CA2199231A1 - Novel ionic materials - Google Patents

Novel ionic materials

Info

Publication number
CA2199231A1
CA2199231A1 CA002199231A CA2199231A CA2199231A1 CA 2199231 A1 CA2199231 A1 CA 2199231A1 CA 002199231 A CA002199231 A CA 002199231A CA 2199231 A CA2199231 A CA 2199231A CA 2199231 A1 CA2199231 A1 CA 2199231A1
Authority
CA
Canada
Prior art keywords
material according
polymerization
alkyl
cationic
radical
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
CA002199231A
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Michel Armand
Yves Choquette
Michel Gauthier
Christophe Michot
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hydro Quebec
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to CA002199231A priority Critical patent/CA2199231A1/en
Priority to CA002244979A priority patent/CA2244979C/en
Priority to CA2683826A priority patent/CA2683826C/en
Priority to US09/101,811 priority patent/US6171522B1/en
Priority to DE1997615799 priority patent/DE69715799T2/en
Priority to EP19970403187 priority patent/EP0850920B1/en
Priority to US09/101,810 priority patent/US6333425B1/en
Priority to US09/125,797 priority patent/US6319428B1/en
Priority to EP97951051A priority patent/EP0889863B1/en
Priority to EP19970403188 priority patent/EP0850933A1/en
Priority to DE1997615361 priority patent/DE69715361T2/en
Priority to JP52951498A priority patent/JP4124487B2/en
Priority to JP52951898A priority patent/JP4823401B2/en
Priority to CA2704986A priority patent/CA2704986C/en
Priority to JP52951798A priority patent/JP4361137B2/en
Priority to PCT/CA1997/001012 priority patent/WO1998029877A1/en
Priority to PCT/CA1997/001013 priority patent/WO1998029388A1/en
Priority to PCT/CA1997/001010 priority patent/WO1998029389A1/en
Priority to US09/125,798 priority patent/US6228942B1/en
Priority to CA2248242A priority patent/CA2248242C/en
Priority to JP52951398A priority patent/JP4070244B2/en
Priority to EP19970403189 priority patent/EP0850921B1/en
Priority to PCT/CA1997/001008 priority patent/WO1998029358A2/en
Priority to DE1997636994 priority patent/DE69736994T2/en
Priority to PCT/CA1997/001011 priority patent/WO1998029396A1/en
Priority to DE69739501T priority patent/DE69739501D1/en
Priority to CA002248304A priority patent/CA2248304C/en
Priority to PCT/CA1997/001009 priority patent/WO1998029399A1/en
Priority to US09/125,799 priority patent/US6395367B1/en
Priority to DE69705301T priority patent/DE69705301T2/en
Priority to EP03292436.7A priority patent/EP1391952A3/en
Priority to EP20010129670 priority patent/EP1201650B1/en
Priority to EP20090166055 priority patent/EP2380882B1/en
Priority to JP52951598A priority patent/JP2000508677A/en
Priority to US09/125,792 priority patent/US6120696A/en
Priority to CA2805188A priority patent/CA2805188C/en
Priority to DE69721748T priority patent/DE69721748T2/en
Priority to EP97951052A priority patent/EP0890176B1/en
Priority to CA2248244A priority patent/CA2248244C/en
Priority to JP52951698A priority patent/JP4683675B2/en
Priority to CA2248246A priority patent/CA2248246C/en
Priority to CA2248303A priority patent/CA2248303C/en
Priority to EP19970403190 priority patent/EP0850932B1/en
Publication of CA2199231A1 publication Critical patent/CA2199231A1/en
Priority to US09/609,362 priority patent/US6365068B1/en
Priority to US09/638,793 priority patent/US6576159B1/en
Priority to US09/826,941 priority patent/US6506517B2/en
Priority to US09/858,439 priority patent/US20020009650A1/en
Priority to US10/107,742 priority patent/US6835495B2/en
Priority to US10/253,970 priority patent/US20030066988A1/en
Priority to US10/253,035 priority patent/US20030052310A1/en
Priority to US10/789,453 priority patent/US20050074668A1/en
Priority to US10/926,283 priority patent/US7906235B2/en
Priority to JP2007193021A priority patent/JP2008007781A/en
Priority to JP2008143090A priority patent/JP2009004374A/en
Priority to JP2009010733A priority patent/JP4927108B2/en
Priority to JP2009120239A priority patent/JP5629061B2/en
Priority to JP2010006864A priority patent/JP5209649B2/en
Priority to JP2013033109A priority patent/JP2013173740A/en
Priority to JP2014001687A priority patent/JP2014169271A/en
Priority to JP2015234934A priority patent/JP2016104739A/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0215—Sulfur-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0222—Sulfur-containing compounds comprising sulfonyl groups
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0215—Sulfur-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0222—Sulfur-containing compounds comprising sulfonyl groups
    • B01J31/0224—Sulfur-containing compounds comprising sulfonyl groups being perfluorinated, i.e. comprising at least one perfluorinated moiety as substructure in case of polyfunctional compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
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    • C07C255/24—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing cyano groups and singly-bound nitrogen atoms, not being further bound to other hetero atoms, bound to the same saturated acyclic carbon skeleton
    • C07C255/27—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing cyano groups and singly-bound nitrogen atoms, not being further bound to other hetero atoms, bound to the same saturated acyclic carbon skeleton containing cyano groups, amino groups and doubly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the carbon skeleton
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    • C07C255/65—Carboxylic acid nitriles containing cyano groups and nitrogen atoms further bound to other hetero atoms, other than oxygen atoms of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton with the nitrogen atoms further bound to nitrogen atoms
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    • C07C257/00—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, the doubly-bound oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a doubly-bound nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom not being further bound to an oxygen atom, e.g. imino-ethers, amidines
    • C07C257/10—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, the doubly-bound oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a doubly-bound nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom not being further bound to an oxygen atom, e.g. imino-ethers, amidines with replacement of the other oxygen atom of the carboxyl group by nitrogen atoms, e.g. amidines
    • C07C257/14—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, the doubly-bound oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a doubly-bound nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom not being further bound to an oxygen atom, e.g. imino-ethers, amidines with replacement of the other oxygen atom of the carboxyl group by nitrogen atoms, e.g. amidines having carbon atoms of amidino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
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    • C07C311/01—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C311/02—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
    • C07C311/03—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atoms of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
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    • C07C311/01—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C311/02—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
    • C07C311/03—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atoms of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C311/04—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atoms of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms to acyclic carbon atoms of hydrocarbon radicals substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms
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    • C07C311/01—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C311/02—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
    • C07C311/09—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by at least two halogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C07C311/48—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having nitrogen atoms of sulfonamide groups further bound to another hetero atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
    • C07C317/02—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
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    • C07C317/34—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton with sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings being part of the same non-condensed ring or of a condensed ring system containing that ring
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    • C07C45/67—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C45/68—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms
    • C07C45/69—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms by addition to carbon-to-carbon double or triple bonds
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    • C07D207/444—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5
    • C07D207/448—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5 with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms, e.g. maleimide
    • C07D207/452—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5 with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms, e.g. maleimide with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by hetero atoms, directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
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    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D233/66—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D239/46—Two or more oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms
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    • H01M6/183—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte with halogenide as solid electrolyte with fluoride as solid electrolyte
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/10—Polymerisation reactions involving at least dual use catalysts, e.g. for both oligomerisation and polymerisation
    • B01J2231/12—Olefin polymerisation or copolymerisation
    • B01J2231/122—Cationic (co)polymerisation, e.g. single-site or Ziegler-Natta type
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
    • C07C2601/06—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring
    • C07C2601/10—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring the ring being unsaturated
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2602/00—Systems containing two condensed rings
    • C07C2602/36—Systems containing two condensed rings the rings having more than two atoms in common
    • C07C2602/42—Systems containing two condensed rings the rings having more than two atoms in common the bicyclo ring system containing seven carbon atoms
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/1514—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material
    • G02F1/1523—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material comprising inorganic material
    • G02F1/1525—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material comprising inorganic material characterised by a particular ion transporting layer, e.g. electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/60—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of organic compounds
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
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    • H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
    • H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
    • H01M6/168—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by additives
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    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

Anions délocalisés utiles, sous forme de sels M+X-, pour l'obtention de solutions électrolytiques obtenues lorsque ces sels sont ajoutés à un soluté protique ou aprotique.Delocalized anions useful, in the form of M + X- salts, for obtaining electrolytic solutions obtained when these salts are added to a protic or aprotic solute.

Description

~ 2 NOU~EAUX M~Tt~RlAlJX lONlQUF,S.
.
. .
~ne ~le l'in~cn~ion:
Dc nouYe.~llx ;mions d~loc~li~ utiles, sous forme ~le sels M'X-. pour l'obtcntion dc solutions ~lectrolyTiques obtenuw lorsque oes se1s sont ajolJt~ ~ un sc luté protiquc ou aprotique. Ces électl~lytes, mono ou polypha~iques, peuvenl .se ~,.csc~.tcr par un choix ap~ du solute tsoli-ie. Iiqui-le.
scl fondu, v erre~ polymère...), sou~ rorme de solides, de liquides~ de selQ ron~lus, ~le ~erres, de gcl~s, dc p~lymères...; on co~id~rera de la m8n-e fa~on les solutions electrolytiqucs obtcnucs p.~r un quelconque m~lange d'un ou plusieurs de cc~ sds ct/ou de ~ solut~s. Cette ~iescription inclu~ p~r e!~kn~ion le~
~Icctrvlyt~s con~;tcs ~bt~..ls p;lr l'incc.~,~tion de chnrges minérales (silice. alumine~...) vu organiques servant de renfort el/ou p~ i n- dcs propriétés sp~ que~ r exemple p~r dispersion d'un rolyt~ vitrewc (Onnolytes....) ou minérale (Li3N,...).
Lc~ ~olutions ~ tlol~tiques telles que définies ci-dc~us ont dc~ applications dans dc nombrcu~
d~maincs ct en ~.ticl1lier:
l) ~ I'éle~:t~ imie~ à la pho~lc~ octl;mie, en p~ticulier, m.~s de maniè~e non restrictive, pour les *y~;tèlnes ~le st~xka~gc dc l'~ncrgie: batteries ~u lithium au sens général du terme, Yupercapacit~s..., pour les vitrages électrochromcs, pollr Ics oellules photovc~ qlles... ~ 2 NOU ~ EAUX M ~ Tt ~ RlAlJX lONlQUF, S.
.
. .
~ ne ~ le in ~ cn ~ ion:
Dc nouYe. ~ Llx; mions d ~ loc ~ li ~ useful, in the form ~ the salts M'X-. for obtaining solutions ~ lectrolyTiques obtainedw when oes se1s are ajolJt ~ ~ a sc luté protiquc or aprotic. These elect lytes, mono or polypha ~ iques, peuvenl .se ~, .csc ~ .tcr by a choice ap ~ of the tsoli-ie solute. Here it is.
scl molten, glass (polymer ...), sou ~ rorme solids, liquids ~ selQ ron ~ read, ~ le ~ erres, gcl ~ s, dc p ~ lymers ...; we co ~ id ~ rera m8n-e fa ~ on electrolytic solutions obtcnucs p. ~ r any mixture of one or more of cc ~ sds ct / or ~ solut ~ s. This ~ iescription includes ~ p ~ re! ~ Kn ~ ion le ~
~ Icctrvlyt ~ s con ~; tcs ~ bt ~ ..ls p; lr the acc. ~, ~ Tion of mineral chnrges (silica. Alumina ~ ...) seen organic serving as reinforcement el / or p ~ i n- dcs sp ~ que properties ~ r example p ~ r dispersion of a rolyt ~ vitrewc (Onnolytes ....) or mineral (Li3N, ...).
Lc ~ olutions ~ tlol ~ ticks as defined above ~ dc ~ applications in dc numcu ~
from ~ maincs to ~ .ticl1lier:
l) ~ I'éle ~: t ~ imie ~ à la pho ~ lc ~ octl; mie, in p ~ particular, m. ~ s in a non restrictive way, for * y ~; tèlnes ~ le st ~ xka ~ gc dc l ~ ncrgie: ~ u lithium batteries in the general sense of the term, Yupercapacit ~ s ..., for electrochromic glazing, polls Ics solar cells ~ qlles ...

2) pour le dopagc dcs polymares ~ conduction électronique eomme p~r exemple le polypyr~le, le polythiophène ou la polyaniline aussi bicn sous forme d'anions que de polyanions, ou sous 1~ forme d'un scl capablc à la rois de doper et de polymériser un ~el polymcre. Lcs prcscn~ anions sont cgalcmcnt ulilcs pour Izl synlhèse de polymèrcs ~ conduction ~Icctronique "autodop~s~ obtenus p3r le greffage d'anions de la pl~sente invention sur leurs .~ono~ f~ ~uivit d'unc polymcrisation par Ics voic~ adcquatcs. 2) for dopagc dcs polymares ~ electronic conduction eomme p ~ r example polypyr ~ le, le polythiophene or polyaniline as bicn as anions as polyanions, or in 1 ~ form of a scl capablc to the kings of doping and polymerizing a ~ el polymcre. The prcscn ~ anions are also ulilcs for Izl synlhèse de polymèrcs ~ conduction ~ Icctronique "autodop ~ s ~ obtained by grafting anions of the pl ~ feel invention on their. ~ ono ~ f ~ ~ ucit of a polymerization by Ics voic ~ adcquatcs.

3) p~ur la polym~risation par voie c~tionique de monomères riches en électrons. Ia réaction de réticul~on c~tionique, la r~action ~l'amplificalion chimiquc de ~ ot~lcsis~s pour la microlitographie..., sous formc ~ci~e ct plus particulic,-,...cnl sous Forme d'un sel M+X- avec un cation p~ t~t de libérer cet acide p~r roie thelmique et pr~rérenlicllcmcnt sou.s l'action d'une ~ tion actinique. 3) p ~ ur polym ~ rization by c ~ tionic monomer rich in electrons. The crosslink reaction c ~ tionic, the reaction ~ the chemical amplificalion of ~ ot ~ lcsis ~ s for microlitography ..., in formc ~ ci ~ e ct more particulic, -, ... cnl in the form of a salt M + X- with a cation p ~ t ~ t to release this acid p ~ r thelmic goose and pr ~ rérenlicllcmcnt sou.s the action of an actinic tion.

4) pour 13 polym~ri~tion par ~oie l".li..;~ ;re <le monc~ .~ vinyliqu~s particuli~ r~ .t SOU9 la forrne d'un ~el ~ll~lt~t un ~ n~ n~ A~obis ~cti~ab1e ;helTniquement~ 4) for 13 polym ~ ri ~ tion by ~ oie l ".li ..; ~; re <monc ~. ~ Vinylic ~ s particuli ~ r ~ .t SOU9 la forrne un ~ el ~ ll ~ lt ~ t un ~ n ~ n ~ A ~ obis ~ cti ~ ab1e; helTniquement ~

5) Pour la chimie dc~ colo~n~. Utilis~g pour la teinture, la biologie. Ies in~li~ateur~ c~)lorés. Ies plloto~cnsibi~ ~,urs. Ies lasers ~ color~nts... 5) For chemistry dc ~ colo ~ n ~. Used ~ g for dyeing, biology. Ies in ~ li ~ ateur ~ c ~) lorés. Ies plloto ~ cnsibi ~ ~, urs. Colored lasers ...

6) pour l'optique non-lin~aire 6) for non-linear optics ~ area

7) pour la ph3,ln.~_ie par le grerfage d'anions de la pr~scntc invcntion sur dcs mol~culc~ à propnct~
ph~u,..ar~logique ou comme conlrc i~)n. 7) for ph3, ln. ~ _Ie by the grerfage of anions of pr ~ scntc invcntion on dcs mol ~ culc ~ at propnct ~
ph ~ u, .. ar ~ logic or as conlrc i ~) n.

8) pour cffcctucr dc~ r~actions de chimie olg~ e etlou ~le synll~se, par e;semple sous la Çorme dc ~olution~s électrol~tique~ M+X- dan~ l~squelle~ le cation M~ sente un cation méta~lique (Li+, La3~, Al3~...). pour la photochimic...

Q21~3 1 8) for cffcctucr dc ~ r ~ actions of chemistry olg ~ e etlou ~ the synll ~ se, e; sample under the Çorme dc ~ olution ~ s electrol ~ tick ~ M + X- dan ~ l ~ scelle ~ the cation M ~ feels a metallic cation ~ Li (Li +, La3 ~, Al3 ~ ...). for photochemical ...

Q21 ~ 3 1

9) pour les dép8t~ p~r voie éleclrolyliquc, IC9 agcn~ dc brillantagc.
1~)) commc agcnts tcnsio-actifs et plus p~tticuli~.n~.lt comme ad~litif pour le lqmin~ge du li~ium ct l'extrusion ~ie m~tnce pdymère l~s con'~n~~lq I l) comme .qdditif anticonosion dan~ le~ disposilif~ ~himi-lue~ comme par exemple les baueries au lithium ou les batteri~s alkalin~s.
12) comme sol~ant u~ilcs pour cffectuer de~ réactions chimiquc~, photochimiquc~, clectrochimiquc~, photoélec~ochimiques..., lors4uc Ic calion M+ cst Im h~t~rocyclc cationiquc à, caract~rc a~ma~ uc, oompo~ant ~u moins un atome d'~otc alkyl6 da~s lc cyclc ct do prcfcrcncc dc~ N,N'-dialkyls-imi~la7.01ium ~ub~titu~s ou non .~ur Ic~ atomc~ dc carbonc pr~scnt dan~s Ic cycle, de~
N,N'-dialkyl~-triazolium s.,bsti~u~3 ou non ~ur l~s atomcs de carbone pr~scnt dans le cyclc, dcs N-alkyl-py-ridinium substitués ou non sur les -~tomc~ de carbone présen~ ~lans le cycle, des N-alkyl~iméthylamin~pyridinium substitu~s ou non sur les atomcs de carbonc dans Ic cyclc, Dc~;nplion dc l'invcntion:
I.e~ ronnulc~ ci-~i~ J~ dolln~nt quclqucs ~Acr..plcs dc mol~culc~ is~us dc la pr~v_nte inYcndon ~an~
aucun c~ractère limitatir tant ~ur Ic choi~c dcs anion~ que dc~ c~tion~.

F3C CF3 N~ N~ CF3S02~N
N~N,N CF~N02 CF3S02~F N~H,N

N~ CH N~ N--N
3 z~Hl~S 2 ~CH CF3~N~--CF3 CF3S02~CF3 NC CN
N~ CH N--N N~ ~
~ff~2N~C F3C~N~I~CF3 F3C--~F3 O ~ 2 ~ '1 H ~H~ 3 ~--~N ~k;OZcF3 NC~N C=O N D~ ~CN
o~_o NC_~ NC

F3C~F3 NC~N N~'> CF3 N~> CN

~ CF~ CN CF3 Li H~/~\N~I

Les f~n~~ ~ iques sulvantes d~nncn~ d'aut~es exemples de ~ l~s issues de la ~ Le invPnt;~n, le c~ti~n L~e~ Lé est le plus suuv~lL H pour des raisonsde commodit~ sans pour ~llt~nt exprimer une queloonque limltation ni une pr~ference sur le choix des c~tinn~.
CN
Sl02C~ C

~!~C~ CN CF2 .~ NH~3 CN ~-Fc 02C~H H3NCH2''-'NHCIHcc~3 NCH'C'C'c~

~ 2 1~9~
.

