CA2221967A1 - Bacterial treatment to preserve silage - Google Patents
Bacterial treatment to preserve silage Download PDFInfo
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- CA2221967A1 CA2221967A1 CA002221967A CA2221967A CA2221967A1 CA 2221967 A1 CA2221967 A1 CA 2221967A1 CA 002221967 A CA002221967 A CA 002221967A CA 2221967 A CA2221967 A CA 2221967A CA 2221967 A1 CA2221967 A1 CA 2221967A1
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- Prior art keywords
- lactobacillus plantarum
- silage
- genetic equivalent
- combination
- genetic
- Prior art date
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- 239000004460 silage Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 80
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 title abstract description 8
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 title description 4
- 240000006024 Lactobacillus plantarum Species 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 235000013965 Lactobacillus plantarum Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 229940072205 lactobacillus plantarum Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000002054 inoculum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 235000019621 digestibility Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 235000017587 Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 241000194031 Enterococcus faecium Species 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 241000219823 Medicago Species 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 claims 9
- 230000002335 preservative effect Effects 0.000 claims 9
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 10
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 9
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 9
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia nh3 Chemical compound N.N XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 5
- 239000004459 forage Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 4
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000035772 mutation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 210000004767 rumen Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 244000005706 microflora Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000186660 Lactobacillus Species 0.000 description 2
- 102000035195 Peptidases Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108091005804 Peptidases Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001461 cytolytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940039696 lactobacillus Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 241000305071 Enterobacterales Species 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 description 1
- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000194036 Lactococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001282736 Oriens Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000192001 Pediococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010064851 Plant Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004365 Protease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000006394 Sorghum bicolor Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011684 Sorghum saccharatum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000194017 Streptococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241001148470 aerobic bacillus Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000004103 aerobic respiration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003042 antagnostic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000013068 control sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010410 dusting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940088598 enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 heat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011081 inoculation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001139 pH measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021118 plant-derived protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002797 proteolythic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940024999 proteolytic enzymes for treatment of wounds and ulcers Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010188 recombinant method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001256 steam distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003053 toxin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000765 toxin Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 108700012359 toxins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241001148471 unidentified anaerobic bacterium Species 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K30/00—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K30/10—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder
- A23K30/15—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging
- A23K30/18—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging using microorganisms or enzymes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
- A23V2400/11—Lactobacillus
- A23V2400/169—Plantarum
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
- A23V2400/21—Streptococcus, lactococcus
- A23V2400/225—Faecalis
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
Abstract
Silage is preserved by treatment with a small but silage preserving effective amount of an inoculant selected from: a combination of the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and the microorganism Enterococcus faecium 301, or the genetic equivalent thereof; a combination of the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof; and a combination of the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 286, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or a genetic equivalent thereof. The present inoculants are particularly effective in improving the rate and extent of digestibility of alfalfa silage.
Description
W 096/380S2 PCT~US96/08384 E~CTERIPiL TREAlrDENT TO PRESER ~ SII~GE
Field of the Invention This invention relates to a method of preserving agricultural products which are used for animal feed after storage under anaerobic conditions. Specifically, this invention relates to a method of preserving silage after storage under anaerobic conditions such that the extent and rate of digestibility of the silage are improved.
Background of the Invention The use of silage additives has become a widely accepted practice throughout much of the agricultural world.
During the ensiling process, aerobic respiration begins immediately upon chopping of silage. During this early phase, soluble carbohydrates in the plant tissue are oxidized and converted to carbon dioxide and water. This process continues until either the oxygen level is depleted or the water soluble carbohydrates are exhausted. Under ideal conditions, with adequate packing and sealing of the ensiled material, respiration lasts only a few hours. The growth of microorganisms during this period is limited to those that are tolerant of oxygen. Typically, this includes aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds. These organisms are generally recognized as being negative to the system because they metabolize sugar to carbon dioxide, heat, and water.
Another important chemical change that occurs during this early phase is the breakdown of plant protein by plant proteases. Proteins are degraded to amino acids and further metabolized to ammonia and amines. It has been reported tha~ up to 50% of the total proteins may be broken down during this process depending on the rate of pH
decline in the silage.
Once anaerobic conditions are established, anaerobic bacteria proliferate. Enterobacteria and WO 9~ t~ PCTrUS96/08384 heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria are generally the first populations to become established. These organisms produce primarily acetic acid, ethanol, lactic acid, and carbon dioxide from the fermentation of glucose and fructose. Once the pH begins to decline, there is a marked increase in the homofermentative lactic acid bacteria population which produces primarily lactic acid. The rapid increase in the lactic acid level results in the decline of the pH to around 4. At this point, the ensiled mass will generally remain stable throughout storage if undisturbed.
In summary, when the material is initially packed in an oxygen-limiting structure, such as a covered silo, the pH is reduced, the residual oxygen is utilized and the material is said to undergo a lactic acid fermentation.
The material will remain stable and can be stored for many months in this condition.
When the silage is ready to be fed, the top cover is removed and the silo is opened for feeding. The material is then exposed to air and the process is no longer anaerobic.
