CA2234731A1 - Artemisinin dimer compounds having anticancer activity - Google Patents
Artemisinin dimer compounds having anticancer activity Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Novel artemisinin dimers of structure (IV) which possess anticancer activity.
Description
CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 ARTEMISININ DIMER COMPOUNDS HAVING ANTICANCER ACTIVITY
Description S Technical Field The present invention relates to a novel class of artemisinin dimers which demol1strate useful anticancer activity.
Back~round Art Artemisia annua L., also known as qing hao or sweet wormwood, is a pervasive weed that has been used for many centuries in Chinese traditional medicine as a treatment for fever and malaria. Its earliest mention, for use in hemorrhoids, occurs in the Recipes for 52 Kinds of Diseases found in the Mawangdui Han dynasty tomb dating from 168 B.C. Nearly, five hundred years later Ge Hong wrote the Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang (Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergency Treatments) in which he advised that a water extract of qing hao was effective at reducing fevers.
In 1596, Li Shizhen, the famous herbalist, wrote that chills and fever of malaria can be combated by qing ~zao ~ al~ions. Finally, in 1971, Chinese chemists isolated from the leafy portions of the plant the substance responsible for its reputed medicinal action. This crystalline compound, called qinghaosu, also referred to as QHS or artemisinin, is a sesquiterpene lactone with an internal peroxide linkage.
Artemisinin (3, 6, 9-trimethyl-9~ lOb-epi-dioxyperhydropyranol [4, 3, 2jk] benzoxepin-2-one) is a member of the amorphane subgroup of cadinenes and has the following structure (l).
~ ~ ~' 'r~~ C H 3 o ~ Artemisinin or QHS was the subject of a 1979 study conducted by the Qingh~Qsu ~ntim~l~rial Coordinating Research Group involving the treatment of 2099 cases of malaria (Plasmodiun~ vivax ~ ~ =
W O 97/01548 PCT~US96/11163 and Plasn~odium falciparum in a ratio of about 3:1) with different dosage forms of QHS, leading to the clinical cure of all patients. See, Qh1gl1aosu ~n1im~1~rial Coordh1atin~ Research Group, Chi~7.
Med. J., 92:81 l (1979). Since that time QHS has been used successfully h1 several thousand malaria patients throughout the world including those h1fected with both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparw77. Assay of QHS against P. falciparun~, in vitro, revealed that its potency is comparable to that of chloroquine in two Hanian strains (Z. Ye, et al., J. Trad. Chin. Med., 3:95 (1983)) and of mefloquine in the Camp (cholorquine-susceptible) and Smith (chloroquine-resistant) strains, D.L. Klayman, et al., J. Nat. Prod., 47:715 (1984).
Most research suggests that QHS acts by an oxidative mechanism and it effects changes in both red blood cells and in the limiting and other membralles of the malarial parasite. At concentrations much higher than those used clinically, QHS affects red blood cell deformability in a manner which suggests that QHS acts as an efficient prooxidant, M.D. Scott, et al.. J. Lab. Cli72.
Med., 114:40 (1989). At even higher concentrations QHS brings about complete Iysis of red blood cells, G. Haoming, Zhongguo Yaoli Xuebao, 7:2f~9 (1986). The mechanism of action of QHS
appears to involve two steps, S. Meshnick, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and H.ygie)~e 88(1): Sl/31-Sl/32, (1994). In the first step, activation, intra-parasite iron catalyzes the cleavage of the endoperoxide bridge and the generation of free radicals. A free radical is a short-lived and highly reactive molecule that contains an unpaired electron. In the second step, alkylation, the QHS-derived free radical forms covalent bonds with parasitic proteins wllicl1 leads to alternations in ribosomal organization and the endoplasmic reticulum. Nuclear membrane blebbing develops followed by segregation of the nucleoplasm. The parasite continues to undergo degenerative changes with disorganization and death occurring from eight hours onwards following the initial exposure to QHS.
Although QHS is effective at suppressing the parasitemias of P. viva~c and P. falcipa~un~, the problems encountered with recrudescence, and the compounds solubility~ due to the lactone ring in QHS, led scientists to modify QHS chemically, a difficult task because of the chemical reactivity of the peroxide linkage which is an ec~nti~l moiety for antimalarial activity.
Reduction of QHS in the presence of sodium borohydride results in the production of dihydroartemesinin (II-l) or DHQHS, (illustrated in structure II below), in which the lactone group is converted to a lactol (ht?mizl~et~l) function, with properties similar to QHS. QHS in methanol is reduced with sodium borohydride to an equilibrium mixture of a- and ~3-isomers of dihydroartemisinin. The yield under controlled conditions is 79% (QHS, 0.85M with NaBH4 6-34M. 7 5 equivalents in methanol, 12 L at 0-~~C for about 3 hours followed by quenching with CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97/01548 P'CT,~S96/11163 acetic acid to neutrality at 0-5~C and dilution with water to precipitate dihydl~,alLe~l~isinin), A.
Brossi, et al., Journal of Medicinal Chenzish~, 31:645-650 (1988). Using DHQHS as a starting compound a large number of other derivatives, such as, II
s H 3 C _~
H~/ ~H
R=H
Description S Technical Field The present invention relates to a novel class of artemisinin dimers which demol1strate useful anticancer activity.
Back~round Art Artemisia annua L., also known as qing hao or sweet wormwood, is a pervasive weed that has been used for many centuries in Chinese traditional medicine as a treatment for fever and malaria. Its earliest mention, for use in hemorrhoids, occurs in the Recipes for 52 Kinds of Diseases found in the Mawangdui Han dynasty tomb dating from 168 B.C. Nearly, five hundred years later Ge Hong wrote the Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang (Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergency Treatments) in which he advised that a water extract of qing hao was effective at reducing fevers.
In 1596, Li Shizhen, the famous herbalist, wrote that chills and fever of malaria can be combated by qing ~zao ~ al~ions. Finally, in 1971, Chinese chemists isolated from the leafy portions of the plant the substance responsible for its reputed medicinal action. This crystalline compound, called qinghaosu, also referred to as QHS or artemisinin, is a sesquiterpene lactone with an internal peroxide linkage.
Artemisinin (3, 6, 9-trimethyl-9~ lOb-epi-dioxyperhydropyranol [4, 3, 2jk] benzoxepin-2-one) is a member of the amorphane subgroup of cadinenes and has the following structure (l).
~ ~ ~' 'r~~ C H 3 o ~ Artemisinin or QHS was the subject of a 1979 study conducted by the Qingh~Qsu ~ntim~l~rial Coordinating Research Group involving the treatment of 2099 cases of malaria (Plasmodiun~ vivax ~ ~ =
W O 97/01548 PCT~US96/11163 and Plasn~odium falciparum in a ratio of about 3:1) with different dosage forms of QHS, leading to the clinical cure of all patients. See, Qh1gl1aosu ~n1im~1~rial Coordh1atin~ Research Group, Chi~7.
Med. J., 92:81 l (1979). Since that time QHS has been used successfully h1 several thousand malaria patients throughout the world including those h1fected with both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparw77. Assay of QHS against P. falciparun~, in vitro, revealed that its potency is comparable to that of chloroquine in two Hanian strains (Z. Ye, et al., J. Trad. Chin. Med., 3:95 (1983)) and of mefloquine in the Camp (cholorquine-susceptible) and Smith (chloroquine-resistant) strains, D.L. Klayman, et al., J. Nat. Prod., 47:715 (1984).
Most research suggests that QHS acts by an oxidative mechanism and it effects changes in both red blood cells and in the limiting and other membralles of the malarial parasite. At concentrations much higher than those used clinically, QHS affects red blood cell deformability in a manner which suggests that QHS acts as an efficient prooxidant, M.D. Scott, et al.. J. Lab. Cli72.
Med., 114:40 (1989). At even higher concentrations QHS brings about complete Iysis of red blood cells, G. Haoming, Zhongguo Yaoli Xuebao, 7:2f~9 (1986). The mechanism of action of QHS
appears to involve two steps, S. Meshnick, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and H.ygie)~e 88(1): Sl/31-Sl/32, (1994). In the first step, activation, intra-parasite iron catalyzes the cleavage of the endoperoxide bridge and the generation of free radicals. A free radical is a short-lived and highly reactive molecule that contains an unpaired electron. In the second step, alkylation, the QHS-derived free radical forms covalent bonds with parasitic proteins wllicl1 leads to alternations in ribosomal organization and the endoplasmic reticulum. Nuclear membrane blebbing develops followed by segregation of the nucleoplasm. The parasite continues to undergo degenerative changes with disorganization and death occurring from eight hours onwards following the initial exposure to QHS.
Although QHS is effective at suppressing the parasitemias of P. viva~c and P. falcipa~un~, the problems encountered with recrudescence, and the compounds solubility~ due to the lactone ring in QHS, led scientists to modify QHS chemically, a difficult task because of the chemical reactivity of the peroxide linkage which is an ec~nti~l moiety for antimalarial activity.
Reduction of QHS in the presence of sodium borohydride results in the production of dihydroartemesinin (II-l) or DHQHS, (illustrated in structure II below), in which the lactone group is converted to a lactol (ht?mizl~et~l) function, with properties similar to QHS. QHS in methanol is reduced with sodium borohydride to an equilibrium mixture of a- and ~3-isomers of dihydroartemisinin. The yield under controlled conditions is 79% (QHS, 0.85M with NaBH4 6-34M. 7 5 equivalents in methanol, 12 L at 0-~~C for about 3 hours followed by quenching with CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97/01548 P'CT,~S96/11163 acetic acid to neutrality at 0-5~C and dilution with water to precipitate dihydl~,alLe~l~isinin), A.
Brossi, et al., Journal of Medicinal Chenzish~, 31:645-650 (1988). Using DHQHS as a starting compound a large number of other derivatives, such as, II
s H 3 C _~
H~/ ~H
R=H
2 R=CH3 3 R=CH2CH3 4 R=COCH2CH2COONa R=CH2C6H4COOH
6 R=CH2CC6H4COONa 7 R=
CH3~ \o ~ c H 3 artemether (compound II-2), arteether (II-3), sodium artesunate (II-4), artelinic acid (II-5), sodium artelinate (Il-6), DHQHS condensation by-product (II-7) and the olefinic compound, structure III, III
H
~H
~ CH3 W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 llave been produced.
Artemether (11-2) is produced by reacting ,~-DHQHS with boron trifluoride (BF3) etherate or HCI methanol:benzene (] :2) at room temperature. A mixture of ~3- and oc-artemether (70:30) is obtained, from which the former is isolated by column chromatography and recrystallized from hexane or methanol, R. ~ynes, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicines and Hygie~le 88(1): S1/23-S1/26 (1994). For arteether (II-3), (Brossi, et al., 1988), the (x-isomer is equilibrated (epimerized) to the ,13 isomer in methanol:benzene mixture containing BF3 etherate.
Treatment of DHQHS with an unspecified dehydrating agent yields both the olefinic compound, (III), and the DHQHS condensation by-product (II-7), formed Oll addition of DHQHS to (III), M.
Cao, et al., Chem. Abstr. 100:34720k (1984). Until recently, the secondary hydroxy group in DHQHS (11-1) provided the only site in an active Q~S related compound that had been used for derivatization. See B. ~enugopalan "Synthesis of a Novel Ring Contracted Artemisinin Derivative," Bioorganic & Medicinal ChenzistryLetters 4(5):751-752 (1994).
The potency of various QHS-derivatives in comparison to QHS as a function of theconcentration at which the parasitemia is 90 percent ~u~up~;s~,ed (SDgo) was recently reported by D. L. Klayman, "Qingh~- su (Artemisinin): An ~ntim~l~rial Drug from China," Science 228: 1049-1055 (1985). Dr. Klayman found that the olefinic compound III, is inactive against P. bergher-infected mice, whereas, the DHQHS condensation by-product (Il-7), has an SDgo of 10 mg/Kg, in P. bergher-infected mice. Thus7 the DHQHS ether dimer proved to be less potent than QHS, which has an SDgo of 6.20 mg/Kg. Following, in order of their overall antimalarial efficacy, are the three types of derivatives of DHQHS (II-1) that have been produced: (QHS) < ethers (II, R =
alkyl) < esters CII, R=C(=0)-alkyl or -aryl] < carbonates [II, R=C(=0)0-alkyl or -aryl].
Over the past twenty years only a few drugs isolated from higher plants have yielded clinical agents, the o~-t~t~nclin~ exarnples being vinblastine and vincristine from the M~ g~cc~n periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus, etoposide, the semi-synthetic lignam, from May-apple Podophyllum peltatum and the diterpenoid taxol, commonly referred to as paclitaxel, from the W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 Pacific yew. Taxus brevifolia. Of tl1ese agents, paclitaxel is the most exciting, recently receiving approval by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of refractory ovarian cancer.
Since the isolation of QHS, there has been a concerted effort by investigators to study other therapeutic applications of QHS and its derivatives.
S National Institutes of Health reported that QHS is inactive against P388 leukemia. See NCI
Report on NSC 369397 (tested on 25 October 1983). Later anticancer studies that have been conducted on cell line panels consisting of 60 lines organized into nine, disease-related subpanels including le.-k~nni~ non-small-cell lung cancer, colon, CNS, melanoma, ovarian renal, prostate and breast cancers, further confirm that QHS displays very little anticancer activity. A series of artemisinin-related endoperoxides were tested for cytoxicity to Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells using the microculture tetrazolum (MTT) assay, H. J. Woerdenbag, el al. "Cytotoxicity of Artemisinin-Related Endoperoxides to Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells," Journal of Natural Producls, 56(6):849-856 (1993). The MTT assay, used to test the artemisinin-related endoperoxides for cytoxicity, is based on the metabolic reduction of soluble tetrazolium salts into insoluble colored formazan products by mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity of the tumor cells. As parameters for cytoxicity, the ICso and IC80 values, the drug concentrations causing respectively 50% and 80%
growth inllibition of the tumor cells, were used. QHS (I), had an IC50 value of 29.8,uM.