NC--C~H ~O o~So2c~ (~SO2c~HcN

CN
SO2C~H

CF3 ~CN H~CO2S~ 3'n ~9~2C~CN NC SOzC H Li~ c~2 CF3 CN NC ~3 CN

NCH,C~C" ~,C~ CH2COC~3 Cl-l~CHCC~ NCHzCHzN ~ K ~ O CN

CN
COC~H

~502C~H FO2S~ CN ~ CN

~2 CN ~~p~l ,CN
CH--~r.v~w~(O~Hz--CHz)n~--CH2--CH2SO2C~lCN < CN

CN ,CN ~CN ,CN
C4FsSOzc~c (CnH2n~l)s02c~ (CH2CH20)nCH2CH2SO2C~Hc Br~CH2)nSO2C~Hc CN
~C~ CHa S ~ ,CN ~H2)nSO2C ~CN

C4FgSO2C~3cN CH3)'~ 'CN H N~N H

Les fcrmules ci-dessous .~ 1 encore ~ ~1~ ~ exemples de m~ s issues de la ~ s~l e invPnti~n sans aucun ~d~d~L~ limitatif sur le choix de l'anion q~e-du cation:

3 ~ 2 3 N~

C ~ N ~ O O ~ N ~ O
Nl < O O < H

oXo CH2~H--~--(cH2)3~N~;~N~(cH2)3~~ CH2 o~o f~b Il 111 N N

D--S07~ O ~

~~ ~
~--so,~ ~--SO2~__ 9~ o N> 0~ ~H ~~

Nso2cF3 ~SO2Ns02cF9 NCNCN (cnH2n~1)so2Nso2cF3 ~SO NSO CF (cH2cl~2o~ncH2cH2sozNso2cF3 ~502NCN

~ ~o2Nso2cF3 (CnH2n~1)S02NS02CF3 CF3SO2NCN
(CnH2n~1)so2Nso2cF3 FO2S~02NSO2CF3 Br(c~ )nsO2Nso2cF3 SO2NSO2CF3 ~Hz)nso2Nso2cFa )~02S~OzNSO7CF3 ~

CF3SO2NSO2NSO2CF3 H3NCH2C~HC~ HCl~CN F3CO2SNSO2N Nso2Nso2cF3 C~3 CFcSOzNCN

~N~ 3 H~N~
CF3SO2NSOzN~

~OzNSO2~ ~ ~O--~SOzNS02CF3 , 173 ) Mat~li~u suivant la re.~,.,di~tion D2ca~ isé en ce que le ~idgld~ e ~le ph~se ~u mél~nge binaire présente au moin~ un point u~ t que ~lont le point de rusion eYt inféricure à la tcmp~raturc dc rusion dc la ba~e B et inférieurc ~ l~ tcm~ tulc; de fu~sion de l'aci-le H~X-.
174) Matcriau sui~ant les reven~ic~lionsl70 ~173c~s:t~risé cn ce qu'du dessus de .s~ temp~rature ~le rusion, Ic scl fondu obtenu pa~ fusion ~u ~ langc e~t un con~uctcur protonique anhydre.
175) , Mal~riau suiYant les reven~icationsl~6 àl7a ca~aclcris~ cn ce que l'~ci~e H+X- eVou la b~Lse B peuvent êlre port~s par une tlame polyméri4ue.
176) M~tcriau suivant le~ revendications~66à 17sc~racténs6 en oe que l'on r~lise un quelcvnque mélange ~le une ou plu~icurs bascs B, de un ou plusieurs aci~ HX.
177) ~ Ma~nau suivant tes revendicationsl343. lK e~ i3~ cn oe que l'on ré3~ise des solutions cIcctrolytiques protique ou aproti4ue. Ccs ~Icctrolytcs, mono ou polyphasiques, peuvent se présenter par un choi:~ appropric du solut~ (soli~le, liqui-le, sel ~ondu, vcrre, polym~rc,...), ~ou~ rormc de liquidcs, de scl~ rondu~. de verres, de gels vu de polym~rcs; on consid~rcra de 13 m~me façon le~ solutions clcclrolytiqucs obtenues par un quelconque mel~nge d'un ou plusicurs dc ccs scl~ ctlou dc cc solut~.
Ce~e ~ crip~ion inclut par extension les éle~tlolytes composit~ obtenu~ p~r l'incol~,dtion dc charL~c~
minérales (~ilice, aluminc,...) ou or~anique~s servant ~ie renfort etlou possé~ nt de~ propnet~s ~pccifiquc~, par e~emple par ~lisper~i~)n d'un ~Icclrolytc vitrcux (Ormolytcs,...) ou mincrale (Li3N, . . . ) .
178) Applic~ions deg "~at~n~ uivant lc~ ~cndication~ à à la chimie organique ou minér~le, la physico-chimie, l'~lect,~himie, la pll~t~-1 imie, la phota~lectl~chimie, la catalyse, à l'électl~épo6i~ion, l'optique non-linéairc, à la chimie des colo~nts, ~u~ polymères à co~ ctior~ électronique, a la m~se en ~xuvre de~ polym~re~, au l~mi ~ dcs m~ la pharm.qcie.

2 ~ ~

.Icdve~s en polyménsation mdic~laire ~clon Izl rcvcndication 162 caractéris6e cn ce que les ~leux polym~'ri.~ ionY sont a"~ imult~nement p~ on de r~lia~inn~ actiniqucs.
164 ) Compo~i~ion ~lestinée ~ la polyménsation des mf~ ng~ de monom~res Ou ~ réti-~,ulation ~e prépolymère~ contenanl a la fois des foncbons acti~es en polym~ rion cadonique et de9 fonctions ~ive~ en pvlymérisation r.~ re selon la rcve:ldication 162 c~;lcli~ en ce que le~ deu:c polyméri~abons sont amorc~es d'une fnallière s~ t;elle cn dcu~c 6~apc~q pour controler le~ propri~tcs m~-iquc~, l'a~h~ion ~olubilit~ ou Ic dcgr~ de rclicul ~lion lors ~le l~ mi~se en forme de~ m~t~riatlX
,.la~ irc~3 r~qultanl.q.
16~ ~ Compo~ilion de~tinée à la polymerisation des mél3nge~ de monon,~l~ ou à la réciculation de prép~lymères oontenant a la fois des fonction~ aet~ en polym~risativn cationique et des fonctions aclivc~ en polym~ ion ra~licalaire selon l~ revenlic~tion 162~~c~ris~e en cc que la polymérisation laire est arnorc~e ~hprn~iquern~n~ et la polym~ri~tion calionique pa~ ~les radiations actiniqu~s 1~6 ~ Compo6ition dcsli~c 3 la polym~ri~lion dc~ mél.~nges ~le monomères ou à la r~ticulalion ~e pr~polym~rcs cont;nant à la ~ois dc~ fonc~ion~ ~c~iv~ en poly~ isation cationique ct dcs ~oncd~ms .~Ltives en polymér~ nn radicalaire selon la l~.cn~li~don 1~; ~ar~t~5n.~ée en ce que 1~ polymérisacion r~ re est amo~e p~r ~les ra~liations actiniques inactives sur les ~rnorccur~ de l invention suivie par une in~ tif)n initiant l~ polym~i~ttion c-tion:sue.
167 ) Malériau suivant la reven lication 1 ~t~. isé en ce que le cation M~ est la formc proton6e ~I'une ba~e neutre 3mphot~re désignée p3r 13 et dvnc tel que hrL!- - B H~, capablc dc c~ler un premier p~n pour donncr 13 base neutre f~ de c~dcr un sccwd prok)n pwr rormer l'anion de cette base d~igné par B- ct également tel que le pK~ e~s~~ nr ~ I'équilibre aeide-b3se BH~/B ~pKa~ +~g)) soit inferieur au pKa de l ~quilibre BIB- (PKa~lB~)~
168 ) MateliaU ~3UiY311t la reYendic:~tion ~7~r~t~ .C cn cc quc lc pKa de l ~ci-le H~X- (PKa(~VX~ t infér~eure ~ celui de la base neutre ~-lpllot~re B de prcf~rcnc~ d'au moins ~leux unités pKa afin de pcnnc~lrc la pr l~ -lion ~le la ba~c par l'a~:ide ~+X- pl~ur ~lonner le sel (BH+)X ~
169 ) M.tt~riau ~uivant la reventlication 167c~tc~isé cn cc quc la ~ase neulre ~npho~re B est prcf~r~nlir~ nr mais ~ans s~: limilcr à se~ sCul~ exemple~s: une amine une an~idc unc ur~e une sulronamide uncsulramide la guanidine..., un a~ole: pyrrole~ imi~azole, pylazole triazolc t~lra~le.~.
une di~a7.ine: l'~d~l-in~., 13. guanine l~ cytosine... substitu~c ou n~n.
170 ) Mdtéri.~u suiv3nt les reven~lie:l~ionsl66 ~169~l.~ i~ cn cc que l'on r~ali.ce un mélange binaire du scl (BH~)X- et ~le la b~se neutre aloph~ e B.
171) Ma~riau ~uiv~tlarev~n~ 7tjon170ca,~t~ en ce que le di~g~nme de phase du m~lan~ge binaire présente .qu moins un point eutectique dont le point de rusion c~t inl~rieure à la tem~dlu,~; de fusion de la t~se 8 e~ inrérieure ~ la tcn~ t~.,e ~le ruqiOn du .~el (BH+)X-. I
1~) Mat~n~u suivant les l~ qonsl6~) ~ ~3c~a ,~lisC cn ce quc l'on r~alise un melange binaire du scl (BH+)X- ct dc l'acide H~X-.

154 ~ Mat~riau suivant Ic~s rcvcndicationsl:5~ct 1~ ,'.;~ cn cc quc lcs rnonl?mère~ ~ont de~ époxy-Ie~q, dcs ~tllcn, cydiqucs, dc~, cstcrs cycliqucs, des c~ natcs cycliqucs, des ethers ~inyliques, ~le~, pr~ nylélhers vinyliques" dcs a~iridine~" de~ ~inyiarni~les, I'isobutylène, I'in~ene, l'~cén~pht~ne, I '~-mclhylslyrcnc, Ic styr~nc...
155) Matélidu~c suivant les revendications149 ~ 3et l54 ~;ardctén~sés en ce qu'il~ s- nt utilisés en l,.~en~ ~le phota6en~ibilisatcurs.
156) Matéliau suivant la reven~ ativnlS$~l~télisé en ce que les, pl~tosensib~ teur~ sont chvisiQ, p~mi l'anlh~c~nc, le diph~nyl-9,10-~nth~ ne, le pély1ène, la ph~notia7.ine, le tctrac~n~:, la xanthonc, la thio~anIhone, I'isopl~ ltltio~an~,nr, I'ac~uph~ Jnr. Ia bcnLo~)h~n~ c ct Icurs, dérivés" en p~rticulier ~le ~ub~tilution par d~, d~riv6s alkylcs, oxa- ou aza-allc~; 1~
157) M~tcliau suivant la rcvcndication 147c~.t~ s~ cn ce quc le cation est une molécule organi4ue inco.yol~-t un groupement A7.0bi.~: 2,2'[A7,obi~ imi~ia7~lin-2-yl)propane] 2HX, 2,2'-Azobi~(2-.~ni.lino~ anc) 2HX... permcttant dc libcrcr d~s rddicaux sou~. I'erfet ~le la chaleur.
15~) Maténau ~iuivant la reven.li- ation 157 caraeIéri~ en ce que ~u~ l'effet de la ch31eur le~ sels sont capabtcc d'amorccr la polymcrisation par voic ra~1icq-l-q-irc dc mo~ s vinyliques.
159~ Ma~ri~u suivant la reven.lication ~58.,a~L~ris~ en ec que le~q mnno~ P. sont l'acrylamide, I'acidc aclyliquc, I'acrylate dc butyle, le styrène, le chlorofor~nate de vinyle, le carbonatc dc vinylidcnc,...
160 ) Compo~ition ~te~.tin~e ~ ll potyméri~d-)n de~ épvxy~les, .~e~ élhers vinylique~, d~ prop~nylcthcr~
vinyliquc~ con~nflnt Ic~ mq~ q~ selon le~ reven~licationg 146 ~ ou cn mélange, addiIionés ou non ~l'un photose~YibiliYateur sclon la rcvcndicati~Jn 143~ en solution ~n~ un solv~nt inerte tet le ~ul~natc dc propyl~ne, l3. y-butyro!~tc~ne, la N-méth~lpyrolidonc, Ic~ cthcr~stcr~ ct ~hcr-alcools des mon-~-, di~ lhyl~ne ct propyl~nc glycols, Ics pJastirianls tels que les es~ers ~le l'au:ide phtalique vu ~e l'aci~lc cilriquc.
161 ) Composition destin6e à la polymérisation des époxydcs, dcs ~thers vinyliqucs ct dc~ propcnylélhers vinyliques contenant leq mat~riaux ~lon les Feven~licati< n~ ~3seul~ ou en me1ange, .~ddition~s ou non d'un ph~en~ibili~qt~ur selon la re~endic~tion 15~, en solution dans un solvant aclif cn polym~risation c~tionique ou ~ iiC-'- rre choisis p~rmi les mono- et di- éthers vinyliqucs dcs mono-, di-, ~ri-~ lélr~- élhylène e~ pl~.pyl~nc et bulykne ~lycol~, I'élher trivinylique ~lu triméthylol prop~net 1'~cr ~ivinylique de diméthanol-cyclohexane, I;~ N-m~thylpyr~lidone, le 2-propènyléthcr du carbonatc de propylcnc ~PEPC).
162) Comp~ilion ~leYlin~e ~ la polymcrisaIion dcs m~langcs dc 1110n 3 ou ~ la réticulation de pr~polymcrc~ c~nt~n~nt a la fois des fonctions activ~s en pol~ a~ n cationiquc ct dc~ fonc~ions .qctivcs en polyméri~ation ~icalaire, co.l~ n~.t le~s -~liaux sel~-n le~s reven~licationA 146al53 ~euls ou en mclangc, addition~s ou non d'un phot~sen3:bili~ateur selon la revendication 155 et d~lm arnorcc-lr de polyméri~sation r: die ~ ire.
163,) Con~ sition de~tin~e ~ la polym~risation ~le9 m~ ~g ~le m.~r~o.n~re9 ou 3 la ré~ l5~ti-~n ~le prépolym~rcs contcnant a la fois dcs fonctions actlves en polyméris~qtion cationique et de~3 fonctions 2 ~ ~ ' 38) M~t~ u YUiV~nt lu rcvcn~iial,donl3~ ris6 cn cc quc ~ cvou Q comportc un pi~.~,c ~ ra~icaux libl~s lcl qu'un ph~nol encombré, ou une quinone; ou un <lipolc dissociant tel qu'une 3rnide ou un ni~rile; ou un cc~uple rédc~x tcl qu'un disulfure, une thioamide. un f~ne, une phé.n~lhi~7ine, lln groupe biY(~ lkyl~minoarylc), un nitro~yde, un imide aromati~ue; w U~ wmple~nl; ou un ~willerion.
139) Mat~riau SUiYa~lt 1~ revcndicationl34c~ (ct~.ri.s~i cn ce que ~ représe.nte ~m ~ le ;lmin~, ou un polypeptide optiqucmcnt ou biologiqucmcnt ac~if.
140 ) Ma~ u suivant la rcvcndication~aractcris~ cn . ~ uc R est un groupement chir~l.
141 ) Mat~riau suivant la ~ve~ icdlion 134 l~r~sé cn ~ e le sel M~ est un color~nt cationiquQ.
142 ) M~tériau suivan~ Ia reve~ c~fonl3~térisé en ce que le sel M+ est la. forme dop~c d'un polymèr~
cc-n lucti-~n électronique.
143 ) M~léri-~u YUiVallt la reve~dic-~ion 13,4~ ~.i~ en ce 4ue le sel M~ est un c~tion mét~llique apte à
cat~lyser cer~aine~ ion3 ~le chimie organi~lue tel Li+, La3+. Al3+. . .
144 ) Matcriau suivant la rcvrn~lic~ti~ ~rff~ ~ ' ;~ cn cc que le sel M~ est un hétérocycle c. tionique c~lactére .~lrom.~tique, componant au moins ~m atome d'.u.ote altylé d~ns le cyclc ct dc pr~fcrcnce ~les N,N'~iialkylsimi~zolium sub~titués ou non sur les atomes de c3sbone prcscnt dans Ic cycle, des N.N'4ialkyls~ o1ium subs'dtu~s ou non sur 1es a~mes de ~rl,one prcsent dans le cycle, des N-alkyl-pyndinium substitués ou non sur Ics atomcs dc carbonc pré~ent dan~ le cycle, ~es N-~lkyl-diméthylarnino-pyridinium ,~ ,tilu~s ou non su~ 1es atomw de ~rl~,.e dans le cycle.
145 ~ Matériau suivant la revçn~ îo~144~..~ n ce qu'au dcs~us de son point de fusion le sel MX
cst un s~lvant pour erfecluer ~le~ réa~tions chimiques, pho~himiqucs~ ~lcclrochimi~ue~, photoéle~ tl~hi~niques,..
146 ) M~ténau suivant la reven-li~tion ~.,~ cn ce que Ic calion c~t H+.
147 ) ~ateriau suivant la reven~ic~on13~té~ise en ce que le catlon c~t tel que le sel obtenu est ~ctiv~ble~ par une .source d'énergie adéquate.
148 I M~lénau suivant l~ reven lication 147 car~clérisé en ce que Ic cation e~t un pyri~liniu~n, un amm~nium... pcrmcttant dc lib~cr l'acidc I lX ~u~ '~ffct dc la chaleur.
149 ) Mdtcridu ~ui~ant la reven~ tion 147ca~ctcnsé en ce que le c~tion est un onium: iodonium, sulfcmium, phosphonium..., ou un organo-mé~lli~.~ e ~Im~tl.lnt dc libcrcr l'~cide HX sou~ I'effet ~i'un ~yonncmcnt actiniquc.
150 ~ Ma~riau .~uivant l~ reven~ rion 149~;t~li.~ en oe que les l~di:~tions 3ctiniquc~ sont la lumière UV
VIl visible, Ies rayons y, les f~isce?~vx d'~lectron~.
151 ) M.ltériau ~uivant la revendi~tion lSO~ct~lis~ en ce quc M~ cst choisi p3nni les cations diauyliod~uum YubYtitué ou non, ph~nacyl-dialk~' sulfonium ~h,titué ou non, arène-rerrocénium subslilué ou n~n.
152 ) Mat~n:lu suivant la rcverl~lic~iorl 146 ca~ en ce que I'acide li~re est capsbIe d'initicr Ia poIym~risation Fr voie c~tioni4ue de n~no.n~s riches en ~lectrons, îa r~ ion de rédculation c~tionique, ainsi que les reactions d'arnplific3~0n chimi~uc dc ph<~ ~ists pour l~ micr~litog~phie.
153 ) Matcriau SUiY3l1t ICS rcvcndication ~ cara_h; risc cn oe que I'a~i-le lib~r~ par une source d'énergic applo~ e est cap~ble d'initier la pol~."~ tion par voie cationiquc dc nl~nGn~ p~ riches en ~le~,tr~,n5, I~
r~qction de ré~C~t ~tjnn Gntionique, ~insi que les t~qctions d'amplifiGqtion chimique de l.l~to~sists pwr la mierolito~ h;c.

: ~ ' ' , , L~s m.~t~rialL~c ffpol--l r~t ~ la f'ormulc ~uivantc ~nt ~cxclu~ dc la pr~.~cntc r~:Ycndication F3C~ ~CF3 NC CN F3C CF3 N~NH NC~CN F3C~F3 F3C~ NC~CN N~<CN [~CF3 N~ i M~ = H+, NH4+ pour R = CF3.
si ~1~ = Ht p<~ur R - C2F5, C3F7.
N -~ + -~ H+ pour E~ = NO2.
M+ -si M+ = H+ pour R - CH3, Cl. Br. I.
R -si M~ - H~ ur R _ C-F3 ~N~ -si M+ = ~1~ pour R = CN~
N'~3,N M+ -~i M+ = H+ pour R = CH~, C6Hs, Cl, Br, 1, NO2.
N -si M+ = H+ p~ur R - 2,~bis(CF3)-C6Hs.
R

si M t = H+ pour K = CF3.
N T~'> R

~-- --N M~ -si M~ = H~ pour R = CN.

R1 Jl2 = H + pour Rl s ~ CO~CH3. F. ~l.
D o \~ -9i M+ - H+ pour R4 ou R3lRs ou RltR2 ou Rl/R2/R4 ou R3JR4/RS.
R5 Q~ les autrc~ groupement~ ~nt = H.
M~ -si M+ = H~, K+, Cs+, ~IE~1 ~ pour Rl s = CF~.

NC CN
-si M+ = ~1+ pour R - I, CH3, Cl, NO~, N~2, CF3S, Cl 13CO, CH2-CH
i M~ pvur R--C~, l.
NC /~CN -si M+ - H~, NMe4+ pour R = H
l M
R

NC~_N M~
i M~ - H+ pour R = H, ~.e, Et, Br, 1, C6Hs, NH2, CF~. Br.
NC
135) M~t~ u suivant la rWcn~ or~ ;~ en ce quc Z ct/ou Q con~ te .qu moin~ une in~lurdlion ~thylènique ellw un ~ roupc c~nf~n~qhle et/ou un ~vupc ~ cri ~L1e~

136) MdtélldU ~lUlYal'lt 1a revçn~ tion cala~ i~ cn ce que Z etlou Q t~pr~s~nte un ~roupc m~somorphe ou un groupe chromophore ou un polymère con~lucleur ~lcc~nique ~ut~dop~ ou un alcoxysilane hyc1roIys.~blo.

1~7i) Mat~ u suivant la re~endication ~ t~ en ce que Z ctJou Q constitue une ch~f~e polyrnérique p. r~nt d~s grcffon~ comportant un groupe c~rbonyle thionyle, sulronylc ou pho~phonyle.

134 ) Nouve~ux ~ons d~ ali~s forman~ des sels M~X- répond~nt à la fonnule gén~le sui~. nte 1 /r.l Jl~
R~--Y1~--Yz--R2 d~ quelle:
M~ r~plC1 l~te: le cation H~, Ics cali~ns m.StRIIiquc~ de v.llence n (I,i+, Na~, K~, Mg~, Ca2~, Cu2~, Zn2+, La3~, AP~...), ou un ~tion o~anl~ c; ~ (ammonium), RC(NH2jRj)2 (ami~linium)~ C(~H2jRj)3+ (guanidinium), RjCsH6jN~ (pyridinium), Rjc3Hsj (im~da~lium), RJHs;N2~ (sul~L), NO~ (nitrosyle), SR3' (~ulfonium), Pl~4+
(phGs~>honium), IR2~ (iodoniu~n)..., ou un complexe organo-mét~llique c~tioniquc, a~n~i 4ue les p~ly~.ltions org~niques ou organ~mé~llliques... ,, ,-~
R~ seate de manière ind~ nle un ra~ical: H, ~Ikylc, alkényle, ox~-alkyle.
ox~-alk~nylc, aza-alkyle, a~a-alkényle, thi~-alkyle, thia-alkényle, aryle, alkylarylc, alk~nyl3ryle, cydique, h~ ;liquc. .., ainsi que leur d~riv~ dc ~ubslitution d3n~ Ics ch~e~ ' ¢tJou la paltic aroma~que par ~les hét~n~atu..,cs tols que l'.lzote, l'oxygène, le soufre... Ccs radicaux peuvent être simple, halog~n~ ou perhalogén6.
j ét~nt complis entre I ct au masimum S dans le~o, exemple~ cit~.
X; .ep-~.~nte s~ it un atomc d'azote ~N, soit un r~-lical -CY, un g roupe~ nt -S(=O)Q ou -PQ'Q":
Q, Q' et Q" idcn~quc~ ou différents ~ep~ésentdnt:
- un gn~upc~ t organique alkyle ou alkényle, aryle, ~lkylaryle ou alkénylaryl, cyclique, hétér~cyliquc, cont~-n~n~ ou non ~es substituants oxa ou a~ ou Ihia~ simple ou perhalog~né, en p.~iculier perlluc~ré ~le~igné p~r Rr, ain~i que Icur d~rivcs de subst;tution dalu les chaîn~ latclalcs ct/ou la partie .u~matique p~r de~ hét~r~t~lnes tcls que l'azote, I'oxygène, le sourrc, Ic phosphorc...