Microflora in the silage itself or airborne cont~in~nts can begin to oxidize the acids present. This oxidation causes a loss in mass or dry matter of the feed and thus causes feeding losses. In addition, the resultant pH and temperature increases are objectionable to the animals and the feed will be refused by the animals after it has begun to heat. The incidence of aerobic instability observed in practice depends on the rate at which the ensiled material is removed from the silo and the length of time that the material has been ensiled before opening. If the silage is unloaded slowly then more time is allowed for deterioration to occur on the surface of the opened silage. Longer enslling times produce generally more stable silage as the acid concentrations are higher and all microflora populations tend to decrease. In general the silage should be stable for at least five days after opening. This will allow for adequate time for the silage to be removed.
CA 02221967 1997~ 24 W 096/380S2 PCTrUS96/08384 Recently it has become known that bacterial inoculants help preserve silage, including grass si_age, alfalfa silage and corn silage. For example, inoculation with lactic acid bacteria during the fermentation phase can be beneficial to the fermentation process, see e.g. U.S. Patent 4,842,871 of Hill issued June 27, 198g, as well as the literature references cited therein. For high moisture alfalfa stability, this increase is probably due to the inoculants' enhancing the rate of anaerobic fermentation and pH
decrease. This is beneficial because oxidative losses caused by aerobic pH-sensitive microflora in the initial stages are thus avoided. In silages such as whole plant corn, alfalfa, etc. the inoculant can also have beneficial effects on the digestibility of the silages by causing an increase in the availability of the fiber, and/or providing more nutrients per amount of silage at a faster rate.
Accordingly, it is an objective of the present invention to develop a bacterial silage inoculant that is effective both during the initial anaerobic stages and during the initial aerobic stages when a silo is opened to air.
It is a further objective of the present invention to develop a silage inoculant that increases the rate of digestibility of the silage, thereby making nutrients available to an animal sooner.
A further objective of the present invention is to develop a silage inoculant that increases the extent o~
digestibility or the silage, thereby making more nutrients available to the animal being fed.
30The method and manner of accomplishing each of the objectives of the present invention as well as others will become apparent from the detailed description which follows hereinafter.
35SU ~ RY OF THE INVENTION
In the present invention silage, includlng grass, alfalfa and/or corn silage, is preserved both during the =-- =
W 096/38052 PCTrUS96/08384 initial anaerobic phase of the ensilage process and during the initial phases of aerobic conditions after a silo is opened. Preservation is accomplished by mixing certain facultative bacterial inoculants. The present inoculants improve the extent and rate of digestibility of silage, especially alfalfa silage. The inoculants are combinations of selected strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium. The present inoculants are compatible with the other bacteria, and thus do not retard the ensilage process in any way. Specifically, the inoculants include TJ1: a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 347 and Enterococcus faecium 301, having ATCC number ; ST: a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 346 and Lactobacillus plantarum 347, having ATCC number ; and FS: a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 286 and Lactobacillus plantarum 346, having ATCC number . The present invention further provides methods of treating silage which comprise administering to the silage a small but ensilage preserving effective amount of the present inoculant prototypes. The inoculants of the present invention are particularly effective in improving the digestibility of alfalfa silage.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The term "silage" as used herein is intended to include all types of fermented agricultural products such as grass silagej alfalfa s~ilage, corn silage, sorghum silage, fermented grains and grass mixtures, etc. All can be treated successfully with the inoculants of the present invention. The present invention is particularly effective in improving the extent and rate of digestibility of alfalfa silage.
A surprising aspect of this invention is that only certain combinations of certain strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and/or Enterococcus faecium will function effectively in the present invention. The addition of Lactobacillus to silage as a general matter is known, see W O 96/38052 PcT/u~9~lo8384 s for example U.S. Patent No. 4,981,705. However, the present invention is necessarily strain specific with regard to the Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium. In particular, the inoculants found to work in the present invention are: Lactobacillus plantarum 347 in combination with Enterococcus faecium 301 ("TJ1"), Lactobacillus plantarium 346 in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum 347 ("ST"), and Lactobacillus plantarum 286 in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum 346 ("FS"). I~ is to be understood, however, that applicants' invention, while species specific, is intended to cover these species and their genetic equivalents, or the effective mutants thereof, which demonstrate the desired properties of the named species and strains. Such genetic equivalents or mutants thereof are considered to be functionally equivalent to the parent species. It is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art that spontaneous mutation is a common occurrence in microorganisms and that mutations can also be intentionally produced by a variety of known techniques.
For example, mutants can be produced using chemical, radioactive, and recombinant techniques.
Regardless of the manner in which mutations or the genetic equivalents are induced, the critical issue is that they function to preserve the silage as described for the 2s parent species and/or strain. In other words, the present invention includes mutations resulting in such minor changes as, for example, minor taxonomical alterations.
Typical compositions useful for treatment of this invention may include the present inoculants within the ranges useful for treating ensilage products, i.e. typically 108-10l4 viable organisms/ton, preferably 109-10ll viable organisms/ton, more preferably 101C viable organisms/ton. A
mixture of the two strains ranging from about 75~ to about 25% of each strain is preferred. A mixture of about 50% of each of the two strains per inoculant is particularly preferred.
W 096/38052 PCTnUS96/08384 The composition of the present invention can also include other common silage preservation organisms as, for example, Propionibacteria, Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Pediococcus, and certain enzymes from fungi or bacteria, providing they are in no way antagonistic to the active organlsms .