Derivatives of DHQHS (II-1) being developed as antimalarial drugs (artemether (Il-2), arteether (III-3), sodium artesunate (II-4), artelinic acid (Il-5) and sodium artelinate (II-6)), exhibited a somewhat more potent cytoxicity. Their IC50 values ranged from 12.2,uM to 19.9~4M. The DHQHS condenc~tion by-product (II-7), disclosed previously by M.Cao. et al., 1984, was the most potent cytotoxic agent, its IC50 being 1.4,uM. At this drug concentration the condensation by-product (II-7), is approximately twenty-two times more cytoxic than QHS and sixty times more cytotoxic than DHQHS (II-1), the parent compound.
There is still a need, therefore, for developing structural analogs of QHS as antitumor agents that have potency equivalent or greater than known anticancer agents.
W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 DisclosureofInvention Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a class of artemisinin dimers whicl demonstrate antitumor activity.
Additional objects, advantages and novel features of this invelltion shall be set fortl~ hl part S in the description and examples that follow~ and in part will become appa~e.,L to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following specification or may be learned by the practice of the inventioll. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities, combinations, compositions, and methods particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
To achieve the foregoing and other objects and in accordance with the purposes of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described therein the compositions of this invention comprise artemisinin dimers, of the following structure, having anticancer activity;
IV
_ H 3 H 3 C--Ç~,/ H H 3 C ~
~CH3 ~--CH3 ~0 where R is a linker such as an aromatic, aryl, lower alkane, lower alkene, lower alkyl, halide protein, atom, or -CH2CH2-(XCH2CH2)n- where X is 0, S or NY where Y is H or alkyl and n is 0-20, or R is -X-Z-X- where X is ester, carbamate or carbonate and Z is aromatic, aryl, PEG, lower alkane, lower alkene, lower alkyl or halide.
W O 97/01548 . PCT~US96/11163 Brief Description of the Drawin~s The accompanying drawings, whicl1 are incorporated in and form a part of the specification, illustrate the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.
In all of the following drawings the horizontal axis depicts various dilutions of the test compound, ranging from 10-4 to 10-9 molar, that were exposed to the specified cancer cell lines.
The vertical axis (percentage growth) depicts the growth of the specifed cancer cell line when exposed to a specific concentration of the tested compound as compared to the growth of the same cancer cell line not exposed to any compound.
In the Drawin~s:
Figure I a depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various leukemia cancer cell lines to various concentrations of QHS.
Figure I b depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various leukemia cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the ,~, ~QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
Figure lc depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various leukemia cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the o~ QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
Figure ld depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various leukemia cancer cell lines to various concentrations of paclitaxel.
Figure 2a depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various non-small cell lung cancer cell lines to various concentrations of QHS.
Figure 2b depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various non-small cell lung cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the ,B, ~-QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
Figure 2c depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various non-small cell ~ 25 lung cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the oc, ~QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97/OlS48 PCTrUS96/11163 Figure 2d depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various non-small cell lung cancer cell lines to various concentrations of paclitaxel.
Figure 3a depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various colon cancer cell lines to various concentrations of QHS.
5Figure 3b depicts the dose response curves generated by exposhlg various colon cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the ~, ~3-QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
Figure 3c depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various CO1Oll cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the a, 13-QHS PEG dimer of the present inventiom Figure 3d depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various colon cancer cell 10lines to various concentrations of paclitaxel.
Figure 4a depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various CNS cancer cell lines to various concentrations of QHS.
Figure 4b depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various CNS cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the 13, ,B QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
15Figure 4c depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various CNS cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the a, ~-QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
Figure 4d depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various CNS cancer cell lines to various concentrations of paclitaxel.
Figure Sa depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various melanoma cancer 20cell lines to various concentrations of QHS.
Figure 5b depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various melanoma cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the ,B, ,B QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
Figure Sc depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various melanoma cancer cell lines to various concentrations of tlle a, ~QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
25Figure 5d depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various melanoma cancer cell lines to various concentrations of paclitaxel.
W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 Figure 6a depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various ovarian cancer cell lines to various concentrations of QHS.
Figure 6b depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various ovarian cancer cell lines to various concentrations of tlle ,13, ,E~-QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
5Figure 6c depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various ovarian cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the o~, ~(3-QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
Figure 6d depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various ovarian cancer cell lines to various concentrations of paclitaxel.
Figure 7a depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various renal cancer cell 10lines to various concentrations of QHS.
Figure 7b depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various renal cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the ,B, ~-QHS PEG dimer of the present.
Figure 7c depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various renal cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the a, ,B QHS PEG dimer of the present.
15Figure 7d depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various renal cancer cell lines to various concentrations of paclitaxel.
Figure 8a depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various prostate cancer cell lines to various concentrations of QHS.
Figure 8b depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various prostate cancer 20cell lines to various concentrations of the ,E~, ,B QHS PEG dimer of the present.
Figure 8c depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various prostate cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the a, ~-QHS PEG dimer of the present.
Figure 8d depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various prostate cancer cell lines to various concentrations of paclitaxel.
25Figure 9a depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various breast cancer cell lines to various concentrations of QHS.
W O 97/01548 PCT~US96/11163 Figure 9b depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various breast cancer ce~l lines to various concentrations of the ,13, ,l~-QHS PEG dimer of the present.
Figure 9c depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various breast cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the a, ~3-QHS PEG dimer of tlle present.
5Figure 9d depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various breast cancer cell lines to various concentrations of paclitaxel.
Best Mode for Carryin~ Out the Invention The present invention provides a novel class of QHS-dimers of formula IV:
IV
10_ _ ~ H C~ 3 H 3 C ~ ~/IH
CH3 \~CH3 0 ~0 R
in which R is a linker group such as an aromatic, aryl, lower alkane, lower alkene, lower alkyl, halide protein, atom, or -CH2CH2-(XCH2CH2)n- where X is O, S or NY where Y is H (hydrogen) or alkyl and n is 0-20, or R is -X-Z-X- where X is ester, carbamate or carbonate, and Z is aromatic, aryl, polyethylene glycol (PEG), lower alkane, lower alkene, lower alkyl, or halide.
References to "lower alkane," "lower alkene," or "lower alkyl," represent alkanes, alkenes, or alkyls of 1 to 20 carbon atoms. I~eferences to "halide" are compounds containing only carbon, hydrogen, and halogen, which fall into one of three general categories: Alkyl halides, aryl halides (in which a halogen is bonded to a carbon of an aromatic ring), and vinylic halides (in which a halogen is bonded to a double-bonded carbon). Within these general categories of halides are specific halides, such as, allylic halides and benzylic halides. An atom or group that is attached to the carbon atom W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 adjacent to one of the Sp2 carbon atoms is said to be in the allylic position or the benzylic position, respectively. The isomers of the invention include the oc a, ot ~, and ,(3 ,13 conformations.
Examples of aromatic substitll~nt~ include, but are not limited to, phenol, and biphenol.
Typical alkanes include, but not limited to, methane, ethal1e, propane~ and butane. Examples of halides include, but are not limited to, 2-chlorobutane, 4-chloro-2-pentene, and l-bromo-4-methyl-I-phenyl pentane.
The synthesis of a compound of structure IV can be accomplished by a wide variety of methods. The synthetic descriptions and specific examples that follow are only intended for the purposes of illustration, and are not to be construed as limiting in any manner to make compounds of the present invention by other methods.
In one embodiment a compound of structure IV, where R is - (CH,CH2O)n -, and n is 1-20 (DHQHS-ether dimer), may be made by reacting DHQHS and polyethylene glycol, for example triethylene glycol, or -(CH2CH2O)n where n is 3, with a Lewis acid such as BF3-Et2O
(Borontriflorate Etherate). A representative reaction scheme for the preparation of a DHQHS-PEG
dimers and monomers is shown below.
H 3 C ~ H 3 C _~
3 ~~ ~J H O O O O H H~C H 3 ~cHH 3 --CH3 BF3Et20, T4 1 eune.
r t 3 h o u r s O S~ O O
CaB zlnd c(a d i mers~
H
~ ~3 --~/H
O O O OH
/\~\
CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97101548 PCT~US96/11163 In a second embodiment a compound of structure IV, (DHQHS-carbamate dimer), where R is -X-Z-X-, where X is carbamate and Z is aromatic, aryl, halide, lower alkane, lower alkene, or lower alkyl, is made by reacting DHQHS with di-isocyanate. A representative reaction scheme for the pleprllrlLion of DHQHS-carbamate dimer is shown below.
H ~ H CHI H CH3 H 3 C _ ~ O C N ~ C H 2 ~ 6 N C O H 3 C ~ r C' CH3 CH2C I 2~ r . t , 1 Hour ~~~, CH ~~ CH3 OH O N C CH2~6 N~ o ~",.' ~, H C _ ~ ~; J ~ ~
CH3 '~ CH3 o NH- C CH2~ 6- NH o H 3 C ~ H 3 C _~ ~
o NH-cCH2~6-lJH o In a third embodiment a compound of structure IV, (DHQHS-ester dimer), where R is -X-Z-X- where X is an ester and Z is aromatic, aryl, halide, lower alkane, lower alkene, or lower alkyl? is made by reacting DHQHS with an acid chloride or a diacid, such as adopoyl chloride or adipic acid, le~Je-;lively. A ~ st;nL~live reaction scheme for the pl~pd~Lion of the a, a-DHQHS-ester dimer and its isomers is shown below.
CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97101548 PCT~US96/11163 H3C_~
O OH
- HC''~'~ OH DCC. DMAD OR Cj, ~ Ci PyrirJine, r.t O CH2C12~ r.~ ~' 1 Hour H 3C~ o~JH H 3C--~/O~, X'H
~f - lf o,~\~CH3 0 ~CH3 H 3 C _ ~H ~ , H H 3 C ~H ~ H
other Isomers cther isomers The other isomers are those isomers having the ~, ,B- and a, ,B- conformations.
To deterrnine the cytotoxicity of the DHQHS dimers of the present invention, screening assays were performed by the National Cancer Institute using a 60 cell line panel; some of these activities are summarized in Tables la, Ib and Ic (set out below). The screening assay is performed on 96-well microtitre plates. Relatively high initial inoculation densities are used, in order to permit measurement of "time-zero" values and to enhance the screen's ability to detect and provide some dirr~ile,lliation between antiproliferative and cytotoxic response parameters. The specific inoculation densities (which range from 5,000 to 40,000 cells/well) used for each cell line are those which, for the respective line, were determined to give an optical density signal for both -10 the "time-zero" value (at 24 hours) and the "no-drug" control (at 72 hours) above the noise level and within the linear range of the end-point assay (which measures cellular protein). The CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97/OlS48 PCT~US96/11163 inoculated microtitre plates are pre-incubated for 24 hours at 37~C prior to drug additions. Tl1e five drug dilutions tested routinely range from 10-4 to 10~8 molar. Higher or lower concentration ranges may be selected on a nonroutine basis if appropriate solubility and/or prior biological information or other screening data so dictate. Duplicate wells are prepared for all concentrations, (concentration is often denoted by placing brackets around a number), "time-zero" and "nodrug"
controls are also provided for each test. The minimum amount of compound required for a one-time evaluation in the routine screen can be calculated from the knowledge that each test requires a total of approximately 40 ml (0.04 liter) of cell culture medium containing the higllest desired drug concentration. Thus, the amount (grams) of sample required (assuming an upper test concentration limit of 10~ M) is: molecular weight of compound x 10-4 X 0.04. After a 48 hour incubation (37~C) with the test compound, the cells are fixed iM sitl~ to the bottoms of the microtitre wells by addition of 50 ul of either 50% trichloroacetic acid (for adherent cell lines) or 80% trichloroacetic acid (for settled cell suspension lines), followed by incubation for 60 minutes at 4~C. The cellular protein in each well is assayed using a sulforhodamine B (SRB) stain procedure. Briefly, after discarding the supernatants, the microtitre plates are washed 5 times with deionized water and air-dried. One hundred microliters of SRB solution (0.4% w/v in 1% acetic acid) is added to each microtitre well and incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. Unbound SRB is removed by washing 5 times witll 1% acetic acid. The plates are air-dried, the bound stain is solubilized with Tris buffer, and the optical densities read at 515nm. SRB is a bright pink anionic dye which, in dilute acetic acid, binds electrostatically to the basic amino acids of TCA-fixed cells. Cryopreserved master stocks of all the lines are maintained, and cultures used for screening are replaced from the master stock after no more than twenty passages in the screening laboratory. The cell line panel consists of 60 lines, organized into nine, disease-related subpanels including lel~k~mi~, non-small-cell lung cancer, colon, CNS, melanoma, ovarian, renal, prostate and breast cancers.
-CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 The response parameters Gl50 and LC50 are interpolated values ~ s~ hlg the concentrations at which the percentage growth (PG) is +50 and -50, respectively:GI50 is the concentration for which the PG=+SO. At this value the increase from time tz~ro in the number or mass of cells in the test well is only 50% as much as the corresponding increase - S in the control well during this period of the experiment. A drug effect of this intensity is interpreted as primary growth inhibition.
TGI is the concentration for which PG=O. At this value the number or mass of cells in tlle well at the end of the experiment equals the number or mass of cells in the well at time tz~ro. A
drug effect of tllis intensity is regarded as cytostasis.
LC50 is the concentration for whicll the PG=-SO. At tllis value, tlle number or mass of cells in the test well at the end of the experiment is half that at time tzero Tllis is interpreted as cytotoxicity.
PCT~US96/11163 TABLEIa Panel/Cell line Log,0 Glso QHS DHQHS Dimer Paclitaxel Lellkem ia CCRF-CEM - - - - - - -7.23 - 11.61 HL-60(TB) -4.26 <-8.00 <-8.00 -11.57 K-562 -4.33 <-8.00 -7.74 - 10.83 MOLT-4 -4.73 <-8.00 <-8.00 -11.07 RPMI-8226 >-4.00 <-8.00 <-8.00<- 13.00 SR >-4.00 <-8.00 <-8.00 - 8.34 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer A549/ATCC -4.17 -5.33 -5.57 EKVX >-4.00 <-8.00 -5.91 - - -HOP-62 >-4.00 -5.27 -4.92 - 9.67 HOP-92 >-4.00 -5.44 -s.s0 NCI-H226 >-4.00 -7.59 -4.79 NCI-H23 >-4.00 --- -5.80 ---NCI-H322M - - - -4.75 -4.87 - 10.12 NCI-H460 >-4.00 -5.37 -5.03 - 12.16 NCI-H522 - - -6.13<- 13.00 Colon Cancer <-8.00 -7.57 - 11.07 HCC-2998 >-4.00 -4.91 -4.99 - 12.34 HCT-116 -4.18 <-8.00 <-8.00 <-13.00 HCT-15 >-4.00 <-8.00 <-8.00 - 6.37 HT29 >-4.00 <-8.00 -7.85 <-13.00 KM12 >-4.00 <-8.00 <-8.00 -11.43 SW-620 >-4.00 <-8.00 - - - -11.60 CNS Cancer SF-268 - - - -5 ~~ -5-09 - - -SF-295 - - - -5.09 -5.20 - - -SF-539 - - - -4.99 -5.22 -11.09 SNB- 19 >-4.00 -4.94 -4.90 -8.98 SNB-75 > 4 00 5 54 U251 >-4.00 -5.00 -5.67 -11.29 ~D .
CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 TABLE~a(continued) Panel/Cell Line Log,0GIs0 QHSDHQHS Dimer Paclitaxel Melanoma - LOX-IMVI - - - <-8.00 -7.26 -11.80 S MALME-3M --- -5.47 -4.96 ---M 14 - - - -5.50 -5.26 - 11.73 SK-MEL-2 - - - -6.02 -6.13 -9.53 SK-MEL-28 >-4.00 -4.94 -5.21 - - -SK-MEL-5 -4.10 <-8.00 -6.80 - - -UACC-257 >-4.00 '-8.00 -5.99 -10.30 UACC-62 >-4.00 -6.75 -5.61 -10.46 Ovarian Cancer IGROV 1 -4.31 - - - -5.69 -8.61 OVCAR-3 - - - -5.82 -5.79 -10.40 l S OVCAR-4 - - - -5.52 -5.47 5.00 OVCAR-S >-4.00 <-8.00 -6.29 -9.38 OVCAR-8 >-4.00 <-8.00 -7.24 - 10.75 SKOV3 - - - -4.65 -4.82 - - -Renal Cancer 786-0 >-4.00 -5.97 -5.67 -8.01 A498 >-4.00 ~4 97 4 90 -7 14 ACHN >-4.00 --- -5.57 ---CAKI- 1 - - - -5.05 -4.97 RXF-393 -4.08 -5.16 -5.58 -8.32 SN12C -4.21 -5.84 -5.26 -9.53 TK-10 >-4.00 --- -6.03 -7.89 U0-31 -4.06 <-8.00 -7.17 -6.09 Prostate Cancer PC-3 -4.17 <-8.00 <-8.00 - l 0.85 DU-145 --- -4.92 -4.94 -9.38 Breast Cancer MCF7 >-4.00 - - - -7.03 -11.69 MDA-MB-231/ATCC - - - -6.61 -4.96 -8.48 MDA-MB-435 -4.20 -5.50 -5.07 -8.54 MDA-N >-4.00 <-8.00 -7.09 - -BT-549 - - - - - - -5.92 <- 13.00 T-47D >-4.00 <-8.00 -6.53 <-13.00 -4.06 - - - - - - -9.31 - - - <-8.00 <-8.00 -9.81 Mean -4.07 -6.56 -6.15 - 10.15 Range 0.73 3.35 3.21 8.00 W O 97/OlS48 PCT~US96/11163 T~BLEIb Panel/Cell line Log~0 TGI
QHS DHQHS Dimer Paclitaxel Leukemia CCRF-CEM - - - -4.66 -5.14 >-4 00 HL-60(TB) > 4.00 <-8.00 <-8.00>-4.53 K-562 >-4.00 -5.34 -5.82 >-4.00 MOLT-4 >-4.00 -5.80 -5.93> 4.00 RPMI-8226 >-4.00 -5.50 -5.76 >-4.00 SR >-4.00 <-8.00 <-8.00>-4.00 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer A549/ATCC >-4.00 -4.68 -4.69 ---EKVX >-4.00 -4.69 -4.66 - - -HOP-62 >-4.00 -4.68 -4.59 -4.80 HOP-92 ~-4.00 -4.73 -4.75 NCI-H226 >-4.00 -5.01 -4.47 - - -NCI-H23 >-4.00 -4.80 -4.79 ---NCI-H322M - - - -4.48 -4.57 -4.46 NCI-H460 >-4.00 -4.59 -4.53 -4.92 NCI-H522 - - - -4.70 -4.78 -11.20 Colon Csncer COLO 205 >-4.00 -5.90 -5.84 - - -HCC-2998 >-4.00 -4.53 -4.61 -4.77 HCT-116 >-4.00 -4.77 -4.81 -4.82 HCT-15 >-4.00 -4.70 -4.71 >-4.00 HT29 ~-4.00 -4.67 -4.77 ---KM 12 >-4.00 -4.90 -4.95 -4.36 SW-620 >-4.00 -4.80 -4.76 >-4.00 CNS Cancer SF-268 --- -4.60 -4.63 ---SF-295 - - - -4.62 -4.68 - - -SF-539 - - - -4.65 -4.69 - - -SNB-I9 >-4.00 -4.56 -4.49> 4.00 SNB-75 >-4.00 -4.72 -4.98 ---U251 >-4.00 -4.63 -4.69 -4.32 W O 97/01548 PCT~US96/11163 TABLE Ib (continued) Panel/Cell Line Log,0 TGI
QHS DHQHS Dimer Paclitaxel ~, ~3 a, Melanoma LOX-IMVI - - - -5.00 -4.89 -4.65 S MALME-3M -4.06 -4.70 -4.60 -4.46 M14 >-4.00 -4.76 -4.69 -4.62 SK-MEL-2 >-4.00 -4.81 -5.08 - - -SK-MEL-28 >-4.00 -4.56 -4.66 ---SK-MEL-S >-4.00 -4.98 -4.92 ---UACC-257 >-4.00 -4.92 -4.94 -4.52 UACC-62 >-4.00 -4.64 -4.72 -4.71 Ovarian Cancer IGROV I >-4.00 -4.64 -4.73 -4.19 OVCAR-3 - - - -4.82 -4.82 -4.55 OVCAR-4 - - - -4.61 -4.69 -4.19 OVCAR-5 >-4.00 -4.92 -4.77 -4.92 OVCAR-8 >-4.00 -4.77 -4.90 ---SKOV3 - - - -4.27 -4.52 - - -Renal Cancer 786-0 >-4.00 -4.74 -4.72>-4.00 A498 >-4.00 -4.52 -4.60 ---ACHN >-4.00 -4.73 -4.76 -4.90 CAKI- I - - - -4.50 -4.56 -4.04 RXF-393 >-4.00 -4.67 -4.75>-4.00 SN12C >-4.00 -4.74 -4.66 -4.29 TK-10 >-4.00 -4.75 -4.92 ---U0-31 >-4.00 -5.67 -5.65 - - -Prostate Cancer PC-3 >-4.00 -4.94 -4.95>-4.00 DU-145 --- -4.59 -4.62>-4.00 Breast Cancer MCF7 > 4 00 4.79 4 94 4 05 MDA-MB-231/ATCC - - - >-4.00 -4.58>-4.00 MDA-MB-435 >-4.00 -4.81 -4.66 -4.84 MDA-N >-4.00 -6.42 -5.10 - - -BT-549 - - - -4.82 -4.77 - - -T-47D >-4.00 -4.78 -4.82 --->-4.00 - - - - - - -6.32 >-4.00 - - - -4.88 -4.05 Mean -4.00 -4.92 -4.95 -4.54 Range 0.06 4.00 3.53 7.20 CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 TABLEIc Panel/Cell line Log,0 LCs0 QHS DHQHS Dimer Paclitaxel Leukemia CCRF-CEM --- -4.04 -4.30>-4.00 HL-60(TB) >-4.00 --- -7.56>-4.00 K-562 >-4.00 -4.15 -4.48>-4.00 MOLT-4 > 4 00 4 55 4 73~ 4 oo RPMI-8226 >-4.00 >-4.00 -4.28>-4.00 SR >-4.00 >-4.00 -4.22>-4.00 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer A549/ATCC >-4.00 -4.27 -4.25 ---EKVX >-4.00 -4.08 -4.17 - - -HOP-62 >-4.00 -4.33 -4.25-4.10 ] 5 HOP-92 >-4.00 -4.35 -4.35 - - -NCI-H226 >-4.00 -4.31 -4.16 - - -NCI-H23 >-4.00 -4.21 -4.29 - - -NCI-H322M --- -4.22 -4.26>-4.00 NCI-H460 >-4.00 -4.11 -4.06>-4.00 NCI-H522 - - - -4.19 -4.29>-4.00 Colon Cancer COLO 205 >-4.00 -5.33 -5.20>-4.41 HCC-2998 >-4.00 -4.15 -4.23-4.26 HCT-116 >-4.00 -4.36 -4.39>-4.00 HCT-15 >-4.00 >-4.00 -4.02>-4.00 HT29 >-4.00 -4.20 -4.26-4.39 KM12 >-4.00 -4.30 -4.46>-4.00 S W-620 >-4.00 -4.37 -4 30>-4 00 CNS Cancer SF-268 --- -4.20 -4.25 ---SF-295 - - - -4.23 -4.32 - - -SF-539 --- -4.32 -4.33>-4.00 SNB-l9 >-4.00 -4.18 -4.07>-4.00 SNB-75 >-4.00 -4.26 -4.47 ---U251 >-4.00 -4.26 -4.32-4.15 CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 TABLEIc(continued) Panel/Cell Line Log,OLC,0 QHSDHQHS Dimer Paclitaxel Melanoma LOX-IMVI 4 39 -4.41 >-4.15 MALME-3M >-4.00 -4.28 -4.25 -4.11 M 14 >-4.00 -4.28 -4.29 -4.13 SK-MEL-2 > 4.00 -4.10 -4.43 >-4.00 SK-MEL-28 >-4.00 -4.17 -4.28 - - -SK-MEL-5 >-4.00 -4.39 -4.44 ---UACC-257 >-4.00 -4.31 -4.45 -4.03 UACC-62 >-4.00 -4.12 -4.25 -4.19 Ovarian Cancer IGROV I >-4.00 -4.24 -4.33 >-4.00 OVCAR-3 --- -4.37 -4.39 >-4.00 OVCAR-4 - - - -4.05 -4.20 >-4.00 OVCAR-5 >-4.00 -4.23 -4.35 >-4.00 OVCAR-8 >-4.00 -4.21 -4.26 >-4.00 SKOV3 --- >-4.00 -4.23 ---Renal Cancer 786-0 >-4.00 -4.33 -4.33 >-4.00 A498 >-4.00 -4.26 -4.29 -4.13 ACHN >-4.00 -4.18 -4.36 -4.45 CAKI- I - - - >-4.00 -4.15 >-4.00 RXF-393 > 4.00 4 30 -4.31 >-4.00 SN12C >-4.00 -4.31 -4.28 >-4.00 TK- 10 >-4.00 -4.10 -4.43 - - -U0-31 >-4.00 -5.21 -5.16 - - -Prostate Cancer PC-3 >-4.00 >-4.00 -4.37 >-4.00 DU-145 --- -4.25 -4.30 >-4.00 Breast Cancer MCF7 >-4.00 -4.27 -4.40 >-4.00 MCF7/ADR-RES --- >-4.00 -4.20 >-4.00 MDA-MB-231/ATCC>-4.00 -4.37 -4.30 -4.29 HS 578T >-4.00 -4.28 -4.23 - - -MDA-MB-435 - - - -4.34 -4.35 MDA-N >-4.00 -4.10 -4.31 BT-549 >-4.00 --- --- >-4.00 T-47D >-4.00 >-4.00 >-4.00 >-4.00 Mean -4.00 -4.25 -4.38 -4.06 Range 0.00 1.33 3.56 0.45 CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97/01548 PCT~US96/11163 The DHQHS dimers of the present invention in most instances are as potent and in some instances more potent than paclitaxel. The data in Table la, Ib and Ic is graphically represented in Figures la, b, c, and d through Figures 9a. Dose response curves, shown in the above mentioned Figures, are obtained by exposing various cancer cell lines to compounds havil1g a S knowl1 concentration ([log,0 M]), as ~i~c~lcsed in detail above, and then plotting the percentage growth of each cell line for each concentratiom The drug concentration limits that are tested are between 10-4 or -4.00M and 10-S or -8.00M. The -4.00M value being the high concentration and the -8.00M value being the low concentratiom Percentage growth is determined by dividing the number or mass of cells in the test well by the number or mass of cells in a control well.
Referrh1g to the leukemia cell line MOLT-4 in Figures la, Ib, Ic and Id the first comparison that is made between QHS, the QHS dimers of the present invel1tion (,~, 13 QHS Dimer and o~ QHS
dimer) and paclitaxel are the drug concentrations which are necessary to inhibit growth, graphically represented in Figures la, I b, Ic, and Id as the concentration necessary to achieve the percentage growth value of +50. As ~ cu~sed previously, the hve drug dilutions routinely tested range from 1S 10-4 to 10-8 molar. Therefore, concentrations less thal1 or greater than lo-8 and 10-4 molar, respectively, that are required to achieve a desired result are not determined. Referring now to Figure la, some concentration of QHS that is greater than ]o-4 molar is necessary to achieve primary growth inhibition. Referring to the ,(3, ~QHS PEG dimer and a, ,(3-QHS PEG dimer dose response curves in Figures I b and I c, respectively, the leukemia cell line MOLT-4 displays primary growth inhibition at drug concentrations that are less than 10-8M. The same can be said for paclitaxel, see Figure Id; however, the lower concentrations have been determined for this drug and the concentration at which primary growth inhibition occurs using paclitaxel is at -11.07 molar.
The drug concentration at which QHS is considered cytostasis, i.e. percentage growth is equal to 0, is at some concentration greater than -4.00 molar. The ~, ,~QHS PEG dimers and a, ~QHS
PEG dimers reach cytostasis at drug concentrations of -5.80M and -5.93M, respectfully, while the paclitaxel concentration necessary to achieve cytostasis is some value greater than -4.00 molar.
Cytotoxicity, i.e., the concentration for which the percentage growth is equal to -50, occurs at a concentration greater than -4.00M for QHS, -4.55M for the 13, ,B-QHS PEG dimer, -4.73M for the a, ,13 QHS PEG dimer, and a concentration greater than -4.00 M for paclitaxel.