Y r~ nt:
- un groupen~cnt Q.
- un halo~g~nc F, Cl, Br...
- un pscudo-halogène, c'est à dire une r~ical Cle~t.~ltra~le-lr monovalent tel que C~J, SCN, N3, CF3, ~F3, OCnF2n+1. OC2~4H, SCF3, SCnF2n+1, SC2F4H...
- un Q,,~u~",ent ZCO-- ou ZSO2-- ou ZSO-- ou QZPO-- dan~ Icsqucl~ Z
~-,p-~.~nte svit un haloganc, un groupcmcnt Q, un groupemcnt alcoxy, vinyloxy, ~lialkyl~unino ou diall~r.~ ino...
~es group~mr-nt Q ou Z pouvant 8tre ino.~ 9 ~ une tmrne polymèrique, en palticulier p~r ou~ erture ~le ~ioubles liaisons conknues dans Z ou Q, soit par tout autle mode de liaison chimique pe."-~tt;tnt la forrnation d'un r~ qu ~ clol.~ i.c.
I~eux subs~ituant~ Y adja~ ts pcu~cnt de plus faire p3nie d'un cycle incc,lpol tnt de ~ à 8 atomes de e~ lC~ OU d~ h~ CICS CQI~r~ t lcs clcments O, N, S. Ce cycle pwt à son tour poss~dcr dcs ~ubs~i~uants sur l~ sites libres du m8me type que ceux décrito, pr~We,.~ e.~t (halogène, pseudo-halogène, Q7 R~, un ~,loupen~ ZCO, ZSO2, ZQPO ou faire panie in~ nte d'uï~c tramc polym~riquc), -1233 Ma~riau suivant l~ revendic~tion 12Lc~actcri9~ cn cc ~lue le pKa de l'acidc H~X- (pKa~H~Ux~) cst infcricurc à cclui de la buse ne~tre amphotère ~ de prcf~rcnce ~'au moins deux unit~ pKa ~fin de perrneltre la proton~on de la base par l'acide H~X pour donner le scl (BH t)X-.
124) Mat~nau sl~ivant la revendication 122caractéris~ en ce que la base neutre amphotère B cxt préférentiellcment mai~ san~ sc limiter à se~ seu~s exemple~: une arnine, une amide, une urcc, une sulromuni~le7 une ~ r~mi~ guanidine..., un az~P pyr~vle, imi~lw~le, pyrazole, tria~ole, letrazole...
unc di~-~i nc~ ~ine, la guanine. Ia cytosine. . ., suhst~ e ou non.
Ii!5~ Ma~riau suivant l~ rc~vcndicadons~ 124c~c~nsÇ en oe que Ibn r~alise un mélange binaire du sel (BH~)X- ct dc la ba~e neutre arnphotère B.
1~6 ) Maléria~l s-~iv~nt la revçn-lic~ion ~5csJ..cté. isé en ce quc Ic dia~amme de phase du m~ nge binaire pl~sente au moins un point cutcctiquc dont le point de rusivn est inférieure à la tcmp~turc de fu~ion IJe la b~se B et inl-J~rieure à la temp~ t~ de fu~ion du scl (BH+)X-.
127 ) Matériau ~uivant les reven~lications ~ 124cal~ctérisé en cc quc l'on r~lise un mélange binaire du scl (~H+)X- ct dc l'acidc ~{+X-.
12~ ) Matcriau sui~rant la rcvc~ ;onlZ7c~racLéris6 en ee que le ~iagl~mmc dc phase ~u mélange binaire présente au moins un point eutectique dont le poin~ ~c lilsion e~t inféneure ~ la temp~ de fu~ion de la base B ct inf~:ricure à la tcmpcra~ure dc ru~i< n ~ie l'aci~le ff+X-.
129 ) Matéliau sui~ant Ics rcvendicationsl25~ ~en ce qu'au dcs~us de sa temper~ture de rusion, le sel fon-iu ob~nu par fusion du ...~langc cst un cor~ protonique anhydrc.
130 ~ Matériau sui-~ant le~q re~ren~ cq~ionsl21 à~ ,isé en ce que l'acide H+X- etlou la base B peuvent ~trc port~s par une tlamc polymcnqu~
131 ) ~atcriau suivant Ics revendicalions ~ risé en ce que l'on rcalise un quel~ nque mélange ~le une ou plusieurs b~scs B, dc un ou plusicur.~ acid~ HX.
132 ) M ~ suivant Ics rcvcndicadons 89 à 131 ~d~t~ en ce que l'on r~lise ~les solutions clcctrolytiqucs prodque ou apr~dque. Ce~ électrvlytes, mono ou polyphasique~, peuvent se pr~senter par un c~ ix approp.ié du soluté (solide, liquidc, scl fondu, verre, polymère,...), sous forme de liqui~es, de selY ~on<lus. ~le verre~ de gel~ ou de polymcrr~; on consi-lérera de la m~me façon lcs soll~tions clcctrolytiqucs obt~...cs par un quelconque nlélan~g,e d'~m ou plusicur~ de ce~ sels eVou de ces solutcs.
Cette descrip~ion inclut par extcnsion Ic~ élcctrvlyte~ composites obtenus par l'incorporation de ch.ugcs mincralcs (silice, alurnin~,..) ou organiques servant de rcnfon et/vu p~ssé~l~nt des propri~s ~p~cifilques, par exemple p~qr ~lisper.sion d'un électroly~ vikcu~ (Ormolytes,...) ou minérale (Li3N,. . .).
133) Applications ~les ma~riaux suivant Ics rcvcndications8~àl32à la chimie org~-Fc~ue ou min~rale, la physic~chimie, l'~lcctloehimie, la l~h t '~imie, la phos ~tlu- L-nlie, la catalyse, ~ l'éle~t-~ ion.
à l'optique non-1in~aire~ à la chirnie dcs colo~ants, au~ polymères à conduction ~t~ctronique, ~ la mise en ~uvrc dcs potymères, au laminage ~Fe9 mét~quX, ~ Iq pllal'l..a_iC.... 9) for dep8t ~ p ~ r éléclrolyliquc track, IC9 agcn ~ dc brillantagc.
1 ~)) commc agcnts tcnsio-active and more p ~ tticuli ~ .n ~ .lt as ad ~ litif for lqmin ~ ge of li ~ ium ct extrusion ~ ie m ~ tnce pdymère l ~ s con '~ n ~~ lq I l) as .qdditif anticonosion dan ~ le ~ disposilif ~ ~ himi-lue ~ such as baueries at lithium or alkaline batteries.
12) as sol ~ ant u ~ ilcs to cff carried out ~ chemical reactions ~, photochemical ~, clectrochemical ~, photoélec ~ ochimiques ..., Lors4uc Ic calion M + cst Im h ~ t ~ rocyclc cationiquc à, caract ~ rc a ~ ma ~ uc, oompo ~ ant ~ u at least one atom of ~ otc alkyl6 da ~ s lc cyclc ct do prcfcrcncc dc ~ N, N'-dialkyls-imi ~ la7.01ium ~ ub ~ titu ~ s or not. ~ ur Ic ~ atomc ~ dc carbonc pr ~ scnt dan ~ s Ic cycle, de ~
N, N'-dialkyl ~ -triazolium s., Bsti ~ u ~ 3 or not ~ ur l ~ s carbon atoms pr ~ scnt in the cyclc, dcs N-alkyl-py-ridinium substituted or not on - ~ tomc ~ carbon present ~ ~ in the cycle, N-alkyl ~ imethylamin ~ pyridinium substituted ~ s or not on carbon atoms in Ic cyclc, Dc ~; nplion dc invcntion:
Ie ~ ronnulc ~ ci- ~ i ~ J ~ dolln ~ nt quclqucs ~ Acr..plcs dc mol ~ culc ~ is ~ us dc la pr ~ v_nte inYcndon ~ an ~
no c ~ racter limitatir both ~ ur Ic choi ~ c dcs anion ~ that dc ~ c ~ tion ~.

F3C CF3 N ~ N ~ CF3S02 ~ N
N ~ N, N CF ~ N02 CF3S02 ~ FN ~ H, N

N ~ CH N ~ N - N
3 z ~ Hl ~ S 2 ~ CH CF3 ~ N ~ --CF3 CF3S02 ~ CF3 NC CN
N ~ CH N - NN ~ ~
~ ff ~ 2N ~ C F3C ~ N ~ I ~ CF3 F3C-- ~ F3 O ~ 2 ~ '1 H ~ H ~ 3 ~ - ~ N ~ k; OZcF3 NC ~ NC = OND ~ ~ CN
o ~ _o NC_ ~ NC

F3C ~ F3 NC ~ NN ~ '> CF3 N ~> CN

~ CF ~ CN CF3 Li H ~ / ~ \ N ~ I

F ~ n ~~ ~ iques sulvantes d ~ nncn ~ other examples of ~ l ~ s from la ~ Le invPnt; ~ n, le c ~ ti ~ n L ~ e ~ Lé is the most suuv ~ lL H for reasons of convenience ~ without for ~ llt ~ nt express any limltation nor a pr ~ ference on the choice of c ~ tinn ~.
CN
Sl02C ~ C

~! ~ C ~ CN CF2 . ~ NH ~ 3 CN ~ -Fc 02C ~ H H3NCH2 '' - 'NHCIHcc ~ 3 NCH'C'C'c ~

~ 2 1 ~ 9 ~
.

NC - C ~ H ~ O o ~ So2c ~ (~ SO2c ~ HcN

CN
SO2C ~ H

CF3 ~ CN H ~ CO2S ~ 3'n ~ 9 ~ 2C ~ CN NC SOzC H Li ~ c ~ 2 CF3 CN NC ~ 3 CN

NCH, C ~ C "~, C ~ CH2COC ~ 3 Cl-l ~ CHCC ~ NCHzCHzN ~ K ~ O CN

CN
COC ~ H

~ 502C ~ H FO2S ~ CN ~ CN

~ 2 CN ~~ p ~ l, CN
CH-- ~ rv ~ w ~ (O ~ Hz - CHz) n ~ --CH2 - CH2SO2C ~ lCN <CN

CN, CN ~ CN, CN
C4FsSOzc ~ c (CnH2n ~ l) s02c ~ (CH2CH20) nCH2CH2SO2C ~ Hc Br ~ CH2) nSO2C ~ Hc CN
~ C ~ CHa S ~, CN ~ H2) nSO2C ~ CN

C4FgSO2C ~ 3cN CH3) '~' CN HN ~ NH

The fcrmules below. ~ 1 again ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ examples of m ~ s from the ~ s ~ invPnti ~ n without any ~ d ~ d ~ L ~ limiting on the choice of anion q ~ e-du cation:

3 ~ 2 3 N ~

C ~ N ~ OO ~ N ~ O
Nl <OO <H

oXo CH2 ~ H-- ~ - (cH2) 3 ~ N ~; ~ N ~ (cH2) 3 ~~ CH2 o ~ of ~ b He 111 NN

D - S07 ~ O ~

~~ ~
~ --so, ~ ~ --SO2 ~ __ 9 ~ o N> 0 ~ ~ H ~~

Nso2cF3 ~ SO2Ns02cF9 NCNCN (cnH2n ~ 1) so2Nso2cF3 ~ SO NSO CF (cH2cl ~ 2o ~ ncH2cH2sozNso2cF3 ~ 502NCN

~ ~ o2Nso2cF3 (CnH2n ~ 1) S02NS02CF3 CF3SO2NCN
(CnH2n ~ 1) so2Nso2cF3 FO2S ~ 02NSO2CF3 Br (c ~) nsO2Nso2cF3 SO2NSO2CF3 ~ Hz) nso2Nso2cFa) ~ 02S ~ OzNSO7CF3 ~

CF3SO2NSO2NSO2CF3 H3NCH2C ~ HC ~ HCl ~ CN F3CO2SNSO2N Nso2Nso2cF3 C ~ 3 CFcSOzNCN

~ N ~ 3 H ~ N ~
CF3SO2NSOzN ~

~ OzNSO2 ~ ~ ~ O-- ~ SOzNS02CF3 , 173) Mat ~ li ~ u according to re. ~,., Di ~ tion D2ca ~ ized in that the ~ idgld ~ e ~ the ph ~ se ~ u mel ~ binary nge present at least ~ a point u ~ t that ~ have the point of rusion eYt inféricure to the tcmp ~ raturc dc rusion dc la ba ~ e B and inferiorc ~ l ~ tcm ~ tulc; of fu ~ sion of the aci H ~ X-.
174) Material sui ~ ant reven ~ ic ~ lionsl70 ~ 173c ~ s: t ~ risé cn ce du above de .s ~ temp ~ rature ~ le rusion, Ic scl molten obtained pa ~ fusion ~ u ~ langc e ~ t a con ~ uctcur anhydrous proton.
175), Mal ~ riau suiYant les reven ~ icationsl ~ 6 àl7a ca ~ aclcris ~ cn what the ~ ci ~ e H + X- eVou la b ~ Lse B can be port ~ s by a polymeric tlame.
176) M ~ screen according to the ~ claims ~ 66 to 17sc ~ racténs6 in oe that we r ~ reads some mixture ~ one or more ~ icurs bascs B, one or more aci ~ HX.
177) ~ Ma ~ nau according to your claimsl343. lK e ~ i3 ~ cn oe that we re3 ~ ise solutions Protic or aprotective chemistry. Ccs ~ Icctrolytcs, mono or multiphase, can be presented by a choice: ~ appropric of solut ~ (soli ~ le, liqui-le, sel ~ ondu, vcrre, polym ~ rc, ...), ~ ou ~ rormc de liquidcs, de scl ~ rondu ~. glasses, gels seen from polym ~ rcs; we consider ~ 13 way the ~ solutions clcclrolytiqucs obtained by any mel ~ nge of one or more dc ccs scl ~ ctlou dc cc solut ~.
This ~ e ~ crip ~ ion includes by extension the ele ~ tlolytes composit ~ obtained ~ p ~ r incol ~, dtion dc charL ~ c ~
mineral (~ ilice, aluminc, ...) or gold ~ anique ~ s serving ~ ie reinforcement etlou possé ~ nt de ~ propnet ~ s ~ pccifiquc ~, for example by ~ lisper ~ i ~) n of a ~ Icclrolytc vitrcux (Ormolytcs, ...) or mincrale (Li3N,...).
178) Applic ~ ions deg "~ at ~ n ~ uivant lc ~ ~ cndication ~ to organic or mineral chemistry ~ le, la physico-chemistry, the ~ lect, ~ himie, pll ~ t ~ -1 imie, phota ~ lectl ~ chemistry, catalysis, electrol ~ épo6i ~ ion, non-linear optics, to the chemistry of colo ~ nts, ~ u ~ polymers to co ~ ctior ~ electronics, a la m ~ se en ~ xuvre de ~ polym ~ re ~, at mid ~ dcs m ~ la pharm.qcie.

2 ~ ~

.Icdve ~ s in medical polymerization ~ laire ~ clon Izl rcvcndication 162 characterized cn what polym ~ 'ri. ~ ionY are a "~ imult ~ nement p ~ on of re ~ lia ~ inn ~ actiniqucs.
164) Compo ~ i ~ ion ~ ballast ~ the polymerization of mf ~ ng ~ of monom ~ res Or ~ reti- ~, ulation ~ e prepolymer ~ containing both active fungi and polymonic cadion and 9 functions ~ ive ~ in pvlymérisation r. ~ re according to the dream: ldication 162 c ~; lcli ~ in that the ~ deu: c polymer ~ abons are initiated ~ es of a fnallière s ~ t; it cn dcu ~ c 6 ~ apc ~ q to control the ~ propri ~ tcs m ~ -iquc ~, a ~ h ~ ion ~ olubility ~ or Ic dcgr ~ de rclicul ~ lion when ~ l ~ mi ~ is shaped like ~ m ~ t ~ riatlX
, .la ~ irc ~ 3 r ~ qultanl.q.
16 ~ ~ Compo ~ ilion of ~ tinée in the polymerization of mel3nge ~ monon, ~ l ~ or in the crosslinking of prep ~ lymers oontenant both functions ~ aet ~ polym ~ cationic risativn and functions aclivc ~ in polym ~ ion ra ~ licalaire according to ~ revenlic ~ tion 162 ~~ c ~ ris ~ e in cc as polymerization milk is arnorc ~ e ~ hprn ~ iquern ~ n ~ and polym ~ ri ~ tion calionic pa ~ ~ actinic radiation ~ s 1 ~ 6 ~ Compo6ition dcsli ~ c 3 polym ~ ri ~ lion dc ~ mel. ~ Nges ~ monomers or r ~ ticulalion ~ e pr ~ polym ~ rcs cont; nant à la ~ ois dc ~ fonc ~ ion ~ ~ c ~ iv ~ poly ~ cation cation ct dcs ~ oncd ~ ms . ~ Ltives in polymer ~ nn radical according to l ~ .cn ~ li ~ don 1 ~; ~ ar ~ t ~ 5n. ~ ée in that 1 ~ polymerization r ~ re is amo ~ ep ~ r ~ inactive actinic ra ~ links on ~ rnorccur ~ of the invention followed by an in ~ tif) n initiating the ~ polym ~ i ~ ttion c-tion: sue.
167) Malériau according to reven lication 1 ~ t ~. ized in that the cation M ~ is the protonated form ~ a ba ~ e neutral 3mphot ~ re designated p3r 13 and dvnc such as hrL! - - BH ~, capablc dc c ~ ler a first p ~ n for donncr 13 neutral base f ~ of c ~ dcr a sccwd prok) n pwr rormer the anion of this base ~ designated by B- ct also such that the pK ~ e ~ s ~~ nr ~ the balance aeide-b3se BH ~ / B ~ pKa ~ + ~ g)) is lower than the pKa of balance BIB- (PKa ~ lB ~) ~
168) MateliaU ~ 3UiY311t la reYendic: ~ tion ~ 7 ~ r ~ t ~ .C cn cc quc lc pKa de l ~ ci-le H ~ X- (PKa (~ VX ~ t infer ~ eure ~ that of the neutral base ~ -lpllot ~ re B of prcf ~ rcnc ~ at least ~ two units pKa in order to pcnnc ~ lrc la pr l ~ -lion ~ le la ba ~ c by a ~: ide ~ + X- pl ~ ur ~ lonner le sel (BH +) X ~
169) M.tt ~ riau ~ uivant la reventlication 167c ~ tc ~ isé cn cc quc la ~ ase neulre ~ npho ~ re B est prcf ~ r ~ nlir ~ nr but ~ ans s ~: limilcr à se ~ sCul ~ example ~ s: an amine one year ~ idc unc ur ~ e une sulronamide uncsulramide guanidine ..., an a ~ ole: pyrrole ~ imi ~ azole, pylazole triazolc t ~ lra ~ le. ~.
a di ~ a7.ine: l ~ d ~ l-in ~., 13. guanine l ~ cytosine ... substituted ~ c or n ~ n.
170) Mdtéri. ~ U follow3nt the reven ~ lie: l ~ ionsl66 ~ 169 ~ l. ~ I ~ cn cc that we r ~ ali.ce a binary mixture of scl (BH ~) X- and ~ le la b ~ se neutral aloph ~ e B.
171) Ma ~ riau ~ uiv ~ tlarev ~ n ~ 7tjon170ca, ~ t ~ in that the di ~ g ~ nme phase of binary m ~ lan ~ ge presents .qu minus an eutectic point including the rusion point c ~ t inl ~ superior to the tem ~ dlu, ~; of fusion of the t ~ se 8 e ~ infreérieur ~ la tcn ~ t ~., e ~ le ruqiOn du. ~ el (BH +) X-. I
1 ~) Mat ~ n ~ u according to l ~ qonsl6 ~) ~ ~ 3c ~ a, ~ lisC cn what we do ~ a binary mixture of scl (BH +) X- ct dc acid H ~ X-.