Those of ordinary skill in the art will know of other suitable carriers and dosage forms, or will be able to ascertain such, using routine experimentation. Further, the administration of the various compositions can be carried out using standard techniques common to those of ordinary skill in the art, i.e. spraying, dusting, etc, The above disclosure generally describes the present invention. A more detailed understanding can be obtained by reference to the following specific examples which are provided herein for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting, unless otherwise specified.
EXAMPLES
In the examples shown in the tables below, the treatment, preparation and storage were conducted using standard procedures. The inoculants used in the silage trials, which were conducted in the years 1992, 1993 and 1994, were compared to a control sample which did not contain any inoculant. The level of inoculant was 1 x 105 viable organisms per gram of forage in a 50:50 mixture.
This corresponds to 9 x 101~ organisms per ton. Treatments were applied as a liquid. The prototype inoculants developed consisted of selected strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium in the following combinations: Lactobacillus plantarum strain 347 and Enterococcus faecium strain 30~1 ("TJ1"); Lactobacillus plantarum strain 286 and Lactobacillus plantarum strain 346 ("FS"); and Lactobacillus plantarum strain 346 and 3s Lactobacillus plantarum strain 347 ("ST").
Prototype combinations were mixed in a 50:50 ratio and applied on wilted, chopped alfalfa in a liquid form at a rate of 1 x 105 cfu/g forage. Treated forage was divided into equal portions and packed to a stan ard density using a hydraulic press into 4" x 14" experimental PVC silos. Silos were sealed at each end with rubber caps held tightly by metal rings. One end was fitted with a pressure release valve so that gases could escape and still maintain anaerobiosis. Experimental silos were stored at 20-25~C for 80-120 days prior to opening to simulate farm silo conditions.
Experimental silos were opened, silage removed into a clean container, mixed, and samples taken for microbial, chemical and digestibility analysis. The remaining silage was placed in a plastic lined polystyrene cooler, a probe placed in the center of the silage mass, and temperature lS measured every 3 hours for one week to determine aerobic stability. When silage is exposed to air, large losses of nutrients can occur as the result of aerobic microorganisms' consuming sugars and fermentation products in the silage.
The sugars are respired to carbon dioxide and water, producing heat. Besides the loss of highly digestible portions of the sllage, some aerobic microorganisms produce toxins which affect an animal's health.
Two measurements were used to determine the stability of silage upon exposure to air. The hour at which silage temperature went 1.7~C above ambient temperature was referred to as the "rot" of the silage. It is a measure of time after the silage is exposed to air before the aerobic microorganisms start to grow causing the silage to heat.
Cumulative degree days, or "cumm_ dd" is the integration of the area between the actual temperature curve and a line drawn by ambient temperature. It is a measure of the total amount of heating. Elevated temperatures increase the rate and amount of protein breakdown and reduce the digestibility of nitrogen, fiber, and other fractions.
Ammonia nitrogen determination was conducted using standard procedures involving dissociation of the ammonia ion by raising the pH, followed by steam distillation of the W O 96/38052 PCTrUS96/08384 ammonia out of the silage. The amount of ammonia nitrogen is quantitatively measured by titration. The level of ammonia nitrogen is an indicator of the rate of fermentation. The faster the rate of fermentation, the S lower the activity of proteolytic enzymes, thereby making more proteins available for an ~n im~1 The fermentation endpoint measurement is pH. A
satisfactory pH for alfalfa silage is less than 4.5. As the pH decreases, proteolytic activity decreases. The pH
measurements were made with an Orien~ model 70lA pH meter calibrated with pH 4.0l and 7.00 buffers.
To determine the extent and rate of digestibility, samples were dried and ground through a 0.Smm Wiley~ mill screen for digestibility analysis. All samples were scanned by near infrared radiation spectroscopy (NIRS). Extremes in spectra were selected on which to run in vitro dry matter (IVDM) rates and extents of digestibility. IVDM rate of digestibility was determined using a system designed to simulate what happens in the rumen. Dried silage samples are combined with a buffer and rumen fluid containing live cellulytic mlcroorganisms. As the cellulytic microorganisms digest the fiber in the silage sample, gas is produced. The rate of digestibility was defined as the slope of the linear portion of the curve produced by plotting gas production vs.
time. It was expressed as a percent of a standard to account for the variation in microbial populations between batches of rumen fluid. A faster rate of digestibility means nutrients are being made available to the animal sooner allowing it to utilize them to produce more milk or meat. One possibility of how the inoculants are causing this increase is that they are changing the structure of the forage, making it more available to the rumen microorganisms, which in turn convert the forage to energy for use by the animal. The total volume of gas produced over a set period of time was referred to as the extent of digestibility and was also expressed a percent of a -W 096/3805~ PCTrUS96/08384 standard. The extent of digestibility is an indicator of the total amount of nui~-ients made available by the digestion of the fiber. The IVDM rate and extent of digestiblities for the extremes were added to the NIRS
5 calibration equation and values for the r~m~ining samples were predicted based on their spectra.
Tables 1,2 and 3 below summarize the trials conducted.
"Control" indicates uninoculated silage.