The potency of QHS dimers of the present invention as compared to QHS and paclitaxel varies from cell line to cell line. However, the mean values for each drug are presented at the end of Table I and QHS dimers of the present invention were more potent than QHS and equivalent to and in many instances greater than that for paclitaxel.
W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 The DHQHS condensatioll by-product disclosed by M. Cao et al.. and tested by D.L.
Klayman and H.J. Woerdenbag, ~ c~ ed previously, was approximately twenty-two times more potent at causing 50% growth inhibition in one cell line than QHS. With respect to the drug concentrations causing 50% growth inhibition, the QHS dimers were at least 100 times more potent than QHS. When interpreting the mean values, it is important to take into consideration that drug concentrations less than l0-8M and greater then 104M were not collected, this factor is reflected in the range.
For a further comparison on the effects of the QHS PEG ~dimers of the present invention on various cancer cell lines versus the effects of QHS and paclitaxel on the same cell lines see Figures 2a, b, c and d for non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, Figures 3a, b, c, and d for colon cancer cell lines, Figures 4a, b, c and d for CNS cancer cell lines, Figures Sa, b, c, and d for melanoma cancer cell lines, Figures 6a, b, c, and d for ovarian cancer cell lines Figures 7a, b, c, and d for renal cancer cell lines, Figures 8a, b, c, and d for prostate cancer cell lines and Figures 9a, b, c, and d for breast cancer cell lines.
In determining the mode of action by which a compound exerts its cytotoxic effect the National Cancer Institute utilizes the Pearson Correlation Coefficient to provide indications of the probable mode of action. When comparing the dose response profile information to the established chemotherapy drugs with known modes of action, a Pearson Correlation Coefficient of >.6 indicates a high likelihood of a mode of action which is similar to the comparison compound. A correlation coefficient of <.6, when compared to the bank of known drugs, is thought to be indicative of the possibility of an unknown mechanism. The following Table II shows the Pearson Correlation Coefficient for the artemisinin dimer of the present invention at Gl50, TGI and LCso at a log,0 [-4.00M].
TABLE II
25Comparison ~hl~nn;~l NamePearson Correlation Correlation CoPffl~ nt GI50 Carboxyphthalato Platinum0.458 Tetraplatin 0.449 8-Cl CYC AMP 0.432 Diglycoaldehyde 0.428 TrimeLhylllilllethylolmelamine 0.388 DUP785 (Brequinar) 0.381 Rir~llly~;hl SV 0.376 3-D~7~llri~1in~ o 374 CA 02234731 1998-04-14 ~ ~ ~ 9 6 ~ 1 ~ I 63 ~ 2 ~ J~ 1~g7 TABLE ~ (continued) rc~ 'hPrnir~l Name PearsonC~"L~ Lio Co~ Lioll Co~
Hydl~ille Sulfate 0.361 "~r~. "irlP 0.346 y~ A 0.355 TGI HYdr~ AYU~ 0.745*
Bis-~ylidoc~l. ~,. .lillm DMS O.S58 Glyoa~alic Alkylat. Deriv. 0.528 6 ~ t~ ;,.r 0 440 Diglycoaldehyde 0.4~
Macbetin II 0.419 Dihydro-5-AL~cylidillc 0.390 C~ 0.368 BCNU 0.361 ~Ie.l.~ulle 0.356 LC50 Flavone Acetic Acid 0-707*
DUP785 (b~luillal) 0.546 -Triethyl,!.,.. " I ";"p 0.475 lr;............................... -~ 0.474 -- Dihydro-L~ .. ol.e 0.470 TOPOL~ 0.463 Cy~.. ~l,.. ~ 0.450 Thio-Tepa 0-433 Tehoca............................ ,in A Sodium Salt 0.425 P~ a~ 0.413 ~ l in~-~slhesevaluesar notrelevan~
As a result of the Pearson Correlation CoefF~ ont being less than 0.6 the NCI has referred the a~ in dimers of the present invention for further in vivo testing. Of the 40,000 k~
W O 97/01548 PCT~US96/11163 compounds tested by NCI over the past two years only 160 compounds have been chosen for in vivo testing.
The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limited examples. All scientific and terhnic~l terms have the m(~ning.c as understood by one with ordinary skill in the art. The specific examples which follow illustrate the synthesis of representative compounds of the instant invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention in sphere or scope. The methods may be adapted to variation in order to produce compounds embraced by this invention but not specifically disclosed. Further, variations of the methods to produce the same compounds in somewhat dirrel-el.l fashion will be evident to one skilled in the art.
l 0 All temperatures are understood to be in Centigrade (~C) when not specified. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral characteristics refer to rhemic~l shifts ~ expressed in parts per million (ppm) versus tetramethylsilane (TMS) as reference standard. 'H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a JEOL Eclipse~00 instrument. The relative area reported for the various shifts in the proton NMR spectral data corresponds to the number of hydrogen atoms of a particular l 5 functional type in the molecule. The nature of the shifts as to multiplicity is reported as broad singlet (bs), broad doublet (bd), broad triplet (bt), broad quartet (bq), singlet (s), multiple (m), doublet (d), quartet (q), triplet (t), doublet of doublet (dd), doublet of triplet (dt), and doublet of quartet (dq). The solvents employed for taking NMR spectra are DMSO-d6 (perdeuterodimethysulfoxide), D2O deuterated water), CDCI3 (deuterochloroform) and other conventional deuterated solvents. The chemical shifts are expressed in ppm relative to the reference of CDCI3 or DMSO. Deuterated solvents were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co.
The infrared (IR) spectral description was measured on a KVB Analect Diamond-20 FT-IR
Spectrometer featuring a Laser Precision XAD-Plus Microscope. Electrospray mass spectra were obtained from a VG Platform HPLC-MASS Spectrometer. TLC plates of silica gel 60F254 were purchased from E.M. Merck and kept in a closed container over Drierite6~ prior to use. Melting points were measured on a MEL-TEMP II apparatus equipped with a digital Barnant 100 Thermocouple Th~orm~ m~ter and are uncorrected. HPLC was performed on a Hitachi chLvllldlugraphic ~e-;llvllleter (L-6200A Intelligent Pump, D-6000 Interface, L-4000 UV Detector and AS~000 Intelligent Auto Sampler). Combination of CH3CN and H2O in different concentrations are used as HPLC solvent system. All solvents were distilled before use.
Commercially available chemicals were used without any further purification. Various methods of purifying the products of the present invention are known and understood by those skilled in - the art and the purification m~thc-l~ ples~;lll~d in the Examples is solely listed by way of example and is not inten~ d to limit the invention.
CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97/OlS48 PCTrUS96/11163 E~ PLE I
Small Scale l'~ dlion of DHQHS-Triethylene Glycol Dimer 116.1 mg (0.409 mmol) of DHQHS and 12 ml (0.03M) of toluene were introduced under a nitrogen atmosphere into a 25 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a m~gn~tie stir bar.
27.8,u1 (0.204 mmol, 0.5 eq) of triethylene glycol was added followed by 12.0,u1 (0.098 mmol, 0.24 eq) of BF3-Et2O and the mixture was then stirred at room temperature for three hours.
Methylene chloride was then added to the mixture. The reaction mixture presumed to contain DHQHS-PEG dimer was washed twice with water. The organic phase was collected, dried over m~gn~ m sulfate and subsequently filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a colorless oil as crude product. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel and eluted with 20% ethyl acetate/hexane followed by 30% ethyl acetate/hexane. The 20% ethyl acetate/hexane solution contains triethylene glycol and other impurities. The 30% ethyl acetate/hexane solution contains the pure ~ ules of isomers of DHQHS-PEG dimers and monomers. The selected fractions were evaporated to dryness with a rotary evaporation under reduced pLes~ul~. 32.2 mg of starting material was recovered resulting in a 27.7% yield. The DHQHS-PEG dimer was isolated in 32.8% yield (15.4% ,~ dimer, 9.0%
,B dimer, and 8.4% cx c~ dimer). The DHQHS-PEG monomer (mixture of cY + ~ isomers) was obtained in a 19.7% yield. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of ,~, ,B dimer (400 MHz; deuterated chloroform; chemical shift in ppm; coupling constants J in Hz): 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) ~ 0.8564 (d, J=7.32 Hz, 3H, C-13), 0.8940 (d, J=6.24 Hz, 3H, C-14), 1.19 (m, lH), 1.28 (m, lH), 1.38 (s, 3H, C-15), 1.39-1.84 (m, 7H), 1.98 (m, lH), 2.30 (td, J=13.56, 4.04 Hz, lH) 2.55 (m, lH, C-11), 3.56 (m, 4H), 3.88 (m, 2H), 4.76 (d, J=3.32 Hz, lH, C-12), 5.36 (s, lH, C-5); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCI3) ~ 13.04, 20.43, 24.45, 24.75, 26.22, 30.91, 34.74, 36.47, 37.47, 44.51, 52.62, 67.44, 70.59, 70.63, 81.13, 87.87, 102.09, 104.02; MS
(Electrospray) m/e 700.3 (M+NH4)+.
W O 97/01548 rCTrUS96/11163 EXAMPLE II
Large Scale Preparation of DHQHS-Triethylene Glycol Dimer 593.3 mg (2.11 mmol) of DHQHS and 60 ml (0.04 M) of toluene were introduced under a nitrogen atmosphere into a 25 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar. 144~1 ~ 5 (1.06 mmol, 0.5 eq) of triethylene glycol was added followed by 64,u1 (0.53 mmol, 0.25 eq) of BF3-Et2O and the mixture was then stirred at room temperature for three hours.
Methylene chloride was then added to the mixture. The reaction mixture presumed to contain DHQHS-PEG dimer was washed with water. The organic phase was collected, dried over m~gn~sillm sulfate and subsequently filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain 731.3 mg colorless oil as crude product corresponding to a crude yield of 98.1 % . The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (60 A) and eluted with a gradient elution of 20-50% ethyl acetate/hexane. The DHQHS-PEG dimer was obtained as oil (348.2 mg, 47.7%). 228.0 mg of the ,~ ,~ dirner (30.6%), 97.3 mg of the a ~ dimer (13.1%) and 29.9 mg of the cY o~ dimer (4.0%) were recovered. 136.8 mg of the monomer (c~ + ~, 15.2 %) and 25.1 %
of the starting material were also recovered. The lH NMR, 13C NMR, and MS data are identical to that in Example I.
EXAMPLE III
Small Scale Preparation of DHQHS-Diethylene Glycol Dimer 100.3 mg (0.35 mmol) of DHQHS and 12 ml (0.03M) of toluene were introduced undera nitrogen atmosphere into a 25 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a m~gn~tic stir bar.
17.0,u1 (0.18 mmol, 0.5 eq) of diethylene glycol was added followed by l l .O,ul (0.09 mrnol, 0.25 eq) of BF3-Et2O and the mixture was then stirred at room temperature for three hours.
Methylene chloride was then added to the mixture. The reaction mixture presumed to contain diethylene glycol-DHQHS dimer was washed twice with water. The organic phase was - 25 collected, dried over m~gnPcillm sulfate and subsequently filtered. The crude product was purified by flash column chlollla~ography on silica gel and eluted with a gradient solvent system (15-80%
W O 97/01548 PCT~US96/11163 ethyl acetate/hexane). The selected fractions were evaporated to dryness with a rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. 6.2 mg of DHQHS was recovered. 45.3 mg of dimers (29.8mg ~ ,~
dimer, 12.3 mg ~ ,B dimer, and 3.2 mg o~ ~ dimer) were obtained as desired product in 39.5%
yield. The proton nuclear m~gnf~tic resonance spectrum for the ,~ ~ dimer (400 MHz; deuterated S chloroform; rhl~mic~l shift in ppm; coupling colL~Ia~ J in Hz): 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 5.41 (s, lH), 4.82 (d, J--3.28 Hz, lH), 3.94 (m, lH), 3.53-3.67 (m~ 3H), 2.60 (m, lH), 2.35 (m, lH), 2.00 (m, lH), 1.70-1.90 (m, 3H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 1.47 (m, lH), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.20-1.40 (m, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=6.20 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (d, J=7.32 Hz, 3H); MS (electrospray) m/e 656.1 (M + NH4) + .
EXAMPLE IV
Large Scale Preparation of DHQHS-Diethylene Glycol Di~ner 501.8 mg (1.78 mmol) of DHQHS and 60 ml (0.03 M) of toluene were introduced under a nitrogen atmosphere into a 25 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a m~gnt-tic stir bar. 84~b1 (0.88 mmol, 0.5 eq) of diethylene glycol was added followed by 54,ul (0.44 mmol, 0.25 eq) of BF3 -Et2O and the mixture was then stirred at room temperature for three hours.
Methylene chloride was then added to the mixture. The reaction mixture presumed to contain Diethylene glycol-DHQHS dimer was washed with water. The organic phase was collected, dried over m~gn~sillm sulfate and subsequently filtered. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel and eluted with a gradient solvent system of 15-75 %
ethyl acetate/hexane. Less than 10 mg of DHQHS was recovered while 334.0 mg of dimers (238.3 mg ~ ~ dimers, 8.3 mg cY ~ + ~ ,B dimers, 79.0 mg ~ ,~ dimer, and 8.4 mg ~ a~ dimer) were obtained as desired product in 59.5% yield. The 'H NMR and MS data of this dimer is ntic~l to the one in Example III.
W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 E~ PLE V
Small Scale Preparation of DHQHS~ Y~pthylene Glycol Dimer 100.9 mg (0.36 mmol) of DHQHS and 12 ml (0.03M) of toluene were introduced undera nitrogen atmosphere into a 25 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar.
45.0~1 (0.18 mmol, 0.5 eq) of hexaethylene glycol was added followed by 11.0~1 (0.09 mmol, 0.25 eq) of BF3 Et~O and the mixture was then stirred at room temperature for three hours.