154 ~ Mat ~ riau following Ic ~ s rcvcndicationsl: 5 ~ ct 1 ~, '.; ~ cn cc quc lcs rnonl? Mère ~ ~ ont de ~ époxy-Ie ~ q, dcs ~ tllcn, cydiqucs, dc ~, cyclic cstcrs, cyclic c ~ natcs, inyl ethers, ~ le ~, pr ~ vinyl nylelhers "dcs a ~ iridine ~" from ~ ~ inyiarni ~ les, I'isobutylène, I'in ~ ene, l ~ cén ~ pht ~ ne, I '~ -mclhylslyrcnc, Ic styr ~ nc ...
155) Matélidu ~ c according to claims149 ~ 3 and l54 ~; ardctén ~ sés in that it ~ s- nt used in l ,. ~ en ~ ~ the phota6en ~ ibilisatcurs.
156) Material according to the revenue ~ ativnlS $ ~ l ~ televised in that the, pl ~ tosensib ~ tor ~ are chvisiQ, p ~ mi anlh ~ c ~ nc, diph ~ nyl-9.10- ~ nth ~ ne, pely1ene, ph ~ notia7.ine, tctrac ~ n ~ :, xanthonc, la thio ~ anIhone, I'isopl ~ ltltio ~ an ~, nr, ac ~ uph ~ Jnr. Ia bcnLo ~) h ~ n ~ c ct Icurs, derivatives "en p ~ rticulier ~ le ~ ub ~ tilution by d ~, d ~ riv6s alkylcs, oxa- or aza-allc ~; 1 ~
157) M ~ tcliau according to the rcvcndication 147c ~ .t ~ s ~ cn that the cation is an organic molecule inco.yol ~ -t a group A7.0bi. ~: 2,2 '[A7, obi ~ imi ~ ia7 ~ lin-2-yl) propane] 2HX, 2,2'-Azobi ~ (2-. ~ ni.lino ~ anc) 2HX ... permcttant dc libcrcr d ~ s rdddimes sou ~. The effect is heat.
15 ~) Maténau ~ iuivant la reven.li- ation 157 caraeIéri ~ in that ~ u ~ the effect of the ch31eur the ~ salts are capabtcc d'amorccr the polymerization by voic ra ~ 1icq-lq-irc dc mo ~ s vinyl.
159 ~ Ma ~ ri ~ u according to reven.lication ~ 58., a ~ L ~ ris ~ in that the ~ q mnno ~ P. are acrylamide, acidc aclylic, butyl acrylate, styrene, vinyl chlorofor ~ nate, vinylidcnc carbonate, ...
160) Compo ~ ition ~ te ~ .tin ~ e ~ ll potyméri ~ d-) n de ~ épvxy ~ les,. ~ E ~ vinyl elhers ~, d ~ prop ~ nylcthcr ~
vinyliquc ~ con ~ nflnt Ic ~ mq ~ q ~ according to ~ reven ~ licationg 146 ~ or cn mixture, addiIionés or no ~ one photose ~ YibiliYateur sclon la rcvcndicati ~ Jn 143 ~ in solution ~ n ~ a solv ~ nt inert tet le ~ ul ~ natc dc propyl ~ ne, l3. y-butyro! ~ tc ~ ne, N-méth ~ lpyrolidonc, Ic ~ cthcr ~ stcr ~ ct ~ hcr-alcohols mon- ~ -, di ~ lhyl ~ ne ct propyl ~ nc glycols, Ics pJastirianls such as es ~ ers ~ le au: phthalic idea seen ~ e aci ~ lc cilriquc.
161) Composition intended for the polymerization of epoxides, dcs ~ vinylic thers and dc ~ propcnylelhers vinyl containing leq mat ~ rials ~ lon les Feven ~ licati <n ~ ~ 3seul ~ or in mixtures,. ~ edition ~ s or not of a ph ~ in ~ ibili ~ qt ~ ur according to re ~ endic ~ tion 15 ~, in solution in a solvent aclif cn c ~ cationic polymerization or ~ iiC -'- rre selected p ~ rmi mono- and di- vinyl ethers dcs mono-, di-, ~ ri- ~ lélr ~ - ethylene e ~ pl ~ .pyl ~ nc and bulykne ~ lycol ~, I'élher trivinylic ~ lu trimethylol prop ~ net 1 '~ cr ~ dimethanol-cyclohexane ivinyl, I; ~ Nm ~ thylpyr ~ lidone, carbonate 2-propenylethcr propylcnc ~ PEPC).
162) Comp ~ ilion ~ leYlin ~ e ~ polymcrisaIion dcs m ~ langcs dc 1110n 3 or ~ the crosslinking of pr ~ polymcrc ~ c ~ nt ~ n ~ nt both functions activated in pol ~ a ~ n cationic ct dc ~ fun ~ ions .qctivcs en polyméri ~ ation ~ icalaire, co.l ~ n ~ .t le ~ s - ~ liaux sel ~ -n le ~ s reven ~ licationA 146al53 ~ euls or en mclangc, addition ~ s or not of a phot ~ sen3: bili ~ ateur according to claim 155 and d ~ lm arnorcc-lr polymerization r: die ~ ire.
163,) Con ~ sition of ~ tin ~ e ~ polym ~ risation ~ le9 m ~ ~ g ~ le m. ~ R ~ on ~ re9 or 3 re ~ l5 ~ ti- ~ n ~ le prepolymer ~ rcs containing both active polymer functions ~ cationic qtion and ~ 3 functions 2 ~ ~ ' 38) M ~ t ~ u YUiV ~ nt lu rcvcn ~ iial, donl3 ~ ris6 cn cc quc ~ cvou Q has a pi ~. ~, C ~ ra ~ icaux libl ~ s lcl that a crowded ph ~ nol, or a quinone; or a dissociating <lipolc such as a 3rnide or a ni ~ rile; or a cc ~ uple redc ~ x tcl that a disulfide, a thioamide. a f ~ ne, a phé.n ~ lhi ~ 7ine, lln groupe biY (~ lkyl ~ minoarylc), a nitro ~ yde, an aromatic imide ~ eu; w U ~ wmple ~ nl; or a ~ willerion.
139) Mat ~ riau SUiYa ~ lt 1 ~ revcndicationl34c ~ (ct ~ .ri.s ~ i cn ce ~ représe.nte ~ m ~ le; lmin ~, or a optiqucmcnt or biologiqucmcnt ac ~ if polypeptide.
140) Ma ~ u according to the rcvcndication ~ aractcris ~ cn. ~ uc R is a chir group ~ l.
141) Mat ~ riau according to ~ ve ~ icdlion 134 l ~ r ~ sé cn ~ e salt M ~ is a color ~ nt cationiquQ.
142) M ~ next material ~ Ia dream ~ c ~ fonl3 ~ terized in that the salt M + is there. dop ~ c form of a polymer ~
cc-n lucti- ~ n electronic.
143) M ~ léri- ~ u YUiVallt the dream ~ dic- ~ ion 13.4 ~ ~ .i ~ in this 4ue the salt M ~ is a c ~ tion met ~ llique suitable for cat ~ lyse cer ~ groin ~ ion3 ~ organic chemistry ~ read like Li +, La3 +. Al3 +. . .
144) Material according to the rcvrn ~ lic ~ ti ~ ~ rff ~ ~ '; ~ cn cc that the salt M ~ is a heterocycle c. tionic c ~ lactére. ~ lrom. ~ tick, component at least ~ m atom of u.ote.alylated d ~ ns cyclc ct dc pr ~ fcrcnce ~ les N, N '~ iialkylsimi ~ zolium sub ~ substituted or not on the atoms of c3sbone prcscnt in Ic cycle, N.N'4ialkyls ~ o1ium subs'dtu ~ s or not on 1es ~ ~ de ~ rl, one present in the cycle, N-alkyl-pyndinium substituted or not on Ics atomcs dc carbonc pré ~ ent dan ~ le cycle, ~ es N- ~ lkyl-dimethylarnino-pyridinium, ~, tilu ~ s or not su ~ 1es atomw de ~ rl ~, .e in the cycle.
145 ~ Material according to the rev ~ ~ ~ ~ 144 ~ .. ~ n that at dcs ~ us of its melting point MX salt cst a s ~ lvant to erfecluer ~ le ~ réa ~ chemical reactions, pho ~ himiqucs ~ ~ lcclrochimi ~ ue ~, photoéle ~ tl ~ hi ~ niques, ..
146) M ~ tenau according to the reven-li ~ tion ~., ~ Cn that Ic calion c ~ t H +.
147) ~ ateriau according to the reven ~ ic ~ on13 ~ tee ~ ise in that the catlon c ~ t such that the salt obtained is ~ ctiv ~ ble ~ by an adequate energy source.
148 IM ~ lénau according to reven lication 147 because ~ clérisé in that Ic cation e ~ t pyri ~ liniu ~ n, un amm ~ nium ... pcrmcttant dc lib ~ cr acidc I lX ~ u ~ '~ ffct dc heat.
149) Mdtcridu ~ ui ~ ant la reven ~ tion 147ca ~ ctcnsé in that the c ~ tion is an onium: iodonium, sulfcmium, phosphonium ..., or an organo-mé ~ lli ~. ~ e ~ Im ~ tl.lnt dc libcrcr l ~ cide HX sou ~ l'effet ~ i'un ~ yonncmcnt actiniquc.
150 ~ Ma ~ riau. ~ Following the ~ reven ~ rion 149 ~; t ~ li. ~ In that the l ~ di: ~ tions 3ctiniquc ~ are UV light Visible, the y-rays, the electron vices.
151) M.ltériau ~ following the resi ~ tion lSO ~ ct ~ read ~ in that M ~ cst selected p3nni cations diauyliod ~ uum YubYtituated or not, ph ~ nacyl-dialk ~ 'sulfonium ~ h, titled or not, arene-rerrocenium subsiluted or n ~ n.
152) Mat ~ n: read according to the rcverl ~ lic ~ iorl 146 ca ~ in that the acid is ~ capsbIe to initiate Ia poIym ~ risation Fr c ~ tioni4ue of n ~ no.n ~ s rich in ~ electrons, îa r ~ ion redculation c ~ tionic, as well as the reactions of arnplific3 ~ 0n chemi ~ uc dc ph <~ ~ ists for l ~ micr ~ litog ~ phie.
153) Matrix SUiY3l1t ICS rcvcndication ~ cara_h; risc cn oe that I'a ~ i-le lib ~ r ~ by a source of energy applo ~ e is able to initiate the pol ~. "~ tion cationically dc nl ~ nGn ~ p ~ rich in ~ le ~, tr ~, n5, I ~
r ~ qction de ré ~ C ~ t ~ tjnn Gntionique, ~ so that t ~ qctions of chemical amplifiGqtion of ll ~ to ~ sists pwr la mierolito ~ h; c.

: ~ '', , L ~ s m. ~ T ~ rialL ~ c ffpol - lr ~ t ~ la f'ormulc ~ uivantc ~ nt ~ cxclu ~ dc la pr ~. ~ Cntc r ~: Ycndication F3C ~ ~ CF3 NC CN F3C CF3 N ~ NH NC ~ CN F3C ~ F3 F3C ~ NC ~ CN N ~ <CN [~ CF3 N ~ i M ~ = H +, NH4 + for R = CF3.
if ~ 1 ~ = Ht p <~ ur R - C2F5, C3F7.
N - ~ + - ~ H + for E ~ = NO2.
M + -if M + = H + for R - CH3, Cl. Br. I.
R -if M ~ - H ~ ur R _ C-F3 ~ N ~ -if M + = ~ 1 ~ for R = CN ~
N '~ 3, N M + - ~ i M + = H + for R = CH ~, C6Hs, Cl, Br, 1, NO2.
N -if M + = H + for ~ R - 2, ~ bis (CF3) -C6Hs.
R

if M t = H + for K = CF3.
NT ~ '> R

~ - --NM ~ -if M ~ = H ~ for R = CN.

R1 Jl2 = H + for Rl s ~ CO ~ CH3. F. ~ l.
D o \ -9i M + - H + for R4 or R3lRs or RltR2 or Rl / R2 / R4 or R3JR4 / RS.
R5 Q ~ the others ~ grouping ~ ~ nt = H.
M ~ -if M + = H ~, K +, Cs +, ~ IE ~ 1 ~ for Rl s = CF ~.

NC CN
-if M + = ~ 1 + for R - I, CH3, Cl, NO ~, N ~ 2, CF3S, Cl 13CO, CH2-CH
i M ~ pvur R - C ~, l.
NC / ~ CN -if M + - H ~, NMe4 + for R = H
l M
R

NC ~ _N M ~
i M ~ - H + for R = H, ~ .e, Et, Br, 1, C6Hs, NH2, CF ~. Br.
NC
135) M ~ t ~ u according to the rWcn ~ or ~; ~ in that Z ct / or Q con ~ te .qu moin ~ une in ~ lurdlion ~ thylènique ellw un ~ roupc c ~ nf ~ n ~ qhle and / or un ~ vupc ~ cri ~ L1e ~

136) MdtélldU ~ lUlYal'lt 1a revçn ~ tion cala ~ i ~ cn what Z etlou Q t ~ pr ~ s ~ nte un ~ roupc m ~ somorphous or a chromophore group or a con polymer ~ luster ~ lcc ~ nique ~ ut ~ dop ~ or an alkoxysilane hyc1roIys. ~ blo.

1 ~ 7i) Mat ~ u according to the re ~ endication ~ t ~ in that Z ctJou Q constitutes a poly ~ ch ~ f ~ e p. r ~ nt d ~ s grcffon ~ having a group c ~ rbonyle thionyle, sulronylc or pho ~ phonyle.

134) Nouve ~ ux ~ ons d ~ ali ~ s forman ~ salts M ~ X- responds ~ nt to the formula gen ~ sui ~. nte 1 / rl Jl ~
R ~ --Y1 ~ --Yz - R2 from which:
M ~ r ~ plC1 l ~ te: the cation H ~, Ics cali ~ ns m.StRIIiquc ~ de v.llence n (I, i +, Na ~, K ~, Mg ~, Ca2 ~, Cu2 ~, Zn2 +, La3 ~, AP ~ ...), or a ~ tion o ~ anl ~ c; ~ (ammonium), RC (NH2jRj) 2 (friend ~ linium) ~ C (~ H2jRj) 3+ (guanidinium), RjCsH6jN ~ (pyridinium), Rjc3Hsj (im ~ da ~ lium), RJHs; N2 ~ (sul ~ L), NO ~ (nitrosyle), SR3 '(~ ulfonium), Pl ~ 4 +
(phGs ~> honium), IR2 ~ (iodoniu ~ n) ..., or an organometallic complex ~ llic c ~ tioniquc, a ~ n ~ i 4ue p ~ ly ~ .ltions org ~ niques or organ ~ mé ~ llliques ... ,,, -~
R ~ seate ind ~ nle a ra ~ ical: H, ~ Ikylc, alkenyl, ox ~ -alkyl.
ox ~ -alk ~ nylc, aza-alkyl, a ~ a-alkenyl, thi ~ -alkyl, thia-alkenyl, aryl, alkylarylc, alk ~ nyl3ryl, cydic, h ~; liquc. .., as well as their d ~ riv ~ dc ~ ubslitution d3n ~ Ics ch ~ e ~ '¢ tJou la paltic aroma ~ only by ~ les hét ~ n ~ atu .., cs tols que l'.lzote, oxygen, sulfur ... Ccs radicals can be simple, halog ~ n ~ or perhalogén6.
j et ~ nt complis between I ct at masimum S in the ~ o, example ~ cit ~.
X; .ep- ~. ~ nte s ~ it has a nitrogen atomc ~ N, that is a r ~ -lical -CY, a group r ~ nt -S (= O) Q or -PQ'Q ":
Q, Q 'and Q "idcn ~ quc ~ or different ~ ep ~ present:
- a gn ~ upc ~ t organic alkyl or alkenyl, aryl, ~ lkylaryl or alkenylaryl, cyclic, heter ~ cyliquc, cont ~ -n ~ n ~ or not ~ es oxa or a ~ or Ihia substituents simple or perhalog ~ born, in p. ~ iculier perlluc ~ ré ~ le ~ igné p ~ r Rr, ain ~ i que Icur d ~ rivcs de subst; tution dalu the chain ~ latclalcs ct / or the part .u ~ matique p ~ r de ~ hét ~ r ~ t ~ lnes such as nitrogen, oxygen, sourcing, phosphorous ...

Y r ~ nt:
- a group ~ cnt Q.
- a halo ~ g ~ nc F, Cl, Br ...
a pscudo-halogen, ie a r ~ ical Cle ~ t. ~ ltra ~ le-lr monovalent such as C ~ J, SCN, N3, CF3, ~ F3, OCnF2n + 1. OC2 ~ 4H, SCF3, SCnF2n + 1, SC2F4H ...
- a Q ,, ~ u ~ ", ent ZCO-- or ZSO2-- or ZSO-- or QZPO-- dan ~ Icsqucl ~ Z
~ -, p- ~. ~ nte svit a haloganc, a groupcmcnt Q, a groupemcnt alkoxy, vinyloxy, ~ lialkyl ~ unino or diall ~ r. ~ ino ...
~ es group ~ mr-nt Q or Z can be 8o ino. ~ 9 ~ a polymeric tmrne, in particular p ~ r or ~ erture ~ the ~ ioubles bonds conknues in Z or Q, either by any other mode of chemical bond eg. "- ~ tt; tnt la forrnation of a r ~ qu ~ clol. ~ ic I ~ them subs ~ ituant ~ Y adja ~ ts pcu ~ cnt more to make p3nie of an incc cycle, lpol tnt of ~ to 8 atoms of e ~ lC ~ OR d ~ h ~ CICS CQI ~ r ~ t lcs clcments O, N, S. This cycle pwt in turn poss ~ dcr dcs ~ ubs ~ i ~ uants on the free sites of the same type as those described, pr ~ We ,. ~ e. ~ t (halogen, pseudo-halogen, Q7 R ~, un ~, loupen ~ ZCO, ZSO2, ZQPO or panie in ~ nte d'uï ~ c tramc polym ~ riquc), -1233 Ma ~ riau according to the claim 12Lc ~ actcri9 ~ cn cc ~ read the pKa of acidc H ~ X- (pKa ~ H ~ Ux ~) cst infcricurc to cclui the nozzle ne ~ tre amphotère ~ de prcf ~ rcnce ~ 'at least two units ~ pKa ~ end of perrneltre the proton ~ on of the base by the acid H ~ X to give the scl (BH t) X-.
124) Mat ~ nau sl ~ iving claim 122caractéris ~ in that the neutral base amphoteric B cxt preferably May ~ san ~ sc limit to se ~ seu ~ s example ~: an arnine, an amide, a urcc, a sulromuni ~ le7 a ~ r ~ mi ~ guanidine ..., an az ~ P pyr ~ vle, imi ~ lw ~ le, pyrazole, tria ~ ole, letrazole ...
unc di ~ - ~ i nc ~ ~ ine, guanine. Cytosine. . ., suhst ~ e or not.
Ii! 5 ~ Ma ~ riau following l ~ rc ~ vcndicadons ~ 124c ~ c ~ nsÇ in that Ibn realizes a binary mixture of salt (BH ~) X- ct dc la ba ~ e neutral arnphotère B.
1 ~ 6) Maléria ~ l s- ~ iv ~ nt la revçn-lic ~ ion ~ 5csJ..cté. ised in that Ic dia ~ phase soul of binary mge nge pl ~ feel at least one point cutcctiquc whose point of rusivn is less than the tcmp ~ Turkish fu ~ ion IJe b ~ se B and inl-J ~ higher than temp ~ t ~ fu ~ ion of scl (BH +) X-.
127) Material ~ following the reven ~ lications ~ 124cal ~ ctérisé in cc quc we r ~ read a binary mixture of scl (~ H +) X- ct dc acidc ~ {+ X-.
12 ~) Material sui ~ rant rcvc ~; onlZ7c ~ racLéris6 en ee le ~ iagl ~ mmc dc phase ~ u binary mixture has at least one eutectic point whose tip ~ ~ c lilsion e ~ t lower ~ the temp ~ of fu ~ ion of the base B ct inf ~: ricure with tcmpcra ~ ure dc ru ~ i <n ~ ie aci ~ ff + X-.
129) Matéliau sui ~ ant Ics rcvendicationsl25 ~ ~ in that dcs ~ us of its temper ~ ture of rusion, the fon-iu salt ob ~ naked by fusion of ... ~ langc is a cor ~ anhydrous proton.
130 ~ Material su ~ ~ the ~ q re ~ ren ~ cq ~ ionsl21 to ~, ised in that the acid H + X- and base B can ~ very worn ~ s by a polymcnqu tlamc ~
131) ~ atcriau following Ics Claims ~ laughed in that we rcalise a what ~ nque mixture ~ le one or more b ~ scs B, dc un or plusicur. ~ acid ~ HX.
132) M ~ according to Ics rcvcndicadons 89 to 131 ~ d ~ t ~ in that we r ~ read ~ the solutions clcctrolytiqucs prodque or after. This ~ electrvlytes, mono or multiphase ~, can be presented by a c ~ ix approp.ié of the solute (solid, liquidc, molten scl, glass, polymer, ...), in the form of liqui ~ es, selY ~ on <read. ~ glass ~ of gel ~ or polymcrr ~; we consi-ler in the same way ~ lcs soll ~ tions clcctrolytiqucs obt ~ ... cs by any nlélan ~ g, e of ~ m or plusicur ~ of this ~ eVou salts of these solutcs.
This description ~ ion includes by extcnsion Ic ~ élcctrvlyte ~ composites obtained by the incorporation of ch.ugcs mincralcs (silica, alurnin ~, ..) or organic serving as rcnfon and / seen p ~ ssé ~ l ~ nt of the propri ~ s ~ p ~ cifilques, for example p ~ qr ~ lisper.sion of an electrolyte ~ vikcu ~ (Ormolytes, ...) or mineral (Li3N ,...).
133) Applications ~ ma ~ rials according to Ics rcvcndications8 ~ àl32à chemistry org ~ -Fc ~ eu or min ~ rale, the physic ~ chemistry, ~ lcctloehimie, l ~ ht '~ imie, phos ~ tlu- L-nlie, catalysis, ~ élé ~ t- ~ ion.
non-1in optics ~ area ~ chirnie dcs colo ~ ants, ~ conduction polymers ~ t ~ ctronic, ~ setting ~ uvrc dcs potymères, with lamination ~ Fe9 met ~ quX, ~ Iq pllal'l..a_iC ....

