 1999.
Refer now to Fig. 11. By examining the flow [u(x,y), v(x,y)] 1 OSO in the blocks 1020, 1022, 1024,..., 1028, a largest connected component of zero-motion blocks, pictured by pivotal region 1110 in Fig.
11 is determined. Further analysis is performed on the flow around this region. Using the flow computed for each image in the given image sequence, motion parameters from the fingerprint region are computed by imposing an affine motion model on the image-to-image flow and sampling the non-zero motion blocks radially around the bounding box 1120 of region 1110.
Affme motion A
1130 can transform shape 1140 into shape 1145 in Fig 11B and quantifies translation 1150, rotation 1152 and shear 1154 due to image flow. Six parameters, a, ... a6 are estimated in this process, where a, and a4 correspond to translation, a~ and a5 correspond to rotation, and a2 and ab correspond to shear.
These parameters are estimated for each sampling around bounding box 1120.
Average curl is computed in each frame t, C(t) _ - a~+ as. The curl in each frame quantitatively provides the extent of rotation, or the spin of the finger skin around the pivotal region. That is, an expression C(t) of the behavioral component of the resultant fingerprint computed from flow vectors [u(x,y), v(x,y)] 1050 is obtained. The magnitude of the average translation vector, T(t)= (a,, a4) of the frame is also computed.
For all the resultant biometrics discussed and envisioned, we have a traditional behavioral or physiological biometric. For representation (template) purposes and for matching purposes of that part of resultant biometrics, these traditional biometrics are well understood in the prior art. (See, the above Ratha, Chen and Jain reference for fingerprints.) For the other part of the resultant biometrics, the behavioral part, we are left with some one-dimensional or higher-dimensional function a(t) of time, a user action. Matching this part amounts to matching this function a(t) with a stored template a'(t). Such matching is again well-understood in the prior art and is routinely done in the area of signature verification. The following reference gives examples of approaches for matching.
V. S. Nalwa, "Automatic on-line signature verification," Proceedings of IEEE, s pp. 215-239, Feb. 1997.
Now the resultant biometric, after matching with a stored template has either two 'Yes/No' (214 in Fig. 3) answers or two scores S, and Sz (231 and 233 in Fig. 3). Any of the methods for combining the two biometrics discussed on Fig. 3 can be used to combine the traditional and user-defined 1 o biometrics of a resultant biometric to arrive at a matching decision.
YOR9-2000-O 158 I c~
Claims (16)
1. A biometrics system comprising:
an acquisition device for acquiring a set of one or more biometrics from a subject over a time period along with a controlled change of one or more of the respective biometrics; and a storage process for storing and associating the biometric and the respective controlled change, the combined biometric and the respective controlled change over a time period being a resultant biometric.
an acquisition device for acquiring a set of one or more biometrics from a subject over a time period along with a controlled change of one or more of the respective biometrics; and a storage process for storing and associating the biometric and the respective controlled change, the combined biometric and the respective controlled change over a time period being a resultant biometric.
2. A system, as in claim 1, where the biometrics include any one or more of the following: a physiological biometric, a behavioral biometric, a fingerprint, a face, a palm print, an iris, a retina, a foot print, a gait, a signature, a key stroke pattern, and a voice.
3. A system, as in claim 1, where the controlled change is performed by the subject.
4. A system, as in claim 1, where the controlled change is induced by a mechanism external to the subject.
5. A system, as in claim 4, where the mechanism is any one or more of the following: a light change, a light frequency change, and a light intensity change.
6. A system, as in claim 1, where the controlled change includes any one or more of the following:
a distortion to the biometric, a force, a pressure, a motion, a torque, a frequency change, a gesture, an energy change, a loudness, an accentuation, and a pattern.
a distortion to the biometric, a force, a pressure, a motion, a torque, a frequency change, a gesture, an energy change, a loudness, an accentuation, and a pattern.
7. A system, as in claim 1, where the biometric is a fingerprint and the controlled change is any one or more of the following: a finger motion, a figure torque, a finger pressure, and a finger force.
8. A system, as in claim 1, where the biometric is a face and the controlled change is a face motion.
9. A system, as in claim 1, where the biometric is a face and the controlled change is a face distortion.
10. A system, as in claim 1, where the biometric is a palm and the controlled change is a palm motion.
11. A system, as in claim 1, where the biometric is a voice and the controlled change is any one or more of the following: a loudness, a frequency, a pattern, and an intonation.
12. A system, as in claim 1, where the biometric is a gait and the controlled change is any one or more of the following: a stop pattern, a speed, a sway, a course, a carriage, a hop, a skip, and a stride.
13. A system, as in claim 1, where the biometric is a signature and the controlled change is any one or more of the following: a slant, a loop, a stretch, a size, and a spacing.