Methylene chloride was then added to the mixture. The reaction mixture presumed to contain the hexaethylene glycol dimer was washed twice with water. The organic phase was collected, dried over magnesium sulfate and s-lhsequçntly filtered. Flash column chromatography (silica gel) was used to purify the product with a gradient solvent system (15-95% ethyl acetate/hexane). The solvent system was then gradually changed to 5-10% mloth~nol/methylene chloride to recover all products. The selected fractions were evaporated to dryness with a rotary evaporation under reduced plcs~uLe. 62.2 mg of starting material was recovered, and 15.7 mg of dimer was isolated in 11.9% yield (9.0 mg ~ ,~ dimer, 4.0 mg o~ ~B + ~ dimers, and 2.7%
c~ ,~ dimer). The proton nuclear m~nPtiC resonance spectrum for the ,~ ~B dimers (400 MHz;
deuterated chloroform; ~.h~mic~l shift in ppm; coupling con~iallLs J in Hz): IH NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) ~ 5.41 (s, lH), 4.82 (d, J=3.32 Hz, lH), 3.94 (m, lH), 3.60 (m, llH), 2.60 (m, lH), 2.60 (m, lH), 2.35 (m, lH), 2.00 (m, lH), 1.70-1.90 (m, 3H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 1.47 (m, lH), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.20-1.40 (m, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=7.32 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (d, J=6.56 Hz, 3H); MS(electrospray) m/e 832.3 (M+NH4)+.
EXAMPLE VI
Large Scale Preparation of DHQHS-~PY~thylene Glycol Dimer 506.2 mg (1.78 mmol) of DHQHS and 60 ml (0.03 M) of toluene were introduced under a nitrogen atmosphere into a 25 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar. 2501L1 ~ 25 (0.89 mmol, 0.5 eq) of hexaethylene glycol was added followed by 55111 (0.45 mmol, 0.25 eq) of BF3 Et2O and the mixture was then stirred at room temperature for three hours.
W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 Methylene chloride was then added to the mixture. The reaction mixture presumed to contain hexaethylene glycol dimer was washed with water. The organic phase was collected, dried over m~gnf~sillm sulfate and subsequently filtered. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel and eluted with a gradient elution of 15-95 % ethyl acetate/hexane. The solvent system was then gradually changed to 5-10% methanol/methylene chloride to recover all products. 62.0 mg of starting material was recovered, and 102.5 mg of dimer was isolated in 14.2% yield (67 mg ~ dimers, 35.0 mg cY ~ + ~ ~ dimers). The analytical results are identical to the dimer in Example V.
The foregoing description is considered as illustrative only of the principals of the invention. Furthermore, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact compositions and processes shown as described above. Accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to falling within the scope of the invention as defined by the claims which follow.
~Y~nlrle VII
Preparation of DHQHS-Carbonate Dimer 140.0 mg (0.500 mmol) of DHQHS dissolved in 3.0 ml of a 10% pyridine/methylene chloride solution was introduced into a 25 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar. 40.0 mg (0.25 mmol) of 1, 3-phenylenediisocyanate was added and the mixture was then stirred at room temperature overnight.
The solution was concentrated to dryness and the resulting residue was purified by flash column ch~ a~ography on silica gel eluted with 10-25% elthylacetate/hexane. The selected fractions were evaporated to dryness with a rotary by rotary evaporation under reduced ples~ul~.
80 mg of 12-carbonate art~mi.~inin dimer was obtained as a white solid resulting in a 50% yield.
The proton nuclear m~gn~tic resonance spectrum (400 MHz; deuterated chloroform; chemical shift in ppm; coupling constants J in HZ): 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCL3) ~ 0.95 (m, 12H, H-13, H-14), 1.36 (s, 6H, H-15), 2.62 (m, 2H, H-11), 5.50 (s, 2H, H-5), 5.76 (d, J=9.98 Hz, 2H, H-12), W O 97/01548 PCT~US96/11163 7.14(s,lH,Ph-H),7.34(m,3H,Ph-H);13C N MR(10 M Hz, CDC13)~12.2,20.3,22.1,24.7, 25.9, 31.9, 34.2,36.6, 37.4, 45.4, 51.7, 80.3, 91.5, 93.0, 104.6, 113.8, 129.5, 138.3, 151.9;
IR (neat)3400,3000, 1750, 1050,cm-1; MS (electrospray) m/e746(M + NH4)+.
6 R=CH2CC6H4COONa 7 R=
CH3~ \o ~ c H 3 artemether (compound II-2), arteether (II-3), sodium artesunate (II-4), artelinic acid (II-5), sodium artelinate (Il-6), DHQHS condensation by-product (II-7) and the olefinic compound, structure III, III
H
~H
~ CH3 W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 llave been produced.
Artemether (11-2) is produced by reacting ,~-DHQHS with boron trifluoride (BF3) etherate or HCI methanol:benzene (] :2) at room temperature. A mixture of ~3- and oc-artemether (70:30) is obtained, from which the former is isolated by column chromatography and recrystallized from hexane or methanol, R. ~ynes, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicines and Hygie~le 88(1): S1/23-S1/26 (1994). For arteether (II-3), (Brossi, et al., 1988), the (x-isomer is equilibrated (epimerized) to the ,13 isomer in methanol:benzene mixture containing BF3 etherate.
Treatment of DHQHS with an unspecified dehydrating agent yields both the olefinic compound, (III), and the DHQHS condensation by-product (II-7), formed Oll addition of DHQHS to (III), M.
Cao, et al., Chem. Abstr. 100:34720k (1984). Until recently, the secondary hydroxy group in DHQHS (11-1) provided the only site in an active Q~S related compound that had been used for derivatization. See B. ~enugopalan "Synthesis of a Novel Ring Contracted Artemisinin Derivative," Bioorganic & Medicinal ChenzistryLetters 4(5):751-752 (1994).
The potency of various QHS-derivatives in comparison to QHS as a function of theconcentration at which the parasitemia is 90 percent ~u~up~;s~,ed (SDgo) was recently reported by D. L. Klayman, "Qingh~- su (Artemisinin): An ~ntim~l~rial Drug from China," Science 228: 1049-1055 (1985). Dr. Klayman found that the olefinic compound III, is inactive against P. bergher-infected mice, whereas, the DHQHS condensation by-product (Il-7), has an SDgo of 10 mg/Kg, in P. bergher-infected mice. Thus7 the DHQHS ether dimer proved to be less potent than QHS, which has an SDgo of 6.20 mg/Kg. Following, in order of their overall antimalarial efficacy, are the three types of derivatives of DHQHS (II-1) that have been produced: (QHS) < ethers (II, R =
alkyl) < esters CII, R=C(=0)-alkyl or -aryl] < carbonates [II, R=C(=0)0-alkyl or -aryl].
Over the past twenty years only a few drugs isolated from higher plants have yielded clinical agents, the o~-t~t~nclin~ exarnples being vinblastine and vincristine from the M~ g~cc~n periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus, etoposide, the semi-synthetic lignam, from May-apple Podophyllum peltatum and the diterpenoid taxol, commonly referred to as paclitaxel, from the W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 Pacific yew. Taxus brevifolia. Of tl1ese agents, paclitaxel is the most exciting, recently receiving approval by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of refractory ovarian cancer.
Since the isolation of QHS, there has been a concerted effort by investigators to study other therapeutic applications of QHS and its derivatives.
S National Institutes of Health reported that QHS is inactive against P388 leukemia. See NCI
Report on NSC 369397 (tested on 25 October 1983). Later anticancer studies that have been conducted on cell line panels consisting of 60 lines organized into nine, disease-related subpanels including le.-k~nni~ non-small-cell lung cancer, colon, CNS, melanoma, ovarian renal, prostate and breast cancers, further confirm that QHS displays very little anticancer activity. A series of artemisinin-related endoperoxides were tested for cytoxicity to Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells using the microculture tetrazolum (MTT) assay, H. J. Woerdenbag, el al. "Cytotoxicity of Artemisinin-Related Endoperoxides to Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells," Journal of Natural Producls, 56(6):849-856 (1993). The MTT assay, used to test the artemisinin-related endoperoxides for cytoxicity, is based on the metabolic reduction of soluble tetrazolium salts into insoluble colored formazan products by mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity of the tumor cells. As parameters for cytoxicity, the ICso and IC80 values, the drug concentrations causing respectively 50% and 80%
growth inllibition of the tumor cells, were used. QHS (I), had an IC50 value of 29.8,uM.
Derivatives of DHQHS (II-1) being developed as antimalarial drugs (artemether (Il-2), arteether (III-3), sodium artesunate (II-4), artelinic acid (Il-5) and sodium artelinate (II-6)), exhibited a somewhat more potent cytoxicity. Their IC50 values ranged from 12.2,uM to 19.9~4M. The DHQHS condenc~tion by-product (II-7), disclosed previously by M.Cao. et al., 1984, was the most potent cytotoxic agent, its IC50 being 1.4,uM. At this drug concentration the condensation by-product (II-7), is approximately twenty-two times more cytoxic than QHS and sixty times more cytotoxic than DHQHS (II-1), the parent compound.
There is still a need, therefore, for developing structural analogs of QHS as antitumor agents that have potency equivalent or greater than known anticancer agents.
W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 DisclosureofInvention Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a class of artemisinin dimers whicl demonstrate antitumor activity.
Additional objects, advantages and novel features of this invelltion shall be set fortl~ hl part S in the description and examples that follow~ and in part will become appa~e.,L to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following specification or may be learned by the practice of the inventioll. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities, combinations, compositions, and methods particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
To achieve the foregoing and other objects and in accordance with the purposes of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described therein the compositions of this invention comprise artemisinin dimers, of the following structure, having anticancer activity;
IV
_ H 3 H 3 C--Ç~,/ H H 3 C ~
~CH3 ~--CH3 ~0 where R is a linker such as an aromatic, aryl, lower alkane, lower alkene, lower alkyl, halide protein, atom, or -CH2CH2-(XCH2CH2)n- where X is 0, S or NY where Y is H or alkyl and n is 0-20, or R is -X-Z-X- where X is ester, carbamate or carbonate and Z is aromatic, aryl, PEG, lower alkane, lower alkene, lower alkyl or halide.
W O 97/01548 . PCT~US96/11163 Brief Description of the Drawin~s The accompanying drawings, whicl1 are incorporated in and form a part of the specification, illustrate the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.
In all of the following drawings the horizontal axis depicts various dilutions of the test compound, ranging from 10-4 to 10-9 molar, that were exposed to the specified cancer cell lines.
The vertical axis (percentage growth) depicts the growth of the specifed cancer cell line when exposed to a specific concentration of the tested compound as compared to the growth of the same cancer cell line not exposed to any compound.
In the Drawin~s:
Figure I a depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various leukemia cancer cell lines to various concentrations of QHS.
Figure I b depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various leukemia cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the ,~, ~QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
Figure lc depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various leukemia cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the o~ QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
Figure ld depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various leukemia cancer cell lines to various concentrations of paclitaxel.
Figure 2a depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various non-small cell lung cancer cell lines to various concentrations of QHS.
Figure 2b depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various non-small cell lung cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the ,B, ~-QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
Figure 2c depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various non-small cell ~ 25 lung cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the oc, ~QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97/OlS48 PCTrUS96/11163 Figure 2d depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various non-small cell lung cancer cell lines to various concentrations of paclitaxel.
Figure 3a depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various colon cancer cell lines to various concentrations of QHS.
5Figure 3b depicts the dose response curves generated by exposhlg various colon cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the ~, ~3-QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
Figure 3c depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various CO1Oll cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the a, 13-QHS PEG dimer of the present inventiom Figure 3d depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various colon cancer cell 10lines to various concentrations of paclitaxel.
Figure 4a depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various CNS cancer cell lines to various concentrations of QHS.
Figure 4b depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various CNS cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the 13, ,B QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
15Figure 4c depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various CNS cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the a, ~-QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
Figure 4d depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various CNS cancer cell lines to various concentrations of paclitaxel.
Figure Sa depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various melanoma cancer 20cell lines to various concentrations of QHS.
Figure 5b depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various melanoma cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the ,B, ,B QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
Figure Sc depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various melanoma cancer cell lines to various concentrations of tlle a, ~QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
25Figure 5d depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various melanoma cancer cell lines to various concentrations of paclitaxel.
W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 Figure 6a depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various ovarian cancer cell lines to various concentrations of QHS.
Figure 6b depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various ovarian cancer cell lines to various concentrations of tlle ,13, ,E~-QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
5Figure 6c depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various ovarian cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the o~, ~(3-QHS PEG dimer of the present invention.
Figure 6d depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various ovarian cancer cell lines to various concentrations of paclitaxel.
Figure 7a depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various renal cancer cell 10lines to various concentrations of QHS.
Figure 7b depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various renal cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the ,B, ~-QHS PEG dimer of the present.
Figure 7c depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various renal cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the a, ,B QHS PEG dimer of the present.
15Figure 7d depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various renal cancer cell lines to various concentrations of paclitaxel.
Figure 8a depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various prostate cancer cell lines to various concentrations of QHS.
Figure 8b depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various prostate cancer 20cell lines to various concentrations of the ,E~, ,B QHS PEG dimer of the present.
Figure 8c depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various prostate cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the a, ~-QHS PEG dimer of the present.
Figure 8d depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various prostate cancer cell lines to various concentrations of paclitaxel.
25Figure 9a depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various breast cancer cell lines to various concentrations of QHS.
W O 97/01548 PCT~US96/11163 Figure 9b depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various breast cancer ce~l lines to various concentrations of the ,13, ,l~-QHS PEG dimer of the present.
Figure 9c depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various breast cancer cell lines to various concentrations of the a, ~3-QHS PEG dimer of tlle present.
5Figure 9d depicts the dose response curves generated by exposing various breast cancer cell lines to various concentrations of paclitaxel.
Best Mode for Carryin~ Out the Invention The present invention provides a novel class of QHS-dimers of formula IV:
IV
10_ _ ~ H C~ 3 H 3 C ~ ~/IH
CH3 \~CH3 0 ~0 R
in which R is a linker group such as an aromatic, aryl, lower alkane, lower alkene, lower alkyl, halide protein, atom, or -CH2CH2-(XCH2CH2)n- where X is O, S or NY where Y is H (hydrogen) or alkyl and n is 0-20, or R is -X-Z-X- where X is ester, carbamate or carbonate, and Z is aromatic, aryl, polyethylene glycol (PEG), lower alkane, lower alkene, lower alkyl, or halide.