Claims (122)

REVENDICATIONS 1) Nouveaux anions délocalisés formant des sels M+X- répondant à al formule générale suivante dans laquelle:
M+ représente: le cation H+, les cations métalliques de valence n (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, La3+, Al3+...), ou un cation organique: NR4+ (ammonium), RC(NH2jRj)2+
(amidinium), C(NH2jRj)3+ (guanidinium), RjC5H6jN+ (pyridinium), RjC3H5jN2+
(imidazolium), RjH5jN2+ (sulfamidium), NO+ (nitrosyle), SR3+ (sulfonium). PR4+
(phosphonium), IR2+ (iodonium)..., ou un complexe organo-métallique cationique, ainsi que les polycations organiques ou organo-métalliques...
Rj représente de manière indépendante un radical: H, alkyl, alkényle, oxa-alkyle, oxa-alkényle, aza-alkyle, aza-alkényle, thia-alkyle, thia-alkényle, aryle, alkylaryle, alkénylaryle, cyclique, hétérocyclique... ainsi que leurs dérivés de substitution dans les chaînes latérales et/ou la partie aromatique par des hétéroatomes tels que l'azote, l'oxygène, le souffre... Ces radicaux peuvent être simple, halogéné ou perhalogéné.
j étant compris entre 1 et au maximum 5 dans les examples cités.
Yi représente: a) un groupement carbonyle, sulfonyle, thionyle ou phosphonyle.
Ri représente alors de manière indépendante un radical:
-alkyle, alkényle, oxa-alkyle, oxa-alkényle, aza-alkyle, aza-alkényle, thia-alkyle, thia-alkényle, aryle, alkylaryle, alkénylaryle, cyclique, hétérocyclique..., ainsi que leur dérivés de substitution dans les chaînes latérales et/ou la partie aromatique par des hétéroatomes tels que l'azote, l'oxygène, le soufre... Ces radicaux peuvent être simple, halogéné ou perhalogéné.
- (Ri)2N, les radicaux Ri identiques ou différents étant définies comme ci-dessus et de préférence alkyle, alkényle comportant ou non des radicaux oxa, aza, thia.
- un halogène.
b) si Yi ne représente rien, on dénote alors le radical Ri-Yi par Zi.
Zi représente un pseudo-halogène, c'est à dire un radical électroattracteur monovalent tel: CN, NO2, SCN, N3, OCF3, OCnF2n+1, OC2F4H, SCP3, SCnF2n+1, SC2F4H...
Les matériaux suivant sont exclus de la présente revendication:
~[RFY1NY2R'F]-M+ tels que RF et R'F identiques ou différents représente un groupement hautement halogéné ou perhalogéné, de préférence hautement fluoré ou perfluoré: aliphatique, cycloaliphatique, ou un groupement HCF2CF2-, un groupement alcoxy tout ou parti substitué par des groupements perfluoré
tel: CF3CH2O-, (CF3)2CHO-, (CF3)3COH-, -OCH2(CF2)nCH2O-. Les restes RF et R'F peuvent ensemble constituer un radical divalent tel: -CF2CF2-, -CF2CF2CF2-, -CF(CF3)CF2-..., formant une espèce cyclique. Y1 et Y2 sont choisis parmi les groupements, carbonyle, sulfonyle ou phosphonyle.
Si RF = R'F quelque soit le cation M+ tel que décrit précédemment à l'exception:

- des cations M+ représentant la forme protonée d'une base neutre amphotère B
et défini alors par (BH+). La base neutre amphotère B peut-être un azole:
pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tétrazole, l'histidine..., une diazine:
adénine, cytosine, guanine, azaguanine..., une amine, une amide, une sulfonamide, une sulfamide, la guanidine..., substituées ou non.
- des oniums, des complexes organo-métallique cationiques, si RF est un groupenent alcoxy tout ou parti substitué par des groupement perfluoré tel CF3CH2O-, (CF3)2CHO-, (CF3)3COH-, -OCH2(CF2)nCH2O-.
- des hétérocycles cationiques à caractéres aromatiques, à l'exception des colorants, comportant au moins un atome d'azote alkylé dans le cycle et de préférence des N,N'-dialkylsimidazolium substitués ou non sur les atomes de carbone présent dans le cycle, des N,N'-dialkyls-triazolium substitués ou non sur les atomes de carbone présent dans le cycle, des N-alkyl-pyridinium substitués ou non sur les atomes de carbone présent dans le cycle, des N-alkyl-diméthylamino-pyridinium substitués ou non sur les atomes de carbone dans le cycle.
- de tous les cations M+ si Y1 = Y2 sont des phosphonyles ou des carbonyles et Si RF = R'F sont des groupement alcoxy tout ou parti substitué par des groupements perfluoré tel: CF3CH2O-, (CF3)2CHO-, (CF3)3COH-, -OCH2(CF2)nCH2O-Si X- = (CF3SO2)2N- et M+ est un imidazolium substitué par des radicaux alkyles linéaires ou ramifiés, contenant ou non des radicaux oxa, ou des fluoroalkyles tel que décrit dans le brevet Français N°2,728,569.

~Des sels et applications décrits dans: U.S. Pat 5,554,664 U.S. Pat 5,554,664 U.S. Pat 5,548,055 U.S. Pat 5,530,066 U.S. Pat 5,514,493 U.S. Pat 5,162,177 U.S. Pat 4,505,997 Dépôts aux Etats-Unis 08/537944 ~(NC)2NNa 1) New delocalized anions forming M + X- salts corresponding to the following general formula in which:
M + represents: the cation H +, the metal cations of valence n (Li +, Na +, K +, Mg2 +, Ca2 +, Cu2 +, Zn2 +, La3 +, Al3 + ...), or an organic cation: NR4 + (ammonium), RC (NH2jRj) 2+
(amidinium), C (NH2jRj) 3+ (guanidinium), RjC5H6jN + (pyridinium), RjC3H5jN2 +
(imidazolium), RjH5jN2 + (sulfamidium), NO + (nitrosyl), SR3 + (sulfonium). PR4 +
(phosphonium), IR2 + (iodonium) ..., or a cationic organometallic complex, as well as organic or organometallic polycations ...
Rj independently represents a radical: H, alkyl, alkenyl, oxa-alkyl, oxa-alkenyl, aza-alkyl, aza-alkenyl, thia-alkyl, thia-alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkenylaryl, cyclic, heterocyclic ... as well as their substitution derivatives in side chains and / or the aromatic part by heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur ... These radicals can be simple, halogenated or perhalogenated.
j being between 1 and at most 5 in the examples cited.
Yi represents: a) a carbonyl, sulfonyl, thionyl or phosphonyl group.
Ri then independently represents a radical:
-alkyl, alkenyl, oxa-alkyl, oxa-alkenyl, aza-alkyl, aza-alkenyl, thia-alkyl, thia-alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkenylaryl, cyclic, heterocyclic ..., as well as their substitution derivatives in the side chains and / or the aromatic part with heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur ... These radicals can be simple, halogenated or perhalogenated.
- (Ri) 2N, the identical or different radicals Ri being defined as above and of preferably alkyl, alkenyl with or without oxa, aza, thia radicals.
- halogen.
b) if Yi does not represent anything, then denote the radical Ri-Yi by Zi.
Zi represents a pseudo-halogen, ie a monovalent electron-withdrawing radical tel: CN, NO2, SCN, N3, OCF3, OCnF2n + 1, OC2F4H, SCP3, SCnF2n + 1, SC2F4H ...
The following materials are excluded from this claim:
~ [RFY1NY2R'F] -M + such that RF and R'F identical or different represents a grouping highly halogenated or perhalogenated, preferably highly fluorinated or perfluorinated: aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, or an HCF2CF2- group, an all or part alkoxy group substituted by perfluorinated groups such: CF3CH2O-, (CF3) 2CHO-, (CF3) 3COH-, -OCH2 (CF2) nCH2O-. RF and R'F remains can together constitute a divalent radical such as: -CF2CF2-, -CF2CF2CF2-, -CF (CF3) CF2 -..., forming a cyclical species. Y1 and Y2 are chosen from groups, carbonyl, sulfonyl or phosphonyl.
If RF = R'F whatever the cation M + as described above with the exception:

- M + cations representing the protonated form of a neutral amphoteric base B
and then defined by (BH +). The amphoteric neutral base B may be an azole:
pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tetrazole, histidine ..., a diazine:
adenine, cytosine, guanine, azaguanine ..., an amine, an amide, a sulfonamide, a sulfonamide, guanidine ..., substituted or not.
- oniums, cationic organometallic complexes, if RF is a alkoxy group all or part substituted by perfluorinated group such CF3CH2O-, (CF3) 2CHO-, (CF3) 3COH-, -OCH2 (CF2) nCH2O-.
- cationic heterocycles with aromatic characteristics, with the exception of dyes, comprising at least one nitrogen atom alkylated in the ring and preferably N, N'-dialkylsimidazolium substituted or unsubstituted on the atoms of carbon present in the ring, substituted or unsubstituted N, N'-dialkyls-triazolium on the carbon atoms present in the ring, N-alkyl-pyridinium substituted or unsubstituted on the carbon atoms present in the ring, N-alkyl-dimethylamino-pyridinium substituted or not on carbon atoms in the cycle.
- of all the cations M + if Y1 = Y2 are phosphonyles or carbonyls and If RF = R'F are all or part alkoxy groups substituted by perfluorinated groups such as: CF3CH2O-, (CF3) 2CHO-, (CF3) 3COH-, -OCH2 (CF2) nCH2O-If X- = (CF3SO2) 2N- and M + is an imidazolium substituted by linear alkyl radicals or branched, whether or not containing oxa radicals, or fluoroalkyls as described in the patent French N ° 2,728,569.

~ Salts and applications described in: US Pat 5,554,664 US Pat 5,554,664 US Pat 5,548,055 US Pat 5,530,066 US Pat 5,514,493 US Pat 5,162,177 US Pat 4,505.997 Deposits in the United States 08/537944 ~ (NC) 2NNa 2) Matériau suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que R comporte au moins une insaturation éthylènique et/ou un groupe condensable et/ou un groupe dissociable. 2) Material according to claim 1 characterized in that R comprises at least one unsaturation ethylene and / or a condensable group and / or a dissociable group. 3) Matériau suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que R représente un groupe mésomorphe ou un groupe chromophore ou un polymère conducteur électronique autodopé ou un alcoxysilane hydrolysable. 3) Material according to claim 1 characterized in that R represents a mesomorphic group or a chromophore group or a self-doping electronic conductive polymer or a hydrolyzable alkoxysilane. 4) Matériau suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que R constitue une chaîne polymérique portant des greffon comportant un groupe carbonyle, un groupe sulfonyle, un groupe phosphonyle. 4) Material according to claim 1 characterized in that R constitutes a polymer chain carrying grafts comprising a carbonyl group, a sulfonyl group, a phosphonyl group. 5) Matériau suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que Z et/ou Q comporte un piége à radicaux libres tel qu'un phénol encombré, ou une quinone; ou un dipole dissociant tel qu'une amide ou un nitrile; ou un couple rédox tel qu'un disulfure, une thinamide, un ferrocène, phéno-thizine, un groupe bis(dialkylaminoaryle), un nitroxyde, un imide aromatique; ou un ligand complexant; ou un zwitterion. 5) Material according to claim 1 characterized in that Z and / or Q comprises a free radical trap such as a hindered phenol, or a quinone; or a dissociating dipole such as an amide or a nitrile; or a redox couple such as a disulfide, a thinamide, a ferrocene, pheno-thizine, a group bis (dialkylaminoaryl), a nitroxide, an aromatic imide; or a complexing ligand; or a zwitterion. 6) Matériau suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que Q représente un acide aminé, ou un polypeptide optiquement ou biologiquement actif. 6) Material according to claim 1 characterized in that Q represents an amino acid, or a optically or biologically active polypeptide. 7) Matériau suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que Z et/ou Q est groupement chiral. 7) Material according to claim 1 characterized in that Z and / or Q is a chiral group. 8) Matériau suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que le sel M+ est un colorant cationique. 8) Material according to claim 1 characterized in that the salt M + is a cationic dye. 9) Matériau suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que le sel M+ est la forme dopée d'un polymère à
conduction électronique. 9) Material according to claim 1 characterized in that the salt M + is the doped form of a polymer with electronic conduction. 10) Matériau suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que le sel M+ est un cation métallique apte à
catalyser certaines réactions de chimic organique tel Li+, La3+, Al3+... 10) Material according to claim 1 characterized in that the salt M + is a metal cation capable of catalyze certain organic chemical reactions such as Li +, La3 +, Al3 + ... 11) Matériau suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que le sel M+ est un hétérocycle cationique à
caractére aromatique, comportant au moins un atome d'azote alkylé dans le cycle et de préférence des N,N'-dialkylsimidazolium substitués ou non sur les atomes de carbone présent dans le cycle, des N,N'-dialkyls-triazolium substitués ou non sur les atomes de carbone présent dans le cycle, des N-alkyl-pyridinium substitués ou non sur les atomes de carbone présent dans le cycle, des N-alkyl-diméthylamino-pyridinium substitués ou non sur les atomes de carbone dans le cycle. 11) Material according to claim 1 characterized in that the salt M + is a cationic heterocycle with aromatic character, comprising at least one nitrogen atom alkylated in the ring and preferably N, N'-dialkylsimidazolium substituted or not on the carbon atoms present in the ring, N, N'-dialkyls-triazolium substituted or not on the carbon atoms present in the ring, N-alkyl-pyridinium substituted or not on the carbon atoms present in the ring, N-alkyl-dimethylamino-pyridinium substituted or not on the carbon atoms in the ring. 12) Matériau suivant la revendication 11 caractérisé en ce qu'au dessus de son point de fusion le sel MX
est un solvant pour effectuer des réactions chimiques, photochimiques, électrochimiques, photoélectrochimiques... 12) Material according to claim 11 characterized in that above its melting point the salt MX
is a solvent for carrying out chemical, photochemical, electrochemical reactions, photoelectrochemical ... 13) Matériau suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que le cation est H+. 13) Material according to claim 1 characterized in that the cation is H +. 14) Matériau suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que le cation est tel que le sel obtenu est "activable" par une source d'énergie adéquate. 14) Material according to claim 1 characterized in that the cation is such that the salt obtained is "activatable" by an adequate energy source. 15) Matériau suivant la revendication 14 caractérisé en ce que le cation est un pyridinium, un ammonium... permettant de libérer l'acide HX sous l'effet de la chaleur. 15) Material according to claim 14 characterized in that the cation is a pyridinium, a ammonium ... allowing to release the HX acid under the effect of heat. 16) Matériau suivant la revendication 14 caractérisé en ce que le cation est un onium: iodonium, sulfonium, phosphonium , ou un organo-métallique permettant de libérer l'acide HX sous l'effet d'un rayonnement actinique. 16) Material according to claim 14 characterized in that the cation is an onium: iodonium, sulfonium, phosphonium, or an organometallic allowing to release the HX acid under the effect of a actinic radiation. 17) Matériau suivant la revendication 16 caractérisé en ce que les radiations actiniques sont la lumière UV
ou visible, les rayons .gamma., les faisceaux d'électrons. 17) Material according to claim 16 characterized in that the actinic radiation is UV light or visible, .gamma rays, electron beams. 18) Matériau suivant la revendication 17 caractérisé en ce que M+ est choisi parmi les cations diaryliodonium substitué ou non, phénacyl-dialkyl sulfonium substitué ou non, arène-ferrocénium substitué ou non. 18) Material according to claim 17 characterized in that M + is chosen from cations substituted or unsubstituted diaryliodonium, substituted or unsubstituted phenacyl-dialkyl sulfonium, arene-ferrocenium substituted or not. 19) Matériau suivant la revendication 13 caractérisé en ce que l'acide libre est capable d'initier la polymérisation par voie cationique de monomères riches en électrons, la réaction de réticulation cationique, ainsi que les réactions d'amplification chimique de photoresists pour la microlitographie. 19) Material according to claim 13 characterized in that the free acid is capable of initiating the cationic polymerization of electron-rich monomers, the crosslinking reaction cationic, as well as chemical amplification reactions of photoresists for microlitography. 20) Matériau suivant la revendication 15 à 18 caractérisé en ce que l'acide libéré par une source d'énergie appropriée est capable d'initier la polymérisation par voie cationique de monomères riches en électron, la réaction de réticulation cationique, ainsi que les réactions d'amplification chimique de photoresists pour la microligraphic. 20) Material according to claim 15 to 18 characterized in that the acid released by an energy source suitable is capable of initiating the cationic polymerization of electron-rich monomers, the cationic crosslinking reaction, as well as photoresist chemical amplification reactions for the microligraphic. 21) Matériau suivant les revendications 19 et 20 caractérisé en ce que les monomères sont des époxydes, des éthers cycliques, des esters cycliques, des carbonates cycliques, des éthers vinyliques, des propènyléthers vinyliques, des aziridines, des vinylamides, l'isobutylène, l'indène, l'acénaphtène, l'.alpha.-méthylstyrène, le styrène... 21) Material according to claims 19 and 20 characterized in that the monomers are epoxides, cyclic ethers, cyclic esters, cyclic carbonates, vinyl ethers, vinyl propenyl ethers, aziridines, vinylamides, isobutylene, indene, acenaphthene, alpha.-methylstyrene, styrene ... 22) Matériaux suivant les revendications 16 à 18, 20 et 21 caractérisés en ce qu'ils sont utilisés en présence de photosensibilisateurs. 22) Materials according to claims 16 to 18, 20 and 21 characterized in that they are used in presence of photosensitizers. 23) Matériau suivant la revendication 22 caractérisé en ce que les photosensibilisateurs sont choisis parmi l'anthracène, le diphényl-9,10-anthracène, le pérylène, la phénotiazine, le tétracène, la xanthone, la thioxanthone, l'isopropylthioxantone, l'acétophénone, la benzophénone et leurs dérivés, en particulier de substitution par des dérivés alkylés, oxa- ou aza-alkyle. 23) Material according to claim 22 characterized in that the photosensitizers are chosen from anthracene, diphenyl-9,10-anthracene, perylene, phenotiazine, tetracene, xanthone, thioxanthone, isopropylthioxantone, acetophenone, benzophenone and their derivatives, in particular of substitution with alkyl, oxa- or aza-alkyl derivatives. 24) Matériau suivant la revendication 14 caractérisé en ce que le cation est une molécule organique incorporant un groupement Azobis: 2,2'[Azobis(2-2'-imidazolin-2-yl)propane]~2HX, 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane)~2HX... permettant de libérer des radicaux sous l'effet de la chaleur. 24) Material according to claim 14 characterized in that the cation is an organic molecule incorporating an Azobis group: 2,2 '[Azobis (2-2'-imidazolin-2-yl) propane] ~ 2HX, 2,2'-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) ~ 2HX ... allowing free radicals under the effect of heat. 25) Matériau suivant la revendication 24 caractérisé en ce que sous l'effet de la chaleur les sels sont capables d'amorcer la polymérisation par voie radicalaire de monomères vinyliques. 25) Material according to claim 24 characterized in that under the effect of heat the salts are capable of initiating radical polymerization of vinyl monomers. 26) Matériau suivant la revendication 25 caractérisé en ce que les monomères sont l'acrylamide, l'acide acrylique, l'acrylate de butyle, le styrène, le chloroformate de vinyle, le carbonate de vinylidène,... 26) Material according to claim 25 characterized in that the monomers are acrylamide, acid acrylic, butyl acrylate, styrene, vinyl chloroformate, vinylidene carbonate, ... 27) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des époxydes, des éthers vinyliques, des propènyléthers vinyliques contenant les matériaux selon les revendications 13 à 20 seuls ou en mélange, additionés ou non d'un photosensibilisateur selon la revendications x10, en solution dans un solvant inerte tel le carbonate de propylène, la .gamma.-butyrolactone, la N-méthylpyrolidone, les éther-esters et éther-alcools des mono-, di-, tri- éthylène et propylène glycols, les plastifiants tels que les esters de l'acide phtalique ou de l'acide citrique. 27) Composition intended for the polymerization of epoxides, vinyl ethers, propenyl ethers vinyl containing the materials according to claims 13 to 20 alone or as a mixture, added or no of a photosensitizer according to claims x10, in solution in an inert solvent such as propylene carbonate, .gamma.-butyrolactone, N-methylpyrolidone, ether-esters and ether-alcohols of mono-, di-, tri-ethylene and propylene glycols, plasticizers such as esters of phthalic acid or citric acid. 28) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des époxydes, des éthers vinyliques et des propényléthers vinyliques contenant les matériaux selon les revendications 13 à 20 seuls ou en mélange, additionés ou non d'un photosensibilisateur selon la revendication 22, en solution dans un solvant actif en polymérisation cationique ou radicalaire choisis parmi les mono- et di- éthers vinyliques des mono-, di-, tri- tétra- éthylène et propylène et butylène glycols, l'éther trivinylique du triméthylol propane, l'éther divinylique de diméthanol-cyclohexane, la N-méthylpyrolidone, le 2-propènyléther du carbonate de propylène (PEPC). 28) Composition intended for the polymerization of epoxides, vinyl ethers and propenyl ethers vinyl containing the materials according to claims 13 to 20 alone or as a mixture, added or non of a photosensitizer according to claim 22, in solution in an active solvent in Cationic or radical polymerization chosen from mono- and di-vinyl ethers of mono-, di-, tri-tetra-ethylene and propylene and butylene glycols, the trivinyl ether of trimethylol propane, the ether dimethanol-cyclohexane divinyl, N-methylpyrolidone, 2-propenyl ether carbonate propylene (PEPC). 29) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des mélanges de monomères ou à la réticulation de prépolymères contenant a la fois des fonctions actives en polymérisation cationique et des fonctions actives en polymérisation radicalaire, contenant les matériaux selon les revendications 13 à 20 seuls ou en mélange, additionés ou non d'un photosensibilisateur selon la revendication 22 et d'un amorceur de polymérisation radicalaire. 29) Composition intended for the polymerization of mixtures of monomers or for the crosslinking of prepolymers containing both active functions in cationic polymerization and functional groups active in radical polymerization, containing the materials according to claims 13 to 20 alone or in mixture, with or without the addition of a photosensitizer according to claim 22 and of an initiator of radical polymerization. 30) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des mélanges de monomères ou à la réticulation de prépolymères contenant a la fois des fonctions actives en polymérisation cationique et des fonctions actives en polymérisation radicalaire selon la revendication 29 caractérisé en ce que les deux polymérisation sont amorcées simultanement par action de radiations actiniques.
30a) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des mélanges de monomères ou à la réticulation de prépolymères contenant a la fois des fonctions actives en polymérisation cationique et des fonctions actives en polymérisation radicalaire selon la revendication 29 caractérisée en ce que les deux polymérisations sont amorcées d'une manière séquentielle en deux étapes pour contrôler les propriétés mecaniques, l'adhésion solubilité ou le degré de réticulation lors de la mise en forme des matériaux macromoléculaires résultants. 30) Composition intended for the polymerization of mixtures of monomers or for the crosslinking of prepolymers containing both active functions in cationic polymerization and functional groups active in radical polymerization according to claim 29 characterized in that the two polymerization are initiated simultaneously by the action of actinic radiation.
30a) Composition intended for the polymerization of mixtures of monomers or for the crosslinking of prepolymers containing both active functions in cationic polymerization and functional groups active in radical polymerization according to claim 29 characterized in that the two polymerizations are initiated sequentially in two stages to control the properties mechanical, solubility adhesion or degree of crosslinking during the shaping of materials resulting macromoleculars. 31) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des mélanges de monomères ou à la réticulation de prépolymères contenant a la fois des fonctions actives en polymérisation cationique et des fonctions actives en polymérisation radicalaire selon la revendication 29 caractérisée en ce que la polymérisation radicalaire est amorcée thermiquement et la polymérisation cationique par des radiations actiniques. 31) Composition intended for the polymerization of mixtures of monomers or for the crosslinking of prepolymers containing both active functions in cationic polymerization and functional groups active in radical polymerization according to claim 29 characterized in that the polymerization radical is thermally initiated and cationic polymerization by actinic radiation. 32) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des mélanges de monomères ou à la réticulation de prépolymères contenant à la fois des fonctions actives en polymérisation cationique et des fonctions actives en polymérisation radicalaire selon la revendication 31 caractérisée en ce que la polymérisation radicalaire est amorcée par des radiations actiniques inactives sur les amorceurs de l'invention suivie par une irradiation initiant la polymérisation cationique.
32a) Matériau suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que le cation M+ est la forme protonée d'une base neutre amphotère désignée par B et donc tel que M+ = BH+, capable de céder un premier proton pour donner la base neutre B, de céder un second proton pour former l'anion de cette base désigné par B- et également tel que le pKa correspondant à l'équilibre acide-base BH+/B(pKa(BH+/B)) soit inférieur au pKa de l'équilibre B/B-(pKa(B/B)). 32) Composition intended for the polymerization of mixtures of monomers or for the crosslinking of prepolymers containing both active functions in cationic polymerization and functional groups active in radical polymerization according to claim 31 characterized in that the polymerization radical is initiated by inactive actinic radiation on the initiators of the invention followed by irradiation initiating cationic polymerization.
32a) Material according to claim 1 characterized in that the cation M + is the protonated form of a base amphoteric neutral designated by B and therefore such that M + = BH +, capable of yielding a first proton for give the neutral base B, to yield a second proton to form the anion of this base designated by B- and also such that the pKa corresponding to the acid-base balance BH + / B (pKa (BH + / B)) is less than the pKa of the balance B / B- (pKa (B / B)). 33) Matériau suivant la revendication 32 caractérisé en ce que le pKa de l'acide H+X-(pKa(HX/X)) est inférieure à celui de la base neutre amphotère B de préférence d'au moins deux unités pKa afin de permettre la protonation de la base par l'acide H+X pour donner le sel (BH+)X. 33) Material according to claim 32 characterized in that the pKa of the acid H + X- (pKa (HX / X)) is lower than that of the amphoteric neutral base B preferably by at least two pKa units in order to allow the protonation of the base with H + X acid to give the salt (BH +) X. 34) Matériau suivant la revendication 32 caractérisé en ce que la base neutre amphotère B est préférentiellement mais sans se limiter à ses seuls exemples: une amine, une amide, une urée, une sulfonamide, une sulfamide, la guanidine..., un azole: pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tétrazole...
une diazine: l'adénine, la guanine, la cytosine..., substituée ou non. 34) Material according to claim 32 characterized in that the neutral amphoteric base B is preferably but not limited to its only examples: an amine, an amide, a urea, a sulfonamide, a sulfonamide, guanidine ..., an azole: pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tetrazole ...
a diazine: adenine, guanine, cytosine ..., substituted or not. 35) Matériau suivant la revendication 32 à 34 caractérisé en ce que l'on réalise un mélange binaire du sel (BH+)X- et de la base neutre amphotère B. 35) Material according to claim 32 to 34 characterized in that a binary mixture of salt is produced (BH +) X- and the amphoteric neutral base B. 36) Matériau suivant la revendication 35 caractérisé en ce que le diagramme de phase du mélange binaire présente au moins un point eutectique dont le point de fusion est inférieure à la température de fusion de la base B et inférieure à la température de fusion du sel (BH+)X-. 36) Material according to claim 35 characterized in that the phase diagram of the binary mixture has at least one eutectic point whose melting point is lower than the melting point of the base B and below the melting temperature of the salt (BH +) X-. 37) Matériau suivant la revendication 32 à 34 caractérisé en ce que l'on réalise un mélange binaire du sel (BH+)X- et de l'acide H+X-. 37) Material according to claim 32 to 34 characterized in that one carries out a binary mixture of salt (BH +) X- and H + X- acid. 38) Matériau suivant la revendication 37 caractérisé en ce que le diagramme de phase du mélange binaire présente au moins un point cutectique dont le point de fusion est inférieure à la température de fusion de la base B et inférieure à la température de fusion de l'acide H+X-. 38) Material according to claim 37 characterized in that the phase diagram of the binary mixture has at least one cutectic point whose melting point is lower than the melting point of the base B and lower than the melting temperature of the acid H + X-. 39) Matériau suivant les revendications 35 à 38 caractérisé en ce qu'au dessus de sa température de fusion, le sel fondu obtenu par fusion du mélange ont un conducteur protonique anhydre. 39) Material according to claims 35 to 38 characterized in that above its temperature of melting, the molten salt obtained by melting the mixture have an anhydrous proton conductor. 40) Matériau suivant les revendications 32 à 39 caractérisé en ce que l'acide H+X- et/ou la base B peuvent être portés par une trame polymérique. 40) Material according to claims 32 to 39 characterized in that the acid H + X- and / or the base B can be carried by a polymeric frame. 41) Matériau suivant les revendications 32 à 40 caractérisé en ce que l'on réalise un quelconque mélange de une ou plusieurs bases B, de un ou plusieurs acides HX. 41) Material according to claims 32 to 40 characterized in that one carries out any mixture one or more B bases, one or more HX acids. 42) Matériau suivant les revendications 1 à 41 caractérisé en ce que l'on réalise des solutions électrolytiques protique ou aprotique. Ces électrolytes, mono ou polyphasiques, peuvent se présenter par un choix approprié du soluté (solide, liquide, set fondu, verre, polymère,...), sous forme de liquides, de sels fondus, de verres, de gels ou de polymères; on considérera de la même façon les solutions électrolytiques obtenues par un quelconque mélange d'un ou plusieurs de ces sels et/ou de ces solutés.
Cette description inclut par extension le électrolytes composites obtenus par l'incorporation de charges minérales (silice, alumine,...) ou organiques servant de renfort et/ou possédant des propriétés spécifiques, par exemple par dispersion d'un électrolyte vitreux (Ormolytes,...) ou minérale (Li3N,...). 42) Material according to claims 1 to 41 characterized in that solutions are produced protic or aprotic electrolytics. These electrolytes, mono or multiphase, can be presented by an appropriate choice of solute (solid, liquid, molten set, glass, polymer, ...), in the form of liquids, molten salts, glasses, gels or polymers; we will consider the solutions in the same way electrolytics obtained by any mixture of one or more of these salts and / or these solutes.
This description includes by extension the composite electrolytes obtained by the incorporation of charges mineral (silica, alumina, ...) or organic used as reinforcement and / or having properties specific, for example by dispersion of a vitreous (Ormolytes, ...) or mineral (Li3N, ...) electrolyte. 43) Applications des matériaux suivant les revendications 1 à 42 à la chimie organique ou minérale, la physico-chimie, l'électochimie, la photochimie, la photoélectrochimie, la catalyse, à l'électrodéposition, à l'optique non-linéaire, à la chimie des colorants, aux polymères à conduction électronique, à la mise en oeuvre des polymères, au laminage des métaux, à la pharmacie.... 43) Applications of the materials according to claims 1 to 42 to organic or inorganic chemistry, physico-chemistry, electochemistry, photochemistry, photoelectrochemistry, catalysis, electroplating, nonlinear optics, dye chemistry, electronically conductive polymers, polymer work, metal rolling, pharmacy ... 44) Nouveaux anions délocalisés formant des sels M+X- répondant à la formule générale suivante dans laquelle:
M+ représente: le cation H+, les cations métalliques de valence n (Li+. Na+. K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, La3+, Al3+...), ou un cation organique: NR4+ (ammonium), RC(NH2-jRj)2+
(amidinium), C(NH2-jRj)3+ (guanidinium), RjC5H6jN+ (pyridinium), RjC3H5-jN2+
(imidazolium), RjH5-jN2+ (sulfamidium), NO+ (nitrosyle), SR3+ (sulfonium), PR4+
(phosphonium), IR2+ (iodonium)..., ou un complexe organo-métallique cationique, ainsi que les polycations organiques ou organo-métalliques...
Rj représente de manière indépendante un radical: H, alkyle, alkényle, oxa-alkyle, oxa-alkényle, aza-alkyle, aza-alkényle, thia-alkyle, thia-alkényle, aryle, alkylaryle, alkénylaryle, cyclique, hétérocyclique..., ainsi que leurs dérivés de substitution dans les chaînes latérales et/ou la partie aromatique par des hétéroatomes tels que l'azote, l'oxygène, le soufre... Ces radicaux peuvent être simple, halogéné ou perhalogéné.
j étant compris entre 1 et au maximum 5 dans les exemples cités.
Yi représente: a) un groupement carbonyle, un groupement thionyle, un groupement sulfonyle ou un groupement phosphonyle.