Table 1 summarizes the data from a 1992 trial. Table 1 indicates that TJ1, FS and ST all have higher rates of digestibility than the control silage. Thus, the nutrients from silages inoculated would be available to an animal faster than the nutrients from uninoculated silage. TJ1-and FS-inoculated silages also show lower ammonia nitrogen lS levels than control silage, thus indicating a faster fermentation rate leading to lower protein loss. The pH
values were all acceptable (<4.5) with the inoculated silages having numerically better pH's than the control silage.
Table 2 summarizes data from 1993 covering seven trials for pH, rot, cumm_dd, extent of digestion, and rate of digestion. Five trials were conducted for ammonia nitrogen.
TJ1, FS, and ST all show significantly (P<.1) higher rates (nutrients available faster) and extents (more nutrients available) of digestibility and lower (P<.1) ammonia nitrogen levels (less protein loss) than uninoculated silage. The inoculants also provide better rot and cumm_dd values than control silage indicating better aerobic stability. Better rot values indicates less loss of nutrients due to aerobic heating. Cumm_dd values were all very low indicating minim~l total heating. The rot values were all satisfactory as over 6 days passed before aerobic microorganisms started growing and causing heating. Cum~_dd values were very low showing that total heating was minimal.
3s Table 3 summarizes data from five trials conducted for TJ1 and four trials conducted for ST in 1994. The data W 096/38052 PCTrUS96N8384 indicate that TJ1 and ST have higher rates and extents of digestibility than control silage. Inoculated silages also had significantly (P<.20) better pH values than control silage (which had a pH above 4.5).
W 096138052 11 PCTnUS96/08384 Table 1: 1992 Alfalfa Trial Summary Treatment PHRate of dig.NH3-N (% total N) Control 4.35 107.9 10.58 FJ1 4.30 123.0 8.88 FS 4.21 126.3 7.82 ST 4.17 124.6 Table 2: 1993 Alfalfa Trial Summary Treatment pH Rot Cumm dd Extent Rate NH3N
of dig. of dig. (% total N) 1~
Control 4.44 134.8 22.2 80.7 87.3 7.71 TJ1 4.46 146.5 27.5 89.3 95.3 6.66 FS 4.43 157.1 1.6 89.2 92.0 5.36 ST 4.45 160.0 0 88.5 94.8 5.20 Table 3: 1994 Alfalfa Trial Summary 2~ Treatment Rot Cumm dd Extent Rate of dig. of dig.
Control 152.9 11.4 88.81 87.23 ST 149.4 23.1 94.75 93.39 TJ1 151.8 11.4 92.61 94.21
Field of the Invention This invention relates to a method of preserving agricultural products which are used for animal feed after storage under anaerobic conditions. Specifically, this invention relates to a method of preserving silage after storage under anaerobic conditions such that the extent and rate of digestibility of the silage are improved.
Background of the Invention The use of silage additives has become a widely accepted practice throughout much of the agricultural world.
During the ensiling process, aerobic respiration begins immediately upon chopping of silage. During this early phase, soluble carbohydrates in the plant tissue are oxidized and converted to carbon dioxide and water. This process continues until either the oxygen level is depleted or the water soluble carbohydrates are exhausted. Under ideal conditions, with adequate packing and sealing of the ensiled material, respiration lasts only a few hours. The growth of microorganisms during this period is limited to those that are tolerant of oxygen. Typically, this includes aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds. These organisms are generally recognized as being negative to the system because they metabolize sugar to carbon dioxide, heat, and water.
Another important chemical change that occurs during this early phase is the breakdown of plant protein by plant proteases. Proteins are degraded to amino acids and further metabolized to ammonia and amines. It has been reported tha~ up to 50% of the total proteins may be broken down during this process depending on the rate of pH
decline in the silage.
Once anaerobic conditions are established, anaerobic bacteria proliferate. Enterobacteria and WO 9~ t~ PCTrUS96/08384 heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria are generally the first populations to become established. These organisms produce primarily acetic acid, ethanol, lactic acid, and carbon dioxide from the fermentation of glucose and fructose. Once the pH begins to decline, there is a marked increase in the homofermentative lactic acid bacteria population which produces primarily lactic acid. The rapid increase in the lactic acid level results in the decline of the pH to around 4. At this point, the ensiled mass will generally remain stable throughout storage if undisturbed.
In summary, when the material is initially packed in an oxygen-limiting structure, such as a covered silo, the pH is reduced, the residual oxygen is utilized and the material is said to undergo a lactic acid fermentation.
The material will remain stable and can be stored for many months in this condition.
When the silage is ready to be fed, the top cover is removed and the silo is opened for feeding. The material is then exposed to air and the process is no longer anaerobic.
Microflora in the silage itself or airborne cont~in~nts can begin to oxidize the acids present. This oxidation causes a loss in mass or dry matter of the feed and thus causes feeding losses. In addition, the resultant pH and temperature increases are objectionable to the animals and the feed will be refused by the animals after it has begun to heat. The incidence of aerobic instability observed in practice depends on the rate at which the ensiled material is removed from the silo and the length of time that the material has been ensiled before opening. If the silage is unloaded slowly then more time is allowed for deterioration to occur on the surface of the opened silage. Longer enslling times produce generally more stable silage as the acid concentrations are higher and all microflora populations tend to decrease. In general the silage should be stable for at least five days after opening. This will allow for adequate time for the silage to be removed.