References to "lower alkane," "lower alkene," or "lower alkyl," represent alkanes, alkenes, or alkyls of 1 to 20 carbon atoms. I~eferences to "halide" are compounds containing only carbon, hydrogen, and halogen, which fall into one of three general categories: Alkyl halides, aryl halides (in which a halogen is bonded to a carbon of an aromatic ring), and vinylic halides (in which a halogen is bonded to a double-bonded carbon). Within these general categories of halides are specific halides, such as, allylic halides and benzylic halides. An atom or group that is attached to the carbon atom W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 adjacent to one of the Sp2 carbon atoms is said to be in the allylic position or the benzylic position, respectively. The isomers of the invention include the oc a, ot ~, and ,(3 ,13 conformations.
Examples of aromatic substitll~nt~ include, but are not limited to, phenol, and biphenol.
Typical alkanes include, but not limited to, methane, ethal1e, propane~ and butane. Examples of halides include, but are not limited to, 2-chlorobutane, 4-chloro-2-pentene, and l-bromo-4-methyl-I-phenyl pentane.
The synthesis of a compound of structure IV can be accomplished by a wide variety of methods. The synthetic descriptions and specific examples that follow are only intended for the purposes of illustration, and are not to be construed as limiting in any manner to make compounds of the present invention by other methods.
In one embodiment a compound of structure IV, where R is - (CH,CH2O)n -, and n is 1-20 (DHQHS-ether dimer), may be made by reacting DHQHS and polyethylene glycol, for example triethylene glycol, or -(CH2CH2O)n where n is 3, with a Lewis acid such as BF3-Et2O
(Borontriflorate Etherate). A representative reaction scheme for the preparation of a DHQHS-PEG
dimers and monomers is shown below.
H 3 C ~ H 3 C _~
3 ~~ ~J H O O O O H H~C H 3 ~cHH 3 --CH3 BF3Et20, T4 1 eune.
r t 3 h o u r s O S~ O O
CaB zlnd c(a d i mers~
H
~ ~3 --~/H
O O O OH
/\~\
CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97101548 PCT~US96/11163 In a second embodiment a compound of structure IV, (DHQHS-carbamate dimer), where R is -X-Z-X-, where X is carbamate and Z is aromatic, aryl, halide, lower alkane, lower alkene, or lower alkyl, is made by reacting DHQHS with di-isocyanate. A representative reaction scheme for the pleprllrlLion of DHQHS-carbamate dimer is shown below.
H ~ H CHI H CH3 H 3 C _ ~ O C N ~ C H 2 ~ 6 N C O H 3 C ~ r C' CH3 CH2C I 2~ r . t , 1 Hour ~~~, CH ~~ CH3 OH O N C CH2~6 N~ o ~",.' ~, H C _ ~ ~; J ~ ~
CH3 '~ CH3 o NH- C CH2~ 6- NH o H 3 C ~ H 3 C _~ ~
o NH-cCH2~6-lJH o In a third embodiment a compound of structure IV, (DHQHS-ester dimer), where R is -X-Z-X- where X is an ester and Z is aromatic, aryl, halide, lower alkane, lower alkene, or lower alkyl? is made by reacting DHQHS with an acid chloride or a diacid, such as adopoyl chloride or adipic acid, le~Je-;lively. A ~ st;nL~live reaction scheme for the pl~pd~Lion of the a, a-DHQHS-ester dimer and its isomers is shown below.
CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97101548 PCT~US96/11163 H3C_~
O OH
- HC''~'~ OH DCC. DMAD OR Cj, ~ Ci PyrirJine, r.t O CH2C12~ r.~ ~' 1 Hour H 3C~ o~JH H 3C--~/O~, X'H
~f - lf o,~\~CH3 0 ~CH3 H 3 C _ ~H ~ , H H 3 C ~H ~ H
other Isomers cther isomers The other isomers are those isomers having the ~, ,B- and a, ,B- conformations.
To deterrnine the cytotoxicity of the DHQHS dimers of the present invention, screening assays were performed by the National Cancer Institute using a 60 cell line panel; some of these activities are summarized in Tables la, Ib and Ic (set out below). The screening assay is performed on 96-well microtitre plates. Relatively high initial inoculation densities are used, in order to permit measurement of "time-zero" values and to enhance the screen's ability to detect and provide some dirr~ile,lliation between antiproliferative and cytotoxic response parameters. The specific inoculation densities (which range from 5,000 to 40,000 cells/well) used for each cell line are those which, for the respective line, were determined to give an optical density signal for both -10 the "time-zero" value (at 24 hours) and the "no-drug" control (at 72 hours) above the noise level and within the linear range of the end-point assay (which measures cellular protein). The CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97/OlS48 PCT~US96/11163 inoculated microtitre plates are pre-incubated for 24 hours at 37~C prior to drug additions. Tl1e five drug dilutions tested routinely range from 10-4 to 10~8 molar. Higher or lower concentration ranges may be selected on a nonroutine basis if appropriate solubility and/or prior biological information or other screening data so dictate. Duplicate wells are prepared for all concentrations, (concentration is often denoted by placing brackets around a number), "time-zero" and "nodrug"
controls are also provided for each test. The minimum amount of compound required for a one-time evaluation in the routine screen can be calculated from the knowledge that each test requires a total of approximately 40 ml (0.04 liter) of cell culture medium containing the higllest desired drug concentration. Thus, the amount (grams) of sample required (assuming an upper test concentration limit of 10~ M) is: molecular weight of compound x 10-4 X 0.04. After a 48 hour incubation (37~C) with the test compound, the cells are fixed iM sitl~ to the bottoms of the microtitre wells by addition of 50 ul of either 50% trichloroacetic acid (for adherent cell lines) or 80% trichloroacetic acid (for settled cell suspension lines), followed by incubation for 60 minutes at 4~C. The cellular protein in each well is assayed using a sulforhodamine B (SRB) stain procedure. Briefly, after discarding the supernatants, the microtitre plates are washed 5 times with deionized water and air-dried. One hundred microliters of SRB solution (0.4% w/v in 1% acetic acid) is added to each microtitre well and incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. Unbound SRB is removed by washing 5 times witll 1% acetic acid. The plates are air-dried, the bound stain is solubilized with Tris buffer, and the optical densities read at 515nm. SRB is a bright pink anionic dye which, in dilute acetic acid, binds electrostatically to the basic amino acids of TCA-fixed cells. Cryopreserved master stocks of all the lines are maintained, and cultures used for screening are replaced from the master stock after no more than twenty passages in the screening laboratory. The cell line panel consists of 60 lines, organized into nine, disease-related subpanels including lel~k~mi~, non-small-cell lung cancer, colon, CNS, melanoma, ovarian, renal, prostate and breast cancers.
-CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 The response parameters Gl50 and LC50 are interpolated values ~ s~ hlg the concentrations at which the percentage growth (PG) is +50 and -50, respectively:GI50 is the concentration for which the PG=+SO. At this value the increase from time tz~ro in the number or mass of cells in the test well is only 50% as much as the corresponding increase - S in the control well during this period of the experiment. A drug effect of this intensity is interpreted as primary growth inhibition.
TGI is the concentration for which PG=O. At this value the number or mass of cells in tlle well at the end of the experiment equals the number or mass of cells in the well at time tz~ro. A
drug effect of tllis intensity is regarded as cytostasis.
LC50 is the concentration for whicll the PG=-SO. At tllis value, tlle number or mass of cells in the test well at the end of the experiment is half that at time tzero Tllis is interpreted as cytotoxicity.
PCT~US96/11163 TABLEIa Panel/Cell line Log,0 Glso QHS DHQHS Dimer Paclitaxel Lellkem ia CCRF-CEM - - - - - - -7.23 - 11.61 HL-60(TB) -4.26 <-8.00 <-8.00 -11.57 K-562 -4.33 <-8.00 -7.74 - 10.83 MOLT-4 -4.73 <-8.00 <-8.00 -11.07 RPMI-8226 >-4.00 <-8.00 <-8.00<- 13.00 SR >-4.00 <-8.00 <-8.00 - 8.34 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer A549/ATCC -4.17 -5.33 -5.57 EKVX >-4.00 <-8.00 -5.91 - - -HOP-62 >-4.00 -5.27 -4.92 - 9.67 HOP-92 >-4.00 -5.44 -s.s0 NCI-H226 >-4.00 -7.59 -4.79 NCI-H23 >-4.00 --- -5.80 ---NCI-H322M - - - -4.75 -4.87 - 10.12 NCI-H460 >-4.00 -5.37 -5.03 - 12.16 NCI-H522 - - -6.13<- 13.00 Colon Cancer <-8.00 -7.57 - 11.07 HCC-2998 >-4.00 -4.91 -4.99 - 12.34 HCT-116 -4.18 <-8.00 <-8.00 <-13.00 HCT-15 >-4.00 <-8.00 <-8.00 - 6.37 HT29 >-4.00 <-8.00 -7.85 <-13.00 KM12 >-4.00 <-8.00 <-8.00 -11.43 SW-620 >-4.00 <-8.00 - - - -11.60 CNS Cancer SF-268 - - - -5 ~~ -5-09 - - -SF-295 - - - -5.09 -5.20 - - -SF-539 - - - -4.99 -5.22 -11.09 SNB- 19 >-4.00 -4.94 -4.90 -8.98 SNB-75 > 4 00 5 54 U251 >-4.00 -5.00 -5.67 -11.29 ~D .
CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 TABLE~a(continued) Panel/Cell Line Log,0GIs0 QHSDHQHS Dimer Paclitaxel Melanoma - LOX-IMVI - - - <-8.00 -7.26 -11.80 S MALME-3M --- -5.47 -4.96 ---M 14 - - - -5.50 -5.26 - 11.73 SK-MEL-2 - - - -6.02 -6.13 -9.53 SK-MEL-28 >-4.00 -4.94 -5.21 - - -SK-MEL-5 -4.10 <-8.00 -6.80 - - -UACC-257 >-4.00 '-8.00 -5.99 -10.30 UACC-62 >-4.00 -6.75 -5.61 -10.46 Ovarian Cancer IGROV 1 -4.31 - - - -5.69 -8.61 OVCAR-3 - - - -5.82 -5.79 -10.40 l S OVCAR-4 - - - -5.52 -5.47 5.00 OVCAR-S >-4.00 <-8.00 -6.29 -9.38 OVCAR-8 >-4.00 <-8.00 -7.24 - 10.75 SKOV3 - - - -4.65 -4.82 - - -Renal Cancer 786-0 >-4.00 -5.97 -5.67 -8.01 A498 >-4.00 ~4 97 4 90 -7 14 ACHN >-4.00 --- -5.57 ---CAKI- 1 - - - -5.05 -4.97 RXF-393 -4.08 -5.16 -5.58 -8.32 SN12C -4.21 -5.84 -5.26 -9.53 TK-10 >-4.00 --- -6.03 -7.89 U0-31 -4.06 <-8.00 -7.17 -6.09 Prostate Cancer PC-3 -4.17 <-8.00 <-8.00 - l 0.85 DU-145 --- -4.92 -4.94 -9.38 Breast Cancer MCF7 >-4.00 - - - -7.03 -11.69 MDA-MB-231/ATCC - - - -6.61 -4.96 -8.48 MDA-MB-435 -4.20 -5.50 -5.07 -8.54 MDA-N >-4.00 <-8.00 -7.09 - -BT-549 - - - - - - -5.92 <- 13.00 T-47D >-4.00 <-8.00 -6.53 <-13.00 -4.06 - - - - - - -9.31 - - - <-8.00 <-8.00 -9.81 Mean -4.07 -6.56 -6.15 - 10.15 Range 0.73 3.35 3.21 8.00 W O 97/OlS48 PCT~US96/11163 T~BLEIb Panel/Cell line Log~0 TGI
QHS DHQHS Dimer Paclitaxel Leukemia CCRF-CEM - - - -4.66 -5.14 >-4 00 HL-60(TB) > 4.00 <-8.00 <-8.00>-4.53 K-562 >-4.00 -5.34 -5.82 >-4.00 MOLT-4 >-4.00 -5.80 -5.93> 4.00 RPMI-8226 >-4.00 -5.50 -5.76 >-4.00 SR >-4.00 <-8.00 <-8.00>-4.00 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer A549/ATCC >-4.00 -4.68 -4.69 ---EKVX >-4.00 -4.69 -4.66 - - -HOP-62 >-4.00 -4.68 -4.59 -4.80 HOP-92 ~-4.00 -4.73 -4.75 NCI-H226 >-4.00 -5.01 -4.47 - - -NCI-H23 >-4.00 -4.80 -4.79 ---NCI-H322M - - - -4.48 -4.57 -4.46 NCI-H460 >-4.00 -4.59 -4.53 -4.92 NCI-H522 - - - -4.70 -4.78 -11.20 Colon Csncer COLO 205 >-4.00 -5.90 -5.84 - - -HCC-2998 >-4.00 -4.53 -4.61 -4.77 HCT-116 >-4.00 -4.77 -4.81 -4.82 HCT-15 >-4.00 -4.70 -4.71 >-4.00 HT29 ~-4.00 -4.67 -4.77 ---KM 12 >-4.00 -4.90 -4.95 -4.36 SW-620 >-4.00 -4.80 -4.76 >-4.00 CNS Cancer SF-268 --- -4.60 -4.63 ---SF-295 - - - -4.62 -4.68 - - -SF-539 - - - -4.65 -4.69 - - -SNB-I9 >-4.00 -4.56 -4.49> 4.00 SNB-75 >-4.00 -4.72 -4.98 ---U251 >-4.00 -4.63 -4.69 -4.32 W O 97/01548 PCT~US96/11163 TABLE Ib (continued) Panel/Cell Line Log,0 TGI