14. A method, performed by a biometrics system, comprising the steps of:
acquiring a set of one or more biometrics from a subject over a time period along with a controlled change of one or more of the respective biometrics; and storing and associating the biometric and the respective controlled change, the combined biometric and the respective controlled change being a resultant biometric.
acquiring a set of one or more biometrics from a subject over a time period along with a controlled change of one or more of the respective biometrics; and storing and associating the biometric and the respective controlled change, the combined biometric and the respective controlled change being a resultant biometric.
15. A computer system comprising:
means for acquiring a set of one or more biometrics from a subject over a time period along with a controlled change of one or more of the respective biometrics; and means for storing and associating the biometric and the respective controlled change, the combined biometric and the respective controlled change being a resultant biometric.
means for acquiring a set of one or more biometrics from a subject over a time period along with a controlled change of one or more of the respective biometrics; and means for storing and associating the biometric and the respective controlled change, the combined biometric and the respective controlled change being a resultant biometric.
16. A computer program product that performs the steps of:
acquiring a set of one or more biometrics from a subject over a time period along with a controlled change of one or more of the respective biometrics; and storing and associating the biometric and the respective controlled change, the combined biometric and the respective controlled change being a resultant biometric.
acquiring a set of one or more biometrics from a subject over a time period along with a controlled change of one or more of the respective biometrics; and storing and associating the biometric and the respective controlled change, the combined biometric and the respective controlled change being a resultant biometric.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US54683400A | 2000-03-28 | 2000-03-28 | |
| US09/546,834 | 2000-03-28 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2340501A1 true CA2340501A1 (en) | 2001-09-28 |
Family
ID=24182220
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002340501A Abandoned CA2340501A1 (en) | 2000-03-28 | 2001-03-12 | System, method, and program product for authenticating or identifying a subject through a series of controlled changes to biometrics of the subject |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2340501A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2014206505A1 (en) | 2013-06-26 | 2014-12-31 | Steinar Pedersen | Improvements in or relating to user authentication |
| CN113450806A (en) * | 2021-05-18 | 2021-09-28 | 科大讯飞股份有限公司 | Training method of voice detection model, and related method, device and equipment |
-
2001
- 2001-03-12 CA CA002340501A patent/CA2340501A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2014206505A1 (en) | 2013-06-26 | 2014-12-31 | Steinar Pedersen | Improvements in or relating to user authentication |
| CN113450806A (en) * | 2021-05-18 | 2021-09-28 | 科大讯飞股份有限公司 | Training method of voice detection model, and related method, device and equipment |
| CN113450806B (en) * | 2021-05-18 | 2022-08-05 | 合肥讯飞数码科技有限公司 | Training method of voice detection model, and related method, device and equipment |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US7054470B2 (en) | System and method for distortion characterization in fingerprint and palm-print image sequences and using this distortion as a behavioral biometrics | |
| Ribarić et al. | Multimodal biometric user-identification system for network-based applications | |
| Gamboa et al. | An Identity Authentication System Based On Human Computer Interaction Behaviour. | |
| Deriche | Trends and challenges in mono and multi biometrics | |
| Rajasekar et al. | Efficient multimodal biometric recognition for secure authentication based on deep learning approach | |
| Mansoura et al. | Multimodal face and iris recognition with adaptive score normalization using several comparative methods | |
| Choudhary | Survey of different biometrics techniques | |
| Yin et al. | Fusion of face recognition and facial expression detection for authentication: a proposed model | |
| GB2356961A (en) | Biometrics system | |
| Ross et al. | Fusion techniques in multibiometric systems | |
| Iwasokun et al. | Multi-modal biometrics: applications, strategies and operations | |
| Hashemi et al. | Biometric identification through hand geometry | |
| CA2340501A1 (en) | System, method, and program product for authenticating or identifying a subject through a series of controlled changes to biometrics of the subject | |
| Adedeji et al. | Clonal Selection Algorithm for feature level fusion of multibiometric systems | |
| Singhal et al. | Towards an integrated biometric technique | |
| Vinothkanna et al. | A novel multimodal biometrics system with fingerprint and gait recognition traits using contourlet derivative weighted rank fusion | |
| Shubhangi et al. | Multi-biometric approaches to face and fingerprint biometrics | |
| Ribarić et al. | A biometric identification system based on the fusion of hand and palm features | |
| Ahmed et al. | Intelligent Technique for Human Authentication using Fusion of Finger and Dorsal Hand Veins | |
| Barde et al. | Classification of biometrics and implementation strategies | |
| Kumari et al. | A novel approach for secure multimodal biometric system using multiple biometric traits | |
| Ozkaya et al. | Intelligent face border generation system from fingerprints | |
| Ozkaya et al. | Intelligent face mask prediction system | |
| Yan et al. | Bridging biometrics and forensics | |
| Jemimah et al. | Web based biometric validation using biological identities: an elaborate survey |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Dead |