CA 02221967 1997~ 24 W 096/380S2 PCTrUS96/08384 Recently it has become known that bacterial inoculants help preserve silage, including grass si_age, alfalfa silage and corn silage. For example, inoculation with lactic acid bacteria during the fermentation phase can be beneficial to the fermentation process, see e.g. U.S. Patent 4,842,871 of Hill issued June 27, 198g, as well as the literature references cited therein. For high moisture alfalfa stability, this increase is probably due to the inoculants' enhancing the rate of anaerobic fermentation and pH
decrease. This is beneficial because oxidative losses caused by aerobic pH-sensitive microflora in the initial stages are thus avoided. In silages such as whole plant corn, alfalfa, etc. the inoculant can also have beneficial effects on the digestibility of the silages by causing an increase in the availability of the fiber, and/or providing more nutrients per amount of silage at a faster rate.
Accordingly, it is an objective of the present invention to develop a bacterial silage inoculant that is effective both during the initial anaerobic stages and during the initial aerobic stages when a silo is opened to air.
It is a further objective of the present invention to develop a silage inoculant that increases the rate of digestibility of the silage, thereby making nutrients available to an animal sooner.
A further objective of the present invention is to develop a silage inoculant that increases the extent o~
digestibility or the silage, thereby making more nutrients available to the animal being fed.
30The method and manner of accomplishing each of the objectives of the present invention as well as others will become apparent from the detailed description which follows hereinafter.
35SU ~ RY OF THE INVENTION
In the present invention silage, includlng grass, alfalfa and/or corn silage, is preserved both during the =-- =
W 096/38052 PCTrUS96/08384 initial anaerobic phase of the ensilage process and during the initial phases of aerobic conditions after a silo is opened. Preservation is accomplished by mixing certain facultative bacterial inoculants. The present inoculants improve the extent and rate of digestibility of silage, especially alfalfa silage. The inoculants are combinations of selected strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium. The present inoculants are compatible with the other bacteria, and thus do not retard the ensilage process in any way. Specifically, the inoculants include TJ1: a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 347 and Enterococcus faecium 301, having ATCC number ; ST: a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 346 and Lactobacillus plantarum 347, having ATCC number ; and FS: a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 286 and Lactobacillus plantarum 346, having ATCC number . The present invention further provides methods of treating silage which comprise administering to the silage a small but ensilage preserving effective amount of the present inoculant prototypes. The inoculants of the present invention are particularly effective in improving the digestibility of alfalfa silage.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The term "silage" as used herein is intended to include all types of fermented agricultural products such as grass silagej alfalfa s~ilage, corn silage, sorghum silage, fermented grains and grass mixtures, etc. All can be treated successfully with the inoculants of the present invention. The present invention is particularly effective in improving the extent and rate of digestibility of alfalfa silage.
A surprising aspect of this invention is that only certain combinations of certain strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and/or Enterococcus faecium will function effectively in the present invention. The addition of Lactobacillus to silage as a general matter is known, see W O 96/38052 PcT/u~9~lo8384 s for example U.S. Patent No. 4,981,705. However, the present invention is necessarily strain specific with regard to the Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium. In particular, the inoculants found to work in the present invention are: Lactobacillus plantarum 347 in combination with Enterococcus faecium 301 ("TJ1"), Lactobacillus plantarium 346 in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum 347 ("ST"), and Lactobacillus plantarum 286 in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum 346 ("FS"). I~ is to be understood, however, that applicants' invention, while species specific, is intended to cover these species and their genetic equivalents, or the effective mutants thereof, which demonstrate the desired properties of the named species and strains. Such genetic equivalents or mutants thereof are considered to be functionally equivalent to the parent species. It is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art that spontaneous mutation is a common occurrence in microorganisms and that mutations can also be intentionally produced by a variety of known techniques.
For example, mutants can be produced using chemical, radioactive, and recombinant techniques.
Regardless of the manner in which mutations or the genetic equivalents are induced, the critical issue is that they function to preserve the silage as described for the 2s parent species and/or strain. In other words, the present invention includes mutations resulting in such minor changes as, for example, minor taxonomical alterations.
Typical compositions useful for treatment of this invention may include the present inoculants within the ranges useful for treating ensilage products, i.e. typically 108-10l4 viable organisms/ton, preferably 109-10ll viable organisms/ton, more preferably 101C viable organisms/ton. A
mixture of the two strains ranging from about 75~ to about 25% of each strain is preferred. A mixture of about 50% of each of the two strains per inoculant is particularly preferred.
W 096/38052 PCTnUS96/08384 The composition of the present invention can also include other common silage preservation organisms as, for example, Propionibacteria, Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Pediococcus, and certain enzymes from fungi or bacteria, providing they are in no way antagonistic to the active organlsms .
Those of ordinary skill in the art will know of other suitable carriers and dosage forms, or will be able to ascertain such, using routine experimentation. Further, the administration of the various compositions can be carried out using standard techniques common to those of ordinary skill in the art, i.e. spraying, dusting, etc, The above disclosure generally describes the present invention. A more detailed understanding can be obtained by reference to the following specific examples which are provided herein for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting, unless otherwise specified.