QHS DHQHS Dimer Paclitaxel ~, ~3 a, Melanoma LOX-IMVI - - - -5.00 -4.89 -4.65 S MALME-3M -4.06 -4.70 -4.60 -4.46 M14 >-4.00 -4.76 -4.69 -4.62 SK-MEL-2 >-4.00 -4.81 -5.08 - - -SK-MEL-28 >-4.00 -4.56 -4.66 ---SK-MEL-S >-4.00 -4.98 -4.92 ---UACC-257 >-4.00 -4.92 -4.94 -4.52 UACC-62 >-4.00 -4.64 -4.72 -4.71 Ovarian Cancer IGROV I >-4.00 -4.64 -4.73 -4.19 OVCAR-3 - - - -4.82 -4.82 -4.55 OVCAR-4 - - - -4.61 -4.69 -4.19 OVCAR-5 >-4.00 -4.92 -4.77 -4.92 OVCAR-8 >-4.00 -4.77 -4.90 ---SKOV3 - - - -4.27 -4.52 - - -Renal Cancer 786-0 >-4.00 -4.74 -4.72>-4.00 A498 >-4.00 -4.52 -4.60 ---ACHN >-4.00 -4.73 -4.76 -4.90 CAKI- I - - - -4.50 -4.56 -4.04 RXF-393 >-4.00 -4.67 -4.75>-4.00 SN12C >-4.00 -4.74 -4.66 -4.29 TK-10 >-4.00 -4.75 -4.92 ---U0-31 >-4.00 -5.67 -5.65 - - -Prostate Cancer PC-3 >-4.00 -4.94 -4.95>-4.00 DU-145 --- -4.59 -4.62>-4.00 Breast Cancer MCF7 > 4 00 4.79 4 94 4 05 MDA-MB-231/ATCC - - - >-4.00 -4.58>-4.00 MDA-MB-435 >-4.00 -4.81 -4.66 -4.84 MDA-N >-4.00 -6.42 -5.10 - - -BT-549 - - - -4.82 -4.77 - - -T-47D >-4.00 -4.78 -4.82 --->-4.00 - - - - - - -6.32 >-4.00 - - - -4.88 -4.05 Mean -4.00 -4.92 -4.95 -4.54 Range 0.06 4.00 3.53 7.20 CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 TABLEIc Panel/Cell line Log,0 LCs0 QHS DHQHS Dimer Paclitaxel Leukemia CCRF-CEM --- -4.04 -4.30>-4.00 HL-60(TB) >-4.00 --- -7.56>-4.00 K-562 >-4.00 -4.15 -4.48>-4.00 MOLT-4 > 4 00 4 55 4 73~ 4 oo RPMI-8226 >-4.00 >-4.00 -4.28>-4.00 SR >-4.00 >-4.00 -4.22>-4.00 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer A549/ATCC >-4.00 -4.27 -4.25 ---EKVX >-4.00 -4.08 -4.17 - - -HOP-62 >-4.00 -4.33 -4.25-4.10 ] 5 HOP-92 >-4.00 -4.35 -4.35 - - -NCI-H226 >-4.00 -4.31 -4.16 - - -NCI-H23 >-4.00 -4.21 -4.29 - - -NCI-H322M --- -4.22 -4.26>-4.00 NCI-H460 >-4.00 -4.11 -4.06>-4.00 NCI-H522 - - - -4.19 -4.29>-4.00 Colon Cancer COLO 205 >-4.00 -5.33 -5.20>-4.41 HCC-2998 >-4.00 -4.15 -4.23-4.26 HCT-116 >-4.00 -4.36 -4.39>-4.00 HCT-15 >-4.00 >-4.00 -4.02>-4.00 HT29 >-4.00 -4.20 -4.26-4.39 KM12 >-4.00 -4.30 -4.46>-4.00 S W-620 >-4.00 -4.37 -4 30>-4 00 CNS Cancer SF-268 --- -4.20 -4.25 ---SF-295 - - - -4.23 -4.32 - - -SF-539 --- -4.32 -4.33>-4.00 SNB-l9 >-4.00 -4.18 -4.07>-4.00 SNB-75 >-4.00 -4.26 -4.47 ---U251 >-4.00 -4.26 -4.32-4.15 CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 TABLEIc(continued) Panel/Cell Line Log,OLC,0 QHSDHQHS Dimer Paclitaxel Melanoma LOX-IMVI 4 39 -4.41 >-4.15 MALME-3M >-4.00 -4.28 -4.25 -4.11 M 14 >-4.00 -4.28 -4.29 -4.13 SK-MEL-2 > 4.00 -4.10 -4.43 >-4.00 SK-MEL-28 >-4.00 -4.17 -4.28 - - -SK-MEL-5 >-4.00 -4.39 -4.44 ---UACC-257 >-4.00 -4.31 -4.45 -4.03 UACC-62 >-4.00 -4.12 -4.25 -4.19 Ovarian Cancer IGROV I >-4.00 -4.24 -4.33 >-4.00 OVCAR-3 --- -4.37 -4.39 >-4.00 OVCAR-4 - - - -4.05 -4.20 >-4.00 OVCAR-5 >-4.00 -4.23 -4.35 >-4.00 OVCAR-8 >-4.00 -4.21 -4.26 >-4.00 SKOV3 --- >-4.00 -4.23 ---Renal Cancer 786-0 >-4.00 -4.33 -4.33 >-4.00 A498 >-4.00 -4.26 -4.29 -4.13 ACHN >-4.00 -4.18 -4.36 -4.45 CAKI- I - - - >-4.00 -4.15 >-4.00 RXF-393 > 4.00 4 30 -4.31 >-4.00 SN12C >-4.00 -4.31 -4.28 >-4.00 TK- 10 >-4.00 -4.10 -4.43 - - -U0-31 >-4.00 -5.21 -5.16 - - -Prostate Cancer PC-3 >-4.00 >-4.00 -4.37 >-4.00 DU-145 --- -4.25 -4.30 >-4.00 Breast Cancer MCF7 >-4.00 -4.27 -4.40 >-4.00 MCF7/ADR-RES --- >-4.00 -4.20 >-4.00 MDA-MB-231/ATCC>-4.00 -4.37 -4.30 -4.29 HS 578T >-4.00 -4.28 -4.23 - - -MDA-MB-435 - - - -4.34 -4.35 MDA-N >-4.00 -4.10 -4.31 BT-549 >-4.00 --- --- >-4.00 T-47D >-4.00 >-4.00 >-4.00 >-4.00 Mean -4.00 -4.25 -4.38 -4.06 Range 0.00 1.33 3.56 0.45 CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97/01548 PCT~US96/11163 The DHQHS dimers of the present invention in most instances are as potent and in some instances more potent than paclitaxel. The data in Table la, Ib and Ic is graphically represented in Figures la, b, c, and d through Figures 9a. Dose response curves, shown in the above mentioned Figures, are obtained by exposing various cancer cell lines to compounds havil1g a S knowl1 concentration ([log,0 M]), as ~i~c~lcsed in detail above, and then plotting the percentage growth of each cell line for each concentratiom The drug concentration limits that are tested are between 10-4 or -4.00M and 10-S or -8.00M. The -4.00M value being the high concentration and the -8.00M value being the low concentratiom Percentage growth is determined by dividing the number or mass of cells in the test well by the number or mass of cells in a control well.
Referrh1g to the leukemia cell line MOLT-4 in Figures la, Ib, Ic and Id the first comparison that is made between QHS, the QHS dimers of the present invel1tion (,~, 13 QHS Dimer and o~ QHS
dimer) and paclitaxel are the drug concentrations which are necessary to inhibit growth, graphically represented in Figures la, I b, Ic, and Id as the concentration necessary to achieve the percentage growth value of +50. As ~ cu~sed previously, the hve drug dilutions routinely tested range from 1S 10-4 to 10-8 molar. Therefore, concentrations less thal1 or greater than lo-8 and 10-4 molar, respectively, that are required to achieve a desired result are not determined. Referring now to Figure la, some concentration of QHS that is greater than ]o-4 molar is necessary to achieve primary growth inhibition. Referring to the ,(3, ~QHS PEG dimer and a, ,(3-QHS PEG dimer dose response curves in Figures I b and I c, respectively, the leukemia cell line MOLT-4 displays primary growth inhibition at drug concentrations that are less than 10-8M. The same can be said for paclitaxel, see Figure Id; however, the lower concentrations have been determined for this drug and the concentration at which primary growth inhibition occurs using paclitaxel is at -11.07 molar.
The drug concentration at which QHS is considered cytostasis, i.e. percentage growth is equal to 0, is at some concentration greater than -4.00 molar. The ~, ,~QHS PEG dimers and a, ~QHS
PEG dimers reach cytostasis at drug concentrations of -5.80M and -5.93M, respectfully, while the paclitaxel concentration necessary to achieve cytostasis is some value greater than -4.00 molar.
Cytotoxicity, i.e., the concentration for which the percentage growth is equal to -50, occurs at a concentration greater than -4.00M for QHS, -4.55M for the 13, ,B-QHS PEG dimer, -4.73M for the a, ,13 QHS PEG dimer, and a concentration greater than -4.00 M for paclitaxel.
The potency of QHS dimers of the present invention as compared to QHS and paclitaxel varies from cell line to cell line. However, the mean values for each drug are presented at the end of Table I and QHS dimers of the present invention were more potent than QHS and equivalent to and in many instances greater than that for paclitaxel.
W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 The DHQHS condensatioll by-product disclosed by M. Cao et al.. and tested by D.L.
Klayman and H.J. Woerdenbag, ~ c~ ed previously, was approximately twenty-two times more potent at causing 50% growth inhibition in one cell line than QHS. With respect to the drug concentrations causing 50% growth inhibition, the QHS dimers were at least 100 times more potent than QHS. When interpreting the mean values, it is important to take into consideration that drug concentrations less than l0-8M and greater then 104M were not collected, this factor is reflected in the range.
For a further comparison on the effects of the QHS PEG ~dimers of the present invention on various cancer cell lines versus the effects of QHS and paclitaxel on the same cell lines see Figures 2a, b, c and d for non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, Figures 3a, b, c, and d for colon cancer cell lines, Figures 4a, b, c and d for CNS cancer cell lines, Figures Sa, b, c, and d for melanoma cancer cell lines, Figures 6a, b, c, and d for ovarian cancer cell lines Figures 7a, b, c, and d for renal cancer cell lines, Figures 8a, b, c, and d for prostate cancer cell lines and Figures 9a, b, c, and d for breast cancer cell lines.
In determining the mode of action by which a compound exerts its cytotoxic effect the National Cancer Institute utilizes the Pearson Correlation Coefficient to provide indications of the probable mode of action. When comparing the dose response profile information to the established chemotherapy drugs with known modes of action, a Pearson Correlation Coefficient of >.6 indicates a high likelihood of a mode of action which is similar to the comparison compound. A correlation coefficient of <.6, when compared to the bank of known drugs, is thought to be indicative of the possibility of an unknown mechanism. The following Table II shows the Pearson Correlation Coefficient for the artemisinin dimer of the present invention at Gl50, TGI and LCso at a log,0 [-4.00M].
TABLE II
25Comparison ~hl~nn;~l NamePearson Correlation Correlation CoPffl~ nt GI50 Carboxyphthalato Platinum0.458 Tetraplatin 0.449 8-Cl CYC AMP 0.432 Diglycoaldehyde 0.428 TrimeLhylllilllethylolmelamine 0.388 DUP785 (Brequinar) 0.381 Rir~llly~;hl SV 0.376 3-D~7~llri~1in~ o 374 CA 02234731 1998-04-14 ~ ~ ~ 9 6 ~ 1 ~ I 63 ~ 2 ~ J~ 1~g7 TABLE ~ (continued) rc~ 'hPrnir~l Name PearsonC~"L~ Lio Co~ Lioll Co~
Hydl~ille Sulfate 0.361 "~r~. "irlP 0.346 y~ A 0.355 TGI HYdr~ AYU~ 0.745*
Bis-~ylidoc~l. ~,. .lillm DMS O.S58 Glyoa~alic Alkylat. Deriv. 0.528 6 ~ t~ ;,.r 0 440 Diglycoaldehyde 0.4~
Macbetin II 0.419 Dihydro-5-AL~cylidillc 0.390 C~ 0.368 BCNU 0.361 ~Ie.l.~ulle 0.356 LC50 Flavone Acetic Acid 0-707*
DUP785 (b~luillal) 0.546 -Triethyl,!.,.. " I ";"p 0.475 lr;............................... -~ 0.474 -- Dihydro-L~ .. ol.e 0.470 TOPOL~ 0.463 Cy~.. ~l,.. ~ 0.450 Thio-Tepa 0-433 Tehoca............................ ,in A Sodium Salt 0.425 P~ a~ 0.413 ~ l in~-~slhesevaluesar notrelevan~
As a result of the Pearson Correlation CoefF~ ont being less than 0.6 the NCI has referred the a~ in dimers of the present invention for further in vivo testing. Of the 40,000 k~
W O 97/01548 PCT~US96/11163 compounds tested by NCI over the past two years only 160 compounds have been chosen for in vivo testing.
The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limited examples. All scientific and terhnic~l terms have the m(~ning.c as understood by one with ordinary skill in the art. The specific examples which follow illustrate the synthesis of representative compounds of the instant invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention in sphere or scope. The methods may be adapted to variation in order to produce compounds embraced by this invention but not specifically disclosed. Further, variations of the methods to produce the same compounds in somewhat dirrel-el.l fashion will be evident to one skilled in the art.
l 0 All temperatures are understood to be in Centigrade (~C) when not specified. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral characteristics refer to rhemic~l shifts ~ expressed in parts per million (ppm) versus tetramethylsilane (TMS) as reference standard. 'H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a JEOL Eclipse~00 instrument. The relative area reported for the various shifts in the proton NMR spectral data corresponds to the number of hydrogen atoms of a particular l 5 functional type in the molecule. The nature of the shifts as to multiplicity is reported as broad singlet (bs), broad doublet (bd), broad triplet (bt), broad quartet (bq), singlet (s), multiple (m), doublet (d), quartet (q), triplet (t), doublet of doublet (dd), doublet of triplet (dt), and doublet of quartet (dq). The solvents employed for taking NMR spectra are DMSO-d6 (perdeuterodimethysulfoxide), D2O deuterated water), CDCI3 (deuterochloroform) and other conventional deuterated solvents. The chemical shifts are expressed in ppm relative to the reference of CDCI3 or DMSO. Deuterated solvents were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co.
The infrared (IR) spectral description was measured on a KVB Analect Diamond-20 FT-IR
Spectrometer featuring a Laser Precision XAD-Plus Microscope. Electrospray mass spectra were obtained from a VG Platform HPLC-MASS Spectrometer. TLC plates of silica gel 60F254 were purchased from E.M. Merck and kept in a closed container over Drierite6~ prior to use. Melting points were measured on a MEL-TEMP II apparatus equipped with a digital Barnant 100 Thermocouple Th~orm~ m~ter and are uncorrected. HPLC was performed on a Hitachi chLvllldlugraphic ~e-;llvllleter (L-6200A Intelligent Pump, D-6000 Interface, L-4000 UV Detector and AS~000 Intelligent Auto Sampler). Combination of CH3CN and H2O in different concentrations are used as HPLC solvent system. All solvents were distilled before use.