Ri représente alors de manière indépendante un radical:
- alkyle, alkényle, oxa-alkyle, oxa-alkényle, aza-alkyle, aza-alkényle, thia-alkyle, thia-alkényle, aryle, alkylaryle, alkénylaryle, cyclique, hétérocyclique..., ainsi que leurs dérivés de substitution dans les chaînes latérales et/ou la partie aromatique par des hétéroatomes tels que l'azote, l'oxygène, le soufre... Ces radicaux peuvent être simple, halogéné ou perhalogéné.
- un halogène.
- (Ri)2N, les radicaux Ri identiques ou différents étant définis comme ci-dessus et de préférence alkyles, alkényles comportant ou non des radicaux oxa, aza, thia.
b) si Yi ne présente rien, on dénote alors le radical Ri-Yi par Zi.
Zi représente un halogène, un pseudo-halogène, c'est à dire un radical électroattracteur monovalent tel: CN, NO2, SCN, N3, OCF3, OCnF2n+1, OC2F4H, SCF3, SCnF2n+1, SC2F4H...
Les matériaux suivants sont exclus de la présente revendication:
KC(CN)3, NaN(CN)2, CH3COC(CN)2H, C6H5COC(CN)2H, CF3SO2C(CN)2Na. 44) New delocalized anions forming M + X- salts corresponding to the following general formula in which:
M + represents: the cation H +, the metal cations of valence n (Li +. Na +. K +, Mg2 +, Ca2 +, Cu2 +, Zn2 +, La3 +, Al3 + ...), or an organic cation: NR4 + (ammonium), RC (NH2-jRj) 2+
(amidinium), C (NH2-jRj) 3+ (guanidinium), RjC5H6jN + (pyridinium), RjC3H5-jN2 +
(imidazolium), RjH5-jN2 + (sulfamidium), NO + (nitrosyl), SR3 + (sulfonium), PR4 +
(phosphonium), IR2 + (iodonium) ..., or a cationic organometallic complex, as well as organic or organometallic polycations ...
Rj independently represents a radical: H, alkyl, alkenyl, oxa-alkyl, oxa-alkenyl, aza-alkyl, aza-alkenyl, thia-alkyl, thia-alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkenylaryl, cyclic, heterocyclic ..., as well as their substitution derivatives in the side chains and / or the aromatic part by heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur ... These radicals can be simple, halogenated or perhalogenated.
j being between 1 and at most 5 in the examples cited.
Yi represents: a) a carbonyl group, a thionyl group, a sulfonyl group or a phosphonyl group.