EXAMPLES
In the examples shown in the tables below, the treatment, preparation and storage were conducted using standard procedures. The inoculants used in the silage trials, which were conducted in the years 1992, 1993 and 1994, were compared to a control sample which did not contain any inoculant. The level of inoculant was 1 x 105 viable organisms per gram of forage in a 50:50 mixture.
This corresponds to 9 x 101~ organisms per ton. Treatments were applied as a liquid. The prototype inoculants developed consisted of selected strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium in the following combinations: Lactobacillus plantarum strain 347 and Enterococcus faecium strain 30~1 ("TJ1"); Lactobacillus plantarum strain 286 and Lactobacillus plantarum strain 346 ("FS"); and Lactobacillus plantarum strain 346 and 3s Lactobacillus plantarum strain 347 ("ST").
Prototype combinations were mixed in a 50:50 ratio and applied on wilted, chopped alfalfa in a liquid form at a rate of 1 x 105 cfu/g forage. Treated forage was divided into equal portions and packed to a stan ard density using a hydraulic press into 4" x 14" experimental PVC silos. Silos were sealed at each end with rubber caps held tightly by metal rings. One end was fitted with a pressure release valve so that gases could escape and still maintain anaerobiosis. Experimental silos were stored at 20-25~C for 80-120 days prior to opening to simulate farm silo conditions.
Experimental silos were opened, silage removed into a clean container, mixed, and samples taken for microbial, chemical and digestibility analysis. The remaining silage was placed in a plastic lined polystyrene cooler, a probe placed in the center of the silage mass, and temperature lS measured every 3 hours for one week to determine aerobic stability. When silage is exposed to air, large losses of nutrients can occur as the result of aerobic microorganisms' consuming sugars and fermentation products in the silage.
The sugars are respired to carbon dioxide and water, producing heat. Besides the loss of highly digestible portions of the sllage, some aerobic microorganisms produce toxins which affect an animal's health.
Two measurements were used to determine the stability of silage upon exposure to air. The hour at which silage temperature went 1.7~C above ambient temperature was referred to as the "rot" of the silage. It is a measure of time after the silage is exposed to air before the aerobic microorganisms start to grow causing the silage to heat.
Cumulative degree days, or "cumm_ dd" is the integration of the area between the actual temperature curve and a line drawn by ambient temperature. It is a measure of the total amount of heating. Elevated temperatures increase the rate and amount of protein breakdown and reduce the digestibility of nitrogen, fiber, and other fractions.
Ammonia nitrogen determination was conducted using standard procedures involving dissociation of the ammonia ion by raising the pH, followed by steam distillation of the W O 96/38052 PCTrUS96/08384 ammonia out of the silage. The amount of ammonia nitrogen is quantitatively measured by titration. The level of ammonia nitrogen is an indicator of the rate of fermentation. The faster the rate of fermentation, the S lower the activity of proteolytic enzymes, thereby making more proteins available for an ~n im~1 The fermentation endpoint measurement is pH. A
satisfactory pH for alfalfa silage is less than 4.5. As the pH decreases, proteolytic activity decreases. The pH
measurements were made with an Orien~ model 70lA pH meter calibrated with pH 4.0l and 7.00 buffers.
To determine the extent and rate of digestibility, samples were dried and ground through a 0.Smm Wiley~ mill screen for digestibility analysis. All samples were scanned by near infrared radiation spectroscopy (NIRS). Extremes in spectra were selected on which to run in vitro dry matter (IVDM) rates and extents of digestibility. IVDM rate of digestibility was determined using a system designed to simulate what happens in the rumen. Dried silage samples are combined with a buffer and rumen fluid containing live cellulytic mlcroorganisms. As the cellulytic microorganisms digest the fiber in the silage sample, gas is produced. The rate of digestibility was defined as the slope of the linear portion of the curve produced by plotting gas production vs.
time. It was expressed as a percent of a standard to account for the variation in microbial populations between batches of rumen fluid. A faster rate of digestibility means nutrients are being made available to the animal sooner allowing it to utilize them to produce more milk or meat. One possibility of how the inoculants are causing this increase is that they are changing the structure of the forage, making it more available to the rumen microorganisms, which in turn convert the forage to energy for use by the animal. The total volume of gas produced over a set period of time was referred to as the extent of digestibility and was also expressed a percent of a -W 096/3805~ PCTrUS96/08384 standard. The extent of digestibility is an indicator of the total amount of nui~-ients made available by the digestion of the fiber. The IVDM rate and extent of digestiblities for the extremes were added to the NIRS
5 calibration equation and values for the r~m~ining samples were predicted based on their spectra.
Tables 1,2 and 3 below summarize the trials conducted.
"Control" indicates uninoculated silage.
Table 1 summarizes the data from a 1992 trial. Table 1 indicates that TJ1, FS and ST all have higher rates of digestibility than the control silage. Thus, the nutrients from silages inoculated would be available to an animal faster than the nutrients from uninoculated silage. TJ1-and FS-inoculated silages also show lower ammonia nitrogen lS levels than control silage, thus indicating a faster fermentation rate leading to lower protein loss. The pH
values were all acceptable (<4.5) with the inoculated silages having numerically better pH's than the control silage.