Commercially available chemicals were used without any further purification. Various methods of purifying the products of the present invention are known and understood by those skilled in - the art and the purification m~thc-l~ ples~;lll~d in the Examples is solely listed by way of example and is not inten~ d to limit the invention.
CA 0223473l l998-04-l4 W O 97/OlS48 PCTrUS96/11163 E~ PLE I
Small Scale l'~ dlion of DHQHS-Triethylene Glycol Dimer 116.1 mg (0.409 mmol) of DHQHS and 12 ml (0.03M) of toluene were introduced under a nitrogen atmosphere into a 25 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a m~gn~tie stir bar.
27.8,u1 (0.204 mmol, 0.5 eq) of triethylene glycol was added followed by 12.0,u1 (0.098 mmol, 0.24 eq) of BF3-Et2O and the mixture was then stirred at room temperature for three hours.
Methylene chloride was then added to the mixture. The reaction mixture presumed to contain DHQHS-PEG dimer was washed twice with water. The organic phase was collected, dried over m~gn~ m sulfate and subsequently filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a colorless oil as crude product. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel and eluted with 20% ethyl acetate/hexane followed by 30% ethyl acetate/hexane. The 20% ethyl acetate/hexane solution contains triethylene glycol and other impurities. The 30% ethyl acetate/hexane solution contains the pure ~ ules of isomers of DHQHS-PEG dimers and monomers. The selected fractions were evaporated to dryness with a rotary evaporation under reduced pLes~ul~. 32.2 mg of starting material was recovered resulting in a 27.7% yield. The DHQHS-PEG dimer was isolated in 32.8% yield (15.4% ,~ dimer, 9.0%
,B dimer, and 8.4% cx c~ dimer). The DHQHS-PEG monomer (mixture of cY + ~ isomers) was obtained in a 19.7% yield. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of ,~, ,B dimer (400 MHz; deuterated chloroform; chemical shift in ppm; coupling constants J in Hz): 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) ~ 0.8564 (d, J=7.32 Hz, 3H, C-13), 0.8940 (d, J=6.24 Hz, 3H, C-14), 1.19 (m, lH), 1.28 (m, lH), 1.38 (s, 3H, C-15), 1.39-1.84 (m, 7H), 1.98 (m, lH), 2.30 (td, J=13.56, 4.04 Hz, lH) 2.55 (m, lH, C-11), 3.56 (m, 4H), 3.88 (m, 2H), 4.76 (d, J=3.32 Hz, lH, C-12), 5.36 (s, lH, C-5); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCI3) ~ 13.04, 20.43, 24.45, 24.75, 26.22, 30.91, 34.74, 36.47, 37.47, 44.51, 52.62, 67.44, 70.59, 70.63, 81.13, 87.87, 102.09, 104.02; MS
(Electrospray) m/e 700.3 (M+NH4)+.
W O 97/01548 rCTrUS96/11163 EXAMPLE II
Large Scale Preparation of DHQHS-Triethylene Glycol Dimer 593.3 mg (2.11 mmol) of DHQHS and 60 ml (0.04 M) of toluene were introduced under a nitrogen atmosphere into a 25 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar. 144~1 ~ 5 (1.06 mmol, 0.5 eq) of triethylene glycol was added followed by 64,u1 (0.53 mmol, 0.25 eq) of BF3-Et2O and the mixture was then stirred at room temperature for three hours.
Methylene chloride was then added to the mixture. The reaction mixture presumed to contain DHQHS-PEG dimer was washed with water. The organic phase was collected, dried over m~gn~sillm sulfate and subsequently filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain 731.3 mg colorless oil as crude product corresponding to a crude yield of 98.1 % . The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (60 A) and eluted with a gradient elution of 20-50% ethyl acetate/hexane. The DHQHS-PEG dimer was obtained as oil (348.2 mg, 47.7%). 228.0 mg of the ,~ ,~ dirner (30.6%), 97.3 mg of the a ~ dimer (13.1%) and 29.9 mg of the cY o~ dimer (4.0%) were recovered. 136.8 mg of the monomer (c~ + ~, 15.2 %) and 25.1 %
of the starting material were also recovered. The lH NMR, 13C NMR, and MS data are identical to that in Example I.
EXAMPLE III
Small Scale Preparation of DHQHS-Diethylene Glycol Dimer 100.3 mg (0.35 mmol) of DHQHS and 12 ml (0.03M) of toluene were introduced undera nitrogen atmosphere into a 25 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a m~gn~tic stir bar.
17.0,u1 (0.18 mmol, 0.5 eq) of diethylene glycol was added followed by l l .O,ul (0.09 mrnol, 0.25 eq) of BF3-Et2O and the mixture was then stirred at room temperature for three hours.
Methylene chloride was then added to the mixture. The reaction mixture presumed to contain diethylene glycol-DHQHS dimer was washed twice with water. The organic phase was - 25 collected, dried over m~gnPcillm sulfate and subsequently filtered. The crude product was purified by flash column chlollla~ography on silica gel and eluted with a gradient solvent system (15-80%
W O 97/01548 PCT~US96/11163 ethyl acetate/hexane). The selected fractions were evaporated to dryness with a rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. 6.2 mg of DHQHS was recovered. 45.3 mg of dimers (29.8mg ~ ,~
dimer, 12.3 mg ~ ,B dimer, and 3.2 mg o~ ~ dimer) were obtained as desired product in 39.5%
yield. The proton nuclear m~gnf~tic resonance spectrum for the ,~ ~ dimer (400 MHz; deuterated S chloroform; rhl~mic~l shift in ppm; coupling colL~Ia~ J in Hz): 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 5.41 (s, lH), 4.82 (d, J--3.28 Hz, lH), 3.94 (m, lH), 3.53-3.67 (m~ 3H), 2.60 (m, lH), 2.35 (m, lH), 2.00 (m, lH), 1.70-1.90 (m, 3H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 1.47 (m, lH), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.20-1.40 (m, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=6.20 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (d, J=7.32 Hz, 3H); MS (electrospray) m/e 656.1 (M + NH4) + .
EXAMPLE IV
Large Scale Preparation of DHQHS-Diethylene Glycol Di~ner 501.8 mg (1.78 mmol) of DHQHS and 60 ml (0.03 M) of toluene were introduced under a nitrogen atmosphere into a 25 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a m~gnt-tic stir bar. 84~b1 (0.88 mmol, 0.5 eq) of diethylene glycol was added followed by 54,ul (0.44 mmol, 0.25 eq) of BF3 -Et2O and the mixture was then stirred at room temperature for three hours.
Methylene chloride was then added to the mixture. The reaction mixture presumed to contain Diethylene glycol-DHQHS dimer was washed with water. The organic phase was collected, dried over m~gn~sillm sulfate and subsequently filtered. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel and eluted with a gradient solvent system of 15-75 %
ethyl acetate/hexane. Less than 10 mg of DHQHS was recovered while 334.0 mg of dimers (238.3 mg ~ ~ dimers, 8.3 mg cY ~ + ~ ,B dimers, 79.0 mg ~ ,~ dimer, and 8.4 mg ~ a~ dimer) were obtained as desired product in 59.5% yield. The 'H NMR and MS data of this dimer is ntic~l to the one in Example III.
W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 E~ PLE V
Small Scale Preparation of DHQHS~ Y~pthylene Glycol Dimer 100.9 mg (0.36 mmol) of DHQHS and 12 ml (0.03M) of toluene were introduced undera nitrogen atmosphere into a 25 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar.
45.0~1 (0.18 mmol, 0.5 eq) of hexaethylene glycol was added followed by 11.0~1 (0.09 mmol, 0.25 eq) of BF3 Et~O and the mixture was then stirred at room temperature for three hours.
Methylene chloride was then added to the mixture. The reaction mixture presumed to contain the hexaethylene glycol dimer was washed twice with water. The organic phase was collected, dried over magnesium sulfate and s-lhsequçntly filtered. Flash column chromatography (silica gel) was used to purify the product with a gradient solvent system (15-95% ethyl acetate/hexane). The solvent system was then gradually changed to 5-10% mloth~nol/methylene chloride to recover all products. The selected fractions were evaporated to dryness with a rotary evaporation under reduced plcs~uLe. 62.2 mg of starting material was recovered, and 15.7 mg of dimer was isolated in 11.9% yield (9.0 mg ~ ,~ dimer, 4.0 mg o~ ~B + ~ dimers, and 2.7%
c~ ,~ dimer). The proton nuclear m~nPtiC resonance spectrum for the ,~ ~B dimers (400 MHz;
deuterated chloroform; ~.h~mic~l shift in ppm; coupling con~iallLs J in Hz): IH NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) ~ 5.41 (s, lH), 4.82 (d, J=3.32 Hz, lH), 3.94 (m, lH), 3.60 (m, llH), 2.60 (m, lH), 2.60 (m, lH), 2.35 (m, lH), 2.00 (m, lH), 1.70-1.90 (m, 3H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 1.47 (m, lH), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.20-1.40 (m, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=7.32 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (d, J=6.56 Hz, 3H); MS(electrospray) m/e 832.3 (M+NH4)+.
EXAMPLE VI
Large Scale Preparation of DHQHS-~PY~thylene Glycol Dimer 506.2 mg (1.78 mmol) of DHQHS and 60 ml (0.03 M) of toluene were introduced under a nitrogen atmosphere into a 25 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar. 2501L1 ~ 25 (0.89 mmol, 0.5 eq) of hexaethylene glycol was added followed by 55111 (0.45 mmol, 0.25 eq) of BF3 Et2O and the mixture was then stirred at room temperature for three hours.
W O 97/01548 PCTrUS96/11163 Methylene chloride was then added to the mixture. The reaction mixture presumed to contain hexaethylene glycol dimer was washed with water. The organic phase was collected, dried over m~gnf~sillm sulfate and subsequently filtered. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel and eluted with a gradient elution of 15-95 % ethyl acetate/hexane. The solvent system was then gradually changed to 5-10% methanol/methylene chloride to recover all products. 62.0 mg of starting material was recovered, and 102.5 mg of dimer was isolated in 14.2% yield (67 mg ~ dimers, 35.0 mg cY ~ + ~ ~ dimers). The analytical results are identical to the dimer in Example V.
The foregoing description is considered as illustrative only of the principals of the invention. Furthermore, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact compositions and processes shown as described above. Accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to falling within the scope of the invention as defined by the claims which follow.
~Y~nlrle VII
Preparation of DHQHS-Carbonate Dimer 140.0 mg (0.500 mmol) of DHQHS dissolved in 3.0 ml of a 10% pyridine/methylene chloride solution was introduced into a 25 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar. 40.0 mg (0.25 mmol) of 1, 3-phenylenediisocyanate was added and the mixture was then stirred at room temperature overnight.
The solution was concentrated to dryness and the resulting residue was purified by flash column ch~ a~ography on silica gel eluted with 10-25% elthylacetate/hexane. The selected fractions were evaporated to dryness with a rotary by rotary evaporation under reduced ples~ul~.
80 mg of 12-carbonate art~mi.~inin dimer was obtained as a white solid resulting in a 50% yield.
The proton nuclear m~gn~tic resonance spectrum (400 MHz; deuterated chloroform; chemical shift in ppm; coupling constants J in HZ): 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCL3) ~ 0.95 (m, 12H, H-13, H-14), 1.36 (s, 6H, H-15), 2.62 (m, 2H, H-11), 5.50 (s, 2H, H-5), 5.76 (d, J=9.98 Hz, 2H, H-12), W O 97/01548 PCT~US96/11163 7.14(s,lH,Ph-H),7.34(m,3H,Ph-H);13C N MR(10 M Hz, CDC13)~12.2,20.3,22.1,24.7, 25.9, 31.9, 34.2,36.6, 37.4, 45.4, 51.7, 80.3, 91.5, 93.0, 104.6, 113.8, 129.5, 138.3, 151.9;
IR (neat)3400,3000, 1750, 1050,cm-1; MS (electrospray) m/e746(M + NH4)+.
Claims (12)
1. An anticancer artemisinin dimer of the formula;
and the isomers thereof where R is polyethylene glycol.
and the isomers thereof where R is polyethylene glycol.
2. An anticancer artemisinin dimer of formula:
and the isomers thereof, wherein X is and R is alkylidene, alkenylene, polyethylene glycol, or aryl.
and the isomers thereof, wherein X is and R is alkylidene, alkenylene, polyethylene glycol, or aryl.
3. A compound according to claim 2, where R is -(CH2)n and n is 1-20.
4. A compound according to claim 3, where n is 6.
5. A compound according to claim 2, where R is a benzene ring.
6. An anticancer artemisinin dimer of formula:
wherein X is and R is alkylidene, alkenylene, polyethylene glycol or aryl.
wherein X is and R is alkylidene, alkenylene, polyethylene glycol or aryl.
7. An anticancer artemisinin dimer of formula and the isomers thereof,wherein: n is 1-20.
8. A compound according to claim 7, where n is 2.
9. A compound according to claim 7, where n is 3.
10. A compound to claim 7, where n is 6.
11. An artemisinin dimer of formula:
and the isomer thereof.
and the isomer thereof.
12. A compound according to claim 6, wherein R is -(CH2)n and n is 1-12.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/496,771 | 1995-06-29 | ||
| US08/496,771 US5677468A (en) | 1995-06-29 | 1995-06-29 | Artemisinin dimer compounds having anticancer activity |
| PCT/US1996/011163 WO1997001548A1 (en) | 1995-06-29 | 1996-06-27 | Artemisinin dimer compounds having anticancer activity |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2234731A1 true CA2234731A1 (en) | 1997-01-16 |
Family
ID=29405926
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2234731 Abandoned CA2234731A1 (en) | 1995-06-29 | 1996-06-27 | Artemisinin dimer compounds having anticancer activity |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2234731A1 (en) |
-
1996
- 1996-06-27 CA CA 2234731 patent/CA2234731A1/en not_active Abandoned
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