Ri then independently represents a radical:
- alkyl, alkenyl, oxa-alkyl, oxa-alkenyl, aza-alkyl, aza-alkenyl, thia-alkyl, thia-alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkenylaryl, cyclic, heterocyclic ..., as well as their substitution derivatives in the side chains and / or the aromatic part with heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur ... These radicals can be simple, halogenated or perhalogenated.
- halogen.
- (Ri) 2N, the identical or different radicals Ri being defined as above and of preferably alkyls, alkenyls containing or not oxa, aza, thia radicals.
b) if Yi has nothing, then denote the radical Ri-Yi by Zi.
Zi represents a halogen, a pseudo-halogen, i.e. an electron-withdrawing radical monovalent tel: CN, NO2, SCN, N3, OCF3, OCnF2n + 1, OC2F4H, SCF3, SCnF2n + 1, SC2F4H ...
The following materials are excluded from this claim:
KC (CN) 3, NaN (CN) 2, CH3COC (CN) 2H, C6H5COC (CN) 2H, CF3SO2C (CN) 2Na. 45) Matériau suivant la revendication 44 caractérisé en ce que R comporte au moins une insaturation éthylènique et/ou un groupe condensable et/ou un groupe dissociable. 45) Material according to claim 44 characterized in that R comprises at least one unsaturation ethylene and / or a condensable group and / or a dissociable group. 46) Matériau suivant la revendication 44 caractérisé en ce que R représente un groupe mésomorphe ou un groupe chromophore ou un polymère conducteur électronique autodopé ou un alcoxysilane hydrolysable. 46) Material according to claim 44 characterized in that R represents a mesomorphic group or a chromophore group or a self-doping electronic conductive polymer or a hydrolyzable alkoxysilane. 47) Matériau suivant la revendication 44 caractérisé en ce que R constitue une chaîne polymérique portant des greffons comportant un groupe carbonyle, thionyle, sulfonyle ou phosphonyle. 47) Material according to claim 44 characterized in that R constitutes a polymer chain carrying grafts having a carbonyl, thionyl, sulfonyl or phosphonyl group. 48) Matériau suivant la revendication 44 caractérisé en ce que R comporte un piége à radicaux libres tel qu'un phénol encombré ou une quinone ; ou un dipole dissociant tel qu'une amide ou un nitrile ; ou un couple rédox tel qu'un disulfure, une thioamide, un ferrocène, une phéno-thiazine, un groupe bis(dialkylaminoaryle), un nitroxyde, un imide aromatique; ou un ligand complexant ; ou un zwitterion. 48) Material according to claim 44 characterized in that R comprises a free radical trap such a hindered phenol or a quinone; or a dissociating dipole such as an amide or a nitrile; or one redox couple such as a disulfide, a thioamide, a ferrocene, a phenothiazine, a group bis (dialkylaminoaryl), a nitroxide, an aromatic imide; or a complexing ligand; or a zwitterion. 49) Matériau suivant la revendication 44 caractérisé en ce que R-Y représente un acide aminé, ou un polypeptide optiquement ou biologiquement actif. 49) Material according to claim 44 characterized in that RY represents an amino acid, or a optically or biologically active polypeptide. 50) Matériau suivant la revendication 44 caractérisé en ce que R est un groupement chiral. 50) Material according to claim 44 characterized in that R is a chiral group. 51) Matériau suivant la revendication 44 caractérisé en ce que le sel M+ est un colorant cationique. 51) Material according to claim 44 characterized in that the salt M + is a dye cationic. 52) Matériau suivant la revendication 44 caractérisé en ce que le sel M+ est la forme dopée d'un polymère à conduction électronique. 52) Material according to claim 44 characterized in that the salt M + is the doped form of an electronically conductive polymer. 53) Matériau suivant la revendication 44 caractérisé en ce que le sel M+ est un cation métallique apte à
catalyser certaines réactions de chimie organique tel ~~+, La3+, A1 3+... 53) Material according to claim 44 characterized in that the salt M + is a metal cation capable of catalyze certain organic chemistry reactions such as ~~ +, La3 +, A1 3 + ... 54) Matériau suivant la revendication 44 caractérisé en ce que le sel M+ est un hétérocycle cationique à
caractére aromatique, comportant au moins un atome d'azole alkylé dans le cycle et de préférence des N,N'-dialkylsimidazolium substitués ou non sur les atomes de carbone présent dans le cycle, des N,N'-dialkyls-triazolium substitués ou non sur les atomes de carbone présent dans le cycle, des N-alkyl-pyridinium substitués ou non sur les atomes de carbone présent dans le cycle, des N-alkyl-diméthylamino-pyridinium substitués ou non sur les atomes de carbone dans le cycle. 54) Material according to claim 44 characterized in that the salt M + is a cationic heterocycle with aromatic character, comprising at least one alkyl azole atom in the ring and preferably N, N'-dialkylsimidazolium substituted or not on the carbon atoms present in the ring, N, N'-dialkyls-triazolium substituted or not on the carbon atoms present in the ring, N-alkyl-pyridinium substituted or not on the carbon atoms present in the ring, N-alkyl-dimethylamino-pyridinium substituted or not on the carbon atoms in the ring. 55) Matériau suivant la revendication 54 caractérisé en ce qu'au dessus de son point de fusion le sel MX
est un solvant pour effectuer des réactions chimiques, photochimiques, électrochimiques, photoélectrochimique... 55) Material according to claim 54 characterized in that above its melting point the salt MX
is a solvent for carrying out chemical, photochemical, electrochemical reactions, photoelectrochemical ... 56) Matériau suivant la revendication 44 caractérisé en ce que le cation est H+. 56) Material according to claim 44 characterized in that the cation is H +. 57) Matériau suivant la revendication 44 caractérisé en ce que le cation est tel que le sel obtenu est "activable" par une source d'énergie adéquate. 57) Material according to claim 44 characterized in that the cation is such that the salt obtained is "activatable" by an adequate energy source. 58) Matériau suivant la revendication 57 caractérisé en ce que le cation est un pyridinium, un ammonium... permettant de libérer l'acide HX sous l'effet de la chaleur. 58) Material according to claim 57 characterized in that the cation is a pyridinium, a ammonium ... allowing to release the HX acid under the effect of heat. 59) Matériau suivant la revendication 57 caractérisé en ce que le cation est un onium: iodonium, sulfonium, phosphonium..., ou un organo-métallique permettant de libérer l'acide HX sous l'effet d'un rayonnement actinique. 59) Material according to claim 57 characterized in that the cation is an onium: iodonium, sulfonium, phosphonium ..., or an organometallic to release the HX acid under the effect of a actinic radiation. 60) Matériau suivant la revendication 59 caractérisé en ce que les radiations actiniques sont la lumière UV
ou visible, les rayons .gamma., les faisccaux d'électrons. 60) Material according to claim 59 characterized in that the actinic radiation is UV light or visible, .gamma rays, electron beams. 61) Matériau suivant la revendication 60 caractérisé en ce que M+ est choisi parmi les cations diaryliodonium substitué ou non, phénacyl-dialkyl sulfonium substitué ou non, arène-ferrocénium substitué ou non. 61) Material according to claim 60 characterized in that M + is chosen from cations substituted or unsubstituted diaryliodonium, substituted or unsubstituted phenacyl-dialkyl sulfonium, arene-ferrocenium substituted or not. 62) Matériau suivant la revendication 56 caractérisé en ce que l'acide libre est capable d'initier la polymérisation par voie cationique de monomères riches en électrons, la réaction de réticulation cationique, ainsi que les réactions d'amplification chimique de photoresists pour la microlitographie. 62) Material according to claim 56 characterized in that the free acid is capable of initiating the cationic polymerization of electron-rich monomers, the crosslinking reaction cationic, as well as chemical amplification reactions of photoresists for microlitography. 63) Matériau suivant les revendication 58 à 61 caractérisé en ce que l'acide libéré par une source d'énergie appropriée est capable d'initier la polymérisation par voie cationique de monomères riches en électrons, la réaction de réticulation cationique, ainsi que les réactions d'amplification chimique de photoresists pour la microlitographie. 63) Material according to claims 58 to 61 characterized in that the acid released by an energy source suitable is capable of initiating the cationic polymerization of electron-rich monomers, the cationic crosslinking reaction, as well as photoresist chemical amplification reactions for the microlitography. 64) Matériau suivant les revendications 62 et 63 caractérisé en ce les monomères sont des époxydes, des éthers cycliques, des esters cycliques, des carbonates cycliques, des éthers vinyliques, des propènyléthers vinyliques, des aziridines, des vinylamides, l'isobutylène, l'indène, l'acénaphtène, l'.alpha.-méthylstyrène, le styrène... 64) Material according to claims 62 and 63 characterized in that the monomers are epoxides, cyclic ethers, cyclic esters, cyclic carbonates, vinyl ethers, vinyl propenyl ethers, aziridines, vinylamides, isobutylene, indene, acenaphthene, alpha.-methylstyrene, styrene ... 65) Matériaux suivant les revendications 59 à 61, 63 et 64 caractérisé en ce qu'ils sont utilisés en présence de photosensibilisateurs. 65) Materials according to claims 59 to 61, 63 and 64 characterized in that they are used in presence of photosensitizers. 66) Matériau suivant la revendication 65 caractérisé en ce que les photosensibilisateurs sont choisis parmi l'anthracène, le diphenyl-9,10-anthracène, le pérylène, la phénotiazine, le tétracène, la xanthone, la thioxanthone, l'isopropylthioxantone, l'acétophénone, la benzophénone et leurs dérivés, en particulier de substitution par des dérivés alkylés, oxa- ou aza-alkyle. 66) Material according to claim 65 characterized in that the photosensitizers are chosen from anthracene, diphenyl-9,10-anthracene, perylene, phenotiazine, tetracene, xanthone, thioxanthone, isopropylthioxantone, acetophenone, benzophenone and their derivatives, in particular of substitution with alkyl, oxa- or aza-alkyl derivatives. 67) Matériau suivant la revendication 57 caractérisé en ce que le cation est une molécule organique incorporant un groupement Azobis: 2,2'[Azobis(2-2'-imidazolin-2-yl)propane]-2HX. 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane)-2HX... permettant de libérer des radicaux sous l'effet de la chaleur. 67) Material according to claim 57 characterized in that the cation is an organic molecule incorporating an Azobis group: 2,2 '[Azobis (2-2'-imidazolin-2-yl) propane] -2HX. 2,2'-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) -2HX ... allowing to release radicals under the effect of heat. 68) Matériau suivant la revendication 67 caractérisé en ce que sous l'effet de la chaleur les sels sont capables d'amorcer la polymérisation par voie radicalaire de monomères vinyliques. 68) Material according to claim 67 characterized in that under the effect of heat the salts are capable of initiating radical polymerization of vinyl monomers. 69) Matériau suivant la revendication 68 caractérisé en ce que les monomères sont l'acrylamide, l'acide acrylique, l'acrylate de butyle, le styrène, le chloroformate de vinyle, le carbonate de vinylidène... 69) Material according to claim 68 characterized in that the monomers are acrylamide, acid acrylic, butyl acrylate, styrene, vinyl chloroformate, vinylidene carbonate ... 70) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des époxydes, des éthers vinyliques, des propènyléthers vinyliques contenant les matériaux selon les revendications 56 à 63 seuls ou en mélange, additionés ou non d'un photosensibilisateur selon la revendication x10. en solution dans un solvant incite tel le carbonate de propylène, la .gamma.-butyrolactone, la N-méthylpyrolidone, les éther-esters et éther-alcools des mono-, di-, tri- éthylène et propylène glycols, les plastifiants tels que les esters de l'acide phtalique ou de l'acide citrique. 70) Composition intended for the polymerization of epoxides, vinyl ethers, propenyl ethers vinyl containing the materials according to claims 56 to 63 alone or in admixture, added or no of a photosensitizer according to claim x10. in solution in a solvent induces such as propylene carbonate, .gamma.-butyrolactone, N-methylpyrolidone, ether-esters and ether-alcohols of mono-, di-, tri-ethylene and propylene glycols, plasticizers such as esters of phthalic acid or citric acid. 71) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des époxydes, des éthers vinyliques et des propényléthers vinyliques contenant les matériaux selon revendications 56 à 63 seuls ou en mélange, additionés ou non d'un photosensibilisateur selon la revendication 65, en solution dans un solvant actif en polymérisation cationique ou radicalaire choisis parmi les mono- et di- éthers vinyliques des mono-, di-, tri, tétra- éthylène et propylène et butylene glycols, l'éther trivinylique du triméthylol propane, l'éther divinylique de diméthanol-cyclohexane, la N-méthylpyrolidone, le 2-propènyléther du carbonate de propylène (PEPC). 71) Composition intended for the polymerization of epoxides, vinyl ethers and propenyl ethers vinyl containing the materials according to claims 56 to 63 alone or as a mixture, added or non of a photosensitizer according to claim 65, in solution in an active solvent in Cationic or radical polymerization chosen from mono- and di-vinyl ethers of mono-, di-, tri, tetraethylene and propylene and butylene glycols, the trivinyl ether of trimethylol propane, the ether dimethanol-cyclohexane divinyl, N-methylpyrolidone, 2-propenyl ether carbonate propylene (PEPC). 72) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des mélanges de monomères ou à la réticulation de prépolymères contenant a la fois des fonctions actives en polymérisation cationique et des fonctions actives en polymérisation radicalaire, contenant les matériaux selon les revendications 56 à 63 seuls ou en mélange, additionés ou non d'un photosensibilisateur selon la revendication 65 et d'un amorceur de polymérisation radicalaire. 72) Composition intended for the polymerization of mixtures of monomers or for the crosslinking of prepolymers containing both active functions in cationic polymerization and functional groups active in radical polymerization, containing the materials according to claims 56 to 63 alone or in mixture, with or without the addition of a photosensitizer according to claim 65 and of an initiator of radical polymerization. 73) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des mélanges de monomères ou à la réticulation de prépolymères contenant a la fois des fonctions actives en polymérisation cationique et des fonctions actives en polymérisation radicalaire selon la revevendication 72 caractérisée en ce que les deux polymérisations sont amorcées simultanement par action de radiations actiniques. 73) Composition intended for the polymerization of mixtures of monomers or for the crosslinking of prepolymers containing both active functions in cationic polymerization and functional groups active in radical polymerization according to claim 72 characterized in that the two polymerizations are initiated simultaneously by the action of actinic radiation. 74) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des mélanges de monomères ou à la réticulation de prépolymères contenant a la fois des fonctions actives en polymérisation cationique et des fonctions actives en polymérisation radicalaire selon la revendication 72 caractérisée en ce que les deux polymérisations sont amorcées d'une manière séquentielle en deux étapes pour contrôler les propriétés mecaniques, l'adhésion solubilité ou le degré de réticulation lors de la mise en forme des matériaux macromoléculaires résultants. 74) Composition intended for the polymerization of mixtures of monomers or for the crosslinking of prepolymers containing both active functions in cationic polymerization and functional groups active in radical polymerization according to claim 72 characterized in that the two polymerizations are initiated sequentially in two stages to control the properties mechanical, solubility adhesion or degree of crosslinking during the shaping of materials resulting macromoleculars. 75) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des mélanges de monomères ou à la réticulation de prépolymères contenant a la fois des fonctions actives en polymérisation cationique et des fonctions actives en polymérisation radicalaire selon la revendication 72 caractérisée en ce que la polymérisation radicalaire est amorcée thermiquement et la polymérisation cationique par des radiations actiniques. 75) Composition intended for the polymerization of mixtures of monomers or for the crosslinking of prepolymers containing both active functions in cationic polymerization and functional groups active in radical polymerization according to claim 72 characterized in that the polymerization radical is thermally initiated and cationic polymerization by actinic radiation. 76) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des mélanges de monomères ou à la réticulation de prépolymères contenant à la fois des fonctions actives en polymérisation cationique et des fonctions actives en polymérisation radicalaire selon la revendication 75 caractérisée en ce que la polymérisation radicalaire est amorcée par des radiation actiniques inactives sur les amorceurs de l'invention suivie par une inradiation initiant la polymérisation cationique. 76) Composition intended for the polymerization of mixtures of monomers or for the crosslinking of prepolymers containing both active functions in cationic polymerization and functional groups active in radical polymerization according to claim 75 characterized in that the polymerization radical is initiated by inactive actinic radiation on the initiators of the invention followed by an irradiation initiating the cationic polymerization. 77)Matériau suivant la revendication caractérisé en ce que le cation M+ est la forme protonée d'une base neutre amphotère désignée par B et donc tel que M+ = BH+ capable de céder un premier proton pour donner la base neutre B, de céder un second proton pour former l'anion de cette base désigné par B-et également tel que le pKa correspondant à l'équilibre acide-base BH+/B (pKa(BII+/B)) soit inférieur au pKa de l'équilibre B/B- (pKa(B/B)). 77) Material according to claim characterized in that the cation M + is the protonated form of a amphoteric neutral base designated by B and therefore such that M + = BH + capable of yielding a first proton to give the neutral base B, to yield a second proton to form the anion of this base designated by B-and also such that the pKa corresponding to the acid-base balance BH + / B (pKa (BII + / B)) is less than the pKa of the balance B / B- (pKa (B / B)). 78) Matériau suivant la revendication 76 caractérisé en ce que le pKa de l'acide H+X- (pKa(IIX/X)) est inférieure à celui de la base neutre amphotère B de préférence d'au moins deux unités pKa afin de permettre la protonation de la base par l'acide H+X pour donner le sel (BH+)X-. 78) Material according to claim 76 characterized in that the pKa of the acid H + X- (pKa (IIX / X)) is lower than that of the amphoteric neutral base B preferably by at least two pKa units in order to allow the protonation of the base with H + X acid to give the salt (BH +) X-. 79) Matériau suivant la revendication 76 caractérisé en ce que la base neutre amphotère B est préférentiellement mais sans se limiter à ses seuls exemples: une amine, une amide, une urée, une sulfonamide, une sulfamide, la guanidine..., un azole; pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tétrazole...
une diazine: l'adénine, la guanine, la cytosine..., substituée ou non. 79) Material according to claim 76 characterized in that the neutral amphoteric base B is preferably but not limited to its only examples: an amine, an amide, a urea, a sulfonamide, a sulfonamide, guanidine ..., an azole; pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tetrazole ...
a diazine: adenine, guanine, cytosine ..., substituted or not. 80) Matériau suivant les revendications 76 à 79 caractérisé en ce que l'on réalise un mélange binaire du sel (BH+)X- et de la base neutre amphotère B. 80) Material according to claims 76 to 79 characterized in that a binary mixture of the salt (BH +) X- and of the amphoteric neutral base B. 81) Matériau suivant la revendication 80 caractérisé en ce que le diagramme de phase du mélange binaire présente au moins un point eutectique dont le point de fusion est inférieure à la température de fusion de la base B et inférieure à la température de fusion du set (BH+)X-. 81) Material according to claim 80 characterized in that the phase diagram of the binary mixture has at least one eutectic point whose melting point is lower than the melting point of base B and lower than the melting temperature of the set (BH +) X-. 82) Matériau suivant les revendications 76 à 79 caractérisé ce que l'on réalise un mélange binaire du sel (BH+)X- et de l'acide H+X-. 82) Material according to claims 76 to 79 characterized in that a binary mixture of the salt (BH +) X- and H + X- acid. 83) Matériau suivant la revendication 82 caractérisé en ce que le diagramme de phase du mélange binaire présente au moins un point eutectique dont le point de fusion est inférieure à la température de fusion de la base B et inférieure à la température de fusion de l'acide H+X-. 83) Material according to claim 82 characterized in that the phase diagram of the binary mixture has at least one eutectic point whose melting point is lower than the melting point of base B and lower than the melting temperature of the acid H + X-. 84) Matériau suivant les revendications 80 à 83 caractérisé en ce qu'au dessus de sa température de fusion, le sel fondu obtenu par fusion du melange est un conducteur protonique anhydre. 84) Material according to claims 80 to 83 characterized in that above its temperature of melting, the molten salt obtained by melting the mixture is an anhydrous proton conductor. 85) Matériau suivant les revendications 76 à 84 caractérisé en ce que l'acide H+X- et/ou la base B peuvent être porté par une trame polymérique. 85) Material according to claims 76 to 84 characterized in that the acid H + X- and / or the base B can be carried by a polymeric frame. 86) Matériau suivant les revendications 76 à 85 caractérisé en ce que l'on réalise un quelconque mélange de une ou plusieurs bases B, de un ou plusieurs acides HX, 86) Material according to claims 76 to 85 characterized in that any mixing is carried out one or more B bases, one or more HX acids, 87) Matériau suivant les revendications 44 à 86 caractérisé en ce que l'on réalise des solutions électrolytiques protique ou aprotique. Ces électrolytes, mono ou polyphasiques, peuvent se présenter par un choix approprié du soluté (solide, liquide, sel fondu, verre, polymère,...), sous forme de solides, de liquides, de sels fondus,de verres, de gels, de polymères...; on considérera de la même façon les solutions électrolytiques obtenues par un quelconque mélange d'un ou plusieurs de ces sels et/ou de ces solutés. Cette description inclut par extension les électrolytes composites obtenus par l'incorporation de charges minérales (silice, alumine,...) ou organiques servant de renfort et/ou possédant des propriétés spécifiques, par exemple par dispersion d'un électrolyte vitreux (Ormolytes,...) ou minérale (Li3N,...). 87) Material according to claims 44 to 86 characterized in that solutions are produced protic or aprotic electrolytics. These electrolytes, mono or multiphase, can be presented by an appropriate choice of solute (solid, liquid, molten salt, glass, polymer, ...), in the form of solids, liquids, molten salts, glasses, gels, polymers ...; we will consider in the same way the electrolytic solutions obtained by any mixture of one or more of these salts and / or of these solutes. This description includes by extension the composite electrolytes obtained by the incorporation of mineral (silica, alumina, etc.) or organic fillers serving as reinforcement and / or having properties specific, for example by dispersion of a vitreous (Ormolytes, ...) or mineral (Li3N, ...) electrolyte. 88) Applications des matériaux suivant les revendications84 à 87 à la chimie organique ou minérale, la physico-chimie, l'électrochimie, la photochimie, la photoélectrochimie, la catalyse, à l'électrodéposition, à l'optique non-linéaire, à la chimie des colorants, aux polymères à conduction électronique, à la mise en oeuvre des polymères, au laminage des métaux, à la pharmacie... 88) Applications of the materials according to claims 84 to 87 to organic or mineral chemistry, the physico-chemistry, electrochemistry, photochemistry, photoelectrochemistry, catalysis, electroplating, nonlinear optics, dye chemistry, electronically conductive polymers, polymer work, metal rolling, pharmacy ... 89) Nouveaux anions délocalisés formant des sels M+X- répondant aux deux formules génériques suivante des lesquelles:
M+ représente: le cation H+, les cations métalliques de valence n (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, La3+, Al3+...), ou un cation organique: NR4+ (ammonium), RC(NH2-jRj)2+
(amidinium), C(NH2-jRj)3+ (guanidinium), RjC5H6-jN+ (pyridinium), RjC3H5-jN2+
(imidazolium), RjH5-jN2+ (sulfamidium), NO+ (nitrosyle), SR3+ (sulfonium), PR4+
(phosphonium), IR2+ (iodonium)..., ou un complexe organo-métallique cationique, ainsi que les polycations organiques ou organo-métalliques...
Rj représente de manière indépendante un radical: H, alkyle, alkényle, oxa-alkyle, oxa-alkényle, aza-alkyle, aza-alkényle, thia-alkyle, thia-alkényle, aryle, alkylaryle, alkénylaryle, cyclique, héterocyclique..., ainsi que leur dérivés de substitution dans les chaînes latérales et/ou la partie aromatique par des hétéroatomes tels que l'azote, l'oxygène, le soufre... Ces radicaux peuvent être simple, halogéné ou perhalogéné.
j étant compris entre 1 et au maximum 5 dans les exemples cités.
Z représente un groupement carbonyle. thionyle, sulfonyle, ou phosphonyle.
Y1 et Y2 représentent indépendamments l'un de l'autre:
- un radical: H, alkyle, alkényle, oxa-alkyle, oxa-alkényle, aza-alkyle, aza-alkényle, thia-alkyle, thia-alkényle, aryle, alkylaryle, alkénylaryle, cyclique, heterocyclique....
ainsi que leur dérivés de substitution dans les chaînes latérales et/ou la partie aromatique par des hétéroatomes tels que l'azote, l'oxygène, le soufre... Ces radicaux peuvent être simple, halogéné ou perhalogéné.
W représente:
- un halogène F, Cl, Br - un pseudo-halogène, c'est à dire une radical électroattracteur monovalent tel que CN, SCN, N3, CF3, OCF3, OCnF2n+1, OC2F4H, SCF3, ScnF2n+1, SC2F4H..., - un groupement RCO~ ou RSO2~ ou RSO~ vu RR'PO~ dans lesquels R et R' représente un halogène, un radical: alkyle, alkényle, oxa-alkyle, oxa-alkényle, aza-alkyle, aza-alkényle, thia-alkyle, thia-alkényle, aryle, alkylaryle, alkénylaryle, cyclique, hétérocyclique..., ainsi que leur dérivés de substitution dans le chaînes latérales et/ou la partie aromatique par des hétéroatomes tels que l'azote, l'oxygène, le soufre... Ces radicaux peuvent être simple, halogéné ou perhalogéné.
les groupements Yj, R ou R' peuvent être incorporés à une trame polymèrique, en particulier par ouverture de doubles liaisons contenues dans Yj, R ou R', soit par tout autre mode de liaison chimique permettant la formation d'un réseau macromoléculaire:

Les matériaux répondant à la formule suivante sont exclus de la présente revendication:

Si Y1 = Y2 sont des radicaux CH3 et si W est un atome d'hydrogène pour les cations M+ = H+.
Si Y1 = Y2 sont des atomes d'hydrogène et W = NO2, pour les cations M+ = H+.
Si Y1 = Y2 sont des atomes d'argent et W est un atome d'hydrogène pour M+ = H+. 89) New delocalized anions forming M + X- salts corresponding to the following two generic formulas of which:
M + represents: the cation H +, the metal cations of valence n (Li +, Na +, K +, Mg2 +, Ca2 +, Cu2 +, Zn2 +, La3 +, Al3 + ...), or an organic cation: NR4 + (ammonium), RC (NH2-jRj) 2+
(amidinium), C (NH2-jRj) 3+ (guanidinium), RjC5H6-jN + (pyridinium), RjC3H5-jN2 +
(imidazolium), RjH5-jN2 + (sulfamidium), NO + (nitrosyl), SR3 + (sulfonium), PR4 +
(phosphonium), IR2 + (iodonium) ..., or a cationic organometallic complex, as well as organic or organometallic polycations ...
Rj independently represents a radical: H, alkyl, alkenyl, oxa-alkyl, oxa-alkenyl, aza-alkyl, aza-alkenyl, thia-alkyl, thia-alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkenylaryl, cyclic, heterocyclic ..., as well as their substitution derivatives in side chains and / or the aromatic part by heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur ... These radicals can be simple, halogenated or perhalogenated.
j being between 1 and at most 5 in the examples cited.
Z represents a carbonyl group. thionyl, sulfonyl, or phosphonyl.
Y1 and Y2 independently of one another:
- a radical: H, alkyl, alkenyl, oxa-alkyl, oxa-alkenyl, aza-alkyl, aza-alkenyl, thia-alkyl, thia-alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkenylaryl, cyclic, heterocyclic ....
as well as their substitution derivatives in the side chains and / or the aromatic part by heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur ... These radicals can be simple, halogenated or perhalogenated.
W represents:
- halogen F, Cl, Br a pseudo-halogen, that is to say a monovalent electron-withdrawing radical such as CN, SCN, N3, CF3, OCF3, OCnF2n + 1, OC2F4H, SCF3, ScnF2n + 1, SC2F4H ..., - a group RCO ~ or RSO2 ~ or RSO ~ seen RR'PO ~ in which R and R ' represents a halogen, a radical: alkyl, alkenyl, oxa-alkyl, oxa-alkenyl, aza-alkyl, aza-alkenyl, thia-alkyl, thia-alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkenylaryl, cyclic, heterocyclic ..., as well as their substitution derivatives in the chain side and / or the aromatic part by heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur ... These radicals can be simple, halogenated or perhalogenated.
the groups Yj, R or R 'can be incorporated into a polymeric frame, in particular by opening of double bonds contained in Yj, R or R ', or by any other chemical bonding mode allowing the formation of a macromolecular network:

The materials corresponding to the following formula are excluded from this claim:

If Y1 = Y2 are CH3 radicals and if W is a hydrogen atom for the cations M + = H +.
If Y1 = Y2 are hydrogen atoms and W = NO2, for the cations M + = H +.
If Y1 = Y2 are silver atoms and W is a hydrogen atom for M + = H +. 90) Matériau suivant la revendication 89 caractérisé en ce que R, R' ou Yi comporte au moins une insaturation éthylènique et/ou un groupe condensable et/ou un groupe dissociable. 90) Material according to claim 89 characterized in that R, R 'or Yi comprises at least one ethylenic unsaturation and / or a condensable group and / or a dissociable group. 91) Matériau suivant la revendication 89 caractérisé en ce que R, R' ou Yi représente un groupe mésomorphe ou un groupe chromophore ou un polymère conducteur électronique autodopé ou un alcoxysilane hydrolysable. 91) Material according to claim 89 characterized in that R, R 'or Yi represents a group mesomorph or a chromophore group or a self-doped electronic conductive polymer or a hydrolyzable alkoxysilane. 92) Matériau suivant la revendication 89 caractérisé en ce que R, R' ou Yi constitue une chaîne polymérique portant des greffons comportant un groupe carbonyle, thionyle, sulfonyle ou phosphonyle. 92) Material according to claim 89 characterized in that R, R 'or Yi constitutes a polymer chain bearing grafts having a carbonyl, thionyl, sulfonyl or phosphonyl group. 93) Matériau suivant la revendication 89 caractérisé en ce que R, R' ou Yi comporte un piége à radicaux libres tel qu'un phénol encombré, ou une quinone; ou un dipole dissociant tel qu'une amide ou un nitrile; ou un couple rédox tel qu'un disulfure, un thioamide, un ferrocène, une phéno-thiazine, un groupe bis(dialkylaminaryle), un nitroxyde, un imide aromatique; ou un ligand complexant; ou un zwitterion. 93) Material according to claim 89 characterized in that R, R 'or Yi comprises a radical trap free such as a hindered phenol, or a quinone; or a dissociating dipole such as an amide or a nitrile; or a redox couple such as a disulfide, a thioamide, a ferrocene, a phenothiazine, a bis (dialkylaminaryl) group, a nitroxide, an aromatic imide; or a complexing ligand; or one zwitterion. 94) Matériau suivant la revendication 89 caractérisé en ce que W représente un acide aminé, ou un polypeptide optiquement ou biologiquement actif. 94) Material according to claim 89 characterized in that W represents an amino acid, or a optically or biologically active polypeptide. 95) Matériau suivant la revendication 89 caractérisé en ce que W, R, R' ou Yi est un groupement chiral. 95) Material according to claim 89 characterized in that W, R, R 'or Yi is a chiral group. 96) Matériau suivant la revendication 89 caractérisé en ce que le sel M+ est un colorant cationique. 96) Material according to claim 89 characterized in that the salt M + is a cationic dye. 97) Matériau suivant la revendication 89 caractérisé en ce que le sel M+ est la forme dopée d'un polymère à
conduction électronique. 97) Material according to claim 89 characterized in that the salt M + is the doped form of a polymer with electronic conduction. 98) Matériau suivant la revendication 89 caractérisé en ce que le sel M+ est un cation métallique apte à
catalyser certaines réactions de chimie organique tel Li+, La3+, Al3+... 98) Material according to claim 89 characterized in that the salt M + is a metal cation capable of catalyze certain organic chemistry reactions such as Li +, La3 +, Al3 + ... 99) Matériau suivant la revendication 89 caractérisé en ce que le sel M+ est un hétérocycle cationique à
caractére aromatique, comportant au moins un atome d'azote alkylé dans le cycle et de préférence des N,N'-dialkylsimidazolium substitués ou non sur les atomes de carbone présent dans le cycle, des N,N'-dialkyls-triazolium substitués ou non sur les atomes de carbone présent dans le cycle, des N-alkyl-pyridinium substitués ou non sur les atomes de carbone présent dans le cycle, des N-alkyl-diméthylamino-pyridinium substitués ou non sur les atomes de carbone dans le cycle. 99) Material according to claim 89 characterized in that the salt M + is a cationic heterocycle with aromatic character, comprising at least one nitrogen atom alkylated in the ring and preferably N, N'-dialkylsimidazolium substituted or not on the carbon atoms present in the ring, N, N'-dialkyls-triazolium substituted or not on the carbon atoms present in the ring, N-alkyl-pyridinium substituted or not on the carbon atoms present in the ring, N-alkyl-dimethylamino-pyridinium substituted or not on the carbon atoms in the ring. 100) Matériau suivant la revendication 99 caractérisé en ce qu'au dessus de son point de fusion le sel MX
est un solvant pour effectuer des réactions chimiques, photochimiques, électrochimiques, photosélectrochimiques... 100) Material according to claim 99 characterized in that above its melting point the salt MX
is a solvent for carrying out chemical, photochemical, electrochemical reactions, photoselectrochemical ... 101) Matériau suivant la revendication 89caractérisé en ce que le cation est H+. 101) Material according to claim 89, characterized in that the cation is H +. 102) Matériau suivant la revendication 89 caractérisé en ce que le cation est tel que le sel obtenu est "activable" par une source d'énergie adéquate. 102) Material according to claim 89 characterized in that the cation is such that the salt obtained is "activatable" by an adequate energy source. 103) Matériau suivant la revendication 102 caractérisé en ce que le cation est un pyridinium, un ammonium... permettant de libérer l'acide HX sous l'effet de la chaleur. 103) Material according to claim 102 characterized in that the cation is a pyridinium, a ammonium ... allowing to release the HX acid under the effect of heat. 104) Matériau suivant la revendication 102 caractérisé en ce que le cation est un onium: iodonium, sulfonium, phosphonium..., ou un organo-métallique permettant de libérer l'acide HX sous l'effet d'un rayonnement actinique. 104) Material according to claim 102 characterized in that the cation is an onium: iodonium, sulfonium, phosphonium ..., or an organometallic to release the HX acid under the effect of a actinic radiation. 105) Matériau suivant la revendication 104 caractérisé en ce que les radiations actiniques sont la lumière UV
ou visible, les rayons .gamma., les faisceaux d'électrons. 105) Material according to claim 104 characterized in that the actinic radiation is UV light or visible, .gamma rays, electron beams. 106) Matériau suivant la revendication 105 caractérisé en ce que M+ est choisi parmi les cations diaryliodonium substitué ou non, phénacyl-dialkyl sulfonium substitué ou non, arène-ferocénium substitué ou non. 106) Material according to claim 105 characterized in that M + is chosen from cations substituted or unsubstituted diaryliodonium, substituted or unsubstituted phenacyl-dialkyl sulfonium, arene-ferocenium substituted or not. 107) Matériau suivant la revendication 101caractérisé en ce que l'acide libre est capable d'initier la polymérisation par voie cationique de monomères riches en électrons, la réaction de réticulation cationique, ainsi que les réactions d'amplification chimique de photoresists pour la microlitographie. 107) Material according to claim 101, characterized in that the free acid is capable of initiating the cationic polymerization of electron-rich monomers, the crosslinking reaction cationic, as well as chemical amplification reactions of photoresists for microlitography. 108) Matériau suivant la revendication 103à 106caractérisé en ce que l'acide libéré par une source d'énergie appropriée est capable d'initier la polymérisation par voie cationique de monomères riches en électrons, la réaction de réticulation cationique, ainsi que les réactions d'amplification chimique de photoresists pour la microlithographie. 108) Material according to claim 103 to 106, characterized in that the acid released by an energy source suitable is capable of initiating the cationic polymerization of electron-rich monomers, the cationic crosslinking reaction, as well as photoresist chemical amplification reactions for the microlithography. 109) Matériau suivant la revendication 107et 108caractérisé en ce que les monomères sont des époxydes, des éthers cycliques, des esters cycliques, des carbonates cycliques, des éthers vinyliques, des propènyléthers vinyliques, des aziridines, des vinylamides, l'isobutylène, l'indène, l'acénaphtène, l'.alpha.-méthylstyrène, le styrène... 109) Material according to claim 107 and 108, characterized in that the monomers are epoxides, cyclic ethers, cyclic esters, cyclic carbonates, vinyl ethers, vinyl propenyl ethers, aziridines, vinylamides, isobutylene, indene, acenaphthene, alpha.-methylstyrene, styrene ... 110) Matériau suivant la revendication 104à 106, 108 et 109 caractérisés en ce qu'ils sont utilisés en présence de photosensibilisateurs. 110) Material according to claim 104 to 106, 108 and 109 characterized in that they are used in presence of photosensitizers. 111) Matériau suivant la revendication 110caractérisé en ce que les photosensibilisateurs sont choisis parmi l'anthracène, le diphényl-9,10-antracène, le pérylène, la phénotiazine, le tétracène, la xanthone, la thioxanthone, l'isopropylthioxanthone, l'acétophénone, la benzophénone et leurs dérivés, en particulier de substitution par des dérivés alkylés, oxa- ou aza-alkyls. 111) Material according to claim 110, characterized in that the photosensitizers are chosen from anthracene, diphenyl-9,10-antracene, perylene, phenotiazine, tetracene, xanthone, thioxanthone, isopropylthioxanthone, acetophenone, benzophenone and their derivatives, in particular of substitution with alkyl, oxa- or aza-alkyl derivatives. 112) Matériau suivant la revendication 102 caractérisé en ce que le cation est une molécule organique incorporant un groupement Azobis: 2,2'[Azobis(2,2'-imidazolin-2-yl)propane]~2HX,2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane)~2HX... permettant de libérer ds radicaux sous l'effet de la chaleur. 112) Material according to claim 102 characterized in that the cation is an organic molecule incorporating an Azobis group: 2,2 '[Azobis (2,2'-imidazolin-2-yl) propane] ~ 2HX, 2,2'-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) ~ 2HX ... allowing to release radicals under the effect of heat. 113) Matériau suivant la revendication 112 caractérisé en ce que sous l'effet de la chaleur les sels sont capables d'amorcer la polymérisation par voie radicalaire de monomères vinyliques. 113) Material according to claim 112 characterized in that under the effect of heat the salts are capable of initiating radical polymerization of vinyl monomers. 114) Matériau suivant la revendication 113 caractérisé en ce que les monomères sont l'acrylamide, l'acide acrylique, l'acrylate de butyle, le styrène, le chloroformate de vinylidène,... 114) Material according to claim 113 characterized in that the monomers are acrylamide, acid acrylic, butyl acrylate, styrene, vinylidene chloroformate, ... 115) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des époxydes, des éthers vinyliques, des propènyléthers vinyliques contenant les matériaux selon les revendications 101 à 108seuls ou en mélange, additionés ou non d'un photosensibilisateur selon la revendication 98, en solution dans un solvant inerte tel le carbonate de propylène, la .gamma.-butyrolactone, la N-méthylpyrolidone, les éther-esters et éther-alcools des mono-, di-, tri- éthylène et propylène glycols, les plastifiants tels que les esters de l'acide phtalique ou de l'acide citrique. 115) Composition intended for the polymerization of epoxides, vinyl ethers, propenyl ethers vinyl containing the materials according to claims 101 to 108 alone or in admixture, added or non of a photosensitizer according to claim 98, in solution in an inert solvent such as propylene carbonate, .gamma.-butyrolactone, N-methylpyrolidone, ether-esters and ether-alcohols of mono-, di-, tri-ethylene and propylene glycols, plasticizers such as esters of phthalic acid or citric acid. 116) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des époxydes, des éthers vinyliques et des propényléthers vinyliques contenant les matériaux selon les revendications 101 à 108 seuls ou en mélange, additionés ou non d'un photosensibilisateur selon la revendication 110 en solution dans un solvant actif en polymérisation cationique ou radicalaire choisis parmi les mono- et di- éthers vinyliques des mono-, di-, tri-, tétra- éthylène et propylène et butylene glycols, l'éther trivinylique du triméthylol propane, l'éther divinylique de diméthanol-cyclohexane, la N-méthylpyrolidone, le 2-propènyléther du carbonate de propylène (PEPC). 116) Composition intended for the polymerization of epoxides, vinyl ethers and propenyl ethers vinyl containing the materials according to claims 101 to 108 alone or as a mixture, added or no of a photosensitizer according to claim 110 in solution in an active solvent in Cationic or radical polymerization chosen from mono- and di-vinyl ethers of mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-ethylene and propylene and butylene glycols, the trivinyl ether of trimethylol propane, the ether dimethanol-cyclohexane divinyl, N-methylpyrolidone, 2-propenyl ether carbonate propylene (PEPC). 117) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des mélanges de monomères ou à la réticulation de prépolymères contenant a la fois des fonctions actives en polymérisation cationique et des fonctions actives en polymérisation radicalaire, contenant les matériaux selon les revendications 101 à 108 seuls ou en mélange, additionés ou non d'un photosensibilisateur selon la revendication 116 et d'un amorceur de polymérisation radicalaire. 117) Composition intended for the polymerization of mixtures of monomers or for the crosslinking of prepolymers containing both active functions in cationic polymerization and functional groups active in radical polymerization, containing the materials according to claims 101 to 108 alone or in mixture, with or without the addition of a photosensitizer according to claim 116 and of an initiator of radical polymerization. 118) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des mélanges de monomères ou à la réticulation de prépolymères contenant a la fois des fonctions actives en polymérisation cationique et des fonctions actives en polymérisation radicalaire selon la revendication 117 caractérisée en ce que les deux polymérisations sont amorcées simultanement par action de radiations actiniques. 118) Composition intended for the polymerization of mixtures of monomers or for the crosslinking of prepolymers containing both active functions in cationic polymerization and functional groups active in radical polymerization according to claim 117 characterized in that the two polymerizations are initiated simultaneously by the action of actinic radiation. 119) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des mélanges de monomères ou à la réticulation de prépolymères contenant a la fois des fonctions actives en polymérisation cationique et des fonctions actives en polymérisation radicalaire selon la revendication 117 caractérisée en ce que les deux polymérisations sont amorcées d'une manière séquentielle en deux étapes pour contrôler les propriétés mecaniques, l'adhésion solubilité ou le degré de réticulation lors de la mise en forme des matériaux macromoléculaires résultants. 119) Composition intended for the polymerization of mixtures of monomers or for the crosslinking of prepolymers containing both active functions in cationic polymerization and functional groups active in radical polymerization according to claim 117 characterized in that the two polymerizations are initiated sequentially in two stages to control the properties mechanical, solubility adhesion or degree of crosslinking during the shaping of materials resulting macromoleculars. 120) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des mélanges de monomères ou à la réticulation de prépolymères contenant a la fois des fonctions actives en polymérisation cationique et des fonctions actives en polymérisation radicalaire selon la revendication 117 caractérisée en ce que la polymérisation radicalaire est amorcée thermiquement et la polymérisation cationique par des radiations actiniques. 120) Composition intended for the polymerization of mixtures of monomers or for the crosslinking of prepolymers containing both active functions in cationic polymerization and functional groups active in radical polymerization according to claim 117 characterized in that the polymerization radical is thermally initiated and cationic polymerization by actinic radiation. 121) Composition destinée à la polymérisation des mélanges de monomères ou à la réticulation de prépolymères contenant à la fois des fonctions actives en polymérisation cationique et des fonctions actives en polymérisation radicalaire selon la revendication 120 caractérisée en ce que la polymérisation radicalaire est amorcée par des radiations actiniques inactives sur les amorceurs de l'invention suivie par une irradiation initiant la polymérisation cationique. 121) Composition intended for the polymerization of mixtures of monomers or for the crosslinking of prepolymers containing both active functions in cationic polymerization and functional groups active in radical polymerization according to claim 120 characterized in that the polymerization radical is initiated by inactive actinic radiation on the initiators of the invention followed by irradiation initiating cationic polymerization. 122) Matériau suivant la revendication 89 caractérisé en ce que le cation M+ est la forme protonée d'une base neutre amphotère désignée par B et donc tel que M+ = BH+, capable de céder un premier proton pour donner la base neutre B, de céder un second proton pour former l'anion de cette base désigné par B- et également tel que le pKa correspondant à l'équilibre acide-base BH+/B (pKa(BH+/B)) soit inférieur au pKa de l'équilibre B/B- (pKa(B/B)). 122) Material according to claim 89 characterized in that the cation M + is the protonated form of a base amphoteric neutral designated by B and therefore such that M + = BH +, capable of yielding a first proton for give the neutral base B, to yield a second proton to form the anion of this base designated by B- and also such that the pKa corresponding to the acid-base balance BH + / B (pKa (BH + / B)) is less than the pKa of the balance B / B- (pKa (B / B)).
CA002199231A 1996-12-30 1997-03-05 Novel ionic materials Abandoned CA2199231A1 (en)

Priority Applications (60)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA002199231A CA2199231A1 (en) 1997-03-05 1997-03-05 Novel ionic materials
CA002244979A CA2244979C (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Proton conductor in liquid form
CA2683826A CA2683826C (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Pentacyclic anion salts or tetrazapentalene derivatives and their uses as ionic conducting materials
US09/101,811 US6171522B1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Heterocyclic aromatic anion salts, and their uses as ionic conducting materials
DE1997615799 DE69715799T2 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Ionically conductive materials containing a malononitrile-derived ionic compound and their uses
EP19970403187 EP0850920B1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Ionic conductive materials comprising salts of perfluorinated amides and uses thereof
US09/101,810 US6333425B1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Malononitrile-derivative anion salts, and their uses as ionic conducting materials
US09/125,797 US6319428B1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Perfluorinated amide salts and their uses as ionic conducting materials
EP97951051A EP0889863B1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Surface modified carbonate materials
EP19970403188 EP0850933A1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Salts of pentacyclic or tetrapentaline derived anions, and their uses as ionic conductive materials
DE1997615361 DE69715361T2 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Ionically conductive materials containing perfluorinated amide salts and their uses
JP52951498A JP4124487B2 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Five-membered ring anion salts or tetraazapentalene derivatives and their use as ion-conducting substances
JP52951898A JP4823401B2 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Perfluorinated amide salts and their use as ion-conducting substances
CA2704986A CA2704986C (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Use of an ionic compound, derived from malononitrile as a photoinitiator, radical initiators or catalyser in polymerization processes or as a basic dye
JP52951798A JP4361137B2 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Proton conductor in liquid form
PCT/CA1997/001012 WO1998029877A1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Proton conductor in liquid form
PCT/CA1997/001013 WO1998029388A1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Perfluorinated amide salts and their uses as ionic conducting materials
PCT/CA1997/001010 WO1998029389A1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Malononitrile-derivative anion salts, and their uses as ionic conducting materials
US09/125,798 US6228942B1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Surface modified carbonaceous materials
CA2248242A CA2248242C (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Malononitrile-derivative anion salts, and their uses as ionic conducting materials
JP52951398A JP4070244B2 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Surface-modified carbonized material
EP19970403189 EP0850921B1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Ionic conductive materials comprising an ionic compound, derived from malononitrile and uses thereof
PCT/CA1997/001008 WO1998029358A2 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Surface modified carbonate materials
DE1997636994 DE69736994T2 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Ionic malononitrile derivatives and their use
PCT/CA1997/001011 WO1998029396A1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Heterocyclic aromatic anion salts, and their uses as ionic conducting materials
DE69739501T DE69739501D1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Salts of heterocyclic anions and their uses as ionically conductive materials
CA002248304A CA2248304C (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Surface modified carbonate materials
PCT/CA1997/001009 WO1998029399A1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Pentacyclic anion salts or tetrazapentalene derivatives and their uses as ionic conducting materials
US09/125,799 US6395367B1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Pentacyclic anion salts or tetrazapentalene derivatives and their uses as ionic conducting materials
DE69705301T DE69705301T2 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 LIQUID PROTON LEAD
EP03292436.7A EP1391952A3 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Salts of pentacyclic or tetrapentaline derived anions, and their uses as ionic conductive materials
EP20010129670 EP1201650B1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Ionic malonitril derivatives and their uses
EP20090166055 EP2380882B1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Salts of heterocyclic anions and their uses as ionic conductive materials
JP52951598A JP2000508677A (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Malonate nitrile derivative anion salts and their use as ion conductive materials
US09/125,792 US6120696A (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Proton conductors in liquid form
CA2805188A CA2805188C (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Use of an ionic compound, derived from malononitrile as a photoinitiator, radical initiators or catalyser in polymerization processes or as a basic dye
DE69721748T DE69721748T2 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 SURFACE MODIFIED CARBON MATERIALS
EP97951052A EP0890176B1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Proton conductor in liquid form
CA2248244A CA2248244C (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Heterocyclic aromatic anion salts, and their uses as ionic conducting materials
JP52951698A JP4683675B2 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Heterocyclic aromatic anion salts and their use as ionic conducting materials
CA2248246A CA2248246C (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Pentacyclic anion salts or tetrazapentalene derivatives and their uses as ionic conducting materials
CA2248303A CA2248303C (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Perfluorinated amide salts and their uses as ionic conducting materials
EP19970403190 EP0850932B1 (en) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 Salts of heterocyclic anions and their uses as ionic conductive materials
US09/609,362 US6365068B1 (en) 1996-12-30 2000-06-30 Heterocyclic aromatic anion salts, and their uses as ionic conducting materials
US09/638,793 US6576159B1 (en) 1996-12-30 2000-08-09 Malononitrile-derivative anion salts, and their uses as ionic conducting materials
US09/826,941 US6506517B2 (en) 1996-12-30 2001-04-06 Surface modified carbonaceous materials
US09/858,439 US20020009650A1 (en) 1996-12-30 2001-05-16 Perfluorinated amide salts and their uses as ionic conducting materials
US10/107,742 US6835495B2 (en) 1996-12-30 2002-03-27 Pentacyclic anion salts or tetrazapentalene derivatives and their uses as ionic conducting materials
US10/253,970 US20030066988A1 (en) 1996-12-30 2002-09-24 Malononitrile-derivative anion salts, and their uses as ionic conducting materials
US10/253,035 US20030052310A1 (en) 1996-12-30 2002-09-24 Perfluorinated amide salts and their uses as ionic conducting materials
US10/789,453 US20050074668A1 (en) 1996-12-30 2004-02-27 Perfluorinated amide salts and their uses as ionic conducting materials
US10/926,283 US7906235B2 (en) 1996-12-30 2004-08-25 Pentacyclic anion salts or tetrazapentalene derivatives and their uses as ionic conducting materials
JP2007193021A JP2008007781A (en) 1996-12-30 2007-07-25 Surface modified carbonated material
JP2008143090A JP2009004374A (en) 1996-12-30 2008-05-30 Proton conductor of liquid form
JP2009010733A JP4927108B2 (en) 1996-12-30 2009-01-21 Heterocyclic aromatic anion salts and their use as ionic conducting materials
JP2009120239A JP5629061B2 (en) 1996-12-30 2009-05-18 Perfluorinated amide salts and their use as ion-conducting substances
JP2010006864A JP5209649B2 (en) 1996-12-30 2010-01-15 Malonic acid nitrile derivative anion salts and their use as ion conducting materials
JP2013033109A JP2013173740A (en) 1996-12-30 2013-02-22 Perfluorinated amide salt and method for use thereof as ionic conducting material
JP2014001687A JP2014169271A (en) 1996-12-30 2014-01-08 Amide perfluoride salt and method for using the same as an ion-conductive substance
JP2015234934A JP2016104739A (en) 1996-12-30 2015-12-01 Perfluorinated amide salt and its use as ionic conducting material

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0980353B2 (en) † 1997-05-01 2009-10-07 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Cationically polymerizable compositions capable of being coated by electrostatic assistance
CN113991175A (en) * 2021-11-29 2022-01-28 傲普(上海)新能源有限公司 Polycarbonate-based solid electrolyte and preparation method and application thereof

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0980353B2 (en) † 1997-05-01 2009-10-07 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Cationically polymerizable compositions capable of being coated by electrostatic assistance
CN113991175A (en) * 2021-11-29 2022-01-28 傲普(上海)新能源有限公司 Polycarbonate-based solid electrolyte and preparation method and application thereof

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