Table 2 summarizes data from 1993 covering seven trials for pH, rot, cumm_dd, extent of digestion, and rate of digestion. Five trials were conducted for ammonia nitrogen.
TJ1, FS, and ST all show significantly (P<.1) higher rates (nutrients available faster) and extents (more nutrients available) of digestibility and lower (P<.1) ammonia nitrogen levels (less protein loss) than uninoculated silage. The inoculants also provide better rot and cumm_dd values than control silage indicating better aerobic stability. Better rot values indicates less loss of nutrients due to aerobic heating. Cumm_dd values were all very low indicating minim~l total heating. The rot values were all satisfactory as over 6 days passed before aerobic microorganisms started growing and causing heating. Cum~_dd values were very low showing that total heating was minimal.
3s Table 3 summarizes data from five trials conducted for TJ1 and four trials conducted for ST in 1994. The data W 096/38052 PCTrUS96N8384 indicate that TJ1 and ST have higher rates and extents of digestibility than control silage. Inoculated silages also had significantly (P<.20) better pH values than control silage (which had a pH above 4.5).
W 096138052 11 PCTnUS96/08384 Table 1: 1992 Alfalfa Trial Summary Treatment PHRate of dig.NH3-N (% total N) Control 4.35 107.9 10.58 FJ1 4.30 123.0 8.88 FS 4.21 126.3 7.82 ST 4.17 124.6 Table 2: 1993 Alfalfa Trial Summary Treatment pH Rot Cumm dd Extent Rate NH3N
of dig. of dig. (% total N) 1~
Control 4.44 134.8 22.2 80.7 87.3 7.71 TJ1 4.46 146.5 27.5 89.3 95.3 6.66 FS 4.43 157.1 1.6 89.2 92.0 5.36 ST 4.45 160.0 0 88.5 94.8 5.20 Table 3: 1994 Alfalfa Trial Summary 2~ Treatment Rot Cumm dd Extent Rate of dig. of dig.
Control 152.9 11.4 88.81 87.23 ST 149.4 23.1 94.75 93.39 TJ1 151.8 11.4 92.61 94.21
Claims
What is claimed is:
1.
A method of preserving silage, said method comprising treating silage with a small but silage preserving effective amount of an inoculant selected from the group consisting of:
Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof, in combination with Enterococcus faecium 301, or the genetic equivalent thereof;
Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof, in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof; and Lactobacillus plantarum 286, or the genetic equivalent thereof, in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
2.
The method of Claim 1 wherein the silage preserved is alfalfa silage.
3.
The method of Claim 2 wherein the inoculant is a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and Enterococcus faecium 301, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
4.
The method of Claim 2 wherein the inoculant is a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
5.
The method of Claim 2 wherein the inoculant is a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 286, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
6.
The method of Claim 2 wherein the inoculant is applied at a rate of from about 10 8 to about 10 14 viable organisms per ton.
The method of Claim 6 wherein the inoculant is applied at a rate of from about 10 9 to about 10 12 viable organisms per ton.
8.
The method of Claim 7 wherein the inoculant is applied at a rate of about 10 10 organisms per ton.
9.
A silage preservative selected from the group consisting of:
a small but silage preserving effective amount of the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof, in combination with a small but silage preserving effective amount of the microorganism, Enterococcus faecium 301, or the genetic equivalent thereof;
a small but silage preserving effective amount of the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof, in combination with a small but silage preserving effective amount of the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof; and a small but silage preserving effective amount of the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 286, or the genetic equivalent thereof, in combination with a small but silage preserving effective amount of the microorganisms Lactobacillus plantarum 346.
10.
The preservative of Claim 9 wherein said preservative further contains a suitable culture carrier.
11.
The preservative of Claim 10 wherein said preservative comprises, in combination, the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and the microorganism Enterococcus faecium 301, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
12.
The preservative of Claim 10 wherein said preservative comprises, in combination, the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
13.
The preservative of Claim 10 wherein said preservative comprises, in combination, the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 286, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
14.
A method of improving the rate and extent of digestibility of silage, said method comprising treating silage with a small but silage preserving effective amount of an inoculant selected from the group consisting of:
Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof, in combination with Enterococcus faecium 301, or the genetic equivalent thereof;
Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof, in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof; and Lactobacillus plantarum 286, or the genetic equivalent thereof, in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
15.
The method of Claim 14 wherein the silage preserved in alfalfa silage.
16.
The method of Claim 15 wherein the inoculant is a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and Enterococcus faecium 301, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
17.
The method of Claim 15 wherein the inoculant is a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
18.
The method of Claim 15 wherein the inoculant is a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 286, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
19.
The method of Claim 15 wherein the inoculant is applied at a rate of from about 10 8 to about 10 14 viable organisms per ton.
20.
The method of Claim 19 wherein the inoculant is applied at a rate of from about 10 9 to about 10 12 viable organisms per ton.
1.
A method of preserving silage, said method comprising treating silage with a small but silage preserving effective amount of an inoculant selected from the group consisting of:
Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof, in combination with Enterococcus faecium 301, or the genetic equivalent thereof;
Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof, in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof; and Lactobacillus plantarum 286, or the genetic equivalent thereof, in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
2.
The method of Claim 1 wherein the silage preserved is alfalfa silage.
3.
The method of Claim 2 wherein the inoculant is a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and Enterococcus faecium 301, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
4.
The method of Claim 2 wherein the inoculant is a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
5.
The method of Claim 2 wherein the inoculant is a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 286, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
6.
The method of Claim 2 wherein the inoculant is applied at a rate of from about 10 8 to about 10 14 viable organisms per ton.
The method of Claim 6 wherein the inoculant is applied at a rate of from about 10 9 to about 10 12 viable organisms per ton.
8.
The method of Claim 7 wherein the inoculant is applied at a rate of about 10 10 organisms per ton.
9.
A silage preservative selected from the group consisting of:
a small but silage preserving effective amount of the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof, in combination with a small but silage preserving effective amount of the microorganism, Enterococcus faecium 301, or the genetic equivalent thereof;
a small but silage preserving effective amount of the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof, in combination with a small but silage preserving effective amount of the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof; and a small but silage preserving effective amount of the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 286, or the genetic equivalent thereof, in combination with a small but silage preserving effective amount of the microorganisms Lactobacillus plantarum 346.
10.
The preservative of Claim 9 wherein said preservative further contains a suitable culture carrier.
11.
The preservative of Claim 10 wherein said preservative comprises, in combination, the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and the microorganism Enterococcus faecium 301, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
12.
The preservative of Claim 10 wherein said preservative comprises, in combination, the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
13.
The preservative of Claim 10 wherein said preservative comprises, in combination, the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 286, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and the microorganism Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
14.
A method of improving the rate and extent of digestibility of silage, said method comprising treating silage with a small but silage preserving effective amount of an inoculant selected from the group consisting of:
Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof, in combination with Enterococcus faecium 301, or the genetic equivalent thereof;
Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof, in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof; and Lactobacillus plantarum 286, or the genetic equivalent thereof, in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
15.
The method of Claim 14 wherein the silage preserved in alfalfa silage.
16.
The method of Claim 15 wherein the inoculant is a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and Enterococcus faecium 301, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
17.
The method of Claim 15 wherein the inoculant is a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and Lactobacillus plantarum 347, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
18.
The method of Claim 15 wherein the inoculant is a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum 286, or the genetic equivalent thereof, and Lactobacillus plantarum 346, or the genetic equivalent thereof.
19.
The method of Claim 15 wherein the inoculant is applied at a rate of from about 10 8 to about 10 14 viable organisms per ton.
20.
The method of Claim 19 wherein the inoculant is applied at a rate of from about 10 9 to about 10 12 viable organisms per ton.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US45734395A | 1995-06-01 | 1995-06-01 | |
US08/457,343 | 1995-06-01 |
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CA2221967A1 true CA2221967A1 (en) | 1996-12-05 |
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ID=23816362
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002221967A Abandoned CA2221967A1 (en) | 1995-06-01 | 1996-06-03 | Bacterial treatment to preserve silage |
Country Status (7)
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EP (1) | EP0831720A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2001520505A (en) |
AU (1) | AU7513496A (en) |
BR (1) | BR9609364A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2221967A1 (en) |
PL (1) | PL323559A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1996038052A1 (en) |
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CN1304563C (en) * | 2005-08-11 | 2007-03-14 | 上海交通大学 | Microorganism fermentation liquid of alfalfa ensilage |
CN1304564C (en) * | 2005-08-11 | 2007-03-14 | 上海交通大学 | Preparation method of microorganism fermentation liquid for alfalfa ensilage |
CN104068293B (en) * | 2014-06-27 | 2016-09-21 | 甘肃民祥牧草有限公司 | A kind of Herba Medicaginis bundling wraps up in bag Silaging method |
Family Cites Families (6)
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US4842871A (en) * | 1985-08-01 | 1989-06-27 | Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. | Method and inoculant for preserving agricultural products for animal feed |
GB8604760D0 (en) * | 1986-02-26 | 1986-04-03 | Dallas Keith Ltd | Silage additives |
US4743454A (en) * | 1986-07-28 | 1988-05-10 | Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. | Hay preservative |
AT392798B (en) * | 1989-01-18 | 1991-06-10 | Reichl Herwig Mag | Process for the preparation of an ensiling additive |
US4981705A (en) * | 1989-11-06 | 1991-01-01 | Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. | Bacterial treatment to preserve silage |
DE69019514T2 (en) * | 1990-06-11 | 1996-01-25 | Pioneer Hi Bred Int | Wet grinding of silage maize. |
-
1996
- 1996-06-03 AU AU75134/96A patent/AU7513496A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-06-03 PL PL96323559A patent/PL323559A1/en unknown
- 1996-06-03 CA CA002221967A patent/CA2221967A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-06-03 EP EP96919030A patent/EP0831720A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-06-03 BR BR9609364A patent/BR9609364A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-06-03 WO PCT/US1996/008384 patent/WO1996038052A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-06-03 JP JP53676796A patent/JP2001520505A/en active Pending
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WO1996038052A1 (en) | 1996-12-05 |
EP0831720A1 (en) | 1998-04-01 |
JP2001520505A (en) | 2001-10-30 |
BR9609364A (en) | 1999-05-18 |
AU7513496A (en) | 1996-12-18 